Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2491 856030 853212 2026-06-13T12:45:55Z Mangal52 45913 856030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027. == Tarihi. == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne su a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref>[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref>Muhammadu yana ganin [[Zamfarawa]] sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a taƙaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai. '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]]. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} 3rapndlcg775c1hsm8jp6a5mzjs7tm3 0 5804 856027 820710 2026-06-13T12:42:10Z BBKAURA 43985 /* */ kowa yataho kai ya taras 856027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Tomb of Nakht (2).jpg|thumb|right|]] [[File:Chapeltoun Mains Farm, East Ayrshire, Scotland. View from Bankend Farm.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|thumb|noma Babar Sana,a ce]] Noma [[Hausawa]] na masa kirari "Noma na duke tsohon ciniki kowa ya taho kai ya taras, noma tushen [[arziki]]. *Menene Noma? [[File:TRADITIONAL FARMING.jpg|thumb|yadda ake huɗa kenan a lokacin noma]] [[File:Wheat farming in Nepal.jpg|thumb|Nuoman shinkafa]] '''Noma''' yana da kuma ma'anoni da dama kasancewar irin a Haka zalika, noma wata babbar hanya ce ta samun karuwar [[tattalin arziki]] da al'ummai suka raja'a a kan ta.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/98433369/ZAMANI_ZO_MU_TAFI_ALADUN_HAUSAWA_A_DUNIYAR_INTANET</ref> A [[kasar Hausa]] ko kuwa, noma shi ne babbar hanya ta samun haɓakar [[tattalin arziki]]. Da noma ne [[Hausawa]] suka fi samun kudin shiga da [[abinci]] da ma kayayyakin da ake sarrafawa a [[masana'anta]] kamar [[tufafi]] da sauransu.<ref>https://muktarishehu.wordpress.com/2018/12/12/359/</ref> A wajen [[Hausawa]] musamman mazauna [[karkara]] noma ya zama tamkar wajibi (dole) a wajen Kuma kowanne Bahaushe, musamman ma magidanci.<ref>https://nounupdate.com/summaries/HAU117_summary.txt</ref> Kusan mu ce ma kowanne Bahaushe ya iya noma, ya kuma san yadda ake yin shi. Noma da Kiwo duk suna nufin abu daya ne a ma'anar da ilimin zamani ya samar.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/109636656/Kasuwanci_a_Duniyar_Intanet_%C6%98alubalen_Hausawan_%C6%98arni_na_21</ref> ==YADDA AKE NOMA.== [[Fayil:Tractors in Potato Field.jpg|thumb|yanda 'ake huɗa]] Kafin bayani game da yadda ake noma za mu dan tattauna ne a game da rabe-raben noma. Noma ya rabu zuwa gida biyu, kuma kowanne da irin yadda ake yin sa. *noman rani *noman damina. ==NOMAN RANI.== [[File:Crawfish Farming - Acadia Parish Louisiana 2020.jpg|thumb|Norman rani a lokacin da ruwan sama ya kare]] Noman rani, noma ne da ake yin shi a lokacin rani ba da damina ba. *ga yarda ake noman rani. Shi noman rani ana yin sa ne a wuraren da ruwa yake wadatacce kamar [[rafi]] , [[korama]] , da madatsun ruwa wato (dam). Da zarar ruwan sama ya ɗauke wato kaka ta yi, manoman rani za su fara ne da share gonakinsu, daga nan kuma sai su yi kaftu, su ja kwamame, sai su shuka abin da za su shuka a cikin kwamame. Suna yin amfani da injinan ban ruwa wajen bai wa shukokinsu ruwa, har su girma, su isa girbi. Akasarin abubuwan da ake nomawa a noman rani ana shuka su ne saboda sayarwa domin samun kudin shiga. Ga irin abubuwan da ake nomawa da rani. *[[kubewa]]. *[[albasa]]. *[[yalo]]. *[[tumatur]]. *[[Karas]]. *[[tattasai]]. *[[Rogo]][[File:Maize plantation.jpg|thumb|Shukar masara kenan data fara girma]][[masara]]. *[[File:Carrots - Daucus carota subsp. sativus.jpg|thumb|karas kenan]][[karas]]. *[[dankali]]. *[[salak]]. *[[lansir]]. *[[File:Spinach salad.jpg|thumb|alaiyahu]][[Wake]] *[[alaiyahu]]. *[[rake]]. *[[Waken suya]] *[[Dawa]] * * da dai sauran su. To, amma kuma ya danganta da yanayi na yadda kasa za ta iya ɗaukar abinda aka shuka a kan ta. Misali idan aka shuka wani abun a wani yankin ba lallai ya yi ba kamar yadda zai yi a wani yankin. ==NOMAN DAMINA.== Sabanin noman rani, shi noman damina ana yin sa ne a lokacin damina. *ga yadda ake yin noman damina. Da zarar an samu ruwan sama wato (damina ta fadi), manoma za su bazama gonakinsu domin yin huda da shuka. Akasari an fi shuka kayan abinci a wajen noman damina, to, amma akan shuka kayan sayarwa jefi-jefi. ==ABUBUWAN DA AKE NOMAWA DA DAMINA.== Na abinci akwai. *[[gero]] *[[File:Maize-teosinte.jpg|thumb|Masara idan ta girma ]][[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|Masara kenan gasassa bayan an noma ta]][[masara]] *[[dawa]] *[[shinkafa]] *[[maiwa]] da sauran su. Na sayarwa *[[File:2059513 data foodanddrink efd LGMA 0152.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa]][[dankali]] *[[wake]] *[[gyada]] *[[auduga]] *[[ridi]] da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fasaha]] 1d5hle7pw9f0sm54sv3r3jz0foc9id5 0 6204 856541 683441 2026-06-14T06:40:22Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da ƙabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Christian da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da cassa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yamma da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kdna91i0a21qnjbp4mn5f7vzw3rievp 856543 856541 2026-06-14T06:41:57Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da ƙabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Christian da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da cassa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yamma da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4c5wqr0ry8mvykyd7sqvr76walmy4ub 856556 856543 2026-06-14T07:28:09Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mamuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da ƙabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Christian da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da cassa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yamma da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0txyq9nor5mufci26xv8fxjbr0e2u0x 856557 856556 2026-06-14T07:30:17Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mamuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da ƙabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Christian da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da cassa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yamma da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1tlx1wuor7nvmr8mrdexk46rd26fb8r 856558 856557 2026-06-14T07:31:13Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da ƙabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Christian da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da cassa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yamma da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pne3bicpdgclaezjz6t0af4ykd164mj 856559 856558 2026-06-14T07:32:08Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da ƙabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Christian da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yamma da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j38cu4axtx7r3y2cfhjbxll4992ukmp 856560 856559 2026-06-14T07:33:01Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Christian da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yamma da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g3rypaixls2h1vji3yswxar3wd49i2u 856561 856560 2026-06-14T07:34:01Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yamma da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ow4zup5obarnnl1r4n07qaah8yntwuf 856562 856561 2026-06-14T07:35:48Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jm8pj4552qvp7ap21aqdo95gapnd0e0 856563 856562 2026-06-14T07:37:41Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akwiya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ipxmdpqrx0l1vzmvsmbrgi5hq83av6o 856564 856563 2026-06-14T07:42:08Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ini2nh52ihdhto2boh2jedjs5a9k4y0 856565 856564 2026-06-14T07:44:09Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ovyh3fo0yxnk4egwylzb0dvgx7v29o 856566 856565 2026-06-14T07:45:48Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1wd3kbsb43mwbkf20r6aopwjchwu8ra 856567 856566 2026-06-14T07:46:50Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mhyy1xxc7509ufmvszdxfigmy0dkch5 856570 856567 2026-06-14T07:50:01Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dnw0fmmkg4qstmx7hnquaoi1g28kwu8 856572 856570 2026-06-14T07:50:51Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zaaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e1twxth4tgl0apj1yvjyiexnydhtudx 856575 856572 2026-06-14T07:51:52Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zabaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 07hu1ynho8125pzd1e5si4ch7kqe4np 856577 856575 2026-06-14T07:52:47Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zababɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fco7lg9t7enkan0e7evuzfftru37w7c 856579 856577 2026-06-14T07:53:21Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zababbun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2at74efrig6iue2ty1r39f6vngig300 856581 856579 2026-06-14T07:54:11Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gababshin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zababbun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun haɗa da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ma31tbgr7b5iqm3n00ur45957971dla 856583 856581 2026-06-14T07:55:10Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gababshin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zababbun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun hada da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] csfftkjh4g0z5m82xcpgykja8jhhalu 856586 856583 2026-06-14T07:58:33Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gababshin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zababbun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun hada da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara alif, (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nw7ablmn13mkc5fb2hgfmcc3o7g7lsl 856592 856586 2026-06-14T08:03:23Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-irirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gababshin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zababbun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun hada da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara alif, (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tikiti a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t3og0heb8o8k97xs4o2g3yw6pigxpih 856772 856592 2026-06-14T10:22:01Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bali Post Office - Taraba State.jpg|thumb|Bali post ofis]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 4.jpg|thumb|rawan al adu a Jahar]] [[Fayil:Taraba State University's round about.jpg|thumb|waniyankine arewacin ningeriya]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|wani rafine a yankin taraba]] [[Fayil:Mambila Plateau of Taraba State.jpg|thumb|babban fili a taraba]] [[Fayil:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cijin leke in gembu taraba]] [[Fayil:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|thumb|yanda al'adun suke]] [[Fayil:Rever IBI Local Government Taraba State.jpg|thumb|rafin taraba]] [[Fayil:Wiki Loves Earth Taraba 2024 Physical Training (99).jpg|thumb|kadan da chikin masu editor Na wiki a taraba]] '''Taraba''' (Fula: Leydi Taraba) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1596272-majalisar-wakilai-kudurin-kirkirar-sabuwar-jiha-a-kudu-maso-gabas-ya-wuce-karatun-na-1/&ved=2ahUKEwjWkqfY_PqGAxWEUkEAHXg_CiwQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1qrC1xy7YR-XD5eIH5HNna</nowiki></ref> ce a [[Najeriya|Arewa maso Gababshin Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/5/3/at-least-42-people-die-due-to-measles-outbreak-in-north-east-nigeria&ved=2ahUKEwiawdCm_fqGAxWER0EAHWH-DHUQyM8BKAB6BAgQEAI&usg=AOvVaw01p6PP4Cj1Ma640Zfeih8c</nowiki></ref>, sunanta daga sunan Kogin Taraba, ta ratsa kudancin Jihar. Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Jalingo]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/661481-insecurity-taraba-restricts-tricycles-operation-bans-motorcycles-in-jalingo.html&ved=2ahUKEwj4kOrQ_fqGAxU5QEEAHWhNCWgQxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1fPUEB99KW5tRG36PIw13z</nowiki></ref>. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu kabilun [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuye]] da [[Fulani]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx0z95dkj0eo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjzu5z__fqGAxUUU0EAHczbDnQQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZWAgwHhRsQLevjsFf42Zv</nowiki></ref> da [[Jukunawa]] da [[Marghi]] da [[Jon Joffin|Jenjo]] da Wurkum da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin Arewacin Jihar. Yayin da [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Chamba]], [[Tiv]], [[Kuteb]] da [[Ichen]] wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Chamba, [[Fulani]] da [[Jibawa]]. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba da addinai kamar Kiristoci da [[Musulmi]]. == '''Tarihi''' == An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga [[Jihar Gongola|tsohuwar Jihar Gongola]] a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga wata [[Ogusta|Agusta]] shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da daya 1991, da gwamnatin [[mulkin soja]] ta Janar [[Ibrahim BaBabangida]] == Labarin kasa == [[File:Donga_River,_Taraba_state.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg/220px-Donga_River%2C_Taraba_state.jpg|thumb| Donga River, JajJahar Taraba]] Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/nasarawa-communal-clash-11-dead-houses-razed-many-displaced/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwi5-vW1_vqGAxW1T0EAHfXvBYIQyM8BKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw0tPoEhVcLX0tXYH06mtpGl</nowiki></ref>da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Binuwai]], arewa maso yammah da [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cjmdjv0w13xo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiOkLPzgfuGAxXRbEEAHT99OTcQyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OjApwFfj4Grp2Q1ZEtyPr</nowiki></ref>, arewa [[Bauchi (jiha)|ma jihar Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://leadership.ng/tinubu-to-present-urban-renewal-award-to-bauchi-governor/&ved=2ahUKEwjNx-yRgvuGAxWmRUEAHQJ-COQQxfQBKAB6BAggEAE&usg=AOvVaw1vSN5GC5P1uGNYwvCCctAb</nowiki></ref> da [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabas da [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar [[Kamaru]]. [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]], Daga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan daukacin fadin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin hadewa da [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Nijar]]. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Taraba ta kunshi [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko kananan hukumomi). Zababbun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • [[Ardo Kola]] • [[Bali]] • [[Donga]] • [[Gashaka]] • [[Gassol]] • [[Ibi]] • [[Jalingo]] • [[Karim Lamido]] • [[Kurmi]] • [[Lau]] • [[Sardauna]] • [[Takum]] • [[Ussa]] • [[Wukari]] • [[Yorro]] • [[Zing]]<ref>https://postcode.com.ng/local-government-areas-in-taraba-state/</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !LGA ! Harsuna |- | Ardokola | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] |- | Bali | fulfulde ; Fam Harshen Ichen ; [[Gbaya]], Arewa maso Yamma; [[Jibanci|Jibu]] ; Jukun Takum ; Kam; [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] ; [[Ndoola]] ; Chamba Dakka ; chamba leko ; [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] ; |- | Donga | Harshen Ichen, Ekpan, Chamba Leko, [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] . |- | Gashaka | Ndoola, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Chamba Daka; Yamba Tiv |- | Gassol | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wapan]], [[Tiv]] |- | Ibi | [[Jaranci|Duguri]] ; [[Dza]], Tiv, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Wanu]] |- | Jalingo | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], [[Kona]], [[Mumuye]]; |- | Karim Lamido | [[Jenjo]] [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ; [[Dadiya]] ; Dza; Jiba ; Jira; [[kodei]] ; [[Kulung]]; [[Kyak]]; Laka ; Munga Lelau ; Ku; Mághdì ; Mak ; Munga Doso ; [[Mumuye]]; [[Nyam]]; [[Pangseng]] ; Wurkun-Anphandi ; [[Bandanci|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] ; Yandang ; Hõne ; Kwa; Pero; Karimjo. |- | Kurmi | Ndoro ; Harshen Ichen ; Harshen Tigun ; Abon ; Bitare . |- | Lau | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Dza; Ku; Yandang, Laka |- | Takum | Mashi ; Bete ; Harshen Ichen; Jukun Takum; Kapya ; Kpan ; Kpati ; [[Harshen Kuteb|Kuteb]] ; Lufu ; Harshen Acha; Tiv; Yukuben |- | Wukari | [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukun]], Ichen Language; Ekpan; Kpati; Kulung; Taron ; Tiv; Wapan |- | Sardauna | [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], Anca ; Batu ; Buru ; Fum ; Lamanso '; Lidzonka ; Limbum ; [[Yaren Mambila|Mambila]] ; Mbembe, Tigon ; Mbongno ; Mvanip ; Nde-Gbite ; Ndoola; Ndunda ; Nshi; Somyev; Viti; Wuta; Yamba, kaka |- | Yorro | Mumuye, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] |- | Zing | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]], Nyong; Rang; Yandang |} Ussa. [[Harshen Kuteb]] Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. == Noma == Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da [[shayi]] da gyada da [[auduga]] .<ref>https://infoguidenigeria.com/cultivated-crops-taraba-state/</ref> Ana noma irin su [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], dawa, [[gero]], [[rogo]], da [[Doya|dawa]] a cikin kasuwanci, kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumakai da [[Akuya|awakai]] masu yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin [[Benue (kogi)|Binuwai]] da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon [[zomo]] da kiwon [[Aladu|alade]] a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarmai, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar.<ref>"Jobs in Taraba State". Retrieved 25 February2022.</ref> == Ilimi == Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , wadanda sun hada da: ==== Jami'o'i ==== * Jami'an tarayya dake wukari * Jami'ar jiha dake Jalingo<ref>"Taraba varsity to establish model ranch – VC"</ref> * Jami'an kwararafa dake Wukari<ref>"Kwararafa University, Wukari, Steps Out"</ref> == Al'ada == Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta wuraren yawon bude ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na [[Gashaka]] ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a [[Ibi (Nijeriya)|Ibi]], wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su, tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na [[Mutanen Chamba|Chamba]] a [[Donga (Nijeriya)|Donga]], [[Takum]] da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kutebs]] a [[Takum]] da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da kabilu da dama da suka hada da [[Mutanen Kuteb|Kuteb]], Chamba, Yandang, [[Mutanen Mumuye|Mumuyes]], [[Mutanen Mambila|Mambila]], Wurkums, Jenjo, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], Ichen, [[Tiv]], Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] and [[Ndola]] . [[File:Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg/220px-Mambilla_Tribe_Taraba_State.jpg|thumb| Kabilar Mambilla ta jihar Taraba]] Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta kunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfidar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta Alif, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). == Album == <gallery> File:A view of River Ibi, Taraba State.jpg|thumb|KOGIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:IBI CENTRAL MOSQUE, TARABA STATE.jpg|thumb|BABBAN MASALLACIN IBI DAKE JIHAR TARABA File:Transportation In river Lamido, Taraba State.jpg|alt=Gashaka-Gumpti-National-Park-Taraba-State|Transport In River Lamido, Taraba State File:Gembu Beautiful Mountain.jpg|Dutsen da ke [[Gembu, Nigeria|Gembu]] File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 09.jpg|Mambilla Plateau File:River Donga.jpg|Donga River, Taraba state File:Loop traditional dancer from Taraba State 1.jpg|Loop dan rawan gargajiya daga jihar Taraba File:Cijin Lake in Gembu, Taraba state, Nigeria.jpg|Tafkin Cijin dake Gembu, jihar Taraba File:Nigeria, Taraba State, Mambilla Plateau, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012.jpg|Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, 2012 </gallery> ==Sananun Mutane== * [[Aisha Alhassan|Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba)]] - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. * Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa * [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, dan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara alif, (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) * [[Darius Ishaku]] - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102100542/https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/538-taraba-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Saleh Mamman]], Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101317/https://www.wapecc.com/speaker/engr-sale-mamman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Mahmud Mohammed]] - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya * Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Danbaba Suntai]] - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, dan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/235285-breaking-former-taraba-governor-danbaba-suntai-dead.html</ref> * [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC)<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/yusuf-abubakar-yusuf</ref> * [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]] - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/shuaibu-lau</ref> * Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/why-court-sacked-danladi-declared-me-taraba-north-apc-senatorial-candidate-ali-kona/</ref> * Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tikiti a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/15/another-pdp-senator-loses-seat-taraba-state</ref> * Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba * [[Anna Darius Ishaku]] - Matar tsohon Gwamna [[Darius Ishaku|Darius Dickson Ishaku]] * [[Agbu Kefas]] - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-11-25 |title=Appeal Court affirms Kefas as Taraba PDP governorship candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-kefas-as-taraba-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar * [[Abbas Njidda Tafida]] - Sarkin Masarautar [[Muri]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 39t0zd0rf37w3j25pdedp78m4z6imhh 0 6237 856780 708338 2026-06-14T10:24:01Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu ɗaya da chasa'in da takwas da ɗari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (ƙidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Port Harcourt]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaɓen shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun haɗa: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da dama da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] erb72tsvrp3dcji5fl40jf5o68bqe7z 856783 856780 2026-06-14T10:24:57Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da ɗari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (ƙidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Port Harcourt]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaɓen shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun haɗa: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da dama da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] fv0sv8gy7z5bg4rkd12chc9ll32c8ez 856784 856783 2026-06-14T10:25:31Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (ƙidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Port Harcourt]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaɓen shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun haɗa: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da dama da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 6gj0dwx0a96a795obqhyycdef7taulx 856913 856784 2026-06-14T11:33:15Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Port Harcourt]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaɓen shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun haɗa: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da dama da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] rauedqjogpuar7muw0w7x89mzc4hang 856917 856913 2026-06-14T11:34:19Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaɓen shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun haɗa: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da dama da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] q3gpwjh9rql99d7y0aojtu0di4fzo9j 856923 856917 2026-06-14T11:34:56Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun haɗa: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da dama da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 1g13ogd12b5ntv1e796ahyj1g54ahhc 856926 856923 2026-06-14T11:35:40Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da dama da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] e485typ2ol9zbgdoccnwitsiv0fhe0v 856931 856926 2026-06-14T11:36:47Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da daban,da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 3aw55ace5xuavc82lhfosi2nndb9l85 856936 856931 2026-06-14T11:37:39Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da daban daban,da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 1zjsj77awbxh65hfs0em855h838na1n 856941 856936 2026-06-14T11:39:30Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da daban daban,mada suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] jcd2fbzzmupjmgm8vsfy5g6c7v2x91n 856943 856941 2026-06-14T11:40:31Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da daban daban,mazda suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] g0lsjk4d081ldrkguiccpebcjrfexeo 856944 856943 2026-06-14T11:41:06Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da daban daban,mazada suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] n2f0pd4thd1hcrine5llg278cjs0eyx 856946 856944 2026-06-14T11:41:44Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da daban daban,mazauda suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] ek8i6b4lmqsl4k9hok8soahy4m2tbur 856948 856946 2026-06-14T11:42:15Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da daban daban,mazaunda suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 98jw1lfxex2unx6atucfa19b4ogkj1u 856950 856948 2026-06-14T11:42:59Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu da daban daban,mazauna da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] qlkawkmrh35rhpnz0hln3r17h43msxl 856959 856950 2026-06-14T11:44:53Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu daban daban,mazauna da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] exd99ignomlp3cczvqneazv2m4ffedf 856964 856959 2026-06-14T11:45:57Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu daban daban, da ke zauna da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 0642t3ovqpkye4vmv2ee6hn1cycgurh 856969 856964 2026-06-14T11:46:48Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu daban daban, da ke zaune a da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] f13mn0qzywclsgziozn79rgi6vdjw3t 856974 856969 2026-06-14T11:47:33Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu daban daban, da ke zaune a Ci da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] k4414p04k3apjqmv4abmgt4ezz57p3z 856976 856974 2026-06-14T11:48:30Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[File:Port Harcourt Major Road (Ikwerre Road) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|jihar ribas]] [[File:An oasis in the suburbs 03.JPG|thumb|mutanen ribas]] [[File:Port Harcourt Free zone mile 1 market, Rivers State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwar fartakol]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Rivers.jpg|thumb|lambar mota na jihar rivers]] '''Jihar Rivers''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudan cin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Rivers | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’in 11,077 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu daya da chasa'in da takwas da dari bakwai da sha shida (5,198,716) a (kidayar yawan jama'a na shekarar 2006). Babban birnin jihar ita ce [[Fata kwal]]. [[Ezenwo Wike]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. <ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>"Rivers State government website". Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref><ref>Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug, Daily Independent, 10 August 2009</ref>Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ipalibo Banigo]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada: [[Magnus Ngei Abe]], [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]] da [[Olaka Nwogu]].<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</ref> Jihar Rivers tana da iyaka da jihohi shida ne: [[Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Delta]] kuma da [[Jihar Imo]].Jihar Ribas jiha ce daban-daban da ke da kabilu daban daban, da ke zaune a Cik da suka hada da: Ikwerre, Degema, Ijaw, Ogoni, Ogba, Ekpeye, da Kalabari. Jihar ta yi fice musamman saboda bambancin yare, inda aka ce ana magana da harsunan ‘yan asalin jihar 30 da yaruka a jihar Ribas. Wadannan sun hada da Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Igbo, Ijaw (Udekama-Degema, Andoni-Obolo, Okrika, Ibani, Kalabari, Ogbia) da Ogoni.<ref>"The Languages of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Overview". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Ribas ita ce jiha ta 25 mafi girma a yanki,<ref>"Public Finance Database". Nigeria Governors' Forum. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>kuma tarihinta ya mamaye yawancin koguna da ke gudana a cikinta, gami da kogin Bonny.<ref>Anger as 3 die in Bonny River boat mishap". Vanguard News. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref> Tattalin arzikin jihar Ribas dai ya mamaye harkar man fetur a jihar. Duk da karuwar masana’antar man fetur ya jawo wa gwamnatin jihar karin kudaden shiga, amma rashin gudanar da mulki da cin hanci da rashawa sun hana jihar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da kuma magance talauci da ma’ana<ref>"Politics as War: The Human Rights Impact and Causes of Post-Election Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria: Background: Root Causes of Violence in Rivers State". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Jihar Rivers dai ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jahohin da suka fi samun bunkasuwa ta fuskar samar da ababen more rayuwa na zamani da bunkasar birane a kasar nan. == Tarihi == Yanki da matsayi[gyara tushe] Jihar Ribas, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da koguna da dama da ke kan iyakarta, na daga cikin yankin kare kogunan mai daga 1885 zuwa 1893 lokacin da ta zama yanki na yankin Neja Coast.<ref>"Oil Rivers | region, Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</ref>. A shekarar 1900, an hade yankin da yankunan da aka yi hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company suka kafa yankin Kudancin Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1967 tare da raba yankin Gabashin Najeriya. A shekarar 1996 jihar ta rasa yankin da ta kafa jihar Bayelsa.<ref>"Soku oil field: Politics, law of who owns the land". Vanguard News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref>[[File:Mobile Market 01.JPG|thumb|[[File:Rivers State Government Secretariat (Podium Block).jpg|thumb|babbar sakateriya na jihar Ribas]]Doya a ribas]] ==Kananan Hukumomi.== Jihar Rivers nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da uku (23) wadanda ke gudanar da Ayyukan Karamar Hukuma, a karkashin zababben Shugaba wato ''Chairman''. Sune: {| class="wikitable" width="775" style="text-align: center" |- ! Sunan Karamar Hukuma ! Area (km²) ! Kidaya 2006<br> yawan Mutane ! Cibiyar Karamar Hukuma ! Postal<br>Code ! Mazabu |- | [[Port Harcourt (local government area)|Port Harcourt]] | 109 | 541,115 | [[Port Harcourt]] | 500 | 20 |- | [[Obio-Akpor]] | 260 | 464,789 | [[Rumuodumaya]] | 500 | 17 |- | [[Okrika]] | 222 | 222,026 | [[Okrika]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Ogu–Bolo]] | 89 | 74,683 | [[Ogu]] | 500 | 12 |- | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Eleme]] | 138 | 190,884 | [[Eleme, Jihar Rivers|Nchia]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Tai, Nigeria|Tai]] | 159 | 117,797 | [[Sakpenwa]] | 501 | 10 |- | [[Gokana, Jihar Rivers|Gokana]] | 126 | 228,828 | [[Kpor]] | 501 | 17 |- | [[Khana, Jihar Rivers|Khana]] | 560 | 294,217 | [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] | 502 | 19 |- | [[Oyigbo]] | 248 | 122,687 | [[Afam]] | 502 | 10 |- | [[Opobo–Nkoro]] | 130 | 151,511 | [[Opobo Town]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Andoni]] | 233 | 211,009 | [[Ngo Town|Ngo]] | 503 | 11 |- | [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] | 642 | 215,358 | [[Bonny, Jihar Rivers State|Bonny]] | 503 | 12 |- | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 1,011 | 249,773 | [[Degema, Rivers|Degema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Asari-Toru]] | 113 | 220,100 | [[Buguma]] | 504 | 13 |- | [[Akuku-Toru]] | 1,443 | 156,006 | [[Abonnema]] | 504 | 17 |- | [[Abua–Odual]] | 704 | 282,988 | [[Abua]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ahoada ta Yamma]] | 403 | 249,425 | [[Akinima]] | 510 | 12 |- | [[Ahoada ta Gabas]] | 341 | 166,747 | [[Ahoada]] | 510 | 13 |- | [[Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]] | 969 | 284,010 | [[Omoku]] | 510 | 17 |- | [[Emohua]] | 831 | 201,901 | [[Emohua Town|Emohua]] | 511 | 14 |- | [[Ikwerre, Jihar Rivers|Ikwerre]] | 655 | 189,726 | [[Isiokpo]] | 511 | 13 |- | [[Etche]] | 805 | 249,454 | [[Okehi]] | 512 | 19 |- | [[Omuma]] | 170 | 100,366 | [[Eberi]] | 512 | 10 |} == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] r6ig6eyfr3rs1hfjxkfxq1l5bskgx8q 0 6552 856274 544717 2026-06-13T17:28:50Z Dan marayerh 45930 856274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Allah3.svg|thumb|220px|Sunan Allah da Rubutun Larabci]] '''Allah''', '''Ubangiji''', '''Mahalicci''', Larabci: '''الله''', turanci '''''God''''', Allāh suna ne na '''Abin Bauta''' a addinin [[musulunci]], da wasu [[addinai]], ansamo sunan ne daga [[Larabci]] inda ya maye kalmar da ake amfani da ita na Ubangiji. a harshen [[Hausawa|Hausa.]] '''Allah''' shi ne ubangiji makadaici wanda yahalicci [[Sama|sammai]] (bakwai ) da [[Kasa|kassai]] (bakwai ), da duk abunda ke cikin duniya baki daya, mutum da aljannu da dabbobi da kwari da kuma tsuntsaye baki daya kuma shine wanda keda iko akan komai da kowa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/turkashi-wata-garabasar-sai-allah-mahalicci/|date= 12 July 2019 |accessdate= 27 November 2021 |title= Tirkashi wata garabasar sai Allah mahalicci|publisher= hausa.leadership.ng}}</ref> [[File:Quran-Sura112.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Allah}} [[Category:Addini]] [[Category:Mahalicci]] [[Category:Ubangiji]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} rzjky7tix9bxucbj2ckkdnp9vzci72b 0 7059 856230 838110 2026-06-13T17:03:17Z Dan marayerh 45930 /* Manazarta */ 856230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Roundabout_in_Gusau.jpg|thumb| Zagaye a garin Gusau]] Garin '''Gusau''' dake Arewa maso Yammacin [[Najeriya]] babban birnin [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] ne . Haka kuma sunan [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙaramar hukumar jiha (LGA)]] mai faɗin ƙasa 3,364 . ² da yawan jama'a 383,162 kamar na ƙidayar shekara ta 2006. == Geography == [[File:Mountain_Kwatarkwashi_1.jpg|thumb| Dutsen Kwatarkwashi, kusa da Gusau]] Gusau tana Arewa da layin da aka ja daga [[Kebbe]] zuwa [[Kano (Birni)|Kano]] a [[Najeriya]]. [[Hausawa]], ƴan asalin garin Gusau [[Hausawa]] ne da kuma jihar [[Zamfara]] [[File:Locator_Map_Gusau-Nigeria.png|alt=Image of the location of Gusau|thumb| wurin da '''Gusau take a taswira''']] Gundumar Gusau na ɗaya daga cikin Gundumomin da suka kunno kai bayan yunƙurin jihadi na ƙarni na sha tara a ƙasar [[Hausa]], ƙarƙashin jagorancin fitaccen malamin nan Sheikh [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usmanu Danfodiyo]] . Malam Muhammadu Sambo Ɗan Ashafa, almajirin Sheikh Usumanu Danfodio ne ya kafa ta a shekara ta alif 1799. Gundumar Gusau ta yi fice ne bayan faɗuwar Yandoto a 1806. Tun daga lokacin da garin Gusau ya samu zama muhimmin matsuguni a cikin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Sakkwato]], garin Gusau ya ja hankalin jama'a a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar noma da [[kasuwanci]]. Ko ta yaya, garin da kewaye ya jawo hankalin masu noma da yawa haka; manoma da masu kiwon dabbobi, musamman ma Fulani makiyaya. Gusau kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka, al’ummar ta manoma ne, noma shi ne ƙashin bayan tattalin arziƙin Gusau, harkokin tattalin arƙikin al’umma a wannan zamani sun ƙunshi noma da sauran kananan sana’o’i, Ko da yake, kamar sauran noman garin Hausa ya ragu. Babban aiki a wurin akwai magina, ƙwarangwal, mahauta, [[Ƙira|maƙera]], ganguna, mawaƙan yabo, da dai sauransu. Gusau da yankin da aka bai wa Mallam Sambo Ɗan Ashafa ya kasance a cikin babban birnin daular halifanci. A Gusau bayan da Mallam Sambo da hedkwatarsu da ke Gusau ya samu a ƙarƙashin yankunan Wonaka, Ruwan Ɓore, Mada, Yandoto, Samri, Magami, Marabu, Mareri, Mutunji, Kwaren Ganuwa, Wanke da wasu gungun ƙauyuka dake kewayen Gusau, kamar sauran sassan jihar. ==Halifanci== A ɓangaren mulki baya ga masu riƙe da muƙamai da ke bayan gari, an watse garin zuwa unguwanni biyar da suka haɗa da Shiyar Magaji, Madawaki, Galadima, Mayana da Sarkin [[Fada]]. Su ne muhimman alaƙar da ke tsakanin al’ummar unguwanninsu da Sarkin Gusau (Sarkin Gusau). Ido ne da kunnuwa na Sarki. [[Gusau]] kamar sauran sassa na Halifanci yana aika kaso na kuɗaɗen shiga ga Sarkin Musulmi. Zuwan mulkin mallaka ya haifar da wasu ci gaba da sauyi na al'umma a Gusau. Kayayyakin aikin mulkin mallaka kamar titunan kwalta, titin jirgin ƙasa, shagunan zamani, kasuwanci da masana'antu na zamani duk an kawo su garin. Hakazalika, an ƙara wa garin gidaje na zamani da ofisoshi da makarantu da asibitoci waɗanda suka taimaka tare da ƙara inganta shi, da faɗaɗa shi da sabunta shi. Sai dai akwai manufofin mulkin mallaka da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ɓullo da su waɗanda suka canza tsarin tafiyar da harkokin siyasa. Yankin Gusau wani abu ne na rashin gaskiya. Ba rarrabuwa ba ce, amma ana kula da haka ta kowane fanni na siyasa, wanda a cikinsa yana da matsayin wurin yawon shaƙatawa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka 1907, sun gabatar da harajin shanu (Jangali). A lokacin mulkin mallaka noma ya kasance babban aikin tattalin arziƙi na Gusau, tare da ƙarfin tattalin [[arziƙi]] sannan kuma al'ummar noma ce mafi rinjaye, [[noma]] a matsayin jigon tattalin arziƙi kuma an fi gudanar da shi a Damina tare da noman manyan amfanin gona. Gusau tana da faɗin ƙasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 3469. Wurin da Gusau ke ciki ya katse shi da ƴan ƴaƴan ɓangarorin dutse, kamar Tudun Mareri da Dokau. Gusau tana jin daɗin yanayi na wurare masu zafi waɗanda talakawa biyu ke sarrafa su, wato na wurare masu zafi da kuma na ruwa. == Masarautar == Garin Gusau yanzu haka yana da Sarkin Katsina mai daraja ta ɗaya, HRH Alh Abdulƙadir Ibrahim Bello [[Sarkin Katsinan Gusau]] wanda [[Gwamna]] Dauda Lawal ya yi masa sarauta bayan rasuwar Mahaifinsa Dr. Ibrahim Bello a shekarar 2025. Biyo bayan mamakon ruwan sama da aka yi a yammacin Lahadi, wata mummunar ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata gidaje da dama a Gusau, babban birnin jihar Zamfara. == Yanayi == A Gusau, lokacin noman rani wani bangare ne na hazo da zafi duk tsawon shekara, yayin da damina na zalunci da kuma gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara yana daga 58 zuwa 100 Fahrenheit, da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 54 ko haɓaka sama da 105. Mafi girman lokacin ziyarar Gusau na shekara don ayyukan yanayin zafi, bisa ga kimar rairayin bakin teku, daga ƙarshen Oktoba zuwa tsakiyar Maris. Gusau tana da yanayi mai zafi na savanna ( Köppen weather classification ''Aw'' ).{{Weather box}} == Duba kuma == * [[Madatsar Ruwa ta Gusau|Gusau Dam]] * [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Gusau|Filin Jirgin Sama Gusau]] * [[Tashoshin Jiragen Ƙasa a Najeriya|Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Najeriya]] * [[Federal Medical Centre, Gusau|Federal Medical Center, Gusau]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Category:Gari]] [[Category:Gine]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dxu4nwwj0hcqfos1ms07bc3djsjxr66 0 7158 856026 844999 2026-06-13T12:40:37Z Maryam sani Danfulani 44487 856026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]] [[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]] [[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]] [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]] [[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]] [[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]] '''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') <ref>Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa</ref>[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yamma Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n [[dabbobi musammanma shanu ]] da kuma sayar da nono<ref>[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]</ref>, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin <ref>Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref>sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.<ref>Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</ref> Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin da biyar a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.</ref> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]] [[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]] ==Harshe== [[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. <ref>The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.</ref>Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]] da sauransu. <ref>The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.</ref>Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.<ref>https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/</ref> [[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]] === ASALIN KALMAR FULANI === Da farko dai, masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.<ref>Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people". Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</ref> [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|gidan fulani]] A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga Annabi Nuhu. Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah Ta Ala a Alkurani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.<ref>Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.</ref><ref>"Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.</ref> Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa. Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u. Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka. Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S. Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A .S. Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin. A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yamma. ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.S.. Aka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa. Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace. Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci. ==Tarihi== Fulani dai sunfito daga dangin yaren NIGER-CONGO == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Abinci === Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]]. === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === == Hotuna == === Maza === <gallery> File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani. File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa. File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi. File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani. </gallery> === Mata === <gallery> File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta. File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su. File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono. File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] b6sqjzqq5tpkcw4fdegrgbb7rkm74c7 856029 856026 2026-06-13T12:43:24Z Habiba Bello 45914 856029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]] [[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]] [[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]] [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]] [[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]] [[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]] '''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') <ref>Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa</ref>[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yamma Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n [[dabbobi musammanma shanu ]] da kuma sayar da nono<ref>[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]</ref>, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin <ref>Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref>sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.<ref>Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</ref> Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin da biyar a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.</ref> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]] [[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]] ==Harshe== [[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. <ref>The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.</ref>Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]] da sauransu. <ref>The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.</ref>Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.<ref>https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/</ref> [[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]] === ASALIN KALMAR FULANI === Da farko dai masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.<ref>Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people". Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</ref> [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|gidan fulani]] A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga Annabi Nuhu. Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah Ta Ala a Alkurani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.<ref>Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.</ref><ref>"Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.</ref> Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa. Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u. Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka. Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S. Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A .S. Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin. A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yamma. ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.S.. Aka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa. Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace. Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci. ==Tarihi== Fulani dai sunfito daga dangin yaren NIGER-CONGO == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Abinci === Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]]. === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === == Hotuna == === Maza === <gallery> File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani. File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa. File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi. File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani. </gallery> === Mata === <gallery> File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta. File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su. File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono. File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] 8h4ady9q327x5ynqbln9ki5uvq3g5kc 0 8340 856585 279308 2026-06-14T07:57:41Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Frédéric Chopin 1849.jpg|thumb|Frédéric Chopin 1849]] [[Fayil:Frederic Chopin photo.jpeg|thumb|Frédéric Chopin]] '''Frédéric Chopin''' (an haife shi ran ashirin da bakwai ga 1810, a Żelazowa Wola, [[Poland]] - ya mutu ran ashirin da takwas ga 1849, a [[Paris]], [[Faransa]]), shi ne mawakin. Ya rubuta kiɗa mai yawa. {{stub}} korruwvsr3cn48i7qvgnbqjd15jmb6a 0 8841 856339 828437 2026-06-13T19:40:31Z ~2026-34862-75 45938 856339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Fura da nono.jpg|thumb|fulanin dake dama fura da nono]] [[File:Fura da nono seller.jpg|thumb|fura da nono]] [[File:Belper Hirn, 4 semaines, WikiCheese Lausanne.jpg|thumb|fura/dawo]] [[File:Fuura 03.jpg|thumb|Fura na qirga]] [[File:Ƴar Fulani tana sayar da fura.jpg|thumb|Ƴar Fulani tana dama fura]] [[Fayil:Fura da nono.jpg|thumb|Fura]] '''Fura''' wani nau'in abincin Hausawa ne da ake sha, ana sarrafa fura ne ta hanyar amfani da gero, kuma mafi yawancin inda aka fi amfani da ita Arewacin Najeriya ne. Kuma waɗanda suke sai da ta su ne [[Fulani]].Kuma wannan al’ada ce ta fulani. Ana iya cin ta haka nan ba tare da an dama ta ba. Kuma ana iya dama ta a sha da nono ko madara, koma da ruwa zalla. Fura ta kasance abinci mai daɗin gaske wajen fulani da waɗanda ma ba fulani ba. Fura na cikin abincin da ke gina jiki, duba da irin amfanin da gero ya ke dashi ga jiki.<ref>https://foodsfromafrica.com/african-ginger-millet-cereal/{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fura}} [[Category:Abinci]] hlt76umqf4xtwt7o7l2r85w9v34971o 0 9033 856028 835002 2026-06-13T12:42:43Z Matar Nasir 45916 856028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ikara''' birni ne, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙaramar hukuma]] (LGA) a cikin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], a arewacin [[Najeriya]], da ke kusa da (85&nbsp;km) arewa maso gabas daga birnin [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]] . Ikara a matsayin karamar hukuma ya ƙunshi Waɗannan garuruwan da ke tsakanin 10°2¹ zuwa 11°5¹ arewa da ƙauyuka: Ikara, Malikachi, Furana, Danlawan, Kurmin Kogi, Janfalan, Auchan, Paki, da Pala. Majalisar ƙaramar hukumar na ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title=Kaduna LG Polls: APC humbles PDP, wins 15 chairmanship seats |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/483524-kaduna-lg-polls-apc-humbles-pdp-wins-15-chairmanship-seats.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ƙabilu == Manyan ƙabilun mutanen yankin su ne [[Hausawa]] da [[Fulani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Ikara Local Government Council |url=http://ikaralgc.kd.gov.ng/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922125107/http://ikaralgc.kd.gov.ng/history/ |archive-date=2022-09-22 |access-date=2022-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Addinai su ne Musulunci da Kiristanci. Babban aikin su shine noma. Suna samar da masara, masarar Guinea, Wake, Waken Soya, Shinkafa, Rogo, Tumatir, Rake, da sauran kayayyakin amfanin gona da dama. == Tarihi == An kafa karamar hukumar Ikara ne daga tsohuwar hukumar Zariya bayan gyaran kananan hukumomin da aka yi a shekarar 1976 a lokacin halitta. Ya ƙunshi gundumomin Ikara, Kubua da Makarfi. Yanayin muhallin ɗan adam a Ikara yana samun tasiri ne sosai ta yanayin muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. An samo asali ne tun a shekara ta 1808 lokacin da [[Jukunawa|mutanen Jukun]] suka zauna a garin Ikara. Bakin haure ne da suka gudo daga Kano sakamakon ƙauracewa harin malaman Musulmi saboda kin karbar Musulunci. Sun sauka a karkashin tsaunin Ikara (Dutse Lungu) ki wani dan lokaci kadan daga baya suka sauka a wani fili kusa da dutsen. An yi imani da cewa al'ummar Jukun su ne suka kafa garin Ikara kuma suka sanya masa suna "Ikara" wanda ke nufin "bari a boye a nan" ko kuma "wuri" a [[Yarukan Jukun|yaren Jukun]] . Maguzawa mutane ne waɗanda asalin arna ne ko kuma waɗanda za su iya komawa Kiristanci daga baya a ƙarni na 20. Asalinsu maguzawa mutanen Hausa ne da aka fi samun su a yankunan Katsina, Kano da arewacin Zariya. Hausawa da fulani suna kiransu da sunan “maguzawa” bayan jihadi saboda basu yarda da addinin musulunci ba amma sun ci gaba da bautar arna. Sai dai galibin wadannan mutanen da ake kira maguzawa sun koma Kirista, kuma irin wadannan ba za a iya kiransu da maguzawa a ma'anar kalmar Musulunci ta hakika ba; duk da haka sunan ya dawwama An ce fulani sun zo sun zauna a yankin ne saboda dalilai na muhalli. Bafullatani wadanda akasarinsu Bororuji(masu yawo) sun zo ikara ne saboda garin ya dace da kiwo, watakila sun nemi tserewa daga biyan harajin jangali ga sarakunan yankinsu, tare da dimbin iyali. Sai dai bisa ga al’adar baka, duk da wadannan matsugunai, ba za a iya daukar ikara a matsayin gari ba, domin babu wani takamaimai mai mulki a garin, sai a shekarar 1879, lokacin da magaji Abubakar, wanda ya fito daga garin kura, a jihar Kano. Ya tsara matsugunai zuwa gari, ya zama Hakimin kauye na farko a shekarar 1897. Shehu kwasau, sarkin zazzau (sarkin zazzau) ya nada masa rawani a matsayin hakimin kauye mai taken “Dagachin ikara” == Tsarin Gudanarwa == Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta kunshi gundumomi guda biyu wato: * gundumar Ikara * gundumar Pakistan Yana da sassa shida (6), wadanda su ne kamar haka. * Sashen Ma'aikata * Ma'aikatar Kudi & Supply * Sashen Ayyuka * Sashen Noma * Sashen Lafiya * Sashen Ilimi == Noma == Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta dogara ne akan noma da karatun shanu. Ikara yana da karfi rabo na aiki bisa ga shekaru da jima'i. Maza da yawa suna da sana'o'i guda ɗaya kamar manoma da 'yan kasuwa. Matan Ikare suna samun kudi ta hanyar sarrafa abinci da sayar da kayan abinci a gida ko kasuwanni. == Yanayi == Lokacin damina yana da zalunci kuma yana da yawa, tare da yanayin zafi daga 53&nbsp;°F zuwa 97&nbsp;°F. Yanayin zafi yana bambanta a cikin shekara, kodayake galibi a lokacin rani. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ikara Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/58577/Average-Weather-in-Ikara-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikara, Kaduna, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data |url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/kaduna/ikara |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=tcktcktck.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly & Monthly weather - Ikara, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/ikara-climate |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Matsakaicin Zazzabi === Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana a lokacin zafi na watanni 1.9, wanda ke gudana daga Maris 7 zuwa Mayu 4, ya haura 94&nbsp;°F. Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara a Ikara, tare da yanayin zafi na 96&nbsp;°F da ƙananan zafin jiki na 71&nbsp;°F. Matsakaicin yawan zafin rana a lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga Yuli 6 zuwa Satumba 29, yana ƙasa da 85&nbsp;°F. Disamba shi ne watan mafi sanyi a shekara a Ikara, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 84&nbsp;°F da ƙasan 55&nbsp;°F. <ref name=":1"/> 1/3 na matasan unguwar Ikara suna shanya tumatur, da kowane irin barkono == Ilimi == Akwai Makarantun Sakandire goma sha uku a wannan Karamar Hukuma: - * Government Science Secondary School, Ikara * Government Girls Secondary School Ikara * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Ikara * Makarantar Koyar da Sana'a ta Gwamnati, Ikara * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pala * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Auchan * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pakistan * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Jamfalan * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Malikanchi * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Danlawal * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Rumi * Ikara Comprehensive Academy (Private) * Raising Star Academy Ikara (Masu zaman kansu) * Emmanuel Nursery, Primary and Secondary School, Gidan Tanko Jamfalan (Private). Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Ikara shahararriyar makarantar sakandire ce da ke aiki a cikin garin Ikara, makarantar tana da matsayi mai girma a fannin samar da ilimi mai inganci. == Cibiyoyin Kuɗi == Akwai banki a Ikara kuma Lead way Assurance ita ce sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi a Ikara LGA Financial Resources * Unity Bank Reshen Ikara * Bank of Agriculture (BOA) * Babban Bankin Najeriya * Rabon Dokokin Tarayya wanda ake karɓa kowane wata. * Ana samun kudaden shiga na ciki daga kasuwanni, manya masu haraji da wuraren shakatawa na motoci. == Hukumomin Gwamnati == * Hukumar Lantarki na Karkara (REB) * [[Ofishin Gidan Waya na Najeriya|NIPOST]] * NPC * NITEL * Hukumar Ruwa == Siffofin Geographical == Babu wani yanayi na musamman a Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Karamar Hukumar Makarfi a Yamma, Soba a Kudu, Tudun Wada a Jihar Kano a Arewa. Kubau ta Kudu == Babban ofishin == Ikara, Wanda babban gari ne hedkwatar == Kayayyakin Lafiya == Akwai cikakkun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyar da kuma asibitoci arba'in da bakwai dake cikin wannan yanki. * General Hospital, Ikara * Babban Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Paki * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Auchan Akwai Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ikara LGs masu Cibiyoyin Lafiya huɗu da ke Ikara kanta. == Masana'antu == Kamfanin sarrafa abinci na Ikara (Tumato) == Ma'aikatar shari'a == Karamar hukumar tana da kotuna guda uku a hedkwatar Ikara, wato: * Kotun Majistare * Babbar Kotun Shari'a * Kotun Shari'a * Kotun Al'ada == Albarkatun Ma'adinai == * Dutse mai daraja * Adadin farar ƙasa. == Mutane == Hausawa/Fulani == Yawan jama'a == mutane 194,723 (ƙidayar 2006) == Adireshin gidan waya == PMB 1101, Ikara == Addini == Musulunci shi ne addini mafi rinjaye. == Abubuwan Shaƙatawa == Makarantu da manyan makarantu suna ba da filin wasa don wasanni da abubuwan nishaɗi a cikin LGA == Hanyar Sadarwa == Aikin gina titi ya samu kulawa a lokacin Gwamna Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi. Ana lissafta hanyoyi a kasa: * Ikara – Tashan Yari Road * Ikara – Panbeguwa Road * Anchau-Kudaru Road * Paki Kwanan Dangora Road * Hanyar Anchau- Banki- Wagaho * Ikara –Tudun Wada of Kano State Road * Kurmin Kogi-Yan Marmara Road * Ikara – Zaria Road * Ikara –Furana-Dan Lawal == Makarantar Sakandare == Akwai biyu daga cikinsu wato * Makarantar Fasaha ta Lafiya, Pambeguwa (an koma Kubau) * Cibiyar hadin gwiwa Ikara == Sarakunan Gargajiya == Hakimai na gundumomi ne ke gudanar da waɗannan yankuna. Su ne: * Gundumar Ikara * Kurmin Kogi * Gundumar Pakistan * JanFalan * Gundumar Pala == Hankalin yawon bude ido == Karamar hukumar ta cika da wasu duwatsu da magudanan ruwa na Kogi. == Garuruwa da Kauyuka == Ikara, Malikachi, Furana, Danlawan, Kurmin Kogi, Janfalan, Auchan, Paki, Pala, Saulawa, Rumi, Saya-saya, Kuya == Ruwa == Dam ruwan Ikara == Yan siyasa == * [[Hon. Sani Ahmed Ikara]] * Hon. Abdullahi Adamu * Hon. Tsoho Abubakar * Hon. Halliru Sambo * Hon. Tijjani Sani Paki * Hon. Gambo Lawal Auchan * Hon. Yusuf Bature Aliyu Auchan * Hon. Magaji Mudi Ikara * Hon. Alhassan Muhammad Datti * Hon. Yusuf Bala Ikara * Hon. Muhammad Dayyabu Paki * Hon. Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu * Hon. Bashir Mamman Dogon Koli Hon. Bashir Mamman Dogon Koli shi ne Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Ikara da ke Jihar Kaduna a yanzu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q06ulid1jdbbqfozudb9se1zkjx8r3q 856034 856028 2026-06-13T12:47:30Z Matar Nasir 45916 856034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ikara''' birni ne, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙaramar hukuma]] (LGA) a cikin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], a arewacin [[Najeriya]], da ke kusa da (85&nbsp;km) arewa maso gabas daga birnin [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]] . Ikara a matsayin karamar hukuma ya ƙunshi Waɗannan garuruwan da ke tsakanin 10°2¹ zuwa 11°5¹ arewa da ƙauyuka: Ikara, Malikachi, Furana, Danlawan, Kurmin Kogi, Janfalan, Auchan, Paki, da Pala. Majalisar ƙaramar hukumar na ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title=Kaduna LG Polls: APC humbles PDP, wins 15 chairmanship seats |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/483524-kaduna-lg-polls-apc-humbles-pdp-wins-15-chairmanship-seats.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ƙabilu == Manyan ƙabilun mutanen yankin su ne [[Hausawa]] da [[Fulani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Ikara Local Government Council |url=http://ikaralgc.kd.gov.ng/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922125107/http://ikaralgc.kd.gov.ng/history/ |archive-date=2022-09-22 |access-date=2022-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Addinai su ne Musulunci da Kiristanci. Babban aikin su shine noma. Suna samar da masara, masarar Guinea, Wake, Waken Soya, Shinkafa, Rogo, Tumatir, Rake, da sauran kayayyakin amfanin gona da dama. == TarihAn kafa karamar hukumar Ikara ne daga tsohuwar hukumar Zariya bayan gyaran kananan hukumomin da aka yi a shekarar 1976 a lokacin halitta. Ya ƙunshi gundumomin Ikara, Kubua da Makarfi. == Yanayin muhallin ɗan adam a Ikara yana samun tasiri ne sosai ta yanayin muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. An samo asali ne tun a shekara ta 1808 lokacin da [[Jukunawa|mutanen Jukun]] suka zauna a garin Ikara. Bakin haure ne da suka gudo daga Kano sakamakon ƙauracewa harin malaman Musulmi saboda kin karbar Musulunci. Sun sauka a karkashin tsaunin Ikara (Dutse Lungu) ki wani dan lokaci kadan daga baya suka sauka a wani fili kusa da dutsen. An yi imani da cewa al'ummar Jukun su ne suka kafa garin Ikara kuma suka sanya masa suna "Ikara" wanda ke nufin "bari a boye a nan" ko kuma "wuri" a [[Yarukan Jukun|yaren Jukun]] . Maguzawa mutane ne waɗanda asalin arna ne ko kuma waɗanda za su iya komawa Kiristanci daga baya a ƙarni na 20. Asalinsu maguzawa mutanen Hausa ne da aka fi samun su a yankunan Katsina, Kano da arewacin Zariya. Hausawa da fulani suna kiransu da sunan “maguzawa” bayan jihadi saboda basu yarda da addinin musulunci ba amma sun ci gaba da bautar arna. Sai dai galibin wadannan mutanen da ake kira maguzawa sun koma Kirista, kuma irin wadannan ba za a iya kiransu da maguzawa a ma'anar kalmar Musulunci ta hakika ba; duk da haka sunan ya dawwama An ce fulani sun zo sun zauna a yankin ne saboda dalilai na muhalli. Bafullatani wadanda akasarinsu Bororuji(masu yawo) sun zo ikara ne saboda garin ya dace da kiwo, watakila sun nemi tserewa daga biyan harajin jangali ga sarakunan yankinsu, tare da dimbin iyali. Sai dai bisa ga al’adar baka, duk da wadannan matsugunai, ba za a iya daukar ikara a matsayin gari ba, domin babu wani takamaimai mai mulki a garin, sai a shekarar 1879, lokacin da magaji Abubakar, wanda ya fito daga garin kura, a jihar Kano. Ya tsara matsugunai zuwa gari, ya zama Hakimin kauye na farko a shekarar 1897. Shehu kwasau, sarkin zazzau (sarkin zazzau) ya nada sa a matsayin hakimin kauye mai taken “Dagachin ikara” == Tsarin Gudanarwa == Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta kunshi gundumomi guda biyu wato: * gundumar Ikara * gundumar Pakistan Yana da sassa shida (6), wadanda su ne kamar haka. * Sashen Ma'aikata * Ma'aikatar Kudi & Supply * Sashen Ayyuka * Sashen Noma * Sashen Lafiya * Sashen Ilimi == Noma == Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta dogara ne akan noma da karatun shanu. Ikara yana da karfi rabo na aiki bisa ga shekaru da jima'i. Maza da yawa suna da sana'o'i guda ɗaya kamar manoma da 'yan kasuwa. Matan Ikare suna samun kudi ta hanyar sarrafa abinci da sayar da kayan abinci a gida ko kasuwanni. == Yanayi == Lokacin damina yana da zalunci kuma yana da yawa, tare da yanayin zafi daga 53&nbsp;°F zuwa 97&nbsp;°F. Yanayin zafi yana bambanta a cikin shekara, kodayake galibi a lokacin rani. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ikara Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/58577/Average-Weather-in-Ikara-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikara, Kaduna, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data |url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/kaduna/ikara |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=tcktcktck.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly & Monthly weather - Ikara, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/ikara-climate |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Matsakaicin Zazzabi === Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana a lokacin zafi na watanni 1.9, wanda ke gudana daga Maris 7 zuwa Mayu 4, ya haura 94&nbsp;°F. Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara a Ikara, tare da yanayin zafi na 96&nbsp;°F da ƙananan zafin jiki na 71&nbsp;°F. Matsakaicin yawan zafin rana a lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga Yuli 6 zuwa Satumba 29, yana ƙasa da 85&nbsp;°F. Disamba shi ne watan mafi sanyi a shekara a Ikara, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 84&nbsp;°F da ƙasan 55&nbsp;°F. <ref name=":1"/> 1/3 na matasan unguwar Ikara suna shanya tumatur, da kowane irin barkono == Ilimi == Akwai Makarantun Sakandire goma sha uku a wannan Karamar Hukuma: - * Government Science Secondary School, Ikara * Government Girls Secondary School Ikara * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Ikara * Makarantar Koyar da Sana'a ta Gwamnati, Ikara * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pala * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Auchan * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pakistan * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Jamfalan * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Malikanchi * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Danlawal * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Rumi * Ikara Comprehensive Academy (Private) * Raising Star Academy Ikara (Masu zaman kansu) * Emmanuel Nursery, Primary and Secondary School, Gidan Tanko Jamfalan (Private). Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Ikara shahararriyar makarantar sakandire ce da ke aiki a cikin garin Ikara, makarantar tana da matsayi mai girma a fannin samar da ilimi mai inganci. == Cibiyoyin Kuɗi == Akwai banki a Ikara kuma Lead way Assurance ita ce sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi a Ikara LGA Financial Resources * Unity Bank Reshen Ikara * Bank of Agriculture (BOA) * Babban Bankin Najeriya * Rabon Dokokin Tarayya wanda ake karɓa kowane wata. * Ana samun kudaden shiga na ciki daga kasuwanni, manya masu haraji da wuraren shakatawa na motoci. == Hukumomin Gwamnati == * Hukumar Lantarki na Karkara (REB) * [[Ofishin Gidan Waya na Najeriya|NIPOST]] * NPC * NITEL * Hukumar Ruwa == Siffofin Geographical == Babu wani yanayi na musamman a Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Karamar Hukumar Makarfi a Yamma, Soba a Kudu, Tudun Wada a Jihar Kano a Arewa. Kubau ta Kudu == Babban ofishin == Ikara, Wanda babban gari ne hedkwatar == Kayayyakin Lafiya == Akwai cikakkun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyar da kuma asibitoci arba'in da bakwai dake cikin wannan yanki. * General Hospital, Ikara * Babban Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Paki * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Auchan Akwai Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ikara LGs masu Cibiyoyin Lafiya huɗu da ke Ikara kanta. == Masana'antu == Kamfanin sarrafa abinci na Ikara (Tumato) == Ma'aikatar shari'a == Karamar hukumar tana da kotuna guda uku a hedkwatar Ikara, wato: * Kotun Majistare * Babbar Kotun Shari'a * Kotun Shari'a * Kotun Al'ada == Albarkatun Ma'adinai == * Dutse mai daraja * Adadin farar ƙasa. == Mutane == Hausawa/Fulani == Yawan jama'a == mutane 194,723 (ƙidayar 2006) == Adireshin gidan waya == PMB 1101, Ikara == Addini == Musulunci shi ne addini mafi rinjaye. == Abubuwan Shaƙatawa == Makarantu da manyan makarantu suna ba da filin wasa don wasanni da abubuwan nishaɗi a cikin LGA == Hanyar Sadarwa == Aikin gina titi ya samu kulawa a lokacin Gwamna Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi. Ana lissafta hanyoyi a kasa: * Ikara – Tashan Yari Road * Ikara – Panbeguwa Road * Anchau-Kudaru Road * Paki Kwanan Dangora Road * Hanyar Anchau- Banki- Wagaho * Ikara –Tudun Wada of Kano State Road * Kurmin Kogi-Yan Marmara Road * Ikara – Zaria Road * Ikara –Furana-Dan Lawal == Makarantar Sakandare == Akwai biyu daga cikinsu wato * Makarantar Fasaha ta Lafiya, Pambeguwa (an koma Kubau) * Cibiyar hadin gwiwa Ikara == Sarakunan Gargajiya == Hakimai na gundumomi ne ke gudanar da waɗannan yankuna. Su ne: * Gundumar Ikara * Kurmin Kogi * Gundumar Pakistan * JanFalan * Gundumar Pala == Hankalin yawon bude ido == Karamar hukumar ta cika da wasu duwatsu da magudanan ruwa na Kogi. == Garuruwa da Kauyuka == Ikara, Malikachi, Furana, Danlawan, Kurmin Kogi, Janfalan, Auchan, Paki, Pala, Saulawa, Rumi, Saya-saya, Kuya == Ruwa == Dam ruwan Ikara == Yan siyasa == * [[Hon. Sani Ahmed Ikara]] * Hon. Abdullahi Adamu * Hon. Tsoho Abubakar * Hon. Halliru Sambo * Hon. Tijjani Sani Paki * Hon. Gambo Lawal Auchan * Hon. Yusuf Bature Aliyu Auchan * Hon. Magaji Mudi Ikara * Hon. Alhassan Muhammad Datti * Hon. Yusuf Bala Ikara * Hon. Muhammad Dayyabu Paki * Hon. Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu * Hon. Bashir Mamman Dogon Koli Hon. Bashir Mamman Dogon Koli shi ne Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Ikara da ke Jihar Kaduna a yanzu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hvolphk4ih6u68j7omctuu5xlzjzmvg 856037 856034 2026-06-13T12:48:57Z Matar Nasir 45916 856037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ikara''' birni ne, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙaramar hukuma]] (LGA) a cikin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], a arewacin [[Najeriya]], da ke kusa da (85&nbsp;km) arewa maso gabas daga birnin [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]] . Ikara a matsayin karamar hukuma ya ƙunshi Waɗannan garuruwan da ke tsakanin 10°2¹ zuwa 11°5¹ arewa da ƙauyuka: Ikara, Malikachi, Furana, Danlawan, Kurmin Kogi, Janfalan, Auchan, Paki, da Pala. Majalisar ƙaramar hukumar na ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title=Kaduna LG Polls: APC humbles PDP, wins 15 chairmanship seats |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/483524-kaduna-lg-polls-apc-humbles-pdp-wins-15-chairmanship-seats.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ƙabilu == Manyan ƙabilun mutanen yankin su ne [[Hausawa]] da [[Fulani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Ikara Local Government Council |url=http://ikaralgc.kd.gov.ng/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922125107/http://ikaralgc.kd.gov.ng/history/ |archive-date=2022-09-22 |access-date=2022-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Addinai su ne Musulunci da Kiristanci. Babban aikin su shine noma. Suna samar da masara, masarar Guinea, Wake, Waken Soya, Shinkafa, Rogo, Tumatir, Rake, da sauran kayayyakin amfanin gona da dama. == Tarihin kafa karamar hukumar Ikara daga tsohuwar hukumar Zariya bayan gyaran kananan hukumomin da aka yi a shekarar 1976 a lokacin halitta. Ya ƙunshi gundumomin Ikara, Kubua da Makarfi. == Yanayin muhallin ɗan adam a Ikara yana samun tasiri ne sosai ta yanayin muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. An samo asali ne tun a shekara ta 1808 lokacin da [[Jukunawa|mutanen Jukun]] suka zauna a garin Ikara. Bakin haure ne da suka gudo daga Kano sakamakon ƙauracewa harin malaman Musulmi saboda kin karbar Musulunci. Sun sauka a karkashin tsaunin Ikara (Dutse Lungu) ki wani dan lokaci kadan daga baya suka sauka a wani fili kusa da dutsen. An yi imani da cewa al'ummar Jukun su ne suka kafa garin Ikara kuma suka sanya masa suna "Ikara" wanda ke nufin "bari a boye a nan" ko kuma "wuri" a [[Yarukan Jukun|yaren Jukun]] . Maguzawa mutane ne waɗanda asalin arna ne ko kuma waɗanda za su iya komawa Kiristanci daga baya a ƙarni na 20. Asalinsu maguzawa mutanen Hausa ne da aka fi samun su a yankunan Katsina, Kano da arewacin Zariya. Hausawa da fulani suna kiransu da sunan “maguzawa” bayan jihadi saboda basu yarda da addinin musulunci ba amma sun ci gaba da bautar arna. Sai dai galibin wadannan mutanen da ake kira maguzawa sun koma Kirista, kuma irin wadannan ba za a iya kiransu da maguzawa a ma'anar kalmar Musulunci ta hakika ba; duk da haka sunan ya dawwama An ce fulani sun zo sun zauna a yankin ne saboda dalilai na muhalli. Bafullatani wadanda akasarinsu Bororuji(masu yawo) sun zo ikara ne saboda garin ya dace da kiwo, watakila sun nemi tserewa daga biyan harajin jangali ga sarakunan yankinsu, tare da dimbin iyali. Sai dai bisa ga al’adar baka, duk da wadannan matsugunai, ba za a iya daukar ikara a matsayin gari ba, domin babu wani takamaimai mai mulki a garin, sai a shekarar 1879, lokacin da magaji Abubakar, wanda ya fito daga garin kura, a jihar Kano. Ya tsara matsugunai zuwa gari, ya zama Hakimin kauye na farko a shekarar 1897. Shehu kwasau, sarkin zazzau (sarkin zazzau) ya nada sa a matsayin hakimin kauye mai taken “Dagachin ikara” == Tsarin Gudanarwa == Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta kunshi gundumomi guda biyu wato: * gundumar Ikara * gundumar Pakistan Yana da sassa shida (6), wadanda su ne kamar haka. * Sashen Ma'aikata * Ma'aikatar Kudi & Supply * Sashen Ayyuka * Sashen Noma * Sashen Lafiya * Sashen Ilimi == Noma == Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta dogara ne akan noma da karatun shanu. Ikara yana da karfi rabo na aiki bisa ga shekaru da jima'i. Maza da yawa suna da sana'o'i guda ɗaya kamar manoma da 'yan kasuwa. Matan Ikare suna samun kudi ta hanyar sarrafa abinci da sayar da kayan abinci a gida ko kasuwanni. == Yanayi == Lokacin damina yana da zalunci kuma yana da yawa, tare da yanayin zafi daga 53&nbsp;°F zuwa 97&nbsp;°F. Yanayin zafi yana bambanta a cikin shekara, kodayake galibi a lokacin rani. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ikara Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/58577/Average-Weather-in-Ikara-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikara, Kaduna, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data |url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/kaduna/ikara |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=tcktcktck.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly & Monthly weather - Ikara, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/ikara-climate |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Matsakaicin Zazzabi === Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana a lokacin zafi na watanni 1.9, wanda ke gudana daga Maris 7 zuwa Mayu 4, ya haura 94&nbsp;°F. Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara a Ikara, tare da yanayin zafi na 96&nbsp;°F da ƙananan zafin jiki na 71&nbsp;°F. Matsakaicin yawan zafin rana a lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga Yuli 6 zuwa Satumba 29, yana ƙasa da 85&nbsp;°F. Disamba shi ne watan mafi sanyi a shekara a Ikara, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 84&nbsp;°F da ƙasan 55&nbsp;°F. <ref name=":1"/> 1/3 na matasan unguwar Ikara suna shanya tumatur, da kowane irin barkono == Ilimi == Akwai Makarantun Sakandire goma sha uku a wannan Karamar Hukuma: - * Government Science Secondary School, Ikara * Government Girls Secondary School Ikara * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Ikara * Makarantar Koyar da Sana'a ta Gwamnati, Ikara * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pala * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Auchan * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pakistan * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Jamfalan * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Malikanchi * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Danlawal * Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Rumi * Ikara Comprehensive Academy (Private) * Raising Star Academy Ikara (Masu zaman kansu) * Emmanuel Nursery, Primary and Secondary School, Gidan Tanko Jamfalan (Private). Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Ikara shahararriyar makarantar sakandire ce da ke aiki a cikin garin Ikara, makarantar tana da matsayi mai girma a fannin samar da ilimi mai inganci. == Cibiyoyin Kuɗi == Akwai banki a Ikara kuma Lead way Assurance ita ce sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi a Ikara LGA Financial Resources * Unity Bank Reshen Ikara * Bank of Agriculture (BOA) * Babban Bankin Najeriya * Rabon Dokokin Tarayya wanda ake karɓa kowane wata. * Ana samun kudaden shiga na ciki daga kasuwanni, manya masu haraji da wuraren shakatawa na motoci. == Hukumomin Gwamnati == * Hukumar Lantarki na Karkara (REB) * [[Ofishin Gidan Waya na Najeriya|NIPOST]] * NPC * NITEL * Hukumar Ruwa == Siffofin Geographical == Babu wani yanayi na musamman a Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Karamar Hukumar Makarfi a Yamma, Soba a Kudu, Tudun Wada a Jihar Kano a Arewa. Kubau ta Kudu == Babban ofishin == Ikara, Wanda babban gari ne hedkwatar == Kayayyakin Lafiya == Akwai cikakkun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyar da kuma asibitoci arba'in da bakwai dake cikin wannan yanki. * General Hospital, Ikara * Babban Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Paki * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Auchan Akwai Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ikara LGs masu Cibiyoyin Lafiya huɗu da ke Ikara kanta. == Masana'antu == Kamfanin sarrafa abinci na Ikara (Tumato) == Ma'aikatar shari'a == Karamar hukumar tana da kotuna guda uku a hedkwatar Ikara, wato: * Kotun Majistare * Babbar Kotun Shari'a * Kotun Shari'a * Kotun Al'ada == Albarkatun Ma'adinai == * Dutse mai daraja * Adadin farar ƙasa. == Mutane == Hausawa/Fulani == Yawan jama'a == mutane 194,723 (ƙidayar 2006) == Adireshin gidan waya == PMB 1101, Ikara == Addini == Musulunci shi ne addini mafi rinjaye. == Abubuwan Shaƙatawa == Makarantu da manyan makarantu suna ba da filin wasa don wasanni da abubuwan nishaɗi a cikin LGA == Hanyar Sadarwa == Aikin gina titi ya samu kulawa a lokacin Gwamna Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi. Ana lissafta hanyoyi a kasa: * Ikara – Tashan Yari Road * Ikara – Panbeguwa Road * Anchau-Kudaru Road * Paki Kwanan Dangora Road * Hanyar Anchau- Banki- Wagaho * Ikara –Tudun Wada of Kano State Road * Kurmin Kogi-Yan Marmara Road * Ikara – Zaria Road * Ikara –Furana-Dan Lawal == Makarantar Sakandare == Akwai biyu daga cikinsu wato * Makarantar Fasaha ta Lafiya, Pambeguwa (an koma Kubau) * Cibiyar hadin gwiwa Ikara == Sarakunan Gargajiya == Hakimai na gundumomi ne ke gudanar da waɗannan yankuna. Su ne: * Gundumar Ikara * Kurmin Kogi * Gundumar Pakistan * JanFalan * Gundumar Pala == Hankalin yawon bude ido == Karamar hukumar ta cika da wasu duwatsu da magudanan ruwa na Kogi. == Garuruwa da Kauyuka == Ikara, Malikachi, Furana, Danlawan, Kurmin Kogi, Janfalan, Auchan, Paki, Pala, Saulawa, Rumi, Saya-saya, Kuya == Ruwa == Dam ruwan Ikara == Yan siyasa == * [[Hon. Sani Ahmed Ikara]] * Hon. Abdullahi Adamu * Hon. Tsoho Abubakar * Hon. Halliru Sambo * Hon. Tijjani Sani Paki * Hon. Gambo Lawal Auchan * Hon. Yusuf Bature Aliyu Auchan * Hon. Magaji Mudi Ikara * Hon. Alhassan Muhammad Datti * Hon. Yusuf Bala Ikara * Hon. Muhammad Dayyabu Paki * Hon. Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu * Hon. Bashir Mamman Dogon Koli Hon. Bashir Mamman Dogon Koli shi ne Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Ikara da ke Jihar Kaduna a yanzu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ftvwcd93oqs9tj79q9gq8kl9vmx4do4 0 9047 856007 516809 2026-06-13T12:17:20Z Matar Nasir 45916 na gyara unguwanni zuwa gundumomi 856007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kubau chamber.jpg|thumb|'''Karamar hukumar Kubau''']] [[File:Statistisch-topographische Finanz-Karte des Königreiches Boehmen.jpg|thumb|Statistisch-topographische_Finanz-Karte_des_Königreiches_Boehmen]] '''Karamar hukumar Kubau''' Tana ɗaya daga cikin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 23 dake [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna a]] [[Najeriya]]. Tana da hedkwatarta a garin Anchau. Majalisar ƙaramar hukumar na ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bashir Zuntu. Chaiman Hon Sabo Aminu Anchau. An kirkiro ta ne a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]], a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1995, daga karamar hukumar [[Ikara]] ta yanzu. == Rarraba == Tana da gundumomin siyasa goma sha ɗaya (11), waɗanda suka haɗa da hedkwatar ƙananan hukumomi, Anchau, Pampegua, Zuntu, Dutsen-wai, Damau, Kargi, Karreh, Mah, Kubau, Haskiya, da Zaɓi. Haka kuma tana kuma da gundumomi 10 da Anchau da Kubau su ne mafi tsufa da kuma masu tasiri a cikinsu. Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 811. Karamar hukumar Kubau tana da tsoffin kauyuka kamar su Anchau, Gadas, Kuzuntu mai hedikwata a Jenau 10.&nbsp;km daga babban birnin Anchau. == Mutane == Manyan ƙabilun galibinsu Hausawa ne da Fulani. Ko da yake akwai ƙabilun baƙi kamar [[Sayanci|Sayawa]], Kurama, da sauransu amma kaɗan ne. Al’ummar Kubau LG dai galibinsu Musulmi ne a addinance, duk da cewa akwai wasu Kiristoci a wasu sassan ƙaramar hukumar. == Gwamnati == Hon. Mustapha Aliyu Damau shine mamba mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ikara/Kubau, jihar Kaduna. == Tattalin Arziki == Ƙaramar hukumar Kubau tana da shahararriyar ''Kasuwar Anchau ta'' mako-mako (Talata) domin sayar da shanu da sauran kayan amfanin gona da dama kamar masara, masara, wake waken soya da dai sauransu. Wata babbar kasuwa tana cikin garin ''Pambegua'' mai junction don siyar da kayan amfanin gona da yawa a ranar Juma'a. Sauran Kasuwan kuma su ne Kasuwar Tumatir ta ''Dutsenwai'' kasuwa ce ta zamani don siyar da kayayyakin amfanin gona da ake noma ruwa kamar Tumatir, kasuwar tumatur na ''Kogi'' wata kasuwa ce ta zamani da ke kan titin Anchau Dutsenwai a ƙauyen Kogi a Kuzuntu. Tana da albarkatun kasa da yawa wadanda suka hada da karafa, tin. Babban yanki ne da ake noman noma a jihar Kaduna, babban abin da ake nomawa shi ne rake. == Ilimi == Ƙaramar hukumar Kubau tana da makarantun firamare da sakandire da dama a dukkan unguwanni 11. Duk da haka, babu manyan cibiyoyi a yankin. == Yanki da Yawan Jama'a == Yana da yanki 2,505&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a ƙidayar 2006. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}}{{Kaduna State}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b7w4uyuvjmcb4gvwmohnt0296g5c7qd 0 10494 856491 823146 2026-06-13T22:03:54Z Zahrah0 14848 856491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hadiza Aliyu on Dandalina.jpg|thumb|hadiza a dandalina]] [[Fayil:Ha-Hadiza Aliyu.ogg|thumb|Hadiza Aliyu]] [[Fayil:Hadiza Gabon Kannywood actress.jpg|thumb|Hoton hadiza gabon]] '''Hadiza Aliyu''' wacce akafi sani da '''Hadiza [[Gabon]]''' (An haife ta a ranar daya 1 ga watan Yuni, shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da tara miladiyya 1989) a kasar Gabon,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadiza Aliyu|url=http://www.hadizaaliyu.com/about/}}</ref> Hadiza Aliyu ta Kasance Shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a [[Hausa]] film a [[Najeriya]], a ƙarƙashin masana'antar film ta Hausa wato kannydwood.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200810145350/https://www.nasconplc.com/2019/07/16/brand-ambassador-market-tour/</ref> == Farkon Rayuwa. == An haifi Hadiza Aliyu [[Gabon]] ne a ƙasar [[Libreville]] da ke ƙasar [[Gabon]], ta dawo ƙasar mahaifiyar ta [[Najeriya]] daga bisani domin wasu dalilai, inda tayo karatu, sannan ta fara harkan fim, Haifaffiyar garin [[Libreville]], [[Gabon|Jamhuriyar Gabon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312300834.html|title=Nigeria: I Had to Learn Hausa to Feature in Kannywood - Hadiza Gabon|author=All Africa|publisher=Amina Alhassan and Mulikat Mukaila|accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref> Hadiza Aliyu ‘yar gidan Malam Aliyu ne wanda dattijo ne. A bangaren mahaifinta, Hadiza 'yar asalin ƙasar Gabon ce, kuma a bangaren mahaifiyarta, asalin ta Fulani ce daga [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=I want to settle down – Gabon - Blueprint|url=http://www.blueprint.ng/2014/10/06/i-want-to-settle-down-gabon/|access-date=2015-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131520/http://www.blueprint.ng/2014/10/06/i-want-to-settle-down-gabon/|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == Hadiza Aliyu Gabon ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandire a kasar haihuwarta inda ta rubuta jarabawarta ta A-Level tare da burin zama lauya sannan daga baya ta zabi Lauya a matsayin kwas din da ta fi so. Ta fara karatun jami'a a matsayinta na daliba, amma dole ta daina zuwa makaranta saboda wasu matsaloli da suka dabaibaye karatun nata. Karatun nata ya tsaya a lokacin kuma hakan ya ba ta damar halartar shirin difloma a cikin Harshen Faransanci kuma daga baya ta zama malama mai koyar da Faransanci a wata makarantar sirri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabonofficial.com/|title=Gabon Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024235/http://www.gabonofficial.com/#!/biography/|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Shahara == Tana daya daga cikin manyan jarumai mata a masana'antar fim ta kannywood, dake arewacin Nigeria. Tana da masoya da dama , tayi fina finai shaharrru a masana'antar. Ta fito a fim mai dogon zango na tashar Arewa 24 mai suna GIDAN BADAMASI, kuma ta fito a shahararren fim mai dogon zango MANYAN MATA. A halin yanzu ta buɗe wani filin tattaunawa da manyan mutane Sannan nu mai suna GABONS ROOM TALK. ==Fim== Hadiza Aliyu ta shiga [[Kannywood]] ba da dadewa ba bayan ta shigo daga [[Gabon]] zuwa [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ta tashi daga [[Adamawa]] zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] yayin da take sha'awar shiga masana'antar fim ta [[kannywood]] tare da dan uwan ta. Ta samu damar ganawa da [[Ali Nuhu]] kuma ta nemi taimakonsa don kaddamar da ita a matsayin 'yar fim. Hadiza ta fara fitowa ne a shekara ta 2009, inda aka sanya ta a Artabu, ta samu shiga masana'antar fim ta [[kannywood]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai mata tare da taimakon [[Ali Nuhu]] da kuma jagorancin Aminu Shariff . Ta kasance shahararriyar 'yar wasan Hausa ce. Mutane da dama na gani da daukan ta a matsayin jarumar 'yar wasan [[Kannywood]] kuma abar koyi musamman yadda take fitowa cikin sutura na al'ada da kyau, tana fitowa a wasannin barkwanci na ban dariya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadiza Gabon - HausaFilms.tv|url=http://www.hausafilms.tv/actress/hadiza_gabon}}</ref> Hadiza ta kasance ita ce jakadiyar da ta daga cikin kamfanin sadarwa na Najeriya MTN Nigeria da kuma kamfanin abincin Indomie, ta karbi kyautar Best Actress Jury Award a 2nd Kannywood Award wanda kamfanin MTN Najeriya suka dauki nauyin bayarwa. Ita ce wacce ta kafa gidauniyar HAG Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabonofficial.com/|title=Gabon Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024235/http://www.gabonofficial.com/#!/filmography/|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Elites|first1=The|title=Famous Kannywood Actress Hadiza Aliyu Gabon, Debuts In Nollywood Movie|url=http://www.theelitesng.com/famous-kannywood-actress-hadiza-aliyu-gabon-febuts-in-nollywood-movie/|website=The Elites Nigeria|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The trailer for Mike Ezuruonye's new movie ‘Lagos Real Fake Life’ isn't quite there yet » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/the-trailer-for-mike-ezuruonyes-new-movie-lagos-real-fake-life-isnt-quite-there-yet/|website=YNaija|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Husseini|first1=Shuaibu|title=Gold for Kannywood’s shinning star, Hadiza Gabon, from Queensland|url=https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/gold-for-kannywoods-shinning-star-hadiza-gabon-from-queensland/|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=12 November 2016|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024225403/https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/gold-for-kannywoods-shinning-star-hadiza-gabon-from-queensland/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lere|first1=Muhammad|title=Kannywood: Hadiza Gabon features in first Nollywood movie - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/243849-kannywood-hadiza-gabon-features-first-nollywood-movie.html|website=Premiumtimenews|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hadiza Gabon - HausaFilms.tv|url=http://www.hausafilms.tv/actress/hadiza_gabon/}}</ref> Hadiza Gabon ta yanke shawarar shiga Nollywood a shekara ta 2017, biyo bayan [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Sani Musa Danja]], [[Yakubu Muhammad|Yakubu Muhammed]], Maryam Booth da [[Rahama Sadau]] . An saka ta a fim dinta na farko na Nollywood kusa da Mike Ezuruonye, Mike Angel da Emmanuella a fim mai taken ''Lagos Real Fake Life .'' == Jakadanci == Acikin watan Disambar shekarar 2018 ne, kamfanin NASCON Allied Plc,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagfoundation.com/|title=HAG Foundation - Committed to Serving Humanity|work=|publisher=HAG Foundation|accessdate=22 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010123/http://www.hagfoundation.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda ke reshen rukunin kamfanonin [[Dangote Group|Dangote]] , ya bayyana Hadiza Aliyu a matsayin jakadiyar jakadancin Dangote Classic Seasoning a yayin ƙaddamar da kayan haɗa kayan a [[Kano#Tarihin%20Kano|Kano]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NASCON introduces Dangote classic seasoning into Kano market|url=https://businessday.ng/companies/article/nascon-introduces-dangote-classic-seasoning-into-kano-market|work=Businessday NG|date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASCON launches New Dangote Classic Seasoning Cubes|url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Products%20&%20Services/NASCON-launches-New-Dangote-Classic-Seasoning-Cubes/43162#:~:text=The%20Company%20used%20the%20occasion,to%20all%20women%20in%20Nigeria|website=NASCON launches New Dangote Classic Seasoning Cubes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brand Ambassador Market Tour|url=https://www.nasconplc.com/2019/07/16/brand-ambassador-market-tour/|website=NASCON|date=16 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810145350/https://www.nasconplc.com/2019/07/16/brand-ambassador-market-tour/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Taimako == Acikin shekara ta 2016, Hadiza Gabon ta kafa Kungiyar agaji mai suna HAG Foundation Da nufin inganta rayuwar talakawa ta hanyar samar da taimako a bangarorin ilimi da kiwon lafiya gami da wadatar abinci, Ta zama daya daga cikin ‘yan wasa mata na farko a tarihin [[Kannywood]] da ta gabatar da irin wannan taimakon jin kai. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, ta ziyarci sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] inda ta ba da gudummawar kayayyakin abinci, kayan masaka da sauran kayan masarufi da mazauna sansanin suke bukata saboda rikicin arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/entertainment/hadiza-gabon-enlivens-idp-camp/138523.html|title=Hadiza Gabon enlivens IDP camp|work=Daily Trust|publisher=Ibrahim Musa Giginyu|accessdate=19 March 2016}}</ref> == Lamban girma == Hadiza Aliyu ta samu kyaututtuka da girmamawa da dama waɗanda suka hada da shekara ta 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards da [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|2nd Kannywood / MTN Awards]] a shekara ta 2014. Saboda karramawar da ta yi a matsayin 'yar fim, Hadiza ta karrama acikin shekarar 2013 daga tsohon Gwamnan [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Dakta Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] . An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Hollywood ta Afirka a matsayin Jarumar Jarumai mata .<gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="140"> |Hadiza Gabon tana karban lamban girma </gallery> === Awad === Lamban girman da Hadiza Aliyu Gabon ta samu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabonofficial.com/|title=Gabon Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024235/http://www.gabonofficial.com/#!/awards-and-projects/|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Lamban girma ! Rukuni ! Fim ! Sakamako |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | Kwankwasiyya Award | Recognition Award |Kwankwasiyya Award | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards | Best Actress (Hausa) | ''Babban Zaure'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | City People Entertainment Awards | ''Best Actress (Hausa)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannywood at the 2014 City People Entertainment Awards - Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV - Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/city-people-entertainment-awards-june-2014 |website=hausafilms.tv |accessdate=24 October 2019}}</ref> | ''Babban Zaure'' | {{Nom}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | 2nd Kannywood/MTN Awards<ref>{{cite web|title=Linda Ikeji's Blog|url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2015/02/kannywood-awards-when-mtn-celebrates.html}}</ref> | Best Actress of the Year(Jury Choice)<ref>{{cite web|title=Premium Times Nigeria|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/176070-late-ibro-honoured-mtn-kannywood-awards-2015.html}}</ref> | ''Daga Ni Sai Ke'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Kannywood AWA 24 Film & Merit Award | Best Supporting Actress | ''Ali Yaga Ali'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | African Hollywood Awards | Best Actress<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/hausa-movies-arts-entertainment/214643-hadiza-gabon-usman-uzee-honoured-african-hollywood-awards.html |title=Hadiza Gabon, Usman Uzee honoured at African Hollywood Awards |work =Premium Times Nigeria |publisher=Mohammed Lere |accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref> | ''African Films in Hausa Language'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | Arewa Night Award | Recognition Award | | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | 2017 Best of Kannywood Award | Best Actress (Hausa)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agbon |first1=Ehis |title=2017 CITY PEOPLE MOVIE AWARDS (NOMINEES FOR KANNYWOOD) |url=https://procyonnews.com/2017-city-people-movie-awards-nominees-for-kannywood/ |website=Procyon News |accessdate=24 October 2019 |date=16 September 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018124155/https://procyonnews.com/2017-city-people-movie-awards-nominees-for-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | {{Nom}} |- |} === Kyaututuka === Jadawalin kyaututtukan martabawa da Hadiza Aliyu Gabon ta samu {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Girmamawa !Rukuni !Bangare |- ! scope="row" |2016 |Kano State Senior Secondary Schools Management Board |Certificate of Appreciation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BNwVKYBhVtd/|title=Hadiza Aliyu Gabon on Instagram: Alhamdulillah ✌🏼️👌👌🏻|work=Instagram|publisher=Hadiza Aliyu Gabon|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> |''Educational Support'' |- ! scope="row" |2016 |Statup Kano |Certificate of Appreciation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AdizatouGabon/status/809842395844149252|title=Was honored to be part of Startup Kano Women Conference.. Women empowerment gives me so much joy. Alhamdulillah.|work=Twitter|publisher=Hadiza Aliyu|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref> |''Empowerment Support'' |- ! scope="row" |2016 |Billycares Charity Foundation |Recognition Award | ''Philanthropy'' |- ! scope="row" |2019 |Hausa Students Association of Nigeria (BUK) |Recognition Award |''Educational Support'' |- |} === Fina finai === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ Fina finan ta |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Shekara ! Sunan Fim ! Matsayin ! Nau'i |- | | ''Daina Kuka'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Farar Saka'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Fataken Dare'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Kolo(film)|Kolo'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Mukaddari'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Sakayya'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Umarnin Uwa'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Ziyadat'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2009 | ''Artabu'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2010 | ''Wasila(film)|Wasila'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2010 | ''Umarnin Uwa'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Aisha Humaira'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | '''Yar Maye'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Badi Ba Rai'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Akirizzaman'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Dare Daya'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Wata Tafi Wata'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2013 | ''Da Kai Zan Gana'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2013 | ''Haske'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2013 | ''Ban Sani Ba'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Mai Dalilin Aure'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Daga Ni Sai Ke'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Ali Yaga Ali'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Basaja'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Uba Da 'Da'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Indon Kauye'' | Jaruma | Comedy/Fim |- | 2014 | ''Ba'asi'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Jarumta'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2017 | ''Gida da waje'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2017 | ''Ciki Da Raino'' |Jaruma |Comedy/Fim |- |2019 | ''Hawwa Kulu'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2019 | ''Wakili'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2019 | ''Dan Birnin'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2019 | ''Gidan Badamasi'' | Jaruma | Comedy/Fim |} == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="140" caption="Hotunan Hadiza Gabon"> File:Hadiza Aliyu on Dandalina.jpg|Sanye da farin kaya File:Hadiza Gabon.jpg </gallery> == Duba nan == * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Jamila Nagudu]] * [[Fati Washa]] * [[Maryam Booth]] * [[Maryam Yahaya]] * [[Aisha Aliyu Tsamiya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aliyu,Hadiza}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Mata yan fim]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1989]] m4h9okgxyblslfnz8now45vhtx1t8lo 0 10603 856591 689148 2026-06-14T08:02:33Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Male Adder (30720968678).jpg|thumb|Ƙasa]] '''Ƙasa''' na iya nufi: == Ilimin ƙasa == * Ƙasar, tsayayyen ƙasa a Duniya * [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|Ƙasa]], cakuda yumɓu, yashi da ''kwayoyin halitta'' da ke saman duniya == Wutar Lantarki == * Ƙasa ([[Wutar Lantarki ta Ughelli|wutan lantarki]]) , ma'anar ma'ana a cikin kewayon lantarki wanda ake auna ƙarfin lantarki * Tsarin ƙasa, wani ɓangare na shigarwar lantarki wanda ke haɗawa da farfajiyar duniya * Ƙasa da tsaka-tsaki, kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da juna == Dokar == * Tushen (sau da yawa dalilai), a cikin [[doka]], dalili mai ma'ana ko tushe don imani, hukunci, ko matakin da aka dauka, kamar matakin shari'a ko jayayya: * Dalilan kisan aure, ka'idojin da ke bayyana yanayin da za a ba mutum kisan aure == Waƙoƙi == * Ground (album), kundi na biyu na Nels Cline Trio * "Ground" (waƙar) , ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundi na farko na ƙungiyar rock ta Filipino Rivermaya * Ground bass, a cikin kiɗa, wani ɓangaren bass wanda ke ci gaba da maimaitawa, yayin da waƙoƙi da jituwa akan shi ke canzawa * The Ground, wani kundi na 2005 na dan ''Ƙasa'' jazz na Norway Tord Gustavsen * Ƙasa (art) , tushe don yadudduka na hoto. * Yankin kofi, shayar da kofi * Kwayar ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayar halitta guda uku a cikin shuka * Kalmar ƙasa, a cikin ma'anar alama, kalma ba tare da canji ba * Ƙasa (ɗaya), ɗayan yanki da aka yi amfani da shi a Indiya * Ƙasa (Dzogchen) , babbar jiha a Dzogchen * Yankin ƙasa, sau da yawa a kan karafa, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban na niƙaAyyukan niƙa * Filin (cricket), inda ake buga wasannin cricket, da kuma wani ɓangare na filin wasa.  cp0fawg6lezjttinbbln7s4g3afadw0 0 10760 856719 739822 2026-06-14T10:00:30Z Amadee619 37975 856719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov.jpg|thumb|sabuwa bakarabe]] [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov (cropped).jpg|thumb|Agwam fantswaem]] '''Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe''' [[Dan Nijeriya|Yar'Najeriya]] ce, yar'siyasa, wanda aka zaba tazama mataimakiyar gwamnan [[Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]. An kuma zaɓe ta tareda da gwamna maici wato [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]] a watan February shekara ta dubu biyu da Sha Tara 2019, karkashin jam'iyar [[All Progressive Congress|APC]].<ref>[https://www.blueprint.ng/2019-which-way-southern-kaduna "2019, Which way Southern Kaduna?"] ''[[Blueprint]]'' Retrieved 28 February, 2019.</ref><ref>Aza MSUE. [https://www.leadership.ng/2019/03/12/deputy-governor-elect-hadiza-balarabe-chairs-kaduna-transition-commitee "Duputy Governor-elect Hadiza Balarabe Chairs Transition Committee 2019"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Leadership_(newspaper)]]'' Kaduna State. Retrieved 12 March 2019</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/tags/aGFkaXphLXNhYnV3YS1iYWxhcmFiZS1oYWRpemE={{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/politics/8af9b04b39cc9349e72837ad0d937d03{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2019, a matsayinta na gwamna, ta gabatar da kasafin kudin sabuwar shekara ta 2020 na gwamnatin jihar Kaduna a gaban [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kaduna|majalisar dokokin jihar]] [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]], inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta taba yin hakan a [[Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/357818-for-the-record-full-speech-by-kaduna-acting-governor-on-presentation-of-2020-budget.html</ref><ref>https://dailypost.ng/2020/04/23/kaduna-deputy-governor-hadiza-balarabe-warns-public-against-internet-scammers/</ref> A shekarar 2022, ta yi burin tsayawa takarar gwamna a zaben 2023 amma ta janye, aka zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar dan takarar jam’iyyar APC, Sanata [[Uba Sani]].<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/kaduna-guber-uba-sani-announces-hadiza-balarabe-deputy-governor-as-running-mate</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/the-making-of-nigerias-first-female-governor/</ref><ref>https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, an sake zabar ta a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Balarabe haifaffen gidan Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe ne a karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] ta jihar [[Kaduna]]. Ta halarci makarantar ‘yan mata ta Soba don yin karatun sakandare, sannan ta samu admission a babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami’ar Maiduguri]] inda ta yi karatun likitanci sannan ta kammala MBBS a 1986.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ daga asali https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balarabe, Hadiza Sabuwa}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] hnd0axgv663tcfh8qw6d6of2m9hde4o 0 12272 856000 505406 2026-06-13T12:00:14Z Momonowa 45906 marked as stub 856000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Murtala Square 3.jpg|thumb|hoton dandalin murtala]] '''Dandalin Murtala''' yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin dandali dake garin Kaduna, dandalin ya kunshi wurare da dama da ake gudanar da shirye-shiryen wasanni da sauran tarurruka na al'umma da gwamnati. Dandalin na nan ne a cikin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>[https://www.today.ng/topic/murtala-muhammad-square "Murtala Muhammad Square"]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Nigeria Today'' Kaduna.</ref><ref>[https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/the-metamorphosis-of-kadunas-murtala-square "The Metamorphosis Of Kaduna Murtala Square"]{{Dead link|date=January 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Daily Trust]]'' Kaduna Retrieved</ref> {{Stub}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Murtala Muhammad Square Kaduna 01.jpg|thumb|murtal muhammad square kaduna]] An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1918, Maigirma kungiyar shine Mai Martaba Sarkin [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman|Katsina Alhaji Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] [[Katsina (jiha)|sarkin jihar Katsina]], yayin da shugaban kungiyar na yanzu shine Alhaji Suleiman Abubakar (Walin Keffi). Kungiyar kulob din Polo ta Kaduna ta yi bikin cika shekaru 100 da kafuwa a gasar gasar Polo ta Kaduna ta 2018, wacce aka yi a ranar 13 zuwa 21 ga Oktoba 2018. Taron wanda aka yiwa lakabi da 'Kaduna polo centenary tournament' ko 'Tournament kamar bikin Legacy' ya sami hamayya daga ƙungiyoyi arba'in daga jihohi daban -daban a duk faɗin Najeriya, sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin Fatakwat, Polo clubs, Ibadan Polo clubs, Abuja Guards Brigade Polo club., Kungiyoyin Polo na Kano, da kuma kungiyoyin Polo na Legas. <ref>Kaduna, Abdurraheem Aodu. [https://www.blueprint.ng/centenary-40-teams-to-participate-in-2018-kaduna-polo-tournament-president/&grqid=dsO81YJQ&s=1&hl=ha-NG "40 teams to participate in the Kaduna centenary polo tournament"]{{Dead link|date=September 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Blueprint Newspaper|Blueprint]]'' Kaduna, 12 October 2018. Retrieved on 12 October 2018.</ref> <ref>[https://nta.ng/40-teams-show-up-for-2018-kaduna-international-polo "40 teams show up for 2018 Kaduna international polo"]{{Dead link|date=September 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Nigerian Television Authority]]'' Kaduna, October 2018. Retrieved in November 2018.</ref> Daga cikin manyan kyaututtukan gasar akwai Kofin Jojiya, Kofin Sarkin Katsina, da Kofin NAHCON. Kungiyar chukker ta biyar da ke Kaduna El-Amin ta lashe kofunan Jojiya na goma sha huɗu (14th) mafi girma fiye da kowace ƙungiya, yayin da na biyu mafi girman kambun shine ƙungiyar Abuja Rubicon da take da taken 12. <ref>[https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/40-teams-show-up-for-2017-kaduna-international-polo-fiesta.html&hl=en-NG "40 teams to show up for 2017 polo fiesta"]{{Dead link|date=September 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Daily Trust]]'' Kaduna November 2017, Retrieved in November 2017.</ref> == Manazarta ==   lsojt69cccwz7w2wcrx2f1i7153j447 0 12639 856786 775910 2026-06-14T10:27:32Z Zahrah0 14848 856786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|thumb|Tutar daular Usmaniyya]] [[File:Osmanli-nisani.svg|thumb|Tambarin daular Usmaniyya]] [[File:Ottoman 1683.png|thumb|Taswirar daular Usmaniiya a zamanin ta]] '''Daular Usmaniyya''' ([[Larabci]] دولت عليه عثمانیه), [[Turanci]] Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye), ([[Turanci]] ''Exalted Ottoman State''), (Turanci na wannan zamani; Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, ko Osmanlı Devleti), ([[Faransanci]] Empire ottoman),<ref name=StraussConstp36/><ref name="StraussConstp36">{{cite book|last=Strauss|first=Johann|chapter-url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true|year=2010|chapter=A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the ''Kanun-ı Esasi'' and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages|editor=Herzog, Christoph|editor2=Malek Sharif|title=The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy|publisher=[[Orient-Institut Istanbul]]|location=[[Wurzburg]]|pages=21–51|accessdate=|isbn=|issn=|oclc=|archive-date=2019-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011233851/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true|url-status=dead}} ([http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 info page on book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920231333/http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645|date=2019-09-20}} at [[Martin Luther University]]) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338).</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyVnAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA37&dq=The+Osmanli+Turks+called+their+empire+the+Empire+of+Rum+(Rome).&hl=en|title=Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|date=2014-05-22|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=|isbn=978-1-78093-800-4|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=The Osmanli Turks called their empire the Empire of Rum (Rome).}}</ref> daula ce da akayi ta a ƙasar mai mazauni a ƙasar [[Turkiyya]] a yanzu wadda taɗau tsakanin lokacin 1299 zuwa 1923. Daular na zaune a Turkiyya kuma tana da iko da gabashi da kudancin ƙasashen dake a gefen kogin Meditereniya. Tsakanin shekara ta alif 1299 [[Osman I]] ya kafa daular, kuma tayi ƙarfi sosai tsakanin shekara ta 1400 zuwa shekarar 1600, lokacin ƙarfin ikon ta ya mamaye yankunan kudu maso gabashin [[Turai]] da kudu maso [[Yammacin Asiya]] da kuma arewacin [[Afrika]]. Daular ta samu ne sakamakon cinye kasashe da yaki. Sarki ne ke aikawa da Gwamna zuwa dukkan kasar da daular ta kama domin yayi shugabanci, ana kiran wadannan gwamnonin da '''Pasha''' ko '''Bey'''. Mafi shahara daga cikin su a ƙarni na 19 shine Muhammad Ali Pasha. Daular Usmaniyya ta karye ne a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] wanda yayi sanadin dukkan ƙasashen kowacce ta rabu da juna. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Foundation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg|Taron assasa Daular Uthmaniyya File:Auda_Abu_Tayi_-_Akaba.jpg|Auda Abu Tayi File:Isaac-Pacha_Molho.jpg|Isaac Pacha Molho File:Ottoman_Empire_699_AH.jpg|Daular Usmaniyya 699H. File:Kurdish-warriors2_(1).jpg|Mayakan Kurdawa </gallery> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Daulolin Musulunci]] kpq5pmj68np4o8us1ql77h6x6wz2ctl 0 13689 856129 491569 2026-06-13T16:28:03Z Dan marayerh 45930 856129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sadiya_Umaru_Farouq.jpg|240px|right|thumbnail|Sadiya Umar Farouk]] '''Sadiya Umar Farouk''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta alif dari tara da sabain da hudu 1974), [[Najeriya|’yar siyasa ce a Nijeriya]] kuma ita ce ministar harkokin [[agaji]], kula da bala’i da ci gaban al’umma a Najeriya.<ref>"Who be Sadiya Umar Farouq". ''BBC News Pidgin''. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2020.</ref><ref>"editor (12 October 2019). "Sadiya Umar-Farouq: The New Super Minister". ''THISDAYLIVE''. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</ref><ref>NorthWindProject. "Hon. Minister Sadia Umar Farouq | NASSCO". Retrieved 4 June 2021.</ref><ref>Hajiya "Sadiya Umar Farouq" biography: Buhari youngest cabinet minister profile". ''BBC News Pidgin''. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</ref> == Siyasa == Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] nada ta minista a watan Yulin shekarar 2019,<ref>"Sadiya Farouq: Group lauds Buhari's appointment of Minister". ''Vanguard News''. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</ref> Farouk a shekaru ta zama mai mafi karancin shekaru a cikin ministocin gwamnatin tarayya. Dangantakar ta da Shugaba Buhari ta samo asali ne tun zamanin Buhari a matsayin jagora kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na rusasshiyar Congress for Progressive Change lokacin da Farouk ya kasance ma'ajin jam'iyyar CPC na kasa sannan daga baya ya kasance ma'ajin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]].<ref>"EXCLUSIVE: Presidency Chides Humanitarian Minister For Excessive Use Of Power, Ministry Placed Under Strict Monitoring". ''Sahara Reporters''. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 16 February 201.</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, ofishin shugaban kasa ta tuhumi Sadiya don yin amfani da karfin da ya wuce ikon matsayinta na aiki ta hanyar daukar karin mataimaka fiye da yadda hukuma ta kuma amince da shi da kuma jinkirta kudaden wata-wata na masu sa kai na N-Power, shirin tsoma bakin jama’a na gwamnatin tarayya. Bikin auren Sadiya-Sadique: Shugaban [[Soja|Sojan]] Sama, Ministan Jin kai Aure ya daɗe yana zuwa - majiyoyin dangi [[Fayil:Sadiya Umar Farouq.jpg|thumb|Sadiya Umar Farouq]] Duk da kalubalen kasafin kudin Najeriya tare da karancin kudaden shiga, Ministan, yayin da yake fuskantar dumbin munanan manufofin yakin neman zabe, da karfin hali aiwatar da ayyukan Covid-19 da Shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari na gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>"EXCLUSIVE: Presidency Chides Humanitarian Minister For Excessive Use Of Power, Ministry Placed Under Strict Monitoring". ''Sahara Reporters''. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</ref> == Ilimi == * FGGC, Gusau [https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-50003638] * Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, dake Zariya == Kara Karantawa == Karanta nan: <nowiki>https://prnigeria.com/2020/09/24/sadiya-sadique-wedding</nowiki> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Farouk, Sadiya Umar}} [[Category:'Yan korar Buhari]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1974]] [[Category:Ƴan Siyasa Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Zamfara]] [[Category:Ƴan Siyasan APC]] [[Category:Daliban Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] h8wm5x95u6pzz6jwj20peobcvik6a98 0 14724 856047 822282 2026-06-13T13:12:28Z Najauta 45908 An kirkira ta fassara "__LEAD_SECTION__" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 856047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumban shekarar 1950) ya kasance tsohon ɗan wasan barkwanci /mawallafi ne ɗan [[Najeriya]], kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai na WAP . == Rayuwa ta farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta [[Ibadan]] inda ya sami takardar shaidar O-Level, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html "The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziƙi ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{cite news |last=Kasali |first=Segun |date=2021-10-30 |title=Nigerians are natural actors — Wale Adenuga MFR |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigerians-are-natural-actors-wale-adenuga-mfr/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") == Cibiyoyi == A ranar 24 ga Satumban shekarar 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma suka kafa Makarantar Binta International School a Legas, wata gidauniya da ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta buɗe Cibiyar Fina-finai da Talabijin ta Pencil (PEFTI). Darussan da take koyarwa sun haɗa da Shiryawa, Darakta, da kuma [[Cinematography|Fina-finai]] . A shekara ta 2009, an kuma nuna makarantar a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na ''De Film Industries van Nigeria'', wani shirin gaskiya na ƙasar Denmark kan masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyauta 5 a Bikin Fina-finai na Najeriya a shekara ta 2002: Mafi kyawun Furodusa, Mafi kyawun Marubuci, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Alaƙa da Jama'a. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|Memba na Dokar Jamhuriyar Tarayya]] (MFR), 2009 == Rayuwa ta sirri == Adenuga ya auri Ehiwenma tun daga shekarar 1975. <ref name="myhubby">{{Cite web |title=My hubby not a womaniser – Mrs. Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5692/3/my-hubby-not-a-womaniser-mrs-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 74nihw2mn5lg4nzghqmhf55049316oz 0 14757 856048 789458 2026-06-13T13:17:42Z Drseeyah muhammad 45910 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350619023|Ishaya Bako]]" 856048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ishaya Bako''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1986) ita ce darektan fina-finai kuma marubuciya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ "Bako, Ishaya | African Film Festival, Inc"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-13</span></span>.</cite></ref>An haife shi a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], inda ya zauna mafi yawan rayuwarsa kafin ya koma [[Landan]] inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fim ta London . Bayan ya halarci Makarantar Fim ta London, Bako ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin Braids on a Bald Head, wanda ya sami karbuwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards (AMAA). Ya lashe kyautar Best Short Film a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ "Bako, Ishaya | African Film Festival, Inc"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> An kuma gano shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarni na masu shirya fina-finai kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Shapers ta Duniya, wani shiri na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya wanda ke tattara matasa masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaya Bako |url=https://iffr.com/en/person/ishaya-bako |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fim dinsa, Fuelling Poverty, wani [[Documentary film|shirin]] fim game da talauci da tallafin man fetur a Najeriya, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, [[Wole Soyinka]] ya ba da labari. Yana zaune a [[Abuja]], [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|FCT]], Najeriya . An nuna fim dinsa The Royal Hibiscus Hotel a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017.<ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan fim din [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionheart (2018) - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt7707314/fullcredits/writers}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rdfjuj6mayx83p3yew1e828l5eah78k 856746 856048 2026-06-14T10:10:20Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350619023|Ishaya Bako]]" 856746 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ishaya Bako''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1986) ita ce darektan fina-finai kuma marubuciya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], inda ya zauna mafi yawan rayuwarsa kafin ya koma [[Landan]] inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fim ta London . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ "Bako, Ishaya | African Film Festival, Inc"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan ya halarci [[London Film School|Makarantar Fim ta London]], Bako ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin Braids on a Bald Head, wanda ya sami karbuwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards (AMAA). Ya lashe kyautar Best Short Film a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> An kuma gano shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarni na masu shirya fina-finai kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Shapers ta Duniya, wani shiri na [[World Economic Forum|Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya]] wanda ke tattara matasa masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaya Bako |url=https://iffr.com/en/person/ishaya-bako |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fim dinsa, Fuelling Poverty, wani [[Documentary film|shirin]] fim game da talauci da tallafin man fetur a Najeriya, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, [[Wole Soyinka]] ya ba da labari. Yana zaune a [[Abuja]], [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|FCT]], Najeriya . An nuna fim dinsa The Royal Hibiscus Hotel a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017.<ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan fim din [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionheart (2018) - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt7707314/fullcredits/writers}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jq4jsk49gv0xffo4jomv4sev5hvaq6a 0 17380 856723 798745 2026-06-14T10:02:19Z Zahrah0 14848 856723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Alhaji]] '''Umaru Abdul Mutallab'''(An haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba shekara ta alif 1939) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai kuɗi, wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin mulkin gwamnatin soja ta Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] da [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] . Mutallab ya bayyana a jaridar, ''The New York Times'' a matsayin daya daga cikin "jerin manyan attajiran Najeriya, kuma mashahurai", <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/europe/30nigerian.html "Terror Inquiry Looks at Suspect’s Time in Britain"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 29 December 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2009</ref> ta ''jaridar The Telegraph'' da cewa "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu hada-hadar banki a Najeriya", <ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/6911200/Detroit-terror-attack-timeline.html Rayner, Gordon, "Detroit terror attack: timeline"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 30 December 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2009</ref> da kuma ''jaridar The Guardian'' a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙasar mafi yawan 'yan kasuwa masu daraja ". <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/dec/27/gilded-life-of-plane-bomber "Rich and privileged – the gilded life of would-be plane bomber,"] [[The Guardian]], 27 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009</ref> Ɗansa, [[Umar Farouk Abdulmudallab|Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab]] (ɗan harin bam ɗin Kirsimeti) ya yi ƙoƙari ya tayar da bama-baman roba a cikin jirgin Northwest Airlines Flight 253 a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2009 kuma a halin yanzu yana ɗaurin shekaru huɗu tare da shekaru 50 ba tare da sharaɗi ba a ADX Florence, babban gidan yarin tarayya na supermax a Amurka . == Tarihin rayuwa == Mutallab an haife shi ne ga dangin Abdul Mutallab Barade, jami'i a kamfanin Funtua Works Dept.ne Yana zaune ne a [[Funtua]], a cikin [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] a Arewacin Nijeriya, duk da cewa rahotanni suna da gidan suna da gidaje a Landan da Ghana kuma. Iyalin suna da aƙalla gidaje uku a cikin Nijeriya (a cikin [[Abuja]], [[Funtua]], da [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] ). === Ilimi === Ya halarci Kwalejin Barewa, [[Zariya]], Achimota College, [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]], da South West London College, London. Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife ta ba shi digirin digirgir na girmamawa . === Ayyuka === Bayan kammala jarrabawar sa ta makaranta a cikin watan Disambar shekara ta 1959, Mutallab ya fara aiki a matsayin magatakarda tare da kamfanin Pannell, Fitzpatrick da Kamfani a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a watan Janairun shekara ta alif 1960. Daga nan ya yi tafiya don ci gaba da karatu, nasa ne ya dawo Nijeriya a 1968, lokacin da aka naɗa shi Babban Akanta na Kamfanin [[DICON|Masana’antun Tsaro na Nijeriya]] . A cikin 1971, ya zama mai kula da harkokin kuɗin na kamfanin New Nigerian Development Company a Kaduna, kafin ya zama babban manajan kamfanoni a 1975. Mutallab ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] da Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1978. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2sxHAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&dq=%22Uma.ru+Mutallab%22&cd=10 ''New African development''], Volume 11, International Communications, African Development Magazine Ltd., 1977</ref> Na farko a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya ( ''watau'', Ministan) Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki a(1975), <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-AG5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&dq=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&cd=8 ''Africa''], Issues 41–52, Africa Journal Ltd., 1975</ref> an sauke shi daga mukatmin bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin soja na 1976 wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] . <ref name="Seye">Seye Kehinde. (22 January 1990). Umaru Mutallab: Man of Figures. ThisWeek, P. 29.</ref> Koyaya, daga baya aka nada shi sabon Ministan Haɗin Kai da Kaya a(1976). <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hroMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&dq=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&cd=13 ''Leadership in Nigeria (to date): an analysis''], C.A.N. Publicity, Northern Zone</ref> A shekarar ta 1978, ya bar majalisar minista <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VNN1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&dq=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&cd=4 ''West Africa''], West Africa Pub. Co., ltd., 1982</ref> kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban zartarwa, sannan yazama manajan darakta,ne kuma Shugaba a Babban Bankin Afirka (UBA). <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&dq=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&cd=6 ''Sub-Saharan Africa report''], Issues 2757–2760'', p. 36, United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1983''</ref> Ya riƙe ofis din har zuwa 1988, kuma shi ne babban mai bayar da kudi a zaben shugaban kasa na 1979, <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HgR4AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&dq=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&cd=17 ''Ife social sciences review''], Volumes 6–8, University of Ife, Faculty of Social Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Faculty of Social Sciences, 1983, accessed 29 December 2009</ref> wanda ya kawo Jam’iyyar Nijeriya ta Ƙasa a Jamhuriya ta Biyu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba [[Shehu Shagari]] . <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IVXSAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&dq=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&cd=12 ''Newswatch''], Volume 6, p. 27, Newswatch Communications Ltd., 1987, accessed 29 December 2009</ref> Mutallab ya kuma yi aiki a kan muƙamin daraktocin wasu kamfanoni da dama, wadanda suka hada da Arewa Textile Limited, NEPA, NACB, NCC, Nigeria Agip Oil, da kuma Cement Company of Nigeria, Daga 1999 zuwa 2009, ya kasance shugaban [[First Bank (Nijeriya)|bankin First Bank of Nigeria]] Plc, babban banki ne a Najeriya kuma mafi girma. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RcLhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&dq=%22Umaru+Mutallab%22&cd=7 '' Newswatch''], Volume 41,&nbsp;Issues 15–25, p. 38, Newswatch Communications Ltd., 2005</ref> A shekarar ta 2009 ya kasance shugaban wasu kamfanoni, ciki har da Impresit Bakolori Plc, Incar Nigeria Plc, da kuma Spring Waters Nigeria Limited (SWAN). <ref>[http://www.champion.com.ng/index.php?news=24030 "Mutallab, First Bank chairman retires"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130145814/http://www.champion.com.ng/index.php?news=24030 |date=2024-11-30 }}, ''Champion Newspaper'', 16 December 2009, accessed 29 December 2009</ref> Shine babban mai hannun jari a kamfanin Barade Holdings da Barumark Investment and Development Company. Muttalab ya taka rawa wajen shigowa da bankin Musulunci a cikin Najeriya, kuma shi ne shugaban bankin Musulunci na farko a Najeriya, [[Jaiz Bank PLC|Jaiz Bank]] International Plc, wanda aka kafa a 2003. Mutallab shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar Aiki na nafar ko a ƙungiyar hangen nesa 20: 2020 a Nijeriya, kuma shugaban kungiyar Boan Maza da Kwalejin Barewa . yana cikin kungiyoyi biyu na Association of Chartered Certified bincike (FCCA) da kuma Cibiyar Chartered bincike na Najeriya (FCA). Mutallab ya samu lambar yabo ta Kwamandan Umurnin Nijar, ɗaya daga cikin manyan karramawa a Najeriya. [[File:Umar_Mutallab_crop_and_contrast.png|right|thumb|195x195px| [[Umar Farouk Abdulmudallab|Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab]], wanda ake zargi da kai harin ƙunar baƙin wake na Jirgin Saman Jirgin Sama na Northwest Airlines mai lamba 253]] == Rayuwar mutum == Duk da cewa mai matuƙar bin addini ne, Mutallab bai ɗauki kansa a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayin addini ba, inda ya bayyana cewa ya koyi yadda za a yi haƙuri yayin da ya halarci kwalejin Barewa wacce ke da ɗalibai daga sassa da dama na ƙasar kuma tana ba da jin da kasancewa tare. <ref name="Seye">Seye Kehinde. (22 January 1990). Umaru Mutallab: Man of Figures. ThisWeek, P. 29.</ref> Shi ma memba ne na Mafia na Kaduna, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Nijeriya, ma'aikatan gwamnati, masu ilimi da [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|hafsoshin soja]] daga [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Nijeriya]], waɗanda ke zaune ko gudanar da ayyukansu a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], tsohon babban birnin yankin zuwa ƙarshen Jamhuriya ta Farko. . Mutallab babban aboki ne kuma aboki ne ga mai kuɗin mafia ɗin Hamza Zayyad, wanda ya shawo kansa ya ɗauki aikin lissafi a matsayin sana'a. === Ɗan sa Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab === Mutallab ya amince a watan Yulin 2009 don barin ɗansa, [[Umar Farouk Abdulmudallab|Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab]], ƙaramin a cikin yaransa 16 kuma dan na biyu ne daga cikin matansa biyu (wanda ya fito daga [[Yemen]] ), don komawa Cibiyar Sanaʽa don Harshen Larabci a Yemen don karatun larabci daga watan Agusta zuwa Satumba 2009. <ref name="AutoET-17">Sengupta, Kim; Usborne, David (28 December 2009). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/nigerian-in-aircraft-attack-linked-to-london-mosque-1851452.html "Nigerian in aircraft attack linked to London mosque"], ''The Independent'', accessed 28 December 2009</ref> Da alama ɗansa ya bar Cibiyar bayan wata ɗaya, yayin da ya kasance a Yemen. <ref>Elliott, Philip; and Baldor, Lolita C. [https://abcnews.go.com/US/wirestory?id=9439201&page=3 "Obama: US Intel Had Info Ahead of Airliner Attack"], ABC News, 29 December 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2009.</ref> A watan Oktoba, dansa ya aiko masa da sakon tes cewa yana son karatun ''[[Shari'a|sharia]]'' da Larabci a kwas din shekara bakwai a Yemen. Mahaifinsa ya yi barazanar yanke masa tallafi, inda dansa ya ce "tuni yana samun komai kyauta". Mutallab ya ba da rahoto ga jami'an CIA biyu a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da [[Abuja|ke Abuja]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2009, game da "tsattsauran ra'ayin addini" na dansa, kuma ya gaya wa ofishin jakadancin cewa watakila yana Yemen. An kara sunan dan nasa a watan Nuwamba na shekarar ta 2009 a cikin Amurka mai suna 550,000 na 'Yan Ta'addan Datamart Muhalli, wani matattarar bayanai ta Cibiyar Yaki da Ta'addanci ta Amurka . Ba a soke bizarsa ta Amurka ba. A ranar 25 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2009, Umar na da hannu a yunƙurin tayar da bama-bamai a jirgin na Northwest Airlines Flight 253 . <ref name="AutoET-17"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120455/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/news/11331-mutallab-an-accomplished-banker Mutallab, fitaccen ma'aikacin banki] * [http://www.summitreports.com/nigeria1/fbn.htm Bayanin banki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191051/http://www.summitreports.com/nigeria1/fbn.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} *   * Egene, Goddy, " [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912280866.html Mutallab: Profile in Courage] ," ''ThisDay'' via AllAfrica.com, 28 Disamba 2009 [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Katsina]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] retjylrojkepkoly16sj9a2f5ddpaig 0 18126 856016 475271 2026-06-13T12:27:39Z Gambo Rufai 45907 856016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Baobab juice with peanut butter - neteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Koko''' dai abinci ne mai ruwa-ruwa da akan dama shi da ƙullun gero ko dawa ko dauro ko kuma masara. Koka abinci ne da aka fi shan shi da safe ko da yamma. Koko an fi haɗa shi da ƙosai ko burodi wajen shan shi. Sannan akan sanya wa koko sukari ga mai buƙata duk da wasu ba su buƙatar sukarin <ref>https://recipes-fromchef.web.app/1911-step-by-step-guide-to-make-homemade-kunu-recipes-contest-kunun-koko-da-kosai/{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sinadaran yin koko== Gero ko kuma dawa sannan ana shan shi da sikari, kosai, ko kuli-kuli. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Abincin Hausawa]] cfwhovdlhesh4anv4kev8loijej0t8x 856018 856016 2026-06-13T12:30:24Z Abubakar Zaharadeen 43930 856018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Baobab juice with peanut butter - neteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Koko''' dai abinci ne mai ruwa-ruwa da akan dama shi da ƙullun gero ko dawa ko dauro ko kuma masara. Koko abinci ne da aka fi shan shi da safe ko da yamma. Koko an fi haɗa shi da ƙosai ko burodi wajen shan shi. Sannan akan sanya wa koko sukari ga mai buƙata duk da wasu ba su buƙatar sukarin <ref>https://recipes-fromchef.web.app/1911-step-by-step-guide-to-make-homemade-kunu-recipes-contest-kunun-koko-da-kosai/{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sinadaran yin koko== Gero ko kuma dawa sannan ana shan shi da sikari, kosai, ko kuli-kuli. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Abincin Hausawa]] aqwacnn63xohcbh84ass44r9nut6m8n 856032 856018 2026-06-13T12:46:54Z Nafsy829 44504 856032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Baobab juice with peanut butter - neteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Koko''' dai abinci ne mai ruwa-ruwa da akan dama shi da ƙullun gero ko dawa ko gero ko kuma masara. Koko abinci ne da aka fi shan shi da safe ko da yamma. Koko an fi haɗa shi da ƙosai ko burodi wajen shan shi. Sannan akan sanya wa koko sukari ga mai buƙata duk da wasu ba su buƙatar sukarin <ref>https://recipes-fromchef.web.app/1911-step-by-step-guide-to-make-homemade-kunu-recipes-contest-kunun-koko-da-kosai/{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sinadaran yin koko== Gero ko kuma dawa sannan ana shan shi da sikari, kosai, ko kuli-kuli. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Abincin Hausawa]] 3dj0rhzndjz46kdveju6y76pglz7kt0 856043 856032 2026-06-13T12:52:49Z Drseeyah muhammad 45910 856043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Baobab juice with peanut butter - neteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Koko''' dai abinci ne mai ruwa-ruwa da akan dama shi da ƙullun gero ko dawa ko kuma masara. Koko abinci ne da aka fi shan shi da safe ko da yamma. Koko an fi haɗa shi da ƙosai ko burodi ko gida wajen shan shi. Sannan akan sanya wa koko sukari ga mai buƙata duk da wasu ba su buƙatar sukarin <ref>https://recipes-fromchef.web.app/1911-step-by-step-guide-to-make-homemade-kunu-recipes-contest-kunun-koko-da-kosai/{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sinadaran yin koko== Gero ko kuma dawa sannan ana shan shi da sikari, kosai, ko kuli-kuli. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Abincin Hausawa]] colgiuukuo9t5x4fdlwn6obaczm7dgm 0 18456 856299 742721 2026-06-13T17:44:41Z Zahrah0 14848 856299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nana Tanimura''' (谷村 奈南, Tanimura Nana, an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Satumban shekarar alif 1987 a Sapporo, mawaƙiya ce a Japanese pop . == Bayan Fage == Tanimura ta tashi ne galibi a cikin [[Osaka]] . Tana yawan tafiya tsakanin [[Osaka]] da Hawaii tsakanin shekaru 3 da 8, bayan haka kuma ta zauna na dogon lokaci a Los Angeles. Tanimura ta shiga cikin Kwalejin Shari'a a Jami'ar Aoyama Gakuin kuma ta kammala karatu a watan Maris na shekarar 2010. Ta auri Kazuto Ioka dan damben duniya mai nauyi uku . == Ayyuka == A cikin shekararta ta uku ta makarantar sakandare, Tanimura ta dauki hankalin wakilan samar da kade-kade a wani biki a Osaka. A cikin shekara 2007, mawakan farko, "Again" da "Say Good-Bye" an sake su a ƙarƙashin taken Aicx Group na Sonic Groove. Kuratan sun kai kololuwa a lamba 55 da lamba 105 akan layin Oricon, bi da bi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, Tanimura ya fitar da marainan "Rawar Jungle" da "Idan Ni Ba Daya bane / Sexy Senorita". Sun kai kololuwa a lamba 15 da lamba 8 akan jadawalin Oricon, bi da bi. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an zaɓe ta ta rera waƙoƙin taken wasan na Hokuto Musō . An fitar da waƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Nesa / Gaskata Ka" a ranar 24 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2010. == Binciken == {| class="wikitable" ! align="left" valign="top" |Take ! align="center" valign="top" | Ranar fitarwa ! align="center" valign="top" width="80" | <small>''Matsayi na yau da kullum'' *</small> ! align="center" valign="top" width="80" | <small>''Matsayi na mako-mako'' *</small> ! align="center" valign="top" | Talla ! align="center" valign="top" | Irin |- | Nana Mafi kyau |align="center"| 2011-08-10 |align="center"| 7 |align="center"| 15 | 11,000 | Haɗawa |- | colspan="6" align="center" style="font-size:90%" | * Sigogin Oricon |} === Mara aure === {| class="wikitable" ! align="left" valign="top" |Take ! align="center" valign="top" | Ranar fitarwa ! align="center" valign="top" width="80" | <small>''Matsayi na mako-mako'' *</small> ! align="center" valign="top" | Talla ! align="center" valign="top" | Kundin waka |- | Bugu da ƙari | 2007-05-30 | 55 | - | rowspan="8" | Nana Mafi kyau |- | Kayi ban kwana | 2007-11-14 | 105 | - |- | Rawar daji | 2008-05-30 | 15 | 28,000 |- | Idan Ni Ba Daya bane / Sexy Senorita | 2008-08-13 | 8 | 28,000 |- | Hauka gare Ka | 2009-02-18 | 10 | 15,000 |- | Kowane jiki | 2009-07-08 | 16 | 8,000 |- | Nesa / Gaskata Ka | 2010-03-24 | 11 | 10,000 |- | Mai guba | 2010-11-24 | 39 | 5,000 |- | colspan="6" align="center" style="font-size:90%" | * Sigogin Oricon |} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://tanimuranana.com/ Tashar yanar gizo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818135133/http://tanimuranana.com/ |date=2008-08-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090724163032/http://avexnet.or.jp/nana-tanimura/index.html Bayanin Avex] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090705055918/http://n.tanimura.vision-blog.jp/ Shafin yanar gizo] [[Category:Haifaffun 1987]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mutane daga Osaka]] [[Category:Mutane daga Sapporo]] [[Category:Mawaka daga Osaka]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4gq6slqlytm6ht7nk5udfqssld5u5rl 0 18552 856795 788916 2026-06-14T10:35:01Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354882394|Argungu Fishing Festival]]" 856795 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Bikin Kifi na [[Argungu]]''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shyllon |first=Folarin |author-link=Folarin Shyllon |date=August 2007 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival in Tilted towers : Promoting the Idea of a Sustainable Cultural Fest |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-cultural-property/article/argungu-fishing-festival-in-northwestern-nigeria-promoting-the-idea-of-a-sustainable-cultural-fest/B8F5B344A3F997E9621152AFAC547A8B |journal=International Journal of Cultural Property |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=329–337 |doi=10.1017/S094073910707021X |issn=1465-7317 |s2cid=162837565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ko Bikin Dance na Argungu bikin ne na shekara-shekara na kwana huɗu a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] da sauran jihohin arewa kamar [[Neja|Nijar]] a arewa maso yammacin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. Yankin ya kunshi yankunan kogi masu kyau na matanfada, mala tare da [[ban ruwa]] da yawa da gonaki (lambu a cikin Hausa). Yawancin mazauna masunta ne Musulmai. [[Kanta Museum|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kanta]] shine babban cibiyar tarihi a Argungu don baƙi a duk faɗin duniya. Mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna tafiya zuwa Argungu kawai don shaida taron. Babban manufar bikin kamun kifi na Argungu shine don kamun kiɗa da hadin kai. Bikin yawanci taron al'adu ne na kwana huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argungu Festival: Africa's Biggest Fishing Celebration |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/argungu-festival-africa-s-biggest-fishing-celebration/6AKCWE_EP-keIQ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Argungu_Fishing_Festival.jpg|thumb|Bikin kamun kifi na Argungu]] Bikin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1934 a matsayin alamar ƙarshen ƙiyayya tsakanin Khalifancin Sokoto da Masarautar Kebbi. Wannan bikin ya kawo babban ci gaba ga ci gaban jihar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana kiranta Bikin Kifi-Frenzy . Ana yin bikin ne don nuna farkon lokacin kamun kifi a Argungu, wani gari da ke gefen kogi a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Ana yin bikin ne tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showcasing The Arugungu fishing festival at Northern Nigeria – Courtesy The Scout Association of Nigeria {{!}} World Scouting |url=https://sdgs.scout.org/post/showcasing-arugungu-fishing-festival-northern-nigeria-courtesy-scout-association-nigeria |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=sdgs.scout.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005 kifin da ya ci nasara ya auna kilo 75, kuma yana buƙatar maza huɗu don ɗaga shi a kan ma'auni. A shekara ta 2006, bikin ya haramta kamun kifi saboda damuwa game da tsaro game da ƙananan matakan ruwa. Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.A. Eyo and Y. B. Ahmed |title=Management of Inland Capture Fisheries and Challenges to Fish Production in Nigeria |url=http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4088/1/624.pdf |access-date=2010-10-09 |publisher=Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology}}</ref> An soki aikin Zauro polder, wani shirin [[ban ruwa]] a cikin ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]] a kudancin Argungu, saboda tafkin yana barazanar ambaliyar wurin gargajiya na bikin.&nbsp; Ayyuka sun hada da: * Nunin sana'a * Gasar jirgin ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-08 |title=What you need to know about Argungu international fishing festival {{!}} The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-you-need-to-know-about-argungu-international-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Nunin aikin gona * Ayyukan al'adu * Wasanni na gwagwarmaya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ayyukan kiɗa * Babban Nasara na Kifi * Gasar yin iyo == Gasar == A ranar ƙarshe ta bikin ana gudanar da gasa inda dubban maza suka yi layi a gefen kogi kuma a sautin harbin bindiga, dukansu sun tsallake cikin kogi kuma suna da sa'a guda don kama kifi mafi girma. Wanda ya ci nasara zai iya kaiwa gida har zuwa US $ 7,500. Masu fafatawa suna ba da izinin amfani da kayan aikin kamun kifi na gargajiya kuma mutane da yawa sun fi son kama kifi gaba ɗaya da hannu (aikin da ya shahara a wasu wurare kuma an san shi da "noodling") don nuna ƙarfin su. == Bikin Kifi na Argungu na 2020 == [[Fayil:Nigerian_Public_Domain_809.jpg|thumb|Mazajen kamun kifi a cikin jirgin ruwa.]] A cikin bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020, mutumin da ya kama kifi mafi girma mai nauyin kilo 78 an ba shi kyautar N10 miliyan, sabbin motoci biyu da kujeru biyu don tafiya ta Hajj. An kuma ba da lambar yabo ta biyu da ta uku. Fiye da masunta 50,000 sun shiga cikin bikin shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] kuma an rarraba masu nasara bisa ga nauyin kifin da aka kama. Shugaban Najeriya, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ziyarci bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020 Bikin a shekarar 2020 shi ne karo na 60 bayan shekaru 10 da aka dakatar da shi a cewar gwamnan jihar [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu|Abubakar Bagudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buhari Visits Kebbi For Argungu Fishing Festival |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/12/just-in-buhari-arrives-kebbi-for-argungu-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin burin bikin shine wadatar da hadin kan al'umma da karfafa manoman kifi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oladeyi |first=Oluwafikunayomi |date=2024-01-14 |title=The Fascinating Argungu Fishing Festival: A Celebration of Culture and Tradition |url=https://placesandlifestyle.com/the-fascinating-argungu-fishing-festival-a-celebration-of-culture-and-tradition/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Places and Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; == Sabuntawa ta zamani da kwanan nan == [[Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_42.jpg|thumb|'''Shugaba Bola Tinubu a bikin Argungu na 61''']] Bikin ya sami lokacin dakatarwa saboda kalubalen tsaro amma Gwamnatin Jihar Kebbi ta farfado da shi don inganta yawon bude ido da al'adun al'adu. An gudanar da bikin na 61 daga 11 zuwa 14 ga Fabrairu 2026 a Argungu. Taron ya ja hankalin dubban mahalarta da baƙi kuma manyan mutane da yawa sun halarta, ciki har da Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] da Nasir Idris Babban Gwamnan [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] . Wannan fitowar ta ƙunshi gasa ta kifi ta gargajiya, nune-nunen al'adu, da sauran ayyukan da ke nuna al'adun al'adu na Jihar Kebbi. === Hotuna daga bikin kifi da al'adu na 61 na Argungu === <gallery> Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_41.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_45.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_27.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_03.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_05.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_08.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_21.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_75.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_60.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_67.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_74.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_78.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_73.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_72.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_63.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_38.jpg </gallery> * Bukukuwan a Najeriya == Bayanan da aka ambata == opwd1295wkb6fwyndag52w8g3vtz6un 856796 856795 2026-06-14T10:35:43Z Amadee619 37975 856796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Bikin Kifi na [[Argungu]]''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shyllon |first=Folarin |author-link=Folarin Shyllon |date=August 2007 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival in Tilted towers : Promoting the Idea of a Sustainable Cultural Fest |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-cultural-property/article/argungu-fishing-festival-in-northwestern-nigeria-promoting-the-idea-of-a-sustainable-cultural-fest/B8F5B344A3F997E9621152AFAC547A8B |journal=International Journal of Cultural Property |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=329–337 |doi=10.1017/S094073910707021X |issn=1465-7317 |s2cid=162837565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ko Bikin Dance na Argungu bikin ne na shekara-shekara na kwana huɗu a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] da sauran jihohin arewa kamar [[Neja|Nijar]] a arewa maso yammacin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. Yankin ya kunshi yankunan kogi masu kyau na matanfada, mala tare da [[ban ruwa]] da yawa da gonaki (lambu a cikin Hausa). Yawancin mazauna masunta ne Musulmai. [[Kanta Museum|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kanta]] shine babban cibiyar tarihi a Argungu don baƙi a duk faɗin duniya. Mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna tafiya zuwa Argungu kawai don shaida taron. Babban manufar bikin kamun kifi na Argungu shine don kamun kiɗa da hadin kai. Bikin yawanci taron al'adu ne na kwana huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argungu Festival: Africa's Biggest Fishing Celebration |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/argungu-festival-africa-s-biggest-fishing-celebration/6AKCWE_EP-keIQ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Argungu_Fishing_Festival.jpg|thumb|Bikin kamun kifi na Argungu]] Bikin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1934 a matsayin alamar ƙarshen ƙiyayya tsakanin Khalifancin Sokoto da Masarautar Kebbi. Wannan bikin ya kawo babban ci gaba ga ci gaban jihar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana kiranta Bikin Kifi-Frenzy . Ana yin bikin ne don nuna farkon lokacin kamun kifi a Argungu, wani gari da ke gefen kogi a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Ana yin bikin ne tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showcasing The Arugungu fishing festival at Northern Nigeria – Courtesy The Scout Association of Nigeria {{!}} World Scouting |url=https://sdgs.scout.org/post/showcasing-arugungu-fishing-festival-northern-nigeria-courtesy-scout-association-nigeria |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=sdgs.scout.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005 kifin da ya ci nasara ya auna kilo 75, kuma yana buƙatar maza huɗu don ɗaga shi a kan ma'auni. A shekara ta 2006, bikin ya haramta kamun kifi saboda damuwa game da tsaro game da ƙananan matakan ruwa. Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.A. Eyo and Y. B. Ahmed |title=Management of Inland Capture Fisheries and Challenges to Fish Production in Nigeria |url=http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4088/1/624.pdf |access-date=2010-10-09 |publisher=Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology}}</ref> An soki aikin Zauro polder, wani shirin [[ban ruwa]] a cikin ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]] a kudancin Argungu, saboda tafkin yana barazanar ambaliyar wurin gargajiya na bikin.&nbsp; Ayyuka sun hada da: * Nunin sana'a * Gasar jirgin ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-08 |title=What you need to know about Argungu international fishing festival {{!}} The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-you-need-to-know-about-argungu-international-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Nunin aikin gona * Ayyukan al'adu * Wasanni na gwagwarmaya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ayyukan kiɗa * Babban Nasara na Kifi * Gasar yin iyo == Gasar == A ranar ƙarshe ta bikin ana gudanar da gasa inda dubban maza suka yi layi a gefen kogi kuma a sautin harbin bindiga, dukansu sun tsallake cikin kogi kuma suna da sa'a guda don kama kifi mafi girma. Wanda ya ci nasara zai iya kaiwa gida har zuwa US $ 7,500. Masu fafatawa suna ba da izinin amfani da kayan aikin kamun kifi na gargajiya kuma mutane da yawa sun fi son kama kifi gaba ɗaya da hannu (aikin da ya shahara a wasu wurare kuma an san shi da "noodling") don nuna ƙarfin su. == Bikin Kifi na Argungu na 2020 == [[Fayil:Nigerian_Public_Domain_809.jpg|thumb|Mazajen kamun kifi a cikin jirgin ruwa.]] A cikin bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020, mutumin da ya kama kifi mafi girma mai nauyin kilo 78 an ba shi kyautar N10 miliyan, sabbin motoci biyu da kujeru biyu don tafiya ta Hajj. An kuma ba da lambar yabo ta biyu da ta uku. Fiye da masunta 50,000 sun shiga cikin bikin shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] kuma an rarraba masu nasara bisa ga nauyin kifin da aka kama. Shugaban Najeriya, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ziyarci bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020 Bikin a shekarar 2020 shi ne karo na 60 bayan shekaru 10 da aka dakatar da shi a cewar gwamnan jihar [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu|Abubakar Bagudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buhari Visits Kebbi For Argungu Fishing Festival |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/12/just-in-buhari-arrives-kebbi-for-argungu-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin burin bikin shine wadatar da hadin kan al'umma da karfafa manoman kifi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oladeyi |first=Oluwafikunayomi |date=2024-01-14 |title=The Fascinating Argungu Fishing Festival: A Celebration of Culture and Tradition |url=https://placesandlifestyle.com/the-fascinating-argungu-fishing-festival-a-celebration-of-culture-and-tradition/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Places and Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; == Sabuntawa ta zamani da kwanan nan == [[Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_42.jpg|thumb|'''Shugaba Bola Tinubu a bikin Argungu na 61''']] Bikin ya sami lokacin dakatarwa saboda kalubalen tsaro amma Gwamnatin Jihar Kebbi ta farfado da shi don inganta yawon bude ido da al'adun al'adu. An gudanar da bikin na 61 daga 11 zuwa 14 ga Fabrairu 2026 a Argungu. Taron ya ja hankalin dubban mahalarta da baƙi kuma manyan mutane da yawa sun halarta, ciki har da Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] da Nasir Idris Babban Gwamnan [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] . Wannan fitowar ta ƙunshi gasa ta kifi ta gargajiya, nune-nunen al'adu, da sauran ayyukan da ke nuna al'adun al'adu na Jihar Kebbi. === Hotuna daga bikin kifi da al'adu na 61 na Argungu === <gallery> Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_41.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_45.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_27.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_03.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_05.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_08.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_21.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_75.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_60.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_67.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_74.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_78.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_73.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_72.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_63.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_38.jpg </gallery> * Bukukuwan a Najeriya == Bayanan da aka ambata == 3jm97pmc3qv5t2wsgdmnjh0230cbr09 856797 856796 2026-06-14T10:36:50Z Amadee619 37975 856797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Bikin Kifi na [[Argungu]]''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shyllon |first=Folarin |author-link=Folarin Shyllon |date=August 2007 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival in Tilted towers : Promoting the Idea of a Sustainable Cultural Fest |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-cultural-property/article/argungu-fishing-festival-in-northwestern-nigeria-promoting-the-idea-of-a-sustainable-cultural-fest/B8F5B344A3F997E9621152AFAC547A8B |journal=International Journal of Cultural Property |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=329–337 |doi=10.1017/S094073910707021X |issn=1465-7317 |s2cid=162837565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ko Bikin Dance na Argungu bikin ne na shekara-shekara na kwana huɗu a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] da sauran jihohin arewa kamar [[Neja|Nijar]] a arewa maso yammacin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. Yankin ya kunshi yankunan kogi masu kyau na matanfada, mala tare da [[ban ruwa]] da yawa da gonaki (lambu a cikin Hausa). Yawancin mazauna masunta ne Musulmai. [[Kanta Museum|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kanta]] shine babban cibiyar tarihi a Argungu don baƙi a duk faɗin duniya. Mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna tafiya zuwa Argungu kawai don shaida taron. Babban manufar bikin kamun kifi na Argungu shine don kamun kiɗa da hadin kai. Bikin yawanci taron al'adu ne na kwana huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argungu Festival: Africa's Biggest Fishing Celebration |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/argungu-festival-africa-s-biggest-fishing-celebration/6AKCWE_EP-keIQ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Argungu_Fishing_Festival.jpg|thumb|Bikin kamun kifi na Argungu]] Bikin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1934 a matsayin alamar ƙarshen ƙiyayya tsakanin Khalifancin Sokoto da Masarautar Kebbi. Wannan bikin ya kawo babban ci gaba ga ci gaban jihar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana kiranta Bikin Kifi-Frenzy . Ana yin bikin ne don nuna farkon lokacin kamun kifi a Argungu, wani gari da ke gefen kogi a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Ana yin bikin ne tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showcasing The Arugungu fishing festival at Northern Nigeria – Courtesy The Scout Association of Nigeria {{!}} World Scouting |url=https://sdgs.scout.org/post/showcasing-arugungu-fishing-festival-northern-nigeria-courtesy-scout-association-nigeria |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=sdgs.scout.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005 kifin da ya ci nasara ya auna kilo 75, kuma yana buƙatar maza huɗu don ɗaga shi a kan ma'auni. A shekara ta 2006, bikin ya haramta kamun kifi saboda damuwa game da tsaro game da ƙananan matakan ruwa. Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.A. Eyo and Y. B. Ahmed |title=Management of Inland Capture Fisheries and Challenges to Fish Production in Nigeria |url=http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4088/1/624.pdf |access-date=2010-10-09 |publisher=Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology}}</ref> An soki aikin Zauro polder, wani shirin [[ban ruwa]] a cikin ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]] a kudancin Argungu, saboda tafkin yana barazanar ambaliyar wurin gargajiya na bikin.&nbsp; Ayyuka sun hada da: * Nunin sana'a * Gasar jirgin ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-08 |title=What you need to know about Argungu international fishing festival {{!}} The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-you-need-to-know-about-argungu-international-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Nunin aikin gona * Ayyukan al'adu * Wasanni na gwagwarmaya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ayyukan kiɗa * Babban Nasara na Kifi * Gasar yin iyo == Gasar == A ranar ƙarshe ta bikin ana gudanar da gasa inda dubban maza suka yi layi a gefen kogi kuma a sautin harbin bindiga, dukansu sun tsallake cikin kogi kuma suna da sa'a guda don kama kifi mafi girma. Wanda ya ci nasara zai iya kaiwa gida har zuwa US $ 7,500. Masu fafatawa suna ba da izinin amfani da kayan aikin kamun kifi na gargajiya kuma mutane da yawa sun fi son kama kifi gaba ɗaya da hannu (aikin da ya shahara a wasu wurare kuma an san shi da "noodling") don nuna ƙarfin su. == Bikin Kifi na Argungu na 2020 == [[Fayil:Nigerian_Public_Domain_809.jpg|thumb|Mazajen kamun kifi a cikin jirgin ruwa.]] A cikin bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020, mutumin da ya kama kifi mafi girma mai nauyin kilo 78 an ba shi kyautar N10 miliyan, sabbin motoci biyu da kujeru biyu don tafiya ta Hajj. An kuma ba da lambar yabo ta biyu da ta uku. Fiye da masunta 50,000 sun shiga cikin bikin shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] kuma an rarraba masu nasara bisa ga nauyin kifin da aka kama. Shugaban Najeriya, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ziyarci bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020 Bikin a shekarar 2020 shi ne karo na 60 bayan shekaru 10 da aka dakatar da shi a cewar gwamnan jihar [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu|Abubakar Bagudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buhari Visits Kebbi For Argungu Fishing Festival |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/12/just-in-buhari-arrives-kebbi-for-argungu-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin burin bikin shine wadatar da hadin kan al'umma da karfafa manoman kifi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oladeyi |first=Oluwafikunayomi |date=2024-01-14 |title=The Fascinating Argungu Fishing Festival: A Celebration of Culture and Tradition |url=https://placesandlifestyle.com/the-fascinating-argungu-fishing-festival-a-celebration-of-culture-and-tradition/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Places and Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; == Sabuntawa ta zamani da kwanan nan == [[Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_42.jpg|thumb|'''Shugaba Bola Tinubu a bikin Argungu na 61''']] Bikin ya sami lokacin dakatarwa saboda kalubalen tsaro amma Gwamnatin Jihar Kebbi ta farfado da shi don inganta yawon bude ido da al'adun al'adu. An gudanar da bikin na 61 daga 11 zuwa 14 ga Fabrairu 2026 a Argungu. Taron ya ja hankalin dubban mahalarta da baƙi kuma manyan mutane da yawa sun halarta, ciki har da Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] da Nasir Idris Babban Gwamnan [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] . Wannan fitowar ta ƙunshi gasa ta kifi ta gargajiya, nune-nunen al'adu, da sauran ayyukan da ke nuna al'adun al'adu na Jihar Kebbi. === Hotuna daga bikin kifi da al'adu na 61 na Argungu === <gallery> Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_41.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_45.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_27.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_03.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_05.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_08.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_21.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_75.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_60.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_67.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_74.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_78.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_73.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_72.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_63.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_38.jpg </gallery> * Bukukuwan a Najeriya == Manazarta == sgv203ijr8pdejyzmh3m26w5th7la8d 0 18580 856690 653553 2026-06-14T09:47:40Z Zahrah0 14848 856690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khalid Al Ameri''' Dan kasar Daular Larabawa ne kuma mai yin Aiyukan bidiyo a YouTube kuma mai tsawa wanda aka san shi da bidiyo na yau da kullun game da rayuwa tare da matar sa Balaraba Salama Muhammad sa, Khalifa da Abdullah. == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Mahaifinsa dan Emirate kuma mahaifiyarsa yar asalin Scotland a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], Khalid ya yi MBA a Jami'ar Stanford. Khalid ya fara aiki ne tare da kamfanonin saka hannun jari na kamfanoni kuma ya kwashe shekaru biyar yana aiki tare da Kamfanin Raya Kamfanin Mubadala Development Company. Shima ya kasance wanda ya kirkiro Yunkurin Fara Abinci a Abu Dhabi. Daga baya ya bar aikinsa don rubutu da yin bidiyo game da rayuwa, soyayya, da iyali. == Ayyukan YouTube == Daga baya Khalid ya fara tashar YouTube a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2011. Gabadaya, tashar YouTube ta sami ra'ayoyi 104,423,748 da biyan kudi 932k. Matarsa da yaransa sun fara bayyana a YouTube a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarata 2019. Ya bayyana a wani faifan bidiyo na kamfanin Etihad Airways tare da [[Sophia (sakako)|Sophia (mutum-mutumi)]] wanda Khalid ya yi kokarin bai wa Sophia din kwakwalwar ta lokacin da ta manta da shi a cikin jirgin. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hucOuDZM4zA</ref> An buga bidiyon a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2018 kuma ta sami ra'ayoyi 948,646. == Shirin sa na "Khalid Ramadan Show" == Khalid ya kirkiro wani shirin bidiyo ne a lokacin Ramadan shekara ta 2018 wanda ake kira "Khalid the Ramadan Show" wanda ya samu dubban mabiya miliyan 3 a Facebook da YouTube. Daya daga cikin bidiyon nasa ya nuna shi da matarsa suna zuwa aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] zuwa [[Kaaba]] a [[Makkah|Makka, Saudi Arabia]] kuma bidiyon nasa ya samu masu kallo 1,832,694. Ya ambata a bidiyon cewa ranar haihuwar Salama ce. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhktGdq1KLg]</ref> Abubuwan da suka dace da al'ada sun kasance an kera su ne don jama'ar Larabawa. == Yin aiki tare da Nas Daily == Khalid, tare da matarsa Salama sun yi hadin gwiwa tare da dayan mai daukar bidiyoyin YouTube kuma Vlogger, Nas Daily . Bidiyon mai taken, "Ku Yi Hankali Da Gidan Balarabe", an yi masa taken karimci na Larabawa kuma ya samu ra'ayoyi 2,955,762 lokacin da aka buga shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2020. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W86yS4Lw7Ls&t=1s</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1983]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Larabawa]] [[Category:Mutanen Asiya]] qcz7fwrqffcc9rraesd5skrodzruax7 0 19691 856293 840622 2026-06-13T17:37:11Z Zahrah0 14848 856293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Shehu|Sheikh]] '''Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan''' ({{Lang-ar|خليفة بن زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان}}; An haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta alif 1948 zuwa ranar 13 ga watan Mayu shekarata alif 2022; wanda ake kira da '''Sheikh Khalifa''') shi ne shugaban hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, sarkin Abu Dhabi, babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin Hadaddiyar da shugaban Majalisar Koli ta Man Fetur. Sheikh Khalifa shi ne kuma shugaban [[Abu Dhabi (birni)]] Investment Authority, wanda ke kula da kadarorin dala biliyan Dari takwas da saba'in da biyar (875), wanda shi ne adadi mafi yawa da wani shugaban kasa ya gudanar a duniya. Gabaɗaya, an yi imani da gidan Al Nahyan na da dala biliyan Dari da hamsin(150). Sheikh Khalifa ya gaji mahaifinsa, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, a matsayin Sarkin Abu Dhabi a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004 kuma ya zama Shugaban UAE a washegari. Kamar yadda Crown Prince, ya riga a zahiri shine za'ayi wasu al'amurran da shugabancin tun lokacin da marigayi a shekara ta alif 1990s yayin da mahaifinsa ya ta kiwon lafiya matsaloli.<ref name="UAE">{{Cite news|url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/government-leaders/hh-sheikh-khalifa-bin-zayed-al-nahyan|title=H. H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan|date=|work=United Arab Emirates|access-date=2021-03-30|language=en|archive-date=2024-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112055229/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/government-leaders/hh-sheikh-khalifa-bin-zayed-al-nahyan|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Khalifa ya kamu da bugun jini amma yana cikin yanayi mai kyau. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya hau kujerar mai martaba a cikin lamuran jihar, amma ya ci gaba da rike iko na shugaban kasa. Halfan uwansa Sheikh Mohammed dan Zayed Al Nahyan yanzu yana gudanar da harkokin jama'a na jihar da kuma yanke shawara ta yau da kullun ta [[Abu Dhabi (Masarauta)|Masarautar Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b2c77348-8659-11e3-aa31-00144feab7de|title=UAE president stable after suffering stroke|publisher=Financial Times|date=26 January 2014}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === [[File:Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan with Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.jpg|thumb|Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] An haifi Khalifa a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1948 a Qasr Al-Muwaiji, Al Ain, a cikin [[Abu Dhabi]] (lokacin wani ɓangare ne na sashen Tarayyar), babban ɗan Zayed dan Sultan Al Nahyan, Sarkin Abu Dhabi, da Hassa diyar Mohammed dan Khalifa Al Nahyan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheikha Hessa, mother of Sheikh Khalifa, dies |website=The National |location=United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/sheikha-hessa-mother-of-sheikh-khalifa-dies-1.699374 |access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Crown Prince Court">{{cite web |title=The UAE President |url=https://www.cpc.gov.ae/en-us/thepresident/Pages/president.aspx |website=Crown Prince Court |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419040157/https://www.cpc.gov.ae/en-us/thepresident/Pages/president.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kammala karatu ne a makarantar koyon aikin soja ta [[Sandhurst]]. === 1966–1971 === Lokacin da mahaifinsa, Zayed ya zama Sarkin Abu Dhabi a shekara ta 1966, an nada Khalifa Wakilin Sarki (magajin gari) a Yankin Gabashin Abu Dhabi kuma Shugaban Sashen Kotuna a Al Ain. Zayed ya kasance Wakilin Sarki a Yankin Gabas kafin ya zama Sarkin Abu Dhabi. Bayan 'yan watanni aka ba mukamin ga Tahnoun bin Mohammed Al Nahyan. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1969, an zabi Khalifa a matsayin Yarima mai jiran gado na Abu Dhabi, washegari kuma aka nada shi Shugaban Sashin Tsaro na Abu Dhabi. A cikin wannan mukamin, ya kula da ginin rundunar tsaron Abu Dhabi, wanda bayan shekara ta 1971 ya zama asalin rundunar sojojin UAE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/158103051.html |publisher=Entrepreneur |title=Entrepreneur - Start, run and grow your business }}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === 'Yancin kai a shekara ta 1971 === Bayan kafuwar UAE a shekara ta 1971, Khalifa ya hau mukamai da yawa a Abu Dhabi: Firayim Minista, shugaban majalisar zartarwar Abu Dhabi (a karkashin mahaifinsa), Ministan Tsaro, da Ministan Kudi. Bayan sake gina majalisar zartarwa ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, an maye gurbin majalisar zartarwar ta Abu Dhabi da Majalisar Zartarwa ta Abu Dhabi, kuma Khalifa ya zama Mataimakin Firayim Minista na 2 na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (a ranar 23 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1973) kuma Shugaban Majalisar Zartarwa na Abu Dhabi (a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1974), a karkashin mahaifinsa. A watan Mayun shekara ta 1976, ya zama mataimakin kwamandan rundunar ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, a karkashin Shugaban kasa. Ya kuma zama shugaban Majalisar Koli ta Man Fetur a karshen shekara ta 1980, kuma ya ci gaba da wannan matsayin a yau, wanda ke ba shi cikakken iko a cikin batutuwan makamashi. Ya kuma kasance shugaban hukumar bincike kan muhalli da cigaban dabbobin daji. == Shugabancin kasar (2004 – present) == [[File:Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates_10_September_2007-5.jpg|left|thumb| Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan tare da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] a ranar 10 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2007.]] Ya gaji mukamin na Sarkin Abu Dhabi da Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004, ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, wanda ya mutu washegari. Ya kasance mai rikon mukamin shugaban kasa tun lokacin da mahaifinsa ya kamu da rashin lafiya kafin rasuwarsa. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2005, Shugaban ya ba da sanarwar cewa rabin membobin Majalisar Tarayya ta Tarayya (FNC), majalisar da ke ba shugaban kasa shawara, za a zabe ta kai tsaye. Koyaya, rabin mambobin majalisar zasu buƙaci shugabannin masarautar su nada su. An shirya gudanar da zaben a watan Disambar shekara ta 2006. [[File:George_W._Bush_and_Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan.jpg|left|thumb| Khalifa da Shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]] a Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi, a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008]] A cikin shekara ta 2010, an bayyana Khalifa a cikin wani shafin yanar gizo na WikiLeaks wanda jakadan Amurka na wancan lokacin Richard G. Olson ya sanya wa hannu a matsayin "mutum mai nisa kuma mara da'a." A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, babban ginin da mutum ya yi a duniya, wanda aka fi sani da suna Burj Dubai, aka sake masa suna zuwa [[Burj Khalifa]] don girmama shi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Khalifa ya aika da rundunar Sojan Sama ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa don tallafawa tsoma bakin sojoji a Libya kan Muammar Gaddafi, tare da sojojin NATO, [[Qatar]], [[Sweden]] da [[Jodan|Jordan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395228897642.htm|title=UAE updates support to UN Resolution 1973|date=25 March 2011|agency=[[WAM (Emirates News Agency)|WAM]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406053055/https://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395228897642.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-24|publisher=Al Jazeera|title=Libya Live Blog – March&nbsp;24|date=24 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110324161128/https://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-24| archive-date= 24 March 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> Khalifa ya yi alkawarin bayar da cikakken goyon baya ga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ga gwamnatin [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yayin fuskantar boren neman demokradiyya a shekarar 2011. Daga baya a waccan shekarar Khalifa ya zama sarki na huɗu mafi arziki a duniya, tare da dukiyar da aka kiyasta ta kai dala biliyan 15. A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ba da izini ga ''Azzam'', jirgi mafi tsayi mafi tsayi da aka taɓa ginawa a 590&nbsp;ft (180&nbsp;m) dogon, tare da halin kaka tsakanin $ 400-600 miliyan. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Emirates ta ƙaddamar da shirin inganta "aminci" ga Khalifa da sauran shugabannin Emirati. Shirin ya ci gaba, kuma yana ƙarfafa ba kawai Emirate ba, amma mazauna daga kowace ƙasa don yin rijistar "godiya, girmamawa, da aminci" ga Sarakunan. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Khalifa ya kamu da cutar shanyewar jiki kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali bayan an yi masa aiki. {{Clear}} == Investments and foreign aid == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited embassy of UAE in Baku, offered condolences over the demise of President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan 02.jpg|thumb|Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] [[Seychelles|Bayanan gwamnatin Seychellois]] sun nuna cewa tun a shekara ta 1995 Sheikh Khalifa ya kashe dala miliyan 2 wajen sayen sama da kadada 66 a babban tsibirin na Seychelles na Mahé, inda ake gina fadarsa. Gwamnatin Seychelles ta karbi manyan kayan tallafi daga kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, musamman ma allurar dala miliyan 130 da aka yi amfani da ita wajen ayyukan jin kai da taimakon soji, wanda ke daukar nauyin jiragen ruwa na sintiri don kokarin da ake yi na yakin Seychelles na yaki da satar fasaha. A shekara ta 2008, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kawo wa gwamnatin Seychelles bashin bashi, tare da allurar dala miliyan 30.<ref name=WSJ>{{Cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703720004575476953617163656|title=Sheikh Abode a Sore Point in Seychelles|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|first=Coker|last=Margaret|access-date=16 February 2012|date=9 September 2010}}</ref> Sheikh Khalifa ya biya $ 500,000 don filin da ke da fadin kadada 29.8 a fadarsa a shekara ta 2005, a cewar takardar sayarwar. Da farko wata hukumar tsara Seychelles ta yi watsi da shirin ginin fadar, shawarar da ministocin Shugaba James Michel suka soke. Wata daya bayan fara ginin fadar, kamfanin ba da amfani na kasa ya yi gargadin cewa shirye-shiryen shafin na yin barazana ga samar da ruwan. Joel Morgan, Ministan Muhalli na Seychelles, ya ce gwamnati ba ta tausasa filayen ba saboda tana son ta je wurin Sheikh Khalifa. Morgan ya ce "wasiƙar doka" mai yiwuwa ba a bi ta cikin siyar da ƙasa ba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010, tsarin najasa da kamfanin Ascon, wanda ya gina gidan sarauta, ya kafa, don masu aikin ginin wurin ya cika, ya aika da kogunan shara a yankin, wadanda ke dauke da mazauna sama da mutum 8000. Hukumomin karamar hukuma da jami'ai daga ofishin Khalifa sun ba da amsa cikin gaggawa game da matsalar, inda suka aika da kwararru da injiniyoyi. Jami'an gwamnati sun yanke hukuncin cewa Ascon ya yi biris da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da ka'idojin gini ga ma'aikatansu, kuma suka ci kamfanin tarar $ 81,000. Ascon ya dora alhakin faruwar lamarin a kan "yanayin yanayi mara kyau". Ofishin shugaban kasa na Khalifa ya yi tayin biyan dala miliyan 15 don maye gurbin aikin bututun ruwa ga tsaunin. Kuma wakilan gwamnatin Seychelles da mazauna garin sun ce Ascon ya yi tayin biyan kimanin dala 8,000 ga kowane daga cikin gidaje guda 360 da gurbatarwar ta shafa. A watan Afrilun Shekara ta 2016, Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar ‘Yan Jarida Masu Bincike ta Duniya ta sanya sunan Sheikh Khalifa a cikin Takaddun Panama;<ref name="Power Players">{{cite web|title=Panama Papers: The Power Players|url=https://panamapapers.icij.org/the_power_players/|access-date=3 April 2016|publisher=[[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]}}</ref> gwargwadon rahoto ya mallaki kyawawan abubuwa a cikin [[Landan|Landan da]] daraja fiye da $ 1.7&nbsp;biliyan ta hanyar kamfanonin kwalliya waɗanda Mossack Fonseca suka kafa kuma suke kula da shi a Tsibirin British Virgin Islands.<ref>{{cite news |title=Panama Papers: 12 world leaders linked to offshore dealings – and the full allegations against them|author= Adam Lusher|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/panama-papers-assad-putin-poroshenko-mubarak-al-saud-pm-iceland-sigmundur-davio-gunnlaugsson-a6967411.html |work=The Independent |date=5 April 2016 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Titles, styles, girmamawa da kyaututtuka == {{Infobox royal styles|royal name=President of the United Arab Emirates|image=[[File:Emblem of Abu Dhabi.svg|50px]]|dipstyle=[[His Highness]] <br> [[His Excellency]]|offstyle=Your Highness <br> Your Excellency|altstyle=Ra'is}} * {{Flag|Spain}}</img>{{Flag|Spain}} : ** [[File:Order_of_Civil_Merit_(Spain)_-_Sash_of_Grand_Collar.svg|70x70px]]</img>Knight Grand Cross tare da Collar na Order of Civil Merit (23 Mayu 2008) * {{Flag|United Kingdom}}</img>{{Flag|United Kingdom}} : ** [[File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg|70x70px]]</img> Mai Girma Knight Grand Cross na Mafi Girma Dokar Bath (25 Nuwamba 2010). <ref>https://c7.alamy.com/comp/E258HN/the-president-of-the-united-arab-emirates-his-highness-sheikh-khalifa-E258HN.jpg</ref> ** [[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|70x70px]]</img> Mai Girma Knight Grand Cross na Mafi Kyawun Tsarin na St Michael da St George * {{Flag|Netherlands}}</img>{{Flag|Netherlands}} : ** [[File:NLD_Order_of_the_Dutch_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|70x70px]]</img> Knight Grand Cross na Umurnin Zakin Netherlands (08 Janairu 2012). <ref>https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/khalifa-welcomes-hm-queen-beatrix-of-netherlands</ref> * {{Flag|South Korea}}</img>{{Flag|South Korea}} : ** [[File:Grand Order of Mugunghwa (South Korea) - ribbon bar.svg|70x70px]]</img> Memba na Babban Umurnin Mugunghwa (2012) <ref>https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/korean-leader-hails-uae-achievements</ref> ==Mutuwa== Sheikh Khalifah bin Zayed ya ranan 13 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=President Sheikh Khalifa dies aged 73 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2022/05/13/president-sheikh-khalifa-dies-age-73/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> ya rasu yanada shekaru 73 a duniya. == Duba kuma == * Jerin shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin yanzu * Jerin sarakunan daular Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa * Jerin mashahuran masarauta * Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan * Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan * Sheikh Issa bin Zayed al Nahyan == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed at the Wayback Machine (archived 31 January 2018) Biography of U.A.E. President {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[Al Nahyan family|House of Al Nahyan]]|25 January|1948}} {{S-reg}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-inc}} |- {{S-off}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-inc}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakuna]] [[Category:Saudiyya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nfpuu0xria2m5gfcbqx57dv9hsasbed 0 19713 856725 574145 2026-06-14T10:02:58Z Zahrah0 14848 /* Daga baya aiki */ 856725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Isa Kaita.jpg|thumb|Mai girma isa Kaita wazirin Katsina]] [[File:Isa Kaita Library, Kaduna polytechnic.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox Politician (general)|name=Isa Kaita|successor3=|profession=[[Teacher]]/[[Journalist]]/[[Administrator of the Government|Administrator]]|spouse=|residence=|party=[[Northern People's Congress]]|death_place=[[Kaduna]]|death_date=26 November 1994|birth_place=[[Katsina]]|birth_date=January 1912|successor4=|predecessor4=|term_end4=|term_start4=|title4=|predecessor3=|image=|term_end3=|term_start3=|title3=|successor2=|predecessor2=|term_end2=1966|term_start2=1957|title2=Regional Minister for Education|successor=|predecessor=[[Ahmadu Bello]]|term_end=1957|term_start=1954|title=Regional Minister for Works|footnotes=}}'''Isa Kaita''' CON, CBE, LL. D (ABU), LL. D (BUK), DPA (Oxon) (An haife shi a watan Janairun shekara ta alif dari tara da goma sha biyu 1912 zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1994), dan [[Dan Nijeriya|siyasan Najeriya]] ne. Ya ci gaba da rike Masarautu ana masa lakabi '''da Madawaki''' na jihar Katsina sannan kuma daga baya, da '''Waziri''' na jihar Katsina. Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya kasance fitaccen mai yada labarai a BBC . A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa1960, ya kuma kasance karamin Ministan Ayyuka da Ilimi a yankin [[Arewacin Najeriya]] . == Rayuwa da farkon aiki == An haifi Isa Kaita a cikin jihar Katsina ga dangin mai martaba : mahaifinsa, [[wiktionary:Mallam|Malam]] Haruna shi ne Wazirin Masarautar jihar [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], mukamin da daga baya zai rike shi ma. Ya kuma halarci makarantar Firamare ta jihar Katsina (wacce daga baya aka sa mata suna Barewa College) sannan daga baya ya tafi Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta jihar Katsina, shahararriyar kwalejin da ta samu halartar dimbin ƴan siyasa daga Arewa kamar su [[Ahmadu Bello]], [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] da [[Aliyu Makama|Aliyu Bida]] . Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1922, ya fara koyarwa a makarantar Midil ta jihar Katsina. Ya koyar a makarantar tsawon shekaru 19 kafin ya zama mai sanarwa a rediyo a shekara ta 1941. Ya yi aiki a gidan rediyon Zoy a gidan Rediyo da ke [[Accra]], Ghana. Ya shiga tashar a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] kuma an san shi da yin watsa shirye-shirye game da labarai masu alaƙa kan yakin. Ya bar gidan rediyo a shekarar 1944 ya zama sakatare ga mai martaba sarkin jihar Katsina da kuma Hukumar dan Asalin jihar Katsina. A cikin shekara ta 1948, ya yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya don samun difloma a harkokin mulki a Jami'ar Exeter, London UK == Harkar siyasa == Siyasarsa ta fara ne lokacin da ya sami nasarar zama dan majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa a shekara ta 1951. Ya kuma tsaya takarar ne a karkashin tsarin siyasa na kungiyar Jama'ar Arewa. Kafin zaben, ya kasance memba na kafa kuma sanannen mai kamfen din jam’iyyar, ya kuma kasance sakataren kudi na jam’iyyar. A shekarar alif 1954, ya maye gurbin [[Ahmadu Bello]] a matsayin ministan ayyuka yayin shi ma ya kasance sakataren kudi na jam'iyyar. A lokacin Jamhuriya ta Farko ta Nijeriya, shi ne ministan Ilimi na yankin kuma an san shi da himma don bunkasa ci gaban ilmantarwa da wayewar manufofin ilimi. <ref>[[Rosalynde Ainslie]], Catherine Hoskyns, [[Ronald Segal]]; ''Political Africa: A Who's Who of Personalities and Parties'', Frederick A. Praeger, 1961. p 119-120.</ref> Ya kuma kasance mai bada shawara na musamman ga [[Ahmadu Bello]], firaministan yankin kuma babban jagoran siyasa. <ref>Billy J. Dudley. ''Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria'', p 136.</ref> == Daga baya aiki == Bayan an sanya ayyukan siyasa a shekara ta 1966 Isa Kaita ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] inda ya kasance memba na hukumar a wasu kamfanoni kalilan irin su United African Company da Chellarams. A lokacin Shagari gwamnati a shekarar 1980s, ya kasance shugaban Code of Tsawaita ofishin. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da himma don kirkirar Jihar Katsina. Mai sha'awar wasanni, ya kasance majiɓincin Fungiyar iveswararrun powararrun 'Yan Nijeriya da Polo ta Nijeriya. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kungiyoyi da dama kamar kungiyar Birtaniyya da Najeriya, kungiyar Indie / Najeriya, Jama'atul Nasrul Islam, Rotary club da sauransu. == Iyali == Daga cikin ‘ya’yan Isa Kaita akwai Abdulmalik wani kwamishinan‘ yan sanda mai ritaya, Shehu dan siyasa, Sadiq wani ma’aikacin Banki, Ibrahim jami’in diflomasiyya, Ali na Kwastam din Najeriya, Abdulaziz tsohon Kwamishinan Gidaje na Ayyuka da Sufuri na Jihar Katsina kuma yanzu mamba ne na Manajan Julius Berger Nijeriya PLC, Mustapha dan kasuwa, Umar dan kasuwa, Ahmed na Julius Berger PLC da Musa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}} Ya mutu a gidansa da ke jihar Kaduna a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1994. == Bayani == # # '''^''' Rosalynde Ainslie, Catherine Hoskyns, Ronald Segal; ''Political Africa: A Who's Who of Personalities and Parties'', Frederick A. Praeger, 1961. p 119-120. # '''^''' Billy J. Dudley. ''Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria'', p 136. # '''^''' == Hanyoyin hadin waje == * [http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/3280445 Littafin Isa Kaita Biography] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=nk84AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=isa+kaita&source=bl&ots=zzaQ1KwpgO&sig=H_FA21LMNiPbA7GuVaGL3k5MRpM&hl=en&ei=axQQTOXYBIO88gaz9tj0CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CC0Q6AEwCDgo#v=onepage&q=isa%20kaita&f=false Jerin sunayen Ministocin a wancan taron Kasafin Kudi a shekarar 1955] * [http://nigeriamovies.net/starprofiles/yemi.php Isa Kaita ne ya rawaito daga Yomi Solade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920030606/http://nigeriamovies.net/starprofiles/yemi.php |date=2010-09-20 }} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=HCoSuJMof9EC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=isa+kaita&source=bl&ots=JYIkbKUdhP&sig=9JIOuU6AXrUnHCj4yZ13zqfyzcE&hl=en&ei=5hYQTP-IKIL78Aaf4uGaCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CC8Q6AEwCTha#v=onepage&q=isa%20kaita&f=false Jam'iyyu da siyasa a arewacin Najeriya Daga Billy J. Dudley] * https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015424/http://katsinaemirate.com/ == Manazarta == 68yyy29hk0rbwlm7ne0jvp7ymbp6wyi 0 20066 856292 495367 2026-06-13T17:35:18Z Zahrah0 14848 /* Wahayin Yahaya */ 856292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Quran_-_year_1874_-_Page_53.jpg |thumb| Surar a Qur'ani da aka buga a shekarar 1874]] [[File:Sura-Title-12.png |thumb| Taken Surar Yusuf]] '''Yusuf''' ( {{Lang-ar|يوسف}} , {{Transl|ar|Yūsuf}} ; lafazin larabci na "Yusuf") [[Shin ko ka san Ilimi|shine]] [[surah]] ta 12 ( [[Surah|Surar]] )Ta [[Kasancewar|kasan]] ce Surah ce ta [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani]] kuma tana da Ayah (111). <ref>[https://quran.com/12]|The Noble Quran (Surah 12)</ref> Sūrah [[Hudubar Bankwana|Hud]] ne ke gaba da ita sai kuma Ar-Ra'ad (Tsawar). Dangane da lokaci da yanayin mahallin wahayi ( ''asbāb al-nuzūl'' ), an saukar da ita ne zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Makkan, <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref>wanda ke nufin an yi imani da cewa an saukar da ita a Makka, maimakon daga baya a Madina. An ce an saukar da ita a cikin zama ɗaya kuma yana da irin ta wannan yanayin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Deris|first=SM|title=Surah Yusuf: The Story That Brings Comfort (Part 1 of 5)|url=http://smderis.blogspot.ca/2011/12/surah-yusuf-story-that-brings-comfort_28.html|access-date=28 March 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2014}}</ref> rubutu da labarin Yusuf (Joseph) wanda yana dauke da wani annabi a Musulunci, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma manufa ta tuno. Ba kamar yadda sauran annabawan musulinci suke ba, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wheeler, Brannon.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128453246|title=Prophets in the Quran : an Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.|date=2002|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|isbn=978-1-4411-0405-2|oclc=1128453246}}</ref>abubuwa daban-daban da bangarorin da suke da nasaba da surori daban-daban, tarihin rayuwar Yusuf, an ruwaito shi ne a cikin wannan surar kawai, cikakke kuma bisa tsarin yadda za a tsara su. <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan surar, wacce ita ma take fada game da gaskiya, a cewar musulmai, wacce take kunshe a cikin mafarkai, ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa na yadda za a yi wa Musulunci hidima ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar annabi, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai mutunci a kasar da ya An sayar a matsayin bawa. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref> Thomas van Erpe ne ya fara fassara surar zuwa Latin ta hanyar 1617 sannan daga baya a cikin karni na 17 ya buga a fili cikin larabci da Latin a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin Lutheran wajen fassara Kur'ani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> == Takaitawa == [[File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG|thumb| Joseph tare da mahaifinsa Yakubu da 'yan'uwansa a Misira daga Zubdat-al Tawarikh a cikin Tashar Turkiyya da ta Addinin Musulunci da ke [[Istanbul]], wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Sultan Murad III a 1583]] [[File:Yusef_Zuleykha.jpg|thumb|382x382px| Yusuf da Zulaikha ( matar matar Fotifa ce ta kori Yusufu ), Dan Karamin farisanci na Behzād, 1488.]] : '''1-3''' Annabi sananne ne ta hanyar wahayi game da tarihin Yusufu : '''4''' Yusuf ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wahayinsa Yaga taurari goma sha daya da rana da wata suna mashi sujada a gare shi : '''5''' Yakubu ya gargadi Yusufu game da kishin ’yan’uwansa : '''6''' Yakubu ya fahimci mafarkin don ya nuna halin annabci na Yusufu a nan gaba : '''7''' Labarin Yusufu alama ce ta yardar Allah : '''8''' ’Yan’uwan Yusufu suna kishinsa da dan uwansa Biliyaminu : '''9''' Sun yi shawarar tare don su kashe shi ko don fitar da shi Daga garin Mahaifinsa : '''10''' Baban yayan su ya bada shawarar sanya shi cikin rijiya : '''11-12''' Suna rokon mahaifinsu ya aiki Yusufu tare da su : '''13''' Yakubu ya jinkirta saboda tsoron kada kerkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''14-15''' 'Yan'uwan Yusufu suka karbi izinin mahaifinsu, suka Dauke shi tare da su, suka sanya shi a cikin rijiya : '''15''' Allah ya aiko wahayi zuwa ga Yusufu a cikin rijiyar : '''16-17''' 'Yan'uwan suka kawo wa Yakubu rahoton cewa kyarkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''18''' Yakubu bai yarda da labarin 'ya'yansa ba : '''19-20''' Wasu matafiya da suka sami Yusufu sun Dauke shi cikin bauta : '''21''' Wani Bamasare ya siyo Yusufu ya ba shi shawarar Da shi : '''22''' Allah ya bashi hikima da ilimi : '''23''' Matar Bamasariya ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yusufu : '''24''' Da yardar Allah ya kiyaye ta daga yaudarar ta : '''25''' Tana zargin Yusufu da yunkurin bata mata suna : '''26-27''' Haya a cikin tufafinsa ya tabbatar da rashin laifin Yusufu : '''28-29''' Azeez ya yarda da Yusufu kuma ya la'anci matarsa : '''30''' Zunubin matar Azeez ya zama sananne a cikin gari : '''31''' Matan wadansu manyan mutane, ganin kyawawan halayen Yusufu, sai suka kira shi mala'ika : '''32''' Matar Azeez ta bayyana manufarta na Daure Yusuf sai dai in ba yarda ga rokon ta ba : '''33''' Yusufu yana neman tsari daga Allah : '''34''' Allah yana jin addu'arsa, Yana kawar da kaidinsu : '''35 An saka''' Yusuf a kurkuku ba tare da rashin laifi ba : '''36-37''' Ya dauki alwashin fassara mafarkin bayin sarki guda biyu wadanda suma aka daure su tare : '''38-40''' Yusufu yana wa'azin hadin kan Allah ga 'yan uwansa fursunoni : '''41''' Yana fassarar mafarkin bayin nan biyu : '''42''' Yusufu ya nemi a tuna da shi ga sarki, amma an manta da shi : '''43''' Mafarkan sarkin Masar : '''44''' Masu fassarar sarki ba su fassara mafarkin sarki : '''45-49''' Yusufu ya tuna kuma ya fassara mafarkin sarki : '''50''' Sarki ya kirawo Yusufu daga kurkuku : '''51''' Matan gidan sarauta sun yarda da zunubinsu a ƙoƙarinsu na yaudare Yusufu zuwa ƙaunatacciyar soyayya : '''52-53''' Yusufu ya barata. Matar Azeez bata wanke kanta daga zargi ba. : '''54''' Sarki ya mayar da Yusufu : '''55-57''' Yusufu ya mai da ma'ajin sarki bisa ga roƙonsa : '''58''' 'Yan'uwansa sun zo wurinsa, amma ba su gane shi ba : '''59-61''' Yusufu ya bukaci 'yan'uwansa su kawo masa Dan'uwansu Biliyaminu : '''62''' Kudadensu sun dawo a cikin buhunansu don tilasta musu dawowa : '''63-66''' Yakubu ba tare da so ya ba da izinin Biliyaminu ya tafi Masar tare da 'yan'uwansa : '''67''' Yakubu ya shawarci shigowar su ta Kofofin da yawa : '''68''' Wannan nasiha ba ta wadatar da hukuncin Allah ba : '''69''' Yusufu, yana karɓar Biliyaminu, ya bayyana kansa gare shi : '''70-76''' Shi da dabara, ya kawo 'yan'uwansa sata : '''77, 79''' Ya nace kan rike Biliyaminu maimakon maye gurbinsa : '''80-82''' Bayan shawarwari, 'yan'uwan Biliyaminu duk sun koma wurin Yakub bayan : '''83''' Yakubu bai yarda ya ba da labarinsu ba, amma ya dogara ga Allah : '''84-86''' Yakubu ya yi bakin ciki saboda Yusufu, amma har yanzu ya faɗi game da begensa : '''87''' Yakubu ya aiki yayansa su je su nemi Yusufu : '''88-90''' Yusufu ya bayyana kansa ga yan'uwansa : '''91-93''' Yana yiwa 'yan'uwansa afuwa kuma ya aika tufafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifinsa don ya dawo da ganinsa : '''94-97''' Yakubu ya yi annabcin gano Yusufu, ya kuma sami ganinsa : '''98-99 Yanã n pman''' gãfara ga 'ya'yansa na mugunta : '''100''' Yusufu ya karbi iyayensa gare shi a Masar : '''101''' Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza da mata duk suna yi wa Yusufu sujada : '''102''' Yusufu ya yabi Allah saboda jinkansa kuma ya furta imanin musulmai : '''103-107 Kafirai ba''' za su yi imani da ayoyin Alkur'ani ba : '''[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/12/108/ 108]''' Umurnin Allah ga manzo don shelanta imanin Musulmi : '''109''' Manzannin Allah a cikin kowane zamani sun kasance daga mutane : 109-110 Ana azabtar da wadanda suka kãfirta '''sab forda kãfircin manzannin Allah''' : '''111''' Alqurani ba jabu bane, face tabbataccen rubutun magabata na farko<ref name=":04"/> == Labari == Labarin surat Yūsuf game da [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi]] Yūsuf ne, wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin Joseph. Yūsuf ɗayan ɗa ne na Ya'ƙub (wanda aka fi sani da Yakubu a cikin fassarar Turanci) wanda ke da baiwar fassara mafarkai. Wata rana Yussuf ya yi mafarki kuma ya ba da labarin mafarkin ga mahaifinsa wanda nan da nan ya san cewa Yussuf zai zama annabi. Mahaifinsa ya gaya masa kada ya gaya wa 'yan'uwansa su guji wata cuta. Koyaya, saboda ƙaunar Ya'qub ga Yūsuf, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ji kishi. Sun so su rabu da Yussuf, don haka mahaifinsu zai ƙaunace su maimakon Yussuf. Farkon shirinsu shi ne kashe Yūsuf, amma daga baya suka yanke shawarar jefa shi cikin rijiya . Sun yiwa mahaifinsu karya sun fada masa cewa kerkeci ya kashe shi. Daga baya, ayari ya ceci Yussuf daga rijiyar, sannan ya sayar da shi ga 'Al-Aziz na Misira . 'Al-Aziz ya ɗauki Yūsuf kuma yana fatan ko dai sanya shi aiki ko ɗauke shi ɗa. Daga baya, matar mutumin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf, amma ya ƙi. Matar da ta ga juriyarsa ta zargi Yūsuf da son cutar da ita kuma ta bukaci da a hukunta shi mai tsanani ko a tura shi kurkuku. Wani mashaidi, bayan Yūsuf ya kare rashin laifinsa, ya shaida "idan rigarsa ta yage daga gaba, to, ta faɗi gaskiya, kuma shi yana daga maƙaryata amma idan rigarsa ta tsage daga baya, to, tayi ƙarya, kuma shi ne daga mãsu gaskiya. " Lallai rigar ta yage daga baya. Jim kadan bayan wannan hatsarin, matan birni suna ta maganar yadda matar ke neman yaudarar Y seekingsuf. Matar 'Al-Aziz ta gayyace su zuwa liyafa, ta ba wa kowannensu wuka, sannan ta gaya wa Yusufa ya fito. Matan suka yanke hannayensu cikin tsananin mamaki. 'Ta ce, "Wancan ne wanda kuka zarge ni a kansa. Kuma lallai na nemi yin lalata da shi, amma ya ƙi yarda; idan kuwa bai aikata abin da na umurce shi ba, to tabbas za a daure shi kuma ya kasance daga cikin kaskantattu ”<ref>Alastair Hamilton, "A Lutheran Translator for the Qur'an: A Late Seventeenth-Century Quest". Taken from ''The Republic of Letters And the Levant'', p. 197. Eds. Alastair Hamilton, Maurits H. Van Den Boogert and Bart Westerweel. Volume 5 of ''Intersections''. [[Leiden]]: [[Mawallafin Brill|Brill Publishers]], 2005. {{ISBN|9789004147614}}</ref> Yūsuf ya fi son kurkuku fiye da abin da suke kira shi don haka ya yi addu'a ga Allah. An tura Yūsuf gidan yari. A cikin kurkukun, Yūsuf ya sadu da wasu maza biyu kuma ya fassara ɗaya daga cikin mafarkin fursunan. Daga nan aka saki fursunan kuma Yūsuf ya nemi fursunan da ya ambata baiwarsa ga sarki. Wata rana, Sarki yayi mafarki sai wannan fursunan da aka sake shi ya ambaci Yūsuf. Ya fassara mafarkin Sarki, wanda shine game da Masar ta sami fari na shekaru bakwai. Don ba shi tukuici, Sarki ya nemi a sake shi daga kurkuku kuma Sarkin ma ya bincika lamarinsa. Matar da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf ta ba da shaida cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma gaskiya ta bayyana. An ba Yūsuf iko a Misira. A lokacin fari na shekaru bakwai, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ziyarci Misira don nema wa danginsu abinci. Bayan ganin 'yan'uwansa, Yūsuf ya gane su duk da cewa basu gane shi ba. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Wherry|first1=Elwood Morris|author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry|title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes|date=1896|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Yūsuf, a cikin babban matsayi na iko, ya roki cewa in sun sake zuwa, su zo da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu Biliyaminu tare da su. Lokacin da 'yan'uwan suka dawo tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu, Yūsuf ya ɗauke shi gefe kuma ya gaya masa ainihinsa. Yūsuf ya shirya shari'ar sata inda aka samu kaninsa karami da laifin sata alhali ba shi da gaskiya kuma an tsare shi daga danginsa, don haka zai iya zama tare da shi. Daga baya, lokacin da mahaifin da 'yan uwan suka fuskanci talauci sai su dawo ga Yussuf sannan Yussuf sannan ya taimaka musu ya kuma bayyana asalin sa yana neman su zo su zauna tare. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wahayin Yahaya == Babu wani tabbataccen lokacin da ake tsammanin saukar surat Yūsuf, amma an kiyasta cewa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 10 ko 11 na dawah . Watau, sanannen abu ne da aka saukar dashi shekaru 2 ko 3 kafin [[hijira]] (Hijira) daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] wanda ke dab da ƙarshen zamanin Makkan da tafiya Makkan. Wannan Surar ta sauka ne bayan shekara guda malaman Seerah suna kiran 'am al huzun' (shekarar Bakin ciki ko Fidda rai). Shekarar nan ta kasance lokacin bakin ciki da takaici ga annabin musulunci [[Muhammad]] . Ya kasance cikin wahalhalu da yawa kuma uku daga cikin waɗannan sune mahimmancin gaske. Na farkon shine mutuwar kawunsa Abu Talib . Abu Talib shi ne kadai uba da ya bari kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka ba shi kariya daga cutarwar al'umma. Masifa ta biyu za ta zo ne tare da ƙaunataccen matarsa ta farko, mutuwar [[Khadija Yar Khuwailid|Khadijah.]] Ita ce farkon wacce ta yi imani da sakonsa kuma ita ce ta'aziyar sa. Mutuwar biyu babbar asara ce a gareshi kasancewar su mutane ne a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka himmatu da kuma kiyaye shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa. Daga baya kuma a Makka bayan mutuwar kawunsa, maguzawan sun sanya shi fuskantar matsanancin wahala yayin da yake kokarin kiran mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Ana tsammanin amsa mafi kyau daga garin [[Ta'if]], Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka. Koyaya, don takaicinsa, mutanen Ta'if ba su maraba da shi ba, suka ba shi wahala suka kore shi daga cikin garin ta hanyar jifan shi da duwatsu. Ya ji rauni, yana zubar da jini kuma ba shi da komai sai takaici daga mutanen Ta'if. Wannan surar an yi ta ne don daukaka ruhinsa da kuma sanyaya masa rai a lokacin da aka ƙi shi. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Sauran binciken === Tare da abubuwa masu muhimmanci guda uku wadanda suka nuna wahayi ga Muhammadu, malamai sun ambaci wasu abubuwan da suka faru wadanda suka haifar da saukar da surar. [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa suna]] so su gwada Muhammad, kamar yadda suke cikin rashin imani da iliminsa da ikon ruhaniya. Ba su yarda da shi annabi ba kuma sun shirya yaudararsa ta hanyar yin tambayar da annabin gaskiya ne kawai zai iya amsawa. Labarin Yūsuf da 'yan'uwansa, labarin da ba a ji shi ba, saboda mutanen Makka ba su da masaniya game da wannan labarin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>Hakanan an fassara shi da Yusuf (ɗan Yakubu) sanannen sanannen al'adun Kirista da na Yahudawa kuma [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] ba su ji labarinsa ba. Karanta wannan labarin zai nuna annabci na gaskiya, amma mutane basu da imani cewa Muhammadu zai mallaki wannan kyauta. Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, ya bayyana ta hanyar wahayinsa duk ilimin da ya sani game da labarin da ba a faɗi. <ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf|url=http://www3.pmo.gov.my/webNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618160508/http://www.pmo.gov.my/WebNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2008|work=Profile of the Sura|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Bayan wahalhalu da aka fuskanta a cikin garin Makka, daga baya labarin Yūsuf ya bayyana don ƙarfafa zukatan mutane. Sun yi tambaya, "Ya Manzon Allah, me zai hana ka ba mu labarin wadanda suka gabata kafin mu suma sun sha wahala?" <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of tawheed|url=http://wordpress.com|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan lokacin rikice rikice ne yayin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai kuma daga baya aka tilasta su ficewa. Wannan ya zama ƙarshe na biyu ga wahayin. == Al'adar Hadisi == Ya kasance daga [[Jafar ibn Muhammad|Ja’afarus Sadik]], jikan Muhammadu, ya ruwaito cewa, duk mutumin da ya karanta suratul Yusufa a kowace rana ko kowane dare za a tayar da shi ranar tashin kiyama da kyawu irin na Yusufu. Ba zai ji tsoron ranar sakamako ba kuma zai kasance daga cikin mafifitan muminai. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Shaykh al-Saduq|title=Thawab Al-A'mal wa I'qab Al-A'mal|date=May 16, 2015|publisher=Door of Light|isbn=9781312807587|page=106|edition=1st}}</ref> An ruwaito Muhammad ya karfafa koyar da suratul Yūsuff ga bayi, yana mai cewa "duk lokacin da musulmi ya karanta shi kuma ya koyar da shi ga danginsa da bayinsa, Allah zai saukaka masa bakin cikin mutuwa kuma ya sanya hakan ta yadda babu wani Musulmi da zai yi masa hassada " <ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabarsi|first1=Sheikh Hasan|title=Majma al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran|date=1963|publisher=Dar al-Marefah|location=Iran|page=Volume 5|edition=reprint}}</ref> {{Rp|315}} == Manyan jigogi == === Bangaskiyar annabawa === Imanin annabawa kafin Muhammadu sun yi daidai da nasa. Annabawa [[Ibrahim]], Ishaaq, Ya'qūb da Yūsuf sun gayyaci mutane zuwa saƙo iri ɗaya da Muhammad. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Halin Musulmi === * Yana da sanin Allah da hisabi akan ayyukan mutum * Yana bin maƙasudin mutum yayin kasancewa ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Dokar Allah ta tsara * Yayi imani da cewa nasara da rashin nasara gaba daya suna hannun Allah, duk abin da Allah ya so ya faru kuma babu wanda zai iya hana shi * Yana amfani da kokarinsu zuwa ga gaskiya kuma yana dogaro ga Allah <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Amincewa da ƙarfin zuciya === A duk tarihin Y ofsuf, Allah ya koya wa masu imani cewa mutumin da ke da halaye na Musulunci na gaske zai iya mallake duniya da ƙarfin halayensu. Misalin Yūsuf ya nuna cewa mutum mai ɗabi'a mai tsabta zai iya shawo kan mawuyacin yanayi kuma ya yi nasara. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Manufofin wannan Surar === # Don samar da hujja cewa annabcin Muhammadu da iliminsa ba ya dogara da bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, maimakon haka an samo shi ta hanyar wahayi. # Ya shafi taken labarin ga mutanen [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] (Kabilar shugabannin da ke Makah) kuma ta yi gargadin cewa rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da Muhammad zai kawo karshen nasarar da ya yi a kansu. Kamar yadda ya fada a cikin aya ta 7: "Lallai akwai alamu a cikin wannan labarin na Yusufa da 'yan'uwansa ga masu tambaya" <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html Suratu Yusuf Mp3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193959/http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html |date=2021-10-23 }} * [https://quran.com/12 Qur'ani 12] bayyananniyar fassarar Alqur'ani == manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6lz5u6cssilytv9a61vcavpaxgj9yml 0 20460 856921 702413 2026-06-14T11:34:48Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350972666|Argungu Emirate]]" 856921 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Argungu Emirate''', also known as the '''Kebbi Emirate''' is a [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|traditional state]] based on the town of [[Argungu]] in [[Kebbi|Kebbi State]], Nigeria. It is the successor to the ancient [[Hausawa|Hausa]] Kingdom of Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html "Traditional States of Nigeria"]. ''WorldStatesmen.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> The Emirate is one of four in Kebbi State, the others being the Gwandu Emirate, [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri Emirate]] and [[Zuru|Zuru Emirate]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi ta zamani. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800 mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi shine kusan 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Kebbi tana zaune ne daga Kebbawa, wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == TarihiMasarautar == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa na jihohin [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= banza_bakwai" id="mwQg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="][[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]]">Banza bakwai na [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]]. A cewar sanannen labari na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Tarihin tarihi na farko ya kasance a lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]] a lokacin mulkin [[Son Ali|Sunni Ali]] (1464-1492). Rubutun farko da aka ambaci mai mulkin Kebbi ana samunsa a cikin Ta'rïkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di inda aka ba da labarin cewa a cikin shekara ta 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya tayar da Dendi-fari ("gwamnan gabashin gaba"), gwamnan lardin Songhay kuma ya kafa 'yancin kansa wanda ya kasance har zuwa faduwar [[Daular Songhai|Daular Songhay]]. Dalilin da ya sa Kebbi ya rabu da Songhay shi ne kin amincewar Dendi-fari don baiwa Kanta rabonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da ya yi da Sultanate na Air . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hunwick |first=J. O. |date=1971 |title=A LITTLE-KNOWN DIPLOMATIC EPISODE IN THE HISTORY OF KEBBI (c.1594) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856885 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=575–581 |issn=0018-2540}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya yi nasara, watakila a cikin 1523-4 da [[Kanta Kotal|Muhammad Kanta]] kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ya fito a matsayin mai iko mai ƙarfi a [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Sudan]] ta [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Tsakiya]]. Sudan. A lokacin mulkin Songhay [[Askia Mohammed Benkan|Askia Muhammad Bunkan]], Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa.<ref name=":0" /> Al-Sa'di's Ta'rïkh al-Südän, wanda ya rubuta wannan lamarin, ya ce babu wani Askia da ya sake yunkurin yaƙi da Kebbi. A wannan lokacin [[Surame]], wanda manyan ganuwar har yanzu suna nan, shine babban birnin masarautar. Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana tsayayya da hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, [[Usman Massa|Usuman Masa]]. Koyaya, Kebbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === [[Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_44.jpg|thumb|'''Bikin kamun kifi da al'adu na 61 na Argungu 2026''']] yana daya daga cikin manyan al'adun al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.A. Eyo and Y. B. Ahmed |title=Management of Inland Capture Fisheries and Challenges to Fish Production in Nigeria |url=http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4088/1/624.pdf |access-date=9 October 2010 |publisher=Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref>&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin. A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195).&nbsp; == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i7rtfwvxdo50sulle6ani6vkhscna9g 856928 856921 2026-06-14T11:36:31Z Amadee619 37975 856928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} he '''Argungu Emirate''', also known as the '''Kebbi Emirate''' is a [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|traditional state]] based on the town of [[Argungu]] in [[Kebbi|Kebbi State]], Nigeria. It is the successor to the ancient [[Hausawa|Hausa]] Kingdom of Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref> The Emirate is one of four in Kebbi State, the others being the Gwandu Emirate, [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri Emirate]] and [[Zuru|Zuru Emirate]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi ta zamani. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800 mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi shine kusan 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Kebbi tana zaune ne daga Kebbawa, wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == TarihiMasarautar == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa na jihohin [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= banza_bakwai" id="mwQg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="][[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]]">Banza bakwai na [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]]. A cewar sanannen labari na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Tarihin tarihi na farko ya kasance a lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]] a lokacin mulkin [[Son Ali|Sunni Ali]] (1464-1492). Rubutun farko da aka ambaci mai mulkin Kebbi ana samunsa a cikin Ta'rïkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di inda aka ba da labarin cewa a cikin shekara ta 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya tayar da Dendi-fari ("gwamnan gabashin gaba"), gwamnan lardin Songhay kuma ya kafa 'yancin kansa wanda ya kasance har zuwa faduwar [[Daular Songhai|Daular Songhay]]. Dalilin da ya sa Kebbi ya rabu da Songhay shi ne kin amincewar Dendi-fari don baiwa Kanta rabonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da ya yi da Sultanate na Air . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hunwick |first=J. O. |date=1971 |title=A LITTLE-KNOWN DIPLOMATIC EPISODE IN THE HISTORY OF KEBBI (c.1594) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856885 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=575–581 |issn=0018-2540}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya yi nasara, watakila a cikin 1523-4 da [[Kanta Kotal|Muhammad Kanta]] kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ya fito a matsayin mai iko mai ƙarfi a [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Sudan]] ta [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Tsakiya]]. Sudan. A lokacin mulkin Songhay [[Askia Mohammed Benkan|Askia Muhammad Bunkan]], Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa.<ref name=":0" /> Al-Sa'di's Ta'rïkh al-Südän, wanda ya rubuta wannan lamarin, ya ce babu wani Askia da ya sake yunkurin yaƙi da Kebbi. A wannan lokacin [[Surame]], wanda manyan ganuwar har yanzu suna nan, shine babban birnin masarautar. Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana tsayayya da hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, [[Usman Massa|Usuman Masa]]. Koyaya, Kebbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === [[Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_44.jpg|thumb|'''Bikin kamun kifi da al'adu na 61 na Argungu 2026''']] yana daya daga cikin manyan al'adun al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.A. Eyo and Y. B. Ahmed |title=Management of Inland Capture Fisheries and Challenges to Fish Production in Nigeria |url=http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4088/1/624.pdf |access-date=9 October 2010 |publisher=Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref>&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin. A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195).&nbsp; == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7s29cv5cc1afcon04t7ykiyr167lra3 856932 856928 2026-06-14T11:36:57Z Amadee619 37975 856932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} he '''Argungu Emirate''', also known as the '''Kebbi Emirate''' is a [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|traditional state]] based on the town of [[Argungu]] in [[Kebbi|Kebbi State]], Nigeria. It is the successor to the ancient [[Hausawa|Hausa]] Kingdom of Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref> The Emirate is one of four in Kebbi State, the others being the Gwandu Emirate, [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri Emirate]] and [[Zuru|Zuru Emirate]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi ta zamani. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800 mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi shine kusan 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Kebbi tana zaune ne daga Kebbawa, wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == TarihiMasarautar == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa na jihohin [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= banza_bakwai" id="mwQg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="][[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]]">Banza bakwai na [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]]. A cewar sanannen labari na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Tarihin tarihi na farko ya kasance a lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]] a lokacin mulkin [[Son Ali|Sunni Ali]] (1464-1492). Rubutun farko da aka ambaci mai mulkin Kebbi ana samunsa a cikin Ta'rïkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di inda aka ba da labarin cewa a cikin shekara ta 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya tayar da Dendi-fari ("gwamnan gabashin gaba"), gwamnan lardin Songhay kuma ya kafa 'yancin kansa wanda ya kasance har zuwa faduwar [[Daular Songhai|Daular Songhay]]. Dalilin da ya sa Kebbi ya rabu da Songhay shi ne kin amincewar Dendi-fari don baiwa Kanta rabonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da ya yi da Sultanate na Air . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hunwick |first=J. O. |date=1971 |title=A LITTLE-KNOWN DIPLOMATIC EPISODE IN THE HISTORY OF KEBBI (c.1594) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856885 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=575–581 |issn=0018-2540}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya yi nasara, watakila a cikin 1523-4 da [[Kanta Kotal|Muhammad Kanta]] kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ya fito a matsayin mai iko mai ƙarfi a [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Sudan]] ta [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Tsakiya]]. Sudan. A lokacin mulkin Songhay [[Askia Mohammed Benkan|Askia Muhammad Bunkan]], Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa.<ref name=":0" /> Al-Sa'di's Ta'rïkh al-Südän, wanda ya rubuta wannan lamarin, ya ce babu wani Askia da ya sake yunkurin yaƙi da Kebbi. A wannan lokacin [[Surame]], wanda manyan ganuwar har yanzu suna nan, shine babban birnin masarautar. Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana tsayayya da hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, [[Usman Massa|Usuman Masa]]. Koyaya, Kebbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === [[Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_44.jpg|thumb|'''Bikin kamun kifi da al'adu na 61 na Argungu 2026''']] yana daya daga cikin manyan al'adun al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.A. Eyo and Y. B. Ahmed |title=Management of Inland Capture Fisheries and Challenges to Fish Production in Nigeria |url=http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4088/1/624.pdf |access-date=9 October 2010 |publisher=Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref>&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin. A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195).&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gkxc7bp0hk6dvdudgva75127w9akdkc 0 20592 856742 555816 2026-06-14T10:09:10Z Zahrah0 14848 856742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} '''Garba Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Mayun shekarata alif 1974) ya kassnce tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallan Kwando|ƙafa ta ƙasar]] Nijeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na hagu. A shekara ta ( 2014) ya zama babban manaja a [[Kaduna United F.C.|Kaduna United FC]] == Yin Wasa == === Kulab === A matsayin dan wasa, Lawal ya kasance mafi nasara a lokacinsa a Roda JC a cikin Eredivisie . Ya kuma buga wa kulob din Julius Berger FC a Najeriya da Changsha Ginde ta China. === Mataki na Duniya === Ana daukar Lawal a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a kungiyar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ta]] shekara ta alif 1990), da farkon (2000), galibi ana amfani da shi ga kowane matsayi daga tsaro zuwa kai hari a bangaren hagu. Lawal ya halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta (1998), inda ya taka rawangani a wasan da suka doke Spain da ci 3-2 a wasan farko da Najeriya ta buga a gasar, da kuma a shekara ta ( 2002), Ya lashe lambar zinari na Olympics a shekara ta (1996), Ya wakilci Najeriya a wasanni hudu na Kofin Kasashen Afirka : (2000, 2002, 2004 da 2006), inda ya ci duka amma ban da na farko. == Horar da 'Yan Wasa == A watan Agustan shekara ta ( 2009), an nada Lawal a matsayin mataimakin kocin Lobi Stars FC A cikin wannan shekarar, aka dauke shi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa na 'ysn ƙasa da shekaru 17. == Iyali == == Lambobin Yabo == '''Roda JC''' * Kofin KNVB :( 1996 zuwa 1997 da 1999 zuwa 2000) '''Levski Sofia''' * Kofin Bulgaria :( 2002 zuwa 2003) == Manazarta ==  {{Reflist}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1974]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwallan kafa]] [[Category:Shahararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Mazauna Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Kaduna]] ihnj4gh1sh7fvq0tpykyn955nfwpsj8 0 20865 856082 741596 2026-06-13T14:43:13Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ghana-Gabon_(8).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Baba Rahman a yayin fafatawa tsakanin ƙasar Ghana da Gabon]] '''Abdul Rahman Baba''' (an haife shine a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1994) wanda aka fi sani da '''Baba Rahman''', ƙwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na [[Ghana|kasar Ghana]] wanda ke taka leda a gefen hagu a ƙungiyar PAOK ta kasar [[Girka]], a matsayin dan wasan aro daga kungiyar [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], da kuma ƙungiyarsa ta kasar Ghana. Ya fara sana'ar kwallo kafa ne ga Dreams FC, ya buga gasar Firimiya ta Ghana tare da Asante Kotoko. A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar ''Greuther Fürth ta Bundesliga,'' inda ya shafe shekaru biyu. Sannan ya taka leda a ''FC Augsburg'' kafin ya koma Chta sea a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar (2015) kan kudi £ 14 miliyan, mai yuwuwa ya tashi zuwa £ 22 miliyan. Rahman ya fara taka leda ne a duniya a cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar su waɗanda suka zo na biyu a Gasar cin Kofin Afirka ta shekara ta 2015.<ref name=r1 /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://schalke04.de/teams/profis/person/baba-rahman/ | title = Abdul Rahman Baba | publisher = schalke04.de | access-date = 12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003858/https://schalke04.de/teams/profis/person/baba-rahman/|archive-date=13 January 2019}} </ref><ref name="Premier League">{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/baba-Basir |title=Premier League Player Profile Baba Basir |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2016 |publisher=Barclays Premier League |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529134204/https://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/baba-Basir |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="r1">{{cite web | url = http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil/abdul-rahman-baba/ | title = Abdul Rahman Baba | publisher = worldfootball.net | access-date = 8 July 2013 | archive-date = 27 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627083557/http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil/abdul-rahman-baba/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Kundin Farko == === Ghana === Rahman ya fara aiki ne a ''Dreams'' ''FC'' na Ghana Division Two. Bayan wasanni masu ban sha'awa da ya taka, an canza shi aro zuwa ''Asante Kotoko'' na Gasar Premier ta Ghana na tsawon kaka ɗaya. A kakar a shekara ta 2012, Rahman ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe ne na gasar Gwarzon Shekara, daga karshe Joshua Oniku ya doke shi. Bayan zama ɗan wasan da ake nema a lokacinsa tare da [[Kumasi|kulob ɗin Kumasi]], an yi bincike mai tsanani game da ɗan wasan daga [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] na Premier league a Parma na Serie A. === Jamus === [[File:12AbdulRahmanBaba.jpg|left|thumb| Rahman tare da Greuther Fürth a cikin 2012]] Rahman ya sanya hannu ne tare da sabon kungiya ''Greuther Fürth'' a cikin gasar Bundesliga a 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2012. Rahman ya yanke shawarar shiga ''Fürth'' ne saboda kulob ɗin ya ba da, "mafi kyawun yanayin da zan bunkasa sana'ata." A wasan tsere kan 1. ''FC Nürnberg'' a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014 ya ci ƙwallayen sa biyu na farko ga ''Fürth'' a nasarar gida da ci 5-1. Kashegari ya sanya hannu tare da ''FC Augsburg'' na wannan rukunin. A kakar Rahman ta shekarar 2014–15 tare da ''Augsburg'', ya yi fintinkau sau 108, fiye da kowane dan wasa a gasar ''Bundesliga'' a wancan kakar. Ta amfani da ɓangarorin ƙarfinsa da saurin sa, ya sami nasarar cin nasarar 90 daga waɗannan matsalolin, yana fitowa zuwa ƙimar nasara kashi 83%. A waccan lokacin, Rahman shima ya sami kutse har sau 83 kuma ya ci kwallaye 80 na iska. [[File:Baba_Rahman_20160416.jpg|thumb| Baba Rahman yana wasa a Chelsea a 2016]] === Chelsea === ==== Lokacin 2015-16 ==== A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2015, Rahman ya sanya hannu da kungiyar keallon kafa ta kasar Ingila [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyar kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ya ba da rahoton cewa ya zama na farko, ya tashi zuwa farashin kusan £ 22 miliyan. Ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba a karawar UEFA Champions League, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 a gidan Maccabi Tel Aviv. Ya fara buga wasan farko ne a Firimiya Lig a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Stamford Bridge a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba. Ya taka leda a gefen hagu a wasannin ciki har da wasan da suka doke Dynamo Kyiv Champions League daci 2-1. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, Rahman ya yi kuskure wanda ya ba Shane Long na Southampton damar zira ƙwallaye a minti na 42; an maye gurbinsa da Kenedy a rabin lokaci amma daga ƙarshe Chelsea ta ci 2-1 a St. Mary's . ==== Schalke 04 (lamuni) ==== [[File:2018-08-17_1._FC_Schweinfurt_05_vs._FC_Schalke_04_(DFB-Pokal)_by_Sandro_Halank–128.jpg|thumb| Baba yana wasa da Schalke 04 a cikin 2018]] A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, ''FC Schalke 04'' ta tabbatar da cewa Rahman ya koma aro na tsawon lokaci zuwa ƙungiyar bayan ya gaza burge sabon kocin Chelsea Antonio Conte a lokacin shirin. An bai wa Rahman riga mai lamba 14 don kakar wasa mai zuwa. Tsohon manajan ''Augsburg'', Markus Weinzierl ne ya sanya hannu a kansa. Rahman ya fada wa jaridar yankin ''Ruhr Nachrichten'' cewa Conte ya ba shi shawarar ya bar aron domin ya fi son 'yan wasan da ke tsaron gida. Rahman ya fara wasan farko ne a kungiyar ''Gelsenkirchen'' a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe maimakon mai tsaron baya a wasan da suka tashi 4-1 akan FC 08 Villingen a zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal . Ya fara wasan farko a gasar ne a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, yana zuwa Sead Kolašinac a minti na 62 na rashin nasarar 0-0 a ''Eintracht Frankfurt'' a ranar farko ta kakar. Rahman ya ci wa Schalke 04 kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, wasan bai zame kololuwa ba a nasarar da Europa League ta doke OGC Nice. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, Rahman ya koma Schalke 04 a matsayin aro a karo na biyu yana mai yarda da zaman wata 18 har zuwa bazarar shekara ta 2019. ==== Reims (aro) ==== A watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, ya dawo zuwa Chelsea kuma nan da nan aka ba shi lamuni ga Stade de Reims har zuwa ƙarshen kakar. ==== Mallorca (aro) ==== A ranar 2 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019, ranar karshe ta kasuwar musayar ‘yan wasa, aka sake ba da Rahman a matsayin aro na tsawon lokaci, a wannan karon ga sabuwar ƙungiyar ta La Liga da ta ci gaba ''Mallorca'' . ==== PAOK (lamuni) ==== A ranar 30 ga Janairu shekara ta 2021, aka kara bada aron Rahman zuwa ''PAOK'' don ragowar lokacin kakar shekarar 2021 . Ya fara wasan farko ne a ƙungiyar ta Girka a karawar da suka yi da ''Lamia'' a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu inda ya zira kwallon farko a wasan da aka tashi 4-0 wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar sa ta biyu a teburin gasar. == Ayyukan duniya == Rahman ya buga kowane minti na yaƙin Neman nasarar Ghana a Gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na shekara ta 2015 a [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], yana ba da giciye daga inda André Ayew ya ci kwallon da ya ci Afirka ta Kudu ya ci Rukunin C. A wasan karshe da Ivory Coast, Rahman ya ci kwallaye a bugun fenariti inda tawagarsa ta sha kashi 9-8. == Rayuwar mutum == Rahman yana da "Baba", mahaifinsa mai goyon bayan Chelsea ne. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2016, Rahman ya auri budurwarsa wacce suka daɗe tare tun suna yarinta, Selma, a garinsu na Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kulab === {{Updated|match played on 22 May 2021}}<ref>{{Soccerway|abdul-baba-rahman/250040|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Greuther Fürth |2012–13 |Bundesliga |20 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |0 |- |2013–14 |2.Bundesliga |22 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |25 |0 |- |2014–15 |2.Bundesliga |2 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !44 !2 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !48 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |FC Augsburg |2014–15 |Bundesliga |31 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |31 |0 |- |2015–16 |Bundesliga |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !31 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !32 !0 |- |[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] |2015–16 |Premier League |15 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 |23 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Schalke 04 (loan) |2016–17 |Bundesliga |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6 |1 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- |2017–18 |Bundesliga |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2018–19 |Bundesliga |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !16 !0 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !7 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !26 !1 |- |Reims (loan) |2018–19 |Ligue 1 |11 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |1 |- |Mallorca (loan) |2019–20 |La Liga |2 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |PAOK (loan) |2020–21 |Super League Greece |13 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |17 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !132 !4 !15 !0 !2 !0 !11 !1 !2 !0 !162 !5 |}   === Na duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Ghana |- ! Shekara ! Ayyuka ! Goals |- | 2014 | 5 | 0 |- | 2015 | 11 | 0 |- | 2016 | 8 | 0 |- | 2017 | 1 | 0 |- | 2018 | 0 | 0 |- | 2019 | 3 | 0 |- | 2020 | 2 | 0 |- | 2021 | 2 | 1 |- ! Jimla ! 32 ! 1 |} ==== Manufofin duniya ==== : ''Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan ƙwallayen da Ghana ta fara.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !A'a ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Kishiya ! Ci ! Sakamakon ! Gasa |- | 1. | 28 Maris 2021 | Filin Wasannin Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana |</img> São Tomé da Príncipe | align="center" | '''3''' –0 | align="center" | 3-1 | 2021 neman cancantar buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika |} == Daraja == === Kulab === '''Asante Kotoko FC''' * Gasar Premier ta Ghana : 2011–12 '''PAOK''' * Kofin Girka : 2020–21 '''Ghana''' * Gasar cin Kofin Ƙasashen Afirka : 2015 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1994]] [[Category:Yan' Ghana]] [[Category:Ƴan Wasa]] [[Category:Mutanen Gana]] [[Category:Yan kwallo]] [[Category:Yan kwallon kafa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gk8odg6h0l92253oruef2s2tn29bxq2 856083 856082 2026-06-13T14:43:32Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ghana */ 856083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ghana-Gabon_(8).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Baba Rahman a yayin fafatawa tsakanin ƙasar Ghana da Gabon]] '''Abdul Rahman Baba''' (an haife shine a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1994) wanda aka fi sani da '''Baba Rahman''', ƙwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na [[Ghana|kasar Ghana]] wanda ke taka leda a gefen hagu a ƙungiyar PAOK ta kasar [[Girka]], a matsayin dan wasan aro daga kungiyar [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], da kuma ƙungiyarsa ta kasar Ghana. Ya fara sana'ar kwallo kafa ne ga Dreams FC, ya buga gasar Firimiya ta Ghana tare da Asante Kotoko. A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar ''Greuther Fürth ta Bundesliga,'' inda ya shafe shekaru biyu. Sannan ya taka leda a ''FC Augsburg'' kafin ya koma Chta sea a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar (2015) kan kudi £ 14 miliyan, mai yuwuwa ya tashi zuwa £ 22 miliyan. Rahman ya fara taka leda ne a duniya a cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar su waɗanda suka zo na biyu a Gasar cin Kofin Afirka ta shekara ta 2015.<ref name=r1 /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://schalke04.de/teams/profis/person/baba-rahman/ | title = Abdul Rahman Baba | publisher = schalke04.de | access-date = 12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003858/https://schalke04.de/teams/profis/person/baba-rahman/|archive-date=13 January 2019}} </ref><ref name="Premier League">{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/baba-Basir |title=Premier League Player Profile Baba Basir |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2016 |publisher=Barclays Premier League |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529134204/https://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/baba-Basir |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="r1">{{cite web | url = http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil/abdul-rahman-baba/ | title = Abdul Rahman Baba | publisher = worldfootball.net | access-date = 8 July 2013 | archive-date = 27 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627083557/http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil/abdul-rahman-baba/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Kundin Farko == === Ghana === Rahman ya fara aiki ne a ''Dreams'' ''FC'' na kasar Ghana Division Two. Bayan wasanni masu ban sha'awa da ya taka, an canza shi aro zuwa ''Asante Kotoko'' na Gasar Premier ta Ghana na tsawon kaka ɗaya. A kakar a shekara ta 2012, Rahman ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe ne na gasar Gwarzon Shekara, daga karshe Joshua Oniku ya doke shi. Bayan zama ɗan wasan da ake nema a lokacinsa tare da [[Kumasi|kulob ɗin Kumasi]], an yi bincike mai tsanani game da ɗan wasan daga [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] na Premier league a Parma na Serie A. === Jamus === [[File:12AbdulRahmanBaba.jpg|left|thumb| Rahman tare da Greuther Fürth a cikin 2012]] Rahman ya sanya hannu ne tare da sabon kungiya ''Greuther Fürth'' a cikin gasar Bundesliga a 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2012. Rahman ya yanke shawarar shiga ''Fürth'' ne saboda kulob ɗin ya ba da, "mafi kyawun yanayin da zan bunkasa sana'ata." A wasan tsere kan 1. ''FC Nürnberg'' a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014 ya ci ƙwallayen sa biyu na farko ga ''Fürth'' a nasarar gida da ci 5-1. Kashegari ya sanya hannu tare da ''FC Augsburg'' na wannan rukunin. A kakar Rahman ta shekarar 2014–15 tare da ''Augsburg'', ya yi fintinkau sau 108, fiye da kowane dan wasa a gasar ''Bundesliga'' a wancan kakar. Ta amfani da ɓangarorin ƙarfinsa da saurin sa, ya sami nasarar cin nasarar 90 daga waɗannan matsalolin, yana fitowa zuwa ƙimar nasara kashi 83%. A waccan lokacin, Rahman shima ya sami kutse har sau 83 kuma ya ci kwallaye 80 na iska. [[File:Baba_Rahman_20160416.jpg|thumb| Baba Rahman yana wasa a Chelsea a 2016]] === Chelsea === ==== Lokacin 2015-16 ==== A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2015, Rahman ya sanya hannu da kungiyar keallon kafa ta kasar Ingila [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyar kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ya ba da rahoton cewa ya zama na farko, ya tashi zuwa farashin kusan £ 22 miliyan. Ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba a karawar UEFA Champions League, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 a gidan Maccabi Tel Aviv. Ya fara buga wasan farko ne a Firimiya Lig a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Stamford Bridge a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba. Ya taka leda a gefen hagu a wasannin ciki har da wasan da suka doke Dynamo Kyiv Champions League daci 2-1. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, Rahman ya yi kuskure wanda ya ba Shane Long na Southampton damar zira ƙwallaye a minti na 42; an maye gurbinsa da Kenedy a rabin lokaci amma daga ƙarshe Chelsea ta ci 2-1 a St. Mary's . ==== Schalke 04 (lamuni) ==== [[File:2018-08-17_1._FC_Schweinfurt_05_vs._FC_Schalke_04_(DFB-Pokal)_by_Sandro_Halank–128.jpg|thumb| Baba yana wasa da Schalke 04 a cikin 2018]] A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, ''FC Schalke 04'' ta tabbatar da cewa Rahman ya koma aro na tsawon lokaci zuwa ƙungiyar bayan ya gaza burge sabon kocin Chelsea Antonio Conte a lokacin shirin. An bai wa Rahman riga mai lamba 14 don kakar wasa mai zuwa. Tsohon manajan ''Augsburg'', Markus Weinzierl ne ya sanya hannu a kansa. Rahman ya fada wa jaridar yankin ''Ruhr Nachrichten'' cewa Conte ya ba shi shawarar ya bar aron domin ya fi son 'yan wasan da ke tsaron gida. Rahman ya fara wasan farko ne a kungiyar ''Gelsenkirchen'' a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe maimakon mai tsaron baya a wasan da suka tashi 4-1 akan FC 08 Villingen a zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal . Ya fara wasan farko a gasar ne a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, yana zuwa Sead Kolašinac a minti na 62 na rashin nasarar 0-0 a ''Eintracht Frankfurt'' a ranar farko ta kakar. Rahman ya ci wa Schalke 04 kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, wasan bai zame kololuwa ba a nasarar da Europa League ta doke OGC Nice. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, Rahman ya koma Schalke 04 a matsayin aro a karo na biyu yana mai yarda da zaman wata 18 har zuwa bazarar shekara ta 2019. ==== Reims (aro) ==== A watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, ya dawo zuwa Chelsea kuma nan da nan aka ba shi lamuni ga Stade de Reims har zuwa ƙarshen kakar. ==== Mallorca (aro) ==== A ranar 2 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019, ranar karshe ta kasuwar musayar ‘yan wasa, aka sake ba da Rahman a matsayin aro na tsawon lokaci, a wannan karon ga sabuwar ƙungiyar ta La Liga da ta ci gaba ''Mallorca'' . ==== PAOK (lamuni) ==== A ranar 30 ga Janairu shekara ta 2021, aka kara bada aron Rahman zuwa ''PAOK'' don ragowar lokacin kakar shekarar 2021 . Ya fara wasan farko ne a ƙungiyar ta Girka a karawar da suka yi da ''Lamia'' a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu inda ya zira kwallon farko a wasan da aka tashi 4-0 wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar sa ta biyu a teburin gasar. == Ayyukan duniya == Rahman ya buga kowane minti na yaƙin Neman nasarar Ghana a Gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na shekara ta 2015 a [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], yana ba da giciye daga inda André Ayew ya ci kwallon da ya ci Afirka ta Kudu ya ci Rukunin C. A wasan karshe da Ivory Coast, Rahman ya ci kwallaye a bugun fenariti inda tawagarsa ta sha kashi 9-8. == Rayuwar mutum == Rahman yana da "Baba", mahaifinsa mai goyon bayan Chelsea ne. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2016, Rahman ya auri budurwarsa wacce suka daɗe tare tun suna yarinta, Selma, a garinsu na Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kulab === {{Updated|match played on 22 May 2021}}<ref>{{Soccerway|abdul-baba-rahman/250040|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Greuther Fürth |2012–13 |Bundesliga |20 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |0 |- |2013–14 |2.Bundesliga |22 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |25 |0 |- |2014–15 |2.Bundesliga |2 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !44 !2 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !48 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |FC Augsburg |2014–15 |Bundesliga |31 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |31 |0 |- |2015–16 |Bundesliga |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !31 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !32 !0 |- |[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] |2015–16 |Premier League |15 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 |23 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Schalke 04 (loan) |2016–17 |Bundesliga |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6 |1 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- |2017–18 |Bundesliga |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2018–19 |Bundesliga |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !16 !0 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !7 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !26 !1 |- |Reims (loan) |2018–19 |Ligue 1 |11 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |1 |- |Mallorca (loan) |2019–20 |La Liga |2 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |PAOK (loan) |2020–21 |Super League Greece |13 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |17 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !132 !4 !15 !0 !2 !0 !11 !1 !2 !0 !162 !5 |}   === Na duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Ghana |- ! Shekara ! Ayyuka ! Goals |- | 2014 | 5 | 0 |- | 2015 | 11 | 0 |- | 2016 | 8 | 0 |- | 2017 | 1 | 0 |- | 2018 | 0 | 0 |- | 2019 | 3 | 0 |- | 2020 | 2 | 0 |- | 2021 | 2 | 1 |- ! Jimla ! 32 ! 1 |} ==== Manufofin duniya ==== : ''Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan ƙwallayen da Ghana ta fara.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !A'a ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Kishiya ! Ci ! Sakamakon ! Gasa |- | 1. | 28 Maris 2021 | Filin Wasannin Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana |</img> São Tomé da Príncipe | align="center" | '''3''' –0 | align="center" | 3-1 | 2021 neman cancantar buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika |} == Daraja == === Kulab === '''Asante Kotoko FC''' * Gasar Premier ta Ghana : 2011–12 '''PAOK''' * Kofin Girka : 2020–21 '''Ghana''' * Gasar cin Kofin Ƙasashen Afirka : 2015 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1994]] [[Category:Yan' Ghana]] [[Category:Ƴan Wasa]] [[Category:Mutanen Gana]] [[Category:Yan kwallo]] [[Category:Yan kwallon kafa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ihjnuoeuwds64az3hhstalskdz6h67w 856084 856083 2026-06-13T14:49:10Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyukan duniya */ 856084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ghana-Gabon_(8).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Baba Rahman a yayin fafatawa tsakanin ƙasar Ghana da Gabon]] '''Abdul Rahman Baba''' (an haife shine a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1994) wanda aka fi sani da '''Baba Rahman''', ƙwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na [[Ghana|kasar Ghana]] wanda ke taka leda a gefen hagu a ƙungiyar PAOK ta kasar [[Girka]], a matsayin dan wasan aro daga kungiyar [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], da kuma ƙungiyarsa ta kasar Ghana. Ya fara sana'ar kwallo kafa ne ga Dreams FC, ya buga gasar Firimiya ta Ghana tare da Asante Kotoko. A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar ''Greuther Fürth ta Bundesliga,'' inda ya shafe shekaru biyu. Sannan ya taka leda a ''FC Augsburg'' kafin ya koma Chta sea a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar (2015) kan kudi £ 14 miliyan, mai yuwuwa ya tashi zuwa £ 22 miliyan. Rahman ya fara taka leda ne a duniya a cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar su waɗanda suka zo na biyu a Gasar cin Kofin Afirka ta shekara ta 2015.<ref name=r1 /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://schalke04.de/teams/profis/person/baba-rahman/ | title = Abdul Rahman Baba | publisher = schalke04.de | access-date = 12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003858/https://schalke04.de/teams/profis/person/baba-rahman/|archive-date=13 January 2019}} </ref><ref name="Premier League">{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/baba-Basir |title=Premier League Player Profile Baba Basir |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2016 |publisher=Barclays Premier League |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529134204/https://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/baba-Basir |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="r1">{{cite web | url = http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil/abdul-rahman-baba/ | title = Abdul Rahman Baba | publisher = worldfootball.net | access-date = 8 July 2013 | archive-date = 27 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627083557/http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil/abdul-rahman-baba/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Kundin Farko == === Ghana === Rahman ya fara aiki ne a ''Dreams'' ''FC'' na kasar Ghana Division Two. Bayan wasanni masu ban sha'awa da ya taka, an canza shi aro zuwa ''Asante Kotoko'' na Gasar Premier ta Ghana na tsawon kaka ɗaya. A kakar a shekara ta 2012, Rahman ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe ne na gasar Gwarzon Shekara, daga karshe Joshua Oniku ya doke shi. Bayan zama ɗan wasan da ake nema a lokacinsa tare da [[Kumasi|kulob ɗin Kumasi]], an yi bincike mai tsanani game da ɗan wasan daga [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] na Premier league a Parma na Serie A. === Jamus === [[File:12AbdulRahmanBaba.jpg|left|thumb| Rahman tare da Greuther Fürth a cikin 2012]] Rahman ya sanya hannu ne tare da sabon kungiya ''Greuther Fürth'' a cikin gasar Bundesliga a 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2012. Rahman ya yanke shawarar shiga ''Fürth'' ne saboda kulob ɗin ya ba da, "mafi kyawun yanayin da zan bunkasa sana'ata." A wasan tsere kan 1. ''FC Nürnberg'' a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014 ya ci ƙwallayen sa biyu na farko ga ''Fürth'' a nasarar gida da ci 5-1. Kashegari ya sanya hannu tare da ''FC Augsburg'' na wannan rukunin. A kakar Rahman ta shekarar 2014–15 tare da ''Augsburg'', ya yi fintinkau sau 108, fiye da kowane dan wasa a gasar ''Bundesliga'' a wancan kakar. Ta amfani da ɓangarorin ƙarfinsa da saurin sa, ya sami nasarar cin nasarar 90 daga waɗannan matsalolin, yana fitowa zuwa ƙimar nasara kashi 83%. A waccan lokacin, Rahman shima ya sami kutse har sau 83 kuma ya ci kwallaye 80 na iska. [[File:Baba_Rahman_20160416.jpg|thumb| Baba Rahman yana wasa a Chelsea a 2016]] === Chelsea === ==== Lokacin 2015-16 ==== A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2015, Rahman ya sanya hannu da kungiyar keallon kafa ta kasar Ingila [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyar kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ya ba da rahoton cewa ya zama na farko, ya tashi zuwa farashin kusan £ 22 miliyan. Ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba a karawar UEFA Champions League, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 a gidan Maccabi Tel Aviv. Ya fara buga wasan farko ne a Firimiya Lig a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Stamford Bridge a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba. Ya taka leda a gefen hagu a wasannin ciki har da wasan da suka doke Dynamo Kyiv Champions League daci 2-1. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, Rahman ya yi kuskure wanda ya ba Shane Long na Southampton damar zira ƙwallaye a minti na 42; an maye gurbinsa da Kenedy a rabin lokaci amma daga ƙarshe Chelsea ta ci 2-1 a St. Mary's . ==== Schalke 04 (lamuni) ==== [[File:2018-08-17_1._FC_Schweinfurt_05_vs._FC_Schalke_04_(DFB-Pokal)_by_Sandro_Halank–128.jpg|thumb| Baba yana wasa da Schalke 04 a cikin 2018]] A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, ''FC Schalke 04'' ta tabbatar da cewa Rahman ya koma aro na tsawon lokaci zuwa ƙungiyar bayan ya gaza burge sabon kocin Chelsea Antonio Conte a lokacin shirin. An bai wa Rahman riga mai lamba 14 don kakar wasa mai zuwa. Tsohon manajan ''Augsburg'', Markus Weinzierl ne ya sanya hannu a kansa. Rahman ya fada wa jaridar yankin ''Ruhr Nachrichten'' cewa Conte ya ba shi shawarar ya bar aron domin ya fi son 'yan wasan da ke tsaron gida. Rahman ya fara wasan farko ne a kungiyar ''Gelsenkirchen'' a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe maimakon mai tsaron baya a wasan da suka tashi 4-1 akan FC 08 Villingen a zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal . Ya fara wasan farko a gasar ne a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, yana zuwa Sead Kolašinac a minti na 62 na rashin nasarar 0-0 a ''Eintracht Frankfurt'' a ranar farko ta kakar. Rahman ya ci wa Schalke 04 kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, wasan bai zame kololuwa ba a nasarar da Europa League ta doke OGC Nice. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, Rahman ya koma Schalke 04 a matsayin aro a karo na biyu yana mai yarda da zaman wata 18 har zuwa bazarar shekara ta 2019. ==== Reims (aro) ==== A watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, ya dawo zuwa Chelsea kuma nan da nan aka ba shi lamuni ga Stade de Reims har zuwa ƙarshen kakar. ==== Mallorca (aro) ==== A ranar 2 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019, ranar karshe ta kasuwar musayar ‘yan wasa, aka sake ba da Rahman a matsayin aro na tsawon lokaci, a wannan karon ga sabuwar ƙungiyar ta La Liga da ta ci gaba ''Mallorca'' . ==== PAOK (lamuni) ==== A ranar 30 ga Janairu shekara ta 2021, aka kara bada aron Rahman zuwa ''PAOK'' don ragowar lokacin kakar shekarar 2021 . Ya fara wasan farko ne a ƙungiyar ta Girka a karawar da suka yi da ''Lamia'' a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu inda ya zira kwallon farko a wasan da aka tashi 4-0 wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar sa ta biyu a teburin gasar. == Ayyukan duniya == Rahman ya buga kowane minti na yaƙin Neman nasarar Ghana a Gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na shekara ta 2015 a [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], yana ba da giciye daga inda André Ayew ya ci kwallon da ya ci Afirka ta Kudu ya ci Rukunin C. A wasan karshe da Ivory Coast, Rahman ya ci kwallaye, a bugun fenariti inda tawagarsa ta sha kashi 9-8. == Rayuwar mutum == Rahman yana da "Baba", mahaifinsa mai goyon bayan Chelsea ne. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2016, Rahman ya auri budurwarsa wacce suka daɗe tare tun suna yarinta, Selma, a garinsu na Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kulab === {{Updated|match played on 22 May 2021}}<ref>{{Soccerway|abdul-baba-rahman/250040|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Greuther Fürth |2012–13 |Bundesliga |20 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |0 |- |2013–14 |2.Bundesliga |22 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |25 |0 |- |2014–15 |2.Bundesliga |2 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !44 !2 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !48 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |FC Augsburg |2014–15 |Bundesliga |31 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |31 |0 |- |2015–16 |Bundesliga |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !31 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !32 !0 |- |[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] |2015–16 |Premier League |15 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 |23 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Schalke 04 (loan) |2016–17 |Bundesliga |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6 |1 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- |2017–18 |Bundesliga |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2018–19 |Bundesliga |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !16 !0 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !7 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !26 !1 |- |Reims (loan) |2018–19 |Ligue 1 |11 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |1 |- |Mallorca (loan) |2019–20 |La Liga |2 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |PAOK (loan) |2020–21 |Super League Greece |13 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |17 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !132 !4 !15 !0 !2 !0 !11 !1 !2 !0 !162 !5 |}   === Na duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Ghana |- ! Shekara ! Ayyuka ! Goals |- | 2014 | 5 | 0 |- | 2015 | 11 | 0 |- | 2016 | 8 | 0 |- | 2017 | 1 | 0 |- | 2018 | 0 | 0 |- | 2019 | 3 | 0 |- | 2020 | 2 | 0 |- | 2021 | 2 | 1 |- ! Jimla ! 32 ! 1 |} ==== Manufofin duniya ==== : ''Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan ƙwallayen da Ghana ta fara.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !A'a ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Kishiya ! Ci ! Sakamakon ! Gasa |- | 1. | 28 Maris 2021 | Filin Wasannin Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana |</img> São Tomé da Príncipe | align="center" | '''3''' –0 | align="center" | 3-1 | 2021 neman cancantar buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika |} == Daraja == === Kulab === '''Asante Kotoko FC''' * Gasar Premier ta Ghana : 2011–12 '''PAOK''' * Kofin Girka : 2020–21 '''Ghana''' * Gasar cin Kofin Ƙasashen Afirka : 2015 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1994]] [[Category:Yan' Ghana]] [[Category:Ƴan Wasa]] [[Category:Mutanen Gana]] [[Category:Yan kwallo]] [[Category:Yan kwallon kafa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6w6ixo9i87xeoqg3e1l6rw68cu90wp6 856085 856084 2026-06-13T14:49:38Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwar mutum */ 856085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ghana-Gabon_(8).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Baba Rahman a yayin fafatawa tsakanin ƙasar Ghana da Gabon]] '''Abdul Rahman Baba''' (an haife shine a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1994) wanda aka fi sani da '''Baba Rahman''', ƙwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na [[Ghana|kasar Ghana]] wanda ke taka leda a gefen hagu a ƙungiyar PAOK ta kasar [[Girka]], a matsayin dan wasan aro daga kungiyar [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], da kuma ƙungiyarsa ta kasar Ghana. Ya fara sana'ar kwallo kafa ne ga Dreams FC, ya buga gasar Firimiya ta Ghana tare da Asante Kotoko. A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar ''Greuther Fürth ta Bundesliga,'' inda ya shafe shekaru biyu. Sannan ya taka leda a ''FC Augsburg'' kafin ya koma Chta sea a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar (2015) kan kudi £ 14 miliyan, mai yuwuwa ya tashi zuwa £ 22 miliyan. Rahman ya fara taka leda ne a duniya a cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar su waɗanda suka zo na biyu a Gasar cin Kofin Afirka ta shekara ta 2015.<ref name=r1 /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://schalke04.de/teams/profis/person/baba-rahman/ | title = Abdul Rahman Baba | publisher = schalke04.de | access-date = 12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003858/https://schalke04.de/teams/profis/person/baba-rahman/|archive-date=13 January 2019}} </ref><ref name="Premier League">{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/baba-Basir |title=Premier League Player Profile Baba Basir |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2016 |publisher=Barclays Premier League |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529134204/https://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/baba-Basir |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="r1">{{cite web | url = http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil/abdul-rahman-baba/ | title = Abdul Rahman Baba | publisher = worldfootball.net | access-date = 8 July 2013 | archive-date = 27 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627083557/http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil/abdul-rahman-baba/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Kundin Farko == === Ghana === Rahman ya fara aiki ne a ''Dreams'' ''FC'' na kasar Ghana Division Two. Bayan wasanni masu ban sha'awa da ya taka, an canza shi aro zuwa ''Asante Kotoko'' na Gasar Premier ta Ghana na tsawon kaka ɗaya. A kakar a shekara ta 2012, Rahman ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe ne na gasar Gwarzon Shekara, daga karshe Joshua Oniku ya doke shi. Bayan zama ɗan wasan da ake nema a lokacinsa tare da [[Kumasi|kulob ɗin Kumasi]], an yi bincike mai tsanani game da ɗan wasan daga [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] na Premier league a Parma na Serie A. === Jamus === [[File:12AbdulRahmanBaba.jpg|left|thumb| Rahman tare da Greuther Fürth a cikin 2012]] Rahman ya sanya hannu ne tare da sabon kungiya ''Greuther Fürth'' a cikin gasar Bundesliga a 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2012. Rahman ya yanke shawarar shiga ''Fürth'' ne saboda kulob ɗin ya ba da, "mafi kyawun yanayin da zan bunkasa sana'ata." A wasan tsere kan 1. ''FC Nürnberg'' a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014 ya ci ƙwallayen sa biyu na farko ga ''Fürth'' a nasarar gida da ci 5-1. Kashegari ya sanya hannu tare da ''FC Augsburg'' na wannan rukunin. A kakar Rahman ta shekarar 2014–15 tare da ''Augsburg'', ya yi fintinkau sau 108, fiye da kowane dan wasa a gasar ''Bundesliga'' a wancan kakar. Ta amfani da ɓangarorin ƙarfinsa da saurin sa, ya sami nasarar cin nasarar 90 daga waɗannan matsalolin, yana fitowa zuwa ƙimar nasara kashi 83%. A waccan lokacin, Rahman shima ya sami kutse har sau 83 kuma ya ci kwallaye 80 na iska. [[File:Baba_Rahman_20160416.jpg|thumb| Baba Rahman yana wasa a Chelsea a 2016]] === Chelsea === ==== Lokacin 2015-16 ==== A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2015, Rahman ya sanya hannu da kungiyar keallon kafa ta kasar Ingila [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyar kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ya ba da rahoton cewa ya zama na farko, ya tashi zuwa farashin kusan £ 22 miliyan. Ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba a karawar UEFA Champions League, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 a gidan Maccabi Tel Aviv. Ya fara buga wasan farko ne a Firimiya Lig a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Stamford Bridge a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba. Ya taka leda a gefen hagu a wasannin ciki har da wasan da suka doke Dynamo Kyiv Champions League daci 2-1. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, Rahman ya yi kuskure wanda ya ba Shane Long na Southampton damar zira ƙwallaye a minti na 42; an maye gurbinsa da Kenedy a rabin lokaci amma daga ƙarshe Chelsea ta ci 2-1 a St. Mary's . ==== Schalke 04 (lamuni) ==== [[File:2018-08-17_1._FC_Schweinfurt_05_vs._FC_Schalke_04_(DFB-Pokal)_by_Sandro_Halank–128.jpg|thumb| Baba yana wasa da Schalke 04 a cikin 2018]] A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, ''FC Schalke 04'' ta tabbatar da cewa Rahman ya koma aro na tsawon lokaci zuwa ƙungiyar bayan ya gaza burge sabon kocin Chelsea Antonio Conte a lokacin shirin. An bai wa Rahman riga mai lamba 14 don kakar wasa mai zuwa. Tsohon manajan ''Augsburg'', Markus Weinzierl ne ya sanya hannu a kansa. Rahman ya fada wa jaridar yankin ''Ruhr Nachrichten'' cewa Conte ya ba shi shawarar ya bar aron domin ya fi son 'yan wasan da ke tsaron gida. Rahman ya fara wasan farko ne a kungiyar ''Gelsenkirchen'' a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe maimakon mai tsaron baya a wasan da suka tashi 4-1 akan FC 08 Villingen a zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal . Ya fara wasan farko a gasar ne a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, yana zuwa Sead Kolašinac a minti na 62 na rashin nasarar 0-0 a ''Eintracht Frankfurt'' a ranar farko ta kakar. Rahman ya ci wa Schalke 04 kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, wasan bai zame kololuwa ba a nasarar da Europa League ta doke OGC Nice. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, Rahman ya koma Schalke 04 a matsayin aro a karo na biyu yana mai yarda da zaman wata 18 har zuwa bazarar shekara ta 2019. ==== Reims (aro) ==== A watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, ya dawo zuwa Chelsea kuma nan da nan aka ba shi lamuni ga Stade de Reims har zuwa ƙarshen kakar. ==== Mallorca (aro) ==== A ranar 2 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019, ranar karshe ta kasuwar musayar ‘yan wasa, aka sake ba da Rahman a matsayin aro na tsawon lokaci, a wannan karon ga sabuwar ƙungiyar ta La Liga da ta ci gaba ''Mallorca'' . ==== PAOK (lamuni) ==== A ranar 30 ga Janairu shekara ta 2021, aka kara bada aron Rahman zuwa ''PAOK'' don ragowar lokacin kakar shekarar 2021 . Ya fara wasan farko ne a ƙungiyar ta Girka a karawar da suka yi da ''Lamia'' a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu inda ya zira kwallon farko a wasan da aka tashi 4-0 wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar sa ta biyu a teburin gasar. == Ayyukan duniya == Rahman ya buga kowane minti na yaƙin Neman nasarar Ghana a Gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na shekara ta 2015 a [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], yana ba da giciye daga inda André Ayew ya ci kwallon da ya ci Afirka ta Kudu ya ci Rukunin C. A wasan karshe da Ivory Coast, Rahman ya ci kwallaye, a bugun fenariti inda tawagarsa ta sha kashi 9-8. == Rayuwar mutum == Rahman yana da "Baba", mahaifinsa mai goyon bayan Chelsea ne. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2016, Rahman ya auri budurwarsa wacce suka daɗe tare tun suna yarinta, Selma, a garinsu na Tamale da ke arewacin kasar Ghana. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kulab === {{Updated|match played on 22 May 2021}}<ref>{{Soccerway|abdul-baba-rahman/250040|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Greuther Fürth |2012–13 |Bundesliga |20 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |0 |- |2013–14 |2.Bundesliga |22 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |25 |0 |- |2014–15 |2.Bundesliga |2 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !44 !2 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !48 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |FC Augsburg |2014–15 |Bundesliga |31 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |31 |0 |- |2015–16 |Bundesliga |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !31 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !32 !0 |- |[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] |2015–16 |Premier League |15 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 |23 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Schalke 04 (loan) |2016–17 |Bundesliga |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6 |1 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- |2017–18 |Bundesliga |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2018–19 |Bundesliga |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !16 !0 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !7 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !26 !1 |- |Reims (loan) |2018–19 |Ligue 1 |11 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |1 |- |Mallorca (loan) |2019–20 |La Liga |2 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |PAOK (loan) |2020–21 |Super League Greece |13 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |17 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !132 !4 !15 !0 !2 !0 !11 !1 !2 !0 !162 !5 |}   === Na duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Ghana |- ! Shekara ! Ayyuka ! Goals |- | 2014 | 5 | 0 |- | 2015 | 11 | 0 |- | 2016 | 8 | 0 |- | 2017 | 1 | 0 |- | 2018 | 0 | 0 |- | 2019 | 3 | 0 |- | 2020 | 2 | 0 |- | 2021 | 2 | 1 |- ! Jimla ! 32 ! 1 |} ==== Manufofin duniya ==== : ''Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan ƙwallayen da Ghana ta fara.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !A'a ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Kishiya ! Ci ! Sakamakon ! Gasa |- | 1. | 28 Maris 2021 | Filin Wasannin Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana |</img> São Tomé da Príncipe | align="center" | '''3''' –0 | align="center" | 3-1 | 2021 neman cancantar buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika |} == Daraja == === Kulab === '''Asante Kotoko FC''' * Gasar Premier ta Ghana : 2011–12 '''PAOK''' * Kofin Girka : 2020–21 '''Ghana''' * Gasar cin Kofin Ƙasashen Afirka : 2015 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1994]] [[Category:Yan' Ghana]] [[Category:Ƴan Wasa]] [[Category:Mutanen Gana]] [[Category:Yan kwallo]] [[Category:Yan kwallon kafa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 218xcm3od7gsznj51wcob00xc8eh4cr 0 21522 856808 363074 2026-06-14T10:41:43Z Zahrah0 14848 856808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walid Azaro''' ( {{Lang-ar|وليد أزارو}} ; an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yunin shekarar alif 1995) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallan Kwando|ƙafa ta ƙasar]] Maroko da ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar Al-Ettifaq ta Saudi Arabiya da ƙungiyar ƙasar Maroko . Bayan ya fara aiki a kasarsa, ya koma kungiyar Al Ahly a shekarar 2017 kuma ya kammala a matsayin dan wasan da yafi zura kwallaye a gasar Firimiya ta Masar a kakarsa ta farko. Ya fara buga wa kasar sa wasa na farko a Morocco a shekarar 2017. == Klub din == An haifi Azaro a Agadir kuma ya girma ne a cikin garin Aït Melloul . Ya fara aikinsa tare da Adrar Souss a rukuni na uku na gasar larabawa. Ya shiga Difaâ Hassani El Jadidi a shekarar 2015, inda kuma ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. A lokacin kakar shekarar 2016-17, ya gama matsayin babban dan wasan da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye goma sha biyu. A watan Yulin shekarar 2017, Azaro ya ƙi amincewa da tayin da yawa daga kungiyoyin Turai don shiga kungiyar Al Ahly ta Firimiya ta Masar a kan yarjejeniyar shekara huɗu kan farashin dala miliyan 1.4, duk da cewa manajan ƙungiyar ta Maroko Hervé Renard yana ƙoƙari ya shawo kansa ya koma Turai. Canjin nasa ya gan shi ya zama dan kasar Morocco na farko da ya fara wasa a kulob din. A kakarsa ta farko tare da kungiyar, Azaro ya ci kwallaye 18 a gasar laliga wanda ya kare a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar Premier ta Masar kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar Al-Ahly ta lashe gasar ta 40 a gasar. Yawan nasa ya nuna ya karya tarihin cin kwallayen da dan wasan waje ya ci a gasar Firimiya ta Masar, ya zarce na baya da ya ci na 17 wanda Flávio Amado da John Utaka suka rike. Ya kuma zarce na Stanley Ohawuchi wanda ya kafa tarihin zira kwallaye a raga a gasar Firimiya ta Masar da dan wasa ya buga a kakarsu ta farko. Ya kuma ci kwallo daya tilo a gasar Super Cup ta Masar a 2017 kuma ya ci kwallaye uku a ragar kungiyar 'Tunisia' Tunistoile Sportive du Sahel a wasan dab da na karshe na gasar CAF Champions League na shekarar 2017. Wasannin nasa sun ja hankali daga kungiyoyi da yawa kuma Al Ahly tayi watsi da tayin da kungiyar [[Al-Nassr]] ta William Jebor ta Saudiyya tayi tare da karin kudi. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2020, Azaro ya amince ya koma kulob ɗin Al-Ettifaq na Saudiyya kan yarjejeniyar din-din-din har tsawon shekaru biyu, bayan an ba da shi aro tun Janairu. == Ayyukan duniya == Azaro ya fara buga wa Morocco wasa ne a ranar 24 ga Maris din 2017 a matsayin wanda ya sauya yayin wasan da suka doke Burkina Faso da ci 2-0. <ref>{{NFT player|access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> An saka shi cikin jerin farko na Morocco don gasar [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018]] amma daga baya aka cire shi daga kungiyar ta karshe. == Daraja == === Kulab === '''Al Ahly''' <ref>{{Soccerway|walid-azarou/485205}}</ref> * Gasar Premier ta Masar : 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20 * Kofin Masar : 2017, 2019–20 * Kofin Masari na Masar: 2018 * CAF Champions League : 2020 === Kowane mutum === * Firimiyan Masar da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga : 2017–18 == Manazarta == [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa]] [[Category:Mazan karni na 21st]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] kk5bh5u5rwqhgnbhvtht8iugcik9l0c 0 21642 856764 479522 2026-06-14T10:16:43Z Zahrah0 14848 856764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Yahya El Hindi Nejmeh 2019 (crop).jpg|thumb]] '''Yahya Mosbah El Hindi''' ( /j ɑː j ɑː ɛ l H i n d i / . {{Lang-ar|يحيى مصباح الهندي}} , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [ˈJaħja lˈhɪnde, -di ] ; an haife shi 24 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da takwas 1998)dan [[Kwallan Kwando|kwallon]] Labanan ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya na kungiyar Budaiya ta Bahrain. El Hindi ya fara aikinsa na farko a Sydney Olympics a shekarar 2017, kafin ya koma Parramatta a tsakiyar shekarar 2018. A lokacin bazarar musayar hunturu na shekarar 2019, El Hindi ya koma kungiyar Nejmeh ta Labanon, sannan ya koma Safa, wani kulob din da ke tushen [[Beirut|Beirut, bayan watanni shida.]] A cikin shekarar 2020 El Hindi ya koma Budaiya a Bahrain. Haihuwar Ostiraliya, El Hindi dan asalin Lebanon ne kuma ya wakilci Lebanon a Gasar WAFF ta shekarar 2019 . == Rayuwar farko == Australiya a haihuwa, El Hindi shima yana da ɗan ƙasar Lebanon saboda asalin sa. An haife shi a [[Sydney]], kuma ya tashi a cikin unguwannin bayan gari na Bankstown . == Klub din == === Ostiraliya === [[Fayil:Yahya El Hindi Nejmeh 2019.jpg|thumb|Yahya El Hindi]] El Hindi ya fara aikin samartaka a Fraser Park a shekarar 2014, kafin ya sanya hannu don Rydalmere Lions shekara mai zuwa. Bayan ya yi wasa a kungiyar matasa ta Rockdale City Suns a shekarar 2016, El Hindi ya koma Sydney Olympic a shekarar 2017. A tsakiyar kaka a 2018 ya koma Parramatta, inda ya buga wasanni 10 a cikin 2018 NPL NSW 2 . === Labanon === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, El Hindi ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Nejmeh ta Premier ta Labanon . Wasansa na farko a kulob din yazo ne a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, a matsayin wanda ya fara wasa a wasan da suka doke Racing Beirut da ci 2-0. Ya buga wasannin lig shida a lokacin kakar shekarar 2018 zuwa shekarar 2019, da kuma wasanni hudu a Kofin AFC na shekarar 2019. Safa ta sanya hannu kan El Hindi a lokacin musayar bazarar shekarar 2019. === Budaiya === On 28 November 2020, El Hindi moved to newly-promoted Bahraini Premier League side Budaiya. He played 16 league games in 2020–21, and helped his side avoid relegation by finishing in seventh place. == Ayyukan duniya == El Hindi ya wakilci kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Lebanon a lokacin cancantar Gasar AFC U-23 na shekarar 2020, wasa daya da United Arab Emirates a wasan da aka doke su da ci 6-1. Wasansa na farko ga babbar kungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2019, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Iraki a gasar cin kofin WAFF na 2019 . Duk da sakamakon, an zabi El Hindi Man of the Match. == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Lebanon da aka haifa a wajen Lebanon == Manazarta ==   == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Yahya El Hindi * {{NFT player|74883}} * {{Soccerway|594035}} * Yahya El Hindi * [http://websites.sportstg.com/team_info.cgi?pID=197676366 Yahya El Hindi] a WasanniTG (2017-2018) * [http://websites.sportstg.com/team_info.cgi?pID=197650637 Yahya El Hindi] a WasanniTG (2015) [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Asturaliya]] jvwjrflo2yl1wvesc43vmfufhho99rc 0 21849 856589 492063 2026-06-14T07:59:56Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Babool (Acacia nilotica) flowers at Hodal W IMG 1163.jpg|thumb|[[Bagaruwa]]]] [[File:Acacia nilotica - seeds, seed pods, twigs, powder.jpg|thumb|kwallo da garin bagaruwa]] [[File:Acacia nilotica, peule, a, Uniegeboutuine.jpg|thumb|Danyen bagaruwa]] [[File:Acacia nilotica bark.jpg|thumb|itacen Bagaruwa]] [[File:Hoja de Acacia nilotica.jpg|thumb|Ganyen bagaruwa]] [[Fayil:Acacia retinodes MucBotGard.jpg|thumb|fulawa baga ruwa]] [[Fayil:Acacia heterophylla 1.JPG|thumb|Icen Bagaruwa]] [[Fayil:Acacia fleckii in Namibia (2).jpg|thumb|icen Bagaruwa]] [[Fayil:Acacia seeds (bagaruwa).jpg|thumb|Bagaruwa]] '''Bagaruwa''' wata [[bishiya]] ce wacce take da ƴa'ƴa ana samun ta a daji kuma ana haɗa magunguna da ita sosai kamar haka maganin tsutsar [[ciki]], maganin warin jiki, da sauransu.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.majalisarmu.com/hawan-sallah-a-kano.html|title= Amfanin Bagaruwa A Jikin Mata Da Ya Kamata Ki Sani Amfanin|date= 20 April 2023|accessdate= 13 April 2023|publisher= majalisarmu.com|last= Malumfashi|first= Abdullahi}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Magunguna da suka shafi ɓangaren ƴan'uwa [[mata]] da [[maza]] haka kuma tana maganin jan ido.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1233246-lafiya-uwar-jiki-amfanin-bagaruwa-10-a-jikin-dan-adam.html|title=Lafiya uwar jiki: Amfanin Bagaruwa 10 a jikin dan Adam|date= 13 April 2019|accessdate= 27 June 2021|publisher=legit.hausa.ng|last= Nura Bala|first= Abubakar}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} sqnzfuuuodewda3vopnz2f5ua5sw4eu 4 21908 856442 855626 2026-06-13T21:33:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 856442 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Young alaji|Young alaji]] |[[Special:Contributions/Young alaji|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 11 ga Yuni 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Bataclan|Bataclan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bataclan|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 11 ga Yuni 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Cruzeiro Sul|Cruzeiro Sul]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cruzeiro Sul|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 11 ga Yuni 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Adamu Musaa|Adamu Musaa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Adamu Musaa|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 11 ga Yuni 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Dualcultivator|Dualcultivator]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dualcultivator|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Violetmberg|Violetmberg]] |[[Special:Contributions/Violetmberg|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Reportero Africano|Reportero Africano]] |[[Special:Contributions/Reportero Africano|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |8 |[[User:AussieBoy|AussieBoy]] |[[Special:Contributions/AussieBoy|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Gustavgarian|Gustavgarian]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gustavgarian|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Fratzs|Fratzs]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fratzs|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Laylah26|Laylah26]] |[[Special:Contributions/Laylah26|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Kamilu Rabiu|Kamilu Rabiu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kamilu Rabiu|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Jor.Grig|Jor.Grig]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jor.Grig|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Epcilone15|Epcilone15]] |[[Special:Contributions/Epcilone15|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |15 |[[User:IlaiFacts|IlaiFacts]] |[[Special:Contributions/IlaiFacts|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |16 |[[User:The RoK - TU Berlin|The RoK - TU Berlin]] |[[Special:Contributions/The RoK - TU Berlin|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |17 |[[User:TheResilientEngineer|TheResilientEngineer]] |[[Special:Contributions/TheResilientEngineer|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Bogdan Khmelnitski|Bogdan Khmelnitski]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bogdan Khmelnitski|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Botman4567|Botman4567]] |[[Special:Contributions/Botman4567|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |20 |[[User:M. Adrian Jurhami|M. Adrian Jurhami]] |[[Special:Contributions/M. Adrian Jurhami|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |21 |[[User:TYTLMA|TYTLMA]] |[[Special:Contributions/TYTLMA|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |22 |[[User:مريم محمد المبروك|مريم محمد المبروك]] |[[Special:Contributions/مريم محمد المبروك|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |23 |[[User:DejiGaruba|DejiGaruba]] |[[Special:Contributions/DejiGaruba|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |24 |[[User:BlackLeader787|BlackLeader787]] |[[Special:Contributions/BlackLeader787|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Urkosh|Urkosh]] |[[Special:Contributions/Urkosh|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |26 |[[User:Kuarigama|Kuarigama]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kuarigama|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |27 |[[User:LeoC2b|LeoC2b]] |[[Special:Contributions/LeoC2b|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Jrarxese|Jrarxese]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jrarxese|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |29 |[[User:JackBmOff|JackBmOff]] |[[Special:Contributions/JackBmOff|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |30 |[[User:Jack bm2026|Jack bm2026]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jack bm2026|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026 |- |31 |[[User:SnaQ pl|SnaQ pl]] |[[Special:Contributions/SnaQ pl|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |32 |[[User:Ridwan Bukhari|Ridwan Bukhari]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ridwan Bukhari|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |33 |[[User:LaxmanKChelak|LaxmanKChelak]] |[[Special:Contributions/LaxmanKChelak|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Anticeri|Anticeri]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anticeri|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |35 |[[User:Mohamad abbo D|Mohamad abbo D]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mohamad abbo D|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |36 |[[User:Stevenfah|Stevenfah]] |[[Special:Contributions/Stevenfah|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |37 |[[User:Kola2026|Kola2026]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kola2026|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Edithokere|Edithokere]] |[[Special:Contributions/Edithokere|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |39 |[[User:RikSchuiling|RikSchuiling]] |[[Special:Contributions/RikSchuiling|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Abbymooketsi|Abbymooketsi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abbymooketsi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |41 |[[User:VladislavArtrykvd|VladislavArtrykvd]] |[[Special:Contributions/VladislavArtrykvd|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |42 |[[User:Mrbigg22|Mrbigg22]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mrbigg22|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Bilal Ibrahim abdullahi|Bilal Ibrahim abdullahi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bilal Ibrahim abdullahi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Maman Muhammad|Maman Muhammad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maman Muhammad|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |45 |[[User:Muhammad Musawa|Muhammad Musawa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muhammad Musawa|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Faeezarh|Faeezarh]] |[[Special:Contributions/Faeezarh|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |47 |[[User:Bukar7452|Bukar7452]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bukar7452|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Fatima Lawal Idris|Fatima Lawal Idris]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fatima Lawal Idris|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |49 |[[User:RykW|RykW]] |[[Special:Contributions/RykW|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Khajallah isee|Khajallah isee]] |[[Special:Contributions/Khajallah isee|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Heebuguy|Heebuguy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Heebuguy|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Sbfx|Sbfx]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sbfx|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Pherrees|Pherrees]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pherrees|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |54 |[[User:Momonowa|Momonowa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Momonowa|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |55 |[[User:Gambo Rufai|Gambo Rufai]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gambo Rufai|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |56 |[[User:Najauta|Najauta]] |[[Special:Contributions/Najauta|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |57 |[[User:Zainab Muhammad sani|Zainab Muhammad sani]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zainab Muhammad sani|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |58 |[[User:Drseeyah muhammad|Drseeyah muhammad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Drseeyah muhammad|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |59 |[[User:Aishat bature|Aishat bature]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aishat bature|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Mmn fu'ad|Mmn fu'ad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mmn fu'ad|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Mangal52|Mangal52]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mangal52|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |62 |[[User:Habiba Bello|Habiba Bello]] |[[Special:Contributions/Habiba Bello|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |63 |[[User:Matar Nasir|Matar Nasir]] |[[Special:Contributions/Matar Nasir|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |64 |[[User:Fiddausi hussaini|Fiddausi hussaini]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fiddausi hussaini|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Ismail300|Ismail300]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ismail300|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Minat Mima|Minat Mima]] |[[Special:Contributions/Minat Mima|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |67 |[[User:Summaya hassan|Summaya hassan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Summaya hassan|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |68 |[[User:HabibaHassan12|HabibaHassan12]] |[[Special:Contributions/HabibaHassan12|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Yp alajee|Yp alajee]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yp alajee|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |70 |[[User:FBNP|FBNP]] |[[Special:Contributions/FBNP|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |71 |[[User:Higgs In Space|Higgs In Space]] |[[Special:Contributions/Higgs In Space|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |72 |[[User:Fadima Muhammad|Fadima Muhammad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fadima Muhammad|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |73 |[[User:UmarScience|UmarScience]] |[[Special:Contributions/UmarScience|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |74 |[[User:Akinwahlwy|Akinwahlwy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Akinwahlwy|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |75 |[[User:HannyJoe|HannyJoe]] |[[Special:Contributions/HannyJoe|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Dan marayerh|Dan marayerh]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dan marayerh|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Nehwalankit|Nehwalankit]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nehwalankit|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Shafa Hassan|Shafa Hassan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shafa Hassan|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |79 |[[User:Al ameen muazu|Al ameen muazu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Al ameen muazu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |80 |[[User:ImmortalizedKnowledge|ImmortalizedKnowledge]] |[[Special:Contributions/ImmortalizedKnowledge|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |81 |[[User:Mohh duwan|Mohh duwan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mohh duwan|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Bt. don|Bt. don]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bt. don|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Isksks|Isksks]] |[[Special:Contributions/Isksks|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |84 |[[User:Litved2018|Litved2018]] |[[Special:Contributions/Litved2018|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |85 |[[User:Nnadi Samuel|Nnadi Samuel]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nnadi Samuel|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 13 ga Yuni 2026 |- |} 369tcbrw49mf9b8xaf1wud5s1rsm7zk 0 24677 856981 853661 2026-06-14T11:49:50Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kano State flag official.png|thumb|Tambarin kano]] [[Fayil:Gidan Makama Top View.jpg|thumb|Gidan makama kano]] '''''Tarihin Kano''''' ('''''Tarikh arbab hadha al-balad al-musamma Kano''''' da larabci) rubutun hannu ne na yaren larabci wanda ya lissafa, [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|sarakunan Kano]] . == Takaitaccen bayani == Tarihin ''Kano'' [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|jerin sarakunan Kano ne]] tun daga ƙarni na 10 (goma) Miladiyya. Yana ba da labarin dangi goma sha ɗaya (11) na masu raye-raye (kamar masu cire gishiri, masu yin kira, ko maƙera) waɗanda jagoransu na ruhaniya ya yi musu gargadi cewa baƙo zai zo ya sare bishiyar alfarmarsu ya kwace mulkinsu daga gare su: “Idan bai zo cikin ku ba. Lokaci, tabbas zai zo a lokacin yaranku, kuma zai ci nasara a duk ƙasar nan ”(Palmer 1928: III: 98). Tabbas, wani mutum ne mai suna [[Bagauda|Bagauda ya]] iso ba da daɗewa ba, yaci nasara, ya zama sarkin Kano na farko bisa ga tarihin, (Palmer 1928: III: 97-100). == Marubuci == A da kano ta kasance ''Chronicle''inda ake yawan sanyawa a rubuce a cikin Shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin 1880s da Malam Barka, wani ''Dan Rimi'' (high-ranking bawa hukuma) wanda ya yi aiki ga Muhammad Bello, da ''Sarkin Kano'' (mulkin Kano) da suka yi sarauta daga shekara ta alif 1882-1893. Tarihin na iya wakiltar haɗewar ayyukan da suka gabata. Kwafin na asali har yanzu yana tare da zuriyar Malam Idris al-Khilawiy a Kano. == Fassara == Mafi sanannun fassarar ita ce fassarar Harshen Turanci ta Sir Richmond Palmer ta 1908. <ref>{{citation |editor-last=Palmer |editor-first=Herbert Richmond |editor-link=Herbert Richmond Palmer |title=The Kano Chronicle |work=[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |volume= 38 |year=1908 |pages=58-98 |url= https://archive.org/stream/v38a39journalofro38royauoft#page/n87/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive | ref=none }}; in [https://books.google.com/books?id=NsYEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58 Google Books]. {{PD-notice}}</ref> Palmer’s 1908 fassarar Turanci na ''Kano Chronicle'' ya samo asali ne daga rubutun da aka samu a Sabon Gari kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya. Haka nan akwai fassarar alif 1933 zuwa Hausa ta Rupert M. East, mai taken ''Labarun Hausawa da Makwabtansu: Littafi na biyu'' . Tunda wannan fassarar ta yi amfani da wani tushe daban fiye da fassarar Palmer, rubutun East yana da wasu bambance -bambancen daga rubutun Palmer.<ref>East, R. M. (1933). ''Labarun Hausawa da Makwabtansu: Littafi na biyu (Historical traditions of the Hausa people and their neighbours)''. Zaria: Translation Bureau; Lagos: C.M.S. Bookshop.</ref> <ref>East, R. M. (1933). ''Labarun Hausawa da Makwabtan su: Littafi na biyu (Historical traditions of the Hausa people and their neighbours)''. Zaria: Translation Bureau; Lagos: C.M.S. Bookshop.</ref> == Masu mulki da aka jera ==   Sarakunan Kano da aka jera a cikin ''Tarihin Kano'' da shekarun mulkin. sune Kamar haka: {{columns-list |colwidth=30em| #[[Bagauda]] alif (999 Zuwa 1063) #[[Warisi (king)|Warisi]] alif, (1063 Zuwa 1095) #[[Gijimasu]] alif, (1095alif, 1134) #[[Nawata]] and [[Gawata]] alif,(1134 Zuwa 1136) #[[Yusa (king)|Yusa]] ([[Tsaraki]]) alif, (1136 Zuwa 1194) #[[Naguji]] alif, (1194 Zuwa 1247) #[[Gugua]] alif, (1247 Zuwa 1290) #[[Shekarau I]] alif, (1290 alif, 1307) #[[Tsamiya]] alif, (1307 Zuwa 1343) #[[Osumanu Zamnagawa]] alif, (1343 Zuwa 1349) #[[Yaji I]] (1349-1385) #[[Bugaya]] (1385-1390) #[[Kanajeji]] (1390-1410) #[[Umaru (sultan)|Umaru]] (1410-1421) #[[Dauda (sultan)|Dauda]] (1421-1438) #[[Abdullahi Burja]] (1438-1452) #[[Dakauta]] (1452) #[[Atuma (sultan)|Atuma]] (1452) #[[Yakubu (sultan)|Yakubu]] (1452-1463) #[[Muhammad Rimfa]] (1463-1499) #[[Abdullahi (sultan)|Abdullahi]] (1499-1509) #[[Muhammad Kisoki]] (1509-1565) #[[Yakufu]] (1565) #[[Dauda Abasama I]] (1565) #[[Abubakr Kado]] (1565-1573) #[[Muhammad Shashere]] (1573-1582) #[[Muhammad Zaki]] (1582-1618) #[[Muhammad Nazaki]] (1618-1623) #[[Kutumbi]] (1623-1648) #[[Alhaji (sultan)|Alhaji]] (1648-1649) #[[Shekkarau II]] alif (1649 Zuwa 1651) #[[Muhammad Kukuna]] (1st reign) (1651-1652) #[[Soyaki]] (1652) #[[Muhammad Kukuna]] (2nd reign) (1652-1660) #[[Bawa (sultan)|Bawa]] (1660-1670) #[[Dadi (sultan)|Dadi]] (1670-1703) #[[Muhammad Sharefa]] (1703-1731) #[[Kumbari]] (1731-1743) #[[Alhaji Kabe]] (1743-1753) #[[Yaji II]] alif, (1753 Zuwa 1768) #[[Babba Zaki]] alif, (1768 Zuwa 1776) #[[Dauda Abasama II]] alif, (1776 Zuwa 1781) #[[Muhammad Alwali]] alif, (1781Z7 Zuwa1807) #[[Sulimanu]] (Suleiman) alif, (1807 Zuwa 1819) #[[Ibrahim Dabo]] alif, (1819 Zuwa 1846) #[[Osumanu]] (Usman I) Alif, (1846 Zuwa 1855) #[[Abdullahi (emir)|Abdullahi]] alif (1855 zuwa 1883) #[[Muhammad Bello (emir)|Muhammad Bello]] alif (1883 zuwa 1892) }} == Duba kuma == * [[Sarauniya Amina|Amina Shukura]] * [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|Jerin sarakunan Kano]] * Masarautar Kano * Sarkin Kano == Nassoshi == *  . *  . Reprinted 1967 by London: Frank Cass. == Kara karantawa == *   == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.kanoarchive.com/ Taskar Kano] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sarakuna]] [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Tarihin Kano]] 9m5lxfzj35ievms8g62tmkoomaf6uj5 0 25459 856499 847070 2026-06-14T04:01:03Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''Hamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). s0j24bna7mckr0f8vvu4wi4yjoplhoe 856500 856499 2026-06-14T04:01:42Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). 0xzdgr13q4rix4oz3um8y75uck3z4v5 856501 856500 2026-06-14T04:02:29Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin HarshenJavanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). j16jnb67ukqc9dozw7smmzljcaa73ls 856502 856501 2026-06-14T04:03:16Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin HarshenJavanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). raf3r8j2uan8r1ytpuio2804j2zi6ok 856503 856502 2026-06-14T04:03:39Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin HarshenJavanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). 0224lfxa71gd90dwnhj5yhx0g5lsztk 856504 856503 2026-06-14T04:04:04Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin HarshenJavanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). d7jfhxvy6e1y7s8nyvn5s3ibwodxk0f 856505 856504 2026-06-14T04:04:35Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). kwavhfe98nvm1h4xcg2i6ctnlixkhkp 856506 856505 2026-06-14T04:05:07Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). c2gpdmlzxh9a9h6zpi27x5g9f8kat2i 856507 856506 2026-06-14T04:05:37Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi kanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). cqrnt104p8b37b425csoatbbct80aa8 856508 856507 2026-06-14T04:06:06Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). iuucfsqcvgq1ekx2ddb17jqe8y5nkui 856509 856508 2026-06-14T04:06:33Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, kungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). 5m0cs4xwqqxx3gyx2h0yaonfef96esg 856510 856509 2026-06-14T04:08:06Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, kungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). qr2o8yflkxmirnmtdnen6to6psrf7oy 856511 856510 2026-06-14T04:08:44Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, kungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). jgvm5n33egnl5iavd3o2ge2j4azo2ed 856512 856511 2026-06-14T04:09:33Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, kungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, kirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). spa0qktjkm8nib9rcgddozvabirqmn8 856513 856512 2026-06-14T04:11:06Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, kungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishai, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, kirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin kididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). n55xm0vhbiyir29ci7vbwah147334og 856540 856513 2026-06-14T06:37:31Z ~2026-33917-00 45743 856540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, kungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Zane Zane, Nishadi, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), 2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), 2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), 1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, kirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin kididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). qc0qexoeaf846fi8abf2bjzaq3cktn3 0 26457 856949 445083 2026-06-14T11:42:51Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Mohammad adil-Riddah wars.PNG|thumb|Yakin Ghamra]] An yi '''Yakin Ghamra''' tsakanin [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] da ragowar sojojin Buzakha, mil 20 daga Buzakha. Nasarar Musulmai Mai yanke hukunci == Abubuwan kan layi == [https://web.archive.org/web/20041210000537/http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookhome.htm A.I. Akram, ''The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns'' Lahore, 1969] == Manazarta == * A.I. Akram, ''The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns'', Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) {{ISBN|0-7101-0104-X}}. f3nqs1v86jquj07doqeqzpob5k4hiwb 0 26572 856829 844450 2026-06-14T10:50:45Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345768810|Baaj Adebule]]" 856829 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Baaj Adebule''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1988) [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, samfurin, kuma Mai shirya fim-finai daga [[Jihar Ogun]] a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021-01-17 |title=Nollywood / Baaj Adebule : "L’amour ne suffit pas pour faire fonctionner une relation" |url=https://l-frii.com/nollywood-baaj-adebule-lamour-ne-suffit-pas-pour-faire-fonctionner-une-relation/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=L-FRII |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya fito a fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] tun shekarar 2012. Ya fara aikinsa a wasan kwaikwayo na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' kuma ya bayyana a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar su ''Hush'', The Men's Club, Payday, ''Zena'', Uncloaked, The Governor, The Missing, A Soldier's Story 1 & 2, ''Omo Wa'', Beast Within, da The ''Moles''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Payday Full Movie Online, Comedy Film |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811143258/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=I’ve always had passion for arts – Baaj Adebule |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/ive-always-had-passion-for-arts-baaj-adebule/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adebule a asibitin Jalupon da ke Surulere, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]]. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro a Maryland Legas, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Seat of Wisdom da makarantar sakandare ta Caleb. Ya koma Surulere bayan kisan aurensa a shekara ta 2005. Adebule dan asalin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ne kuma ɗan asalin yankin karamar hukumar [[Ijebu Ode]] ne na [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] . An haife shi a gidan [[Kirista]]. Mahaifinsa injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai lissafi da kuma dan kasuwa. Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara tara daga aure da yawa.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shekaru na makaranta sun mayar da hankali ga ilimi, yayin da iyayensa suka jaddada muhimmancin ilimi na yau da kullun. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya mai da hankali kan wasanni da zane-zane, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kwando, badminton, wasan tennis na tebur, da waƙa. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Adebule ya bayyana cewa ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci tun yana ƙarami da kuma memba na ƙungiyar fasaha ta makarantarsa. Adebule an fi saninsa da ƙaunar fina-finai, wanda ya mai da hankali kan bayan kisan iyayensa. A shekara ta 2005, Adebule ya fara halartar [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] a [[Jihar Ogun]] don nazarin tattalin arziki. Ya kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a shekara ta 2009. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga cikin zane-zane da wasanni. Ya yi aiki a Multi Choice kusan kusan shekaru biyu kafin ya bar don mayar da hankali kan nishaɗi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Adebule ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin a cikin 2010 yayin da yake aiki a cikin aiki tara zuwa biyar. Zai je don sauraro da hotuna a lokacinsa na kyauta. Daga bisani ya sami karamin aiki a kan telenovela ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . Tare da goyon bayan abokansa da danginsa, ya kasance mai takara a gasar Mista Najeriya ta 2011, inda ya zo na 4. A shekara ta 2012, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin samfurin cikakken lokaci.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 "Biography – Baaj Adebule"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Adebule ya sami jefa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, gami da Asirin da Scandals, ''Iyali Mai Farin Ciki'', yana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Sola Sobowale, Victor Olaotan da sauransu. A shekara ta 2014, Adebule ta fito a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Four Crooks da ''Rookie'', Deadline, Studio, da Lekki Wives . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 "Biography – Baaj Adebule"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ya fara fitowa na farko a cikin fim din A Soldier's Story, da kuma Road to Yesterday. Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin samar da House of Baaj Pictures . Shirinsa na farko shi ne Seeing Betrayal, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ya ci gaba da lashe mafi kyawun gajeren fim a Afirka 2015 a Zafaa Global Awards . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 "Biography – Baaj Adebule"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Sunan !Halinsa !Matsayi !Fitarwa !Daraktan |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' |Javier |Taimako |Telenovela |Mnet |- |''Asirin da abin kunya'' |Victor |Lead |Jerin |Elvis Chuwks |- |''Iyali Mai Farin Ciki'' |Chris |Taimako |Jerin |Elvis Chuwks |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''<nowiki/>'Yan wasa huɗu da Rookie'' |Toba |Taimako |Fim din |Eze Ugo Maduka |- |''Yankuna Biyu na tsabar kudi'' |Mai Hacking |Taimako |Jerin | - |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Lokaci na ƙarshe'' |Dauda |Lead |Jerin |[[Imoh Umoren]] |- |''Nazarin'' |Matashi |Taimako |Jerin |OLA |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |''[[Lekki Wives|Matan Lekki]]'' |Daraktan |Taimako |Jerin |Albarka da Egbe |- |''Ganin Cin amana'' |Miji |Lead |Gajeren fim |Baaj Adebule |- |''[[A Soldiers Story (fim na 2015)|Labarin Soja]]'' |Kyaftin Dave |Taimako |Fim din |Frankie Ogar |- |''[[Road to Yesterday (fim)|Hanyar zuwa jiya]]'' |Mai ba da abinci / Nurses |Taimako |Fim din |Ishaya Bako |- |''[[Shuga Naija|Shuga]]'' |Mai ba da abinci |Taimako |Jerin |Biyi Bamidele |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Batir Ba a haɗa su ba'' |Mutumin da ya faru |Lead |Gajeren fim |OluYomi Ososanya |- |''Hush'' |Adze |Lead |Telenovela |Vicor S. Tope O. & Pat |- |''Gwamna'' |Carl |Taimako |Jerin |Ema E. |- |''5 Ka yi'' |Segun |Lead |Jerin |OLA |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''Ba a rufe shi ba'' |Godiya gaisuwa |Lead |Fim din |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Wadanda suka ɓace'' |Mai bincike Lazarus |Lead |Fim din |Seyi Babatope |- |''Abin sha'awa'' |Kevin |Taimako |Gajeren fim |Deolu Owu |- |''Kasancewa'' |Rashin Mata |Lead |Gajeren fim |Ayomide Adeleke |- | rowspan="12" |2018 |''Ƙananan Ƙungiyoyi'' |Tunde |Lead |SitCom |Sade Dada |- |''Armstrong'' |Dokta |Taimako |Gajeren fim |Fim din Maverick |- |''T.R.U.L.I.S.'' |Taiwo Mathews |Lead |Jerin |7 Jerin |- |''Ranar Biya&nbsp;&nbsp;'' |Bulus |Lead |Fim din |Lawrence Cheta |- |''Minti 30'' |Johnbull / JB |Taimako |Jerin |7 Jerin |- |''Magana'' |Miji |Lead |Gajeren fim |Amaka Sandra |- |''Jam'iyyar Bachelor'' |Abdul |Lead |Fim din |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Ta hanyar Fast Lane'' |Yakubu |Lead |Jerin |Abiodun Williams |- |''Kungiyar'' |Tunde |Taimako |Fim din |Imoh Umoren |- |''Gidan Yaƙi'' |Adze Tsenogu |Lead |Telenovela |Yemi Filmboy Morafa |- |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Kungiyar Maza]]'' |Louis |Lead |Jerin Yanar Gizo |Tola Odunsi |- |''3 Bottles a kan tebur'' |Segun |Lead |Jirgin Sama |Baaj Adebule |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |''Ba daidai ba'' |Yahaya |Lead |Gajeren fim |Charles Obiemere |- |''Dabbar Cikinta'' |Stanley |Lead |Fim din |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Zena'' |Loik |Lead |Fim din |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Rust'' |Collins |Taimako |Fim din |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''Kungiyar Maza Season 2'' |Louis |Lead |Jerin Yanar Gizo |Tola Odunsi |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7b4tow8noaoy84shivedi78041dnihc 0 27279 856684 854655 2026-06-14T09:44:10Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344984819|Citation (film)]]" 856684 wikitext text/x-wiki   Citation fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2020 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya jagoranta, wanda [[Tunde Babalola]] ya rubuta kuma [[Jimmy Jean-Louis]], [[Temi Otedola]], [[Bukunmi Oluwasina|Bukunmi Oluwashina]], da [[Gabriel Afolayan]] suka fito.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Citation review – a haunting Nigerian film on rape culture |url=https://readysteadycut.com/2020/11/06/review-citation-netflix-film/ |access-date=November 6, 2020 |website=Ready Steady Cut}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Fim din game da dalibi ne na jami'a (Moremi Oluwa) wanda ke magana bayan wani farfesa a jami'a ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi mata fyade, da kuma martani na jami'ar ga ikirarin. Fim din ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka faru na gaskiya. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Jimmy Jean-Louis]] a matsayin Farfesa Lucien N'Dyare * [[Temi Otedola]] a matsayin Moremi * [[Bukunmi Oluwasina|Bukunmi Oluwashina]] a matsayin Uzoamaka * [[Adjetey Anang]] a matsayin Kwesi * [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Angela * [[Ini Edo]] a matsayin Gloria * [[Ibukun Awosika]] a matsayin kanta * Ropo Ewenla a matsayin Dokta Grillo * Gbubemi Ejeye a matsayin Rahila * [[Yomi Fash Lanso|Yomi Fash-Lanso]] a matsayin Lucien Legal Rep. * [[Gabriel Afolayan]] a matsayin Koyejo * Oyewole Olowomojuore a matsayin Farfesa Osagye * [[Sadiq Daba]] a matsayin Farfesa Yahaya * Samantha Okanlawon a matsayin mai fafutukar zamantakewa 1 * Casilda Okanlawon a matsayin mai fafutukar zamantakewa 2 * [[:fr:Bienvenu Neba|Neba]] a matsayin Dokta Sembene * Toyin Bifarin Ogundeji a matsayin Dokta Mrs. Nwosu == Karɓar baƙi == [[File:Citation_screening.jpg|alt=<nowiki>[[jimmy jean-louis]] [[Temi Otedola]][[Kunle Afolayan]][[Gabriel Afolayan]][[Ojo Olamide Enoch]][[Adjetey Anang]][[Ademola Adebayo]][[Tunde Babalola]]</nowiki>|thumb|Citation Press Conference]] A cewar simintin da ma'aikatan, Citation ya tashi zuwa fim na shida mafi mashahuri a kan [[Netflix]] jim kadan ''Bayani'' an sake shi, kuma an fi kallo a kan Netflix a Najeriya. Nelson C.J. na Digital Spy ya rubuta cewa batun Citation yana da mahimmanci don tattaunawa, kuma an bi da shi tare da hangen nesa "mai ma'ana da isasshen ''Bayani''" a cikin fim din. C.J. ya yaba da fim din, amma ya gano cewa ana iya inganta tattaunawar kuma an ba da babban hali mai zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=C.J. |first=Nelson |date=November 12, 2020 |title=Netflix's latest movie Citation is more important than you realise |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a34654286/netflix-citation-review-nollywood/ |access-date=November 14, 2020 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Tambay Obenson na ''[[IndieWire]]'' ya yaba da fim din a matsayin "kira mai ban sha'awa wanda ya wuce iyakokin Najeriya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |date=November 8, 2020 |title='Citation' Review: A Compelling Examination of Sexual Assault on a Nigerian College Campus |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/11/citation-review-netflix-nollywood-1234597284/ |access-date=November 9, 2020 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> Fim din ya lashe kyaututtuka mafi kyawun fina-finai na kasa da kasa a kyaututtaka na fina-fakkaatu. == Manazarta == ly97xf7k2wj3upgv7qoesfqv9fa4n4b 3 27736 856495 125853 2026-06-14T00:04:20Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Politheory1983]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Politheory]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Politheory1983|Politheory1983]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Politheory|Politheory]]" 125853 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Politheory1983! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Politheory1983|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 00:00, 30 Nuwamba, 2021 (UTC) tal9xsqn3jtdw1pi4sourzosmdfwk0u 0 28179 856810 788370 2026-06-14T10:44:19Z Mahmud maby 33237 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347076930|Charles Inojie]]" 856810 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Charles Inojie''' // ⓘ is a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nigerian]] actor, comedian, [[Darakta|movie director]] and producer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-20 |title=People don't take me serious - Comic actor, Charles Inojie {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/243662-people-dont-take-serious-comic-actor-charles-inojie.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He is known for his comedic roles. == Early life and education == Charles is from a royal family.<ref name=":0" /> He grew up with his grandmother, and hardly recollects his mother because at a young age he was sent to another [[Labarin kasa|geographical]] location for the purpose of keeping his aging grandmother company. He aspired to someday be a lawyer but had a change of mind when he attended Bode Osoyin's Writers resort, where he decided to acquire a certificate course in dramatic arts. In 1993, he achieved this goal<ref name=":0" /> and would later graduate from the [[Jami'ar port harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]] in 1999. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Source not mentioning 1999 (July 2022)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>Charles Inojie, the renowned Nigerian actor, comedian, movie director, and producer, hails from a distinguished royal family. His formative years were spent under the care of his grandmother, creating a bond that shaped his early experiences. Separated from his mother at a young age, Charles found solace in companionship with his aging grandmother, a decision that would significantly impact his upbringing.<ref name="famoustoday.com.ng">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Charles Inojie Biography: Age, Wife, Children & Net Worth - Famous Today |url=https://famoustoday.com.ng/charles-inojie-biography/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite harboring aspirations of becoming a lawyer, Charles’ path took a different turn after attending Bode Osoyin’s writer’s resort. It was during this transformative experience that he decided to pursue a certificate course in dramatic arts. In 1993, he successfully achieved this goal, laying the foundation for his future in the world of entertainment. Subsequently, Charles graduated from the University of Port Harcourt in 1999, solidifying his commitment to the craft of acting. == Career == After making the decision to venture into acting, he then joined different dramatic and theatre clubs in his local town and started performing stage drama. He later decided to acquire more knowledge in the field of acting and then enrolled for a one-year acting program in Bode Osoyin's Writers Resort, where he obtained a certificate course in Dramatic Arts after completing the program in 1993.<ref name="famoustoday.com.ng">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Charles Inojie Biography: Age, Wife, Children & Net Worth - Famous Today |url=https://famoustoday.com.ng/charles-inojie-biography/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://famoustoday.com.ng/charles-inojie-biography/ "Charles Inojie Biography: Age, Wife, Children & Net Worth - Famous Today"]. 12 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> After graduating from the University of Port Harcourt in 1999,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2021}} he relocated to Lagos State. He became the assistant director at [[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]]'s production company. In 2016, members from the Screen Writers Guild of Nigeria (SWGN) unanimously appointed Inojie as president of their labor union. == Personal life == Inojie is married and has two children. == Selected filmography == === Film === * ''[[The Royal Hibiscus Hotel]] (2017) as Chef'' * ''Dinner (2016) as Airport Guard'' * ''Broken Soul (2015) as Chijioke'' * ''Shattered Soul (2015) as Chijioke'' * Mr. Potosky (2014) as Potosky * Native Fowl (2014) as Ebuka * ''Open & Close (2011) as Agu'' * ''Husband My Foot (2008) as Victor'' * ''Husband My Foot II (2009)'' * ''Desperate Search (2007) as Peter'' * ''Holy Man (2007)'' * ''Holy Man II (2007)'' * ''Holy Man III (2007)'' * ''I Need A Husband (2007)'' * ''I Need A Husband II (2007)'' * ''Onitemi (2007)'' * ''Over Heat (2006)'' * ''Over Heat II (2006)'' * ''Silent Burner (2006)'' * ''The Wolves (2006) as Wesley'' * ''The Wolves II (2006)'' * ''Police Recruit (2003)'' * ''[[Issakaba]] (2001)'' * ''Corporate Maid (2008) as Dombra'' * ''Plane Crash (2008) as Edwin'' * ''Love Wahala (2014) as Rufus'' * ''Hottest Babes In Town'' * ''The In-laws (2017) as Donald'' * ''Desperate Poor Man'' * ''Nollywood Hustlers'' * ''Mr Ibu Dance Skelewu'' * ''Oga Madam'' * ''House Of Contention'' * ''Gamblers'' * ''De Prof'' * ''The Desperate Housewife''<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARLES INOJIE |url=http://www.edoworld.net/CHARLES_INOJIE.html |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref> * [[Nneka the Pretty Serpent (2020 film)|''Nneka the Pretty Serpent'']] ''(2020) as Landlord'' * ''Deep Cover (2020) as Police Chief'' * ''[[Badamasi]] (2021) as Barrister Clement Akpamgo'' * ''[[My Village People]] (2021) as Uncle Jakpa'' * ''[[Aki and Pawpaw]] (2021) as Mazi Uche'' * ''Gbege (2022)'' * ''City Hustlers (2022)'' * ''The Order of Things (2022) as Pato'' * ''[[The Trade (fim ɗin 2023)|The Trade]] (2023) as Officer Amadi'' * ''Daddy (2023)'' * ''Sabinus the Best Man (2023) as Pastor Willy'' * ''[[Adam Bol]] (2024)'' * ''Aburo (2024)'' * ''God-Dafi (2024) as Jabari's father'' * [[The Johnsons (Nigerian TV series)|The Johnsons]] as Lucky Johnson. A series he took a Glorious bow after 13 ceremonious years [https://punchng.com/charles-inojie-announces-end-of-the-johnsons-family-show-after-13-years/] * Slum King (2023) == See also == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|List of Nigerian actors]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|List of Nigerian film producers]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|List of Nigerian film directors]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jabgz7mrrla9afmnwqgao32fi6u743o 856825 856810 2026-06-14T10:49:38Z Mahmud maby 33237 856825 wikitext text/x-wiki == <ref>databox {{Databox}}</ref> == '''Charles Inojie''' // ⓘ is a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nigerian]] actor, comedian, [[Darakta|movie director]] and producer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-20 |title=People don't take me serious - Comic actor, Charles Inojie {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/243662-people-dont-take-serious-comic-actor-charles-inojie.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He is known for his comedic roles. == Early life and education == Charles is from a royal family.<ref name=":0" /> He grew up with his grandmother, and hardly recollects his mother because at a young age he was sent to another [[Labarin kasa|geographical]] location for the purpose of keeping his aging grandmother company. He aspired to someday be a lawyer but had a change of mind when he attended Bode Osoyin's Writers resort, where he decided to acquire a certificate course in dramatic arts. In 1993, he achieved this goal<ref name=":0" /> and would later graduate from the [[Jami'ar port harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]] in 1999. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Source not mentioning 1999 (July 2022)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>Charles Inojie, the renowned Nigerian actor, comedian, movie director, and producer, hails from a distinguished royal family. His formative years were spent under the care of his grandmother, creating a bond that shaped his early experiences. Separated from his mother at a young age, Charles found solace in companionship with his aging grandmother, a decision that would significantly impact his upbringing.<ref name="famoustoday.com.ng">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Charles Inojie Biography: Age, Wife, Children & Net Worth - Famous Today |url=https://famoustoday.com.ng/charles-inojie-biography/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite harboring aspirations of becoming a lawyer, Charles’ path took a different turn after attending Bode Osoyin’s writer’s resort. It was during this transformative experience that he decided to pursue a certificate course in dramatic arts. In 1993, he successfully achieved this goal, laying the foundation for his future in the world of entertainment. Subsequently, Charles graduated from the University of Port Harcourt in 1999, solidifying his commitment to the craft of acting. == Career == After making the decision to venture into acting, he then joined different dramatic and theatre clubs in his local town and started performing stage drama. He later decided to acquire more knowledge in the field of acting and then enrolled for a one-year acting program in Bode Osoyin's Writers Resort, where he obtained a certificate course in Dramatic Arts after completing the program in 1993.<ref name="famoustoday.com.ng">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Charles Inojie Biography: Age, Wife, Children & Net Worth - Famous Today |url=https://famoustoday.com.ng/charles-inojie-biography/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://famoustoday.com.ng/charles-inojie-biography/ "Charles Inojie Biography: Age, Wife, Children & Net Worth - Famous Today"]. 12 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> After graduating from the University of Port Harcourt in 1999,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2021}} he relocated to Lagos State. He became the assistant director at [[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]]'s production company. In 2016, members from the Screen Writers Guild of Nigeria (SWGN) unanimously appointed Inojie as president of their labor union. == Personal life == Inojie is married and has two children. == Selected filmography == === Film === * ''[[The Royal Hibiscus Hotel]] (2017) as Chef'' * ''Dinner (2016) as Airport Guard'' * ''Broken Soul (2015) as Chijioke'' * ''Shattered Soul (2015) as Chijioke'' * Mr. Potosky (2014) as Potosky * Native Fowl (2014) as Ebuka * ''Open & Close (2011) as Agu'' * ''Husband My Foot (2008) as Victor'' * ''Husband My Foot II (2009)'' * ''Desperate Search (2007) as Peter'' * ''Holy Man (2007)'' * ''Holy Man II (2007)'' * ''Holy Man III (2007)'' * ''I Need A Husband (2007)'' * ''I Need A Husband II (2007)'' * ''Onitemi (2007)'' * ''Over Heat (2006)'' * ''Over Heat II (2006)'' * ''Silent Burner (2006)'' * ''The Wolves (2006) as Wesley'' * ''The Wolves II (2006)'' * ''Police Recruit (2003)'' * ''[[Issakaba]] (2001)'' * ''Corporate Maid (2008) as Dombra'' * ''Plane Crash (2008) as Edwin'' * ''Love Wahala (2014) as Rufus'' * ''Hottest Babes In Town'' * ''The In-laws (2017) as Donald'' * ''Desperate Poor Man'' * ''Nollywood Hustlers'' * ''Mr Ibu Dance Skelewu'' * ''Oga Madam'' * ''House Of Contention'' * ''Gamblers'' * ''De Prof'' * ''The Desperate Housewife''<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARLES INOJIE |url=http://www.edoworld.net/CHARLES_INOJIE.html |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref> * [[Nneka the Pretty Serpent (2020 film)|''Nneka the Pretty Serpent'']] ''(2020) as Landlord'' * ''Deep Cover (2020) as Police Chief'' * ''[[Badamasi]] (2021) as Barrister Clement Akpamgo'' * ''[[My Village People]] (2021) as Uncle Jakpa'' * ''[[Aki and Pawpaw]] (2021) as Mazi Uche'' * ''Gbege (2022)'' * ''City Hustlers (2022)'' * ''The Order of Things (2022) as Pato'' * ''[[The Trade (fim ɗin 2023)|The Trade]] (2023) as Officer Amadi'' * ''Daddy (2023)'' * ''Sabinus the Best Man (2023) as Pastor Willy'' * ''[[Adam Bol]] (2024)'' * ''Aburo (2024)'' * ''God-Dafi (2024) as Jabari's father'' * [[The Johnsons (Nigerian TV series)|The Johnsons]] as Lucky Johnson. A series he took a Glorious bow after 13 ceremonious years [https://punchng.com/charles-inojie-announces-end-of-the-johnsons-family-show-after-13-years/] * Slum King (2023) == See also == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|List of Nigerian actors]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|List of Nigerian film producers]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|List of Nigerian film directors]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jlhy8uqso39ucv7ple0husb4ovekc7q 0 29105 856296 587722 2026-06-13T17:40:32Z Zahrah0 14848 856296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari''' An haifeshi a ranar 15 ga watan 9 shekarar alif 1976, a birnin [[Zariya]], da ke [[jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]. Farfesa Maqari malamin [[Addinin Musulunci]] ne a Najeriya dama wajen Najeriya kuma masanin lugah (larabci) yana kuma tafsirin [[Alqur'ani mai girma]] a watan [[Ramadan]] kuma limamin [[Masallacin tarayyar Najeriya|Masallacin ƙasa na Abuja]] a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/of-maqari-and-abdallah/|date= daya 1 September 2021|accessdate= 2 February 2022|publisher=blueprint.ng|title=Of Maqari and Abdallah|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201912160637.html|date= shashida16 December 2019|accessdate= 2 February 2022|publisher=allafrica.com|title=Ghana: Muslims Mark Maulid in Accra|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/02/friday-sermon-national-mosque-amiss/|date= 16 February 2018 |accessdate= 2 February 2022 |publisher=vanguardngr.com|title=Friday Sermon in National Mosque: What is amiss?|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/education/336fd04f091d82ec71e2de12d00c36d9|accessdate=2 February 2022|publisher=opera.news.ng|title=Meet Sheikh Ibrahim Ahmad Maqary, The Chief Imam Of National Mosque Abuja (biography)|language=English|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202082611/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/education/336fd04f091d82ec71e2de12d00c36d9|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/time-appoint-chief-imam-national-mosque/|date= 7 April 2017 |accessdate= 2 February 2022|publisher=tribuneonlineng.com|title=Time To Appoint Chief Imam For National Mosque|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1221695-kungiyar-tijjaniya-tayi-karin-haske-a-kan-goyon-bayan-takarar-buhari.html|date= 16 February 2019|accessdate= 2 February 2022 |publisher= legit.hausa.ng|title=Kungiyar Tijjaniya tayi karin haske a kan goyon bayan takarar Buhari|last= Ibrahim|first= Aminu |language=ha}}</ref> ==Rayuwar Farko== An haifi Farfesa Ibrahim Maqari a Zariya, mahaifinsa ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma malami. Kakansa ɗan asalin [[jihar Borno]] ne yazo garin Zariya ne don neman Ilimi bayan ya sami abinda ya samu na ilimin addinin Musulunci da [[Fiƙihu|Fiqh]], sai ya yanke shawarar komawa gida don ci gaba da koyarwa a garinsu Borno, sai dai [[Sarkin Zazzau]] na wancan ƙarnin yaƙi yarda ya bar garin Zariya, har Sarkin yake cewa "Malamai basa zuwa garin shi su bar garin" sai sarki ya ba shi gida ya zauna a kusa da [[Zazzau|Masarautar Zazzau]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55932475|date = 5 February 2021|accessdate = 11 March 2023|title = Ku San Malamanku tare da Sheik Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari |publisher = BBC Hausa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/appoint-chief-imam-for-national-mosque-abuja/|date= 31 March 2017 |accessdate= 1 February 2022 |publisher= blueprint.ng|title=Appoint Chief Imam for National Mosque, Abuja|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailytrust.com/time-to-appoint-chief-imam-for-national-mosque|date= 1 April 2017 |accessdate= 1 February 2022|publisher=dailytrust.com|title=Time To Appoint Chief Imam For National Mosque|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.legit.ng/1414305-paying-ransom-kidnappers-permitted-islam-islamic-cleric.html|date= 3 May 2021|accessdate= 1 February 2022|publisher=legit.ng|title=Paying ransom to kidnappers is not permitted in Islam, says Islamic cleric|last=Ukwu |first= Jerrywright|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://dailynigerian.com/hausa/saudiyya-ce-ke-horas-da-yan-taadda-babban-limamin-abuja/ |date=19 October 2017 |accessdate= 1 February 2022 |publisher= dailynigerian.com/Hausa|title= Saudiyya ce ke horas da ‘yan ta’adda – Babban Limamin Abuja|last= Ja'afar |first= Ja'afar |language=Hausa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://hausa.legit.ng/1426412-abduljabbar-sheikh-maqary-ya-yi-karin-haske-bayan-wasu-kalamansa-sun-tada-kura.html |date=26 July 2017|accessdate= 1 February 2022 |publisher= legit.ng.hausa|title= Abduljabbar: Sheikh Maqary ya yi karin haske bayan wasu kalamansa sun tada kura|last= Malumfashi |first= Muhammad}}</ref> ==Ilimi== Farfesa Ibrahim Maqari ya fara karatun firamare ne a [[Jihar Katsina]] a shekarar 1987. Sheikh Ibrahim Maqari ya haddace Alqur'ani mai girma yana ɗan shekara 13-14 a Madarasatul Faidatul Islamiyya ta gidan Sheikh Yahuza a Zariya. Daga nan sai ya tafi Kwalejin Nazarin [[Larabci]] ta Jama’atu da ke Zariya, Kaduna don yin karatun sakandire. Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] da ke birnin [[Alkahira]] a shekarar 1999. Ya kuma yi digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] a shekarar 2005. Daga nan kuma ya tafi [[Jami'ar Bayero]] [[Kano]] don samun digirin digirgir a shekarar 2009, inda ya samu digiri na biyu a cikin shekaru biyu. A shekarar 1999, ya fara koyarwa a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya. Ya zama babban malami a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] a shekarar 2010. Bayan ya shafe kusan shekara ɗaya yana koyarwa, Farfesa Ibrahim Maqari ya koma Jami’ar Bayero Kano inda yayi karatun Farfesanci a sashen Larabci da Harsuna, inda ya yi ritaya da kansa a shekarar 2020. Malam ya yi karatu gwargwado a gidan shahararren malami a garin Katsina Sheikh Abba Abu. Sheikh Ibrahim Maqari ya ɗauki karatu daga malamai da dama a cikin garin Zariya, a cikinsu akwai malam Tanimu Kusfa, shahararren malamin fiqihu da sauran fannonin ilimi. Sannan akwai Malam Bala Kusfa wanda ƙanin Mahaifinsa yake ɗaukan sa suna zuwa tare. Sheikh Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari yayi karatu a ƙasar Masar inda a Chan ne ya haɗu da Sheik Muhammadu Amin Abdullahi mutumin [[Okene]]. ===Littattafan da ya rubuta=== Malam Ibrahim Maqari ya rubuta littafai da dama wanda adadinsu ya kai kusan 40 ga kaɗan daga cikin su: *New Generation 3 *Azzahirat Alsalafiyyat *Shi'iri Hubbul Ilaahy *A'alamus shi'eril muusahah *Alhawaa wabina'is Suratu shi'ri Yahya Annufaahki *Attanaasu Bai Al Limtisasi wal'Intisasi. ==Limanci== Farfesa Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari Shine Limamin Masallacin Ƙasa da ƙasa dake Abuja babban birnin tarayyar Najeriya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maqari, Ibrahim Ahmad}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[category:Haifaffun 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Maza]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] naclfba33hgkikc5de36ntz9lldiraf 0 31652 856755 480398 2026-06-14T10:13:51Z Zahrah0 14848 856755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox cricketer|name=Mustafizur Rahman|bat avg1=4.53|top score4=21[[not out|*]]|top score3=15|top score2=18[[not out|*]]|top score1=16|100s/50s4=0/0|100s/50s3=0/0|100s/50s2=0/0|100s/50s1=0/0|bat avg4=5.62|bat avg3=3.90|bat avg2=7.18|runs4=135|deliveries2=3347|runs3=43|runs2=79|runs1=59|matches4=170|matches3=48|matches2=68|matches1=14|column4=[[Twenty20|T20]]|column3=[[Twenty20 International|T20I]]|column2=[[One Day International|ODI]]|column1=[[Test cricket|Test]]|columns=4|deliveries1=2013|deliveries3=1051|club12=[[Delhi Capitals]]|tenfor2=0|source=https://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/player/330902.html ESPN Cricinfo|catches/stumpings4=33/–|catches/stumpings3=11/–|catches/stumpings2=13/–|catches/stumpings1=1/–|best bowling4=5/22|best bowling3=5/22|best bowling2=6/43|best bowling1=4/37|tenfor4=0|tenfor3=0|tenfor1=0|deliveries4=3715|fivefor4=3|fivefor3=1|fivefor2=5|fivefor1=0|bowl avg4=20.21|bowl avg3=19.55|bowl avg2=22.83|bowl avg1=36.73|wickets4=223|wickets3=68|wickets2=127|wickets1=30|year12=2022|club11=[[Comilla Victorians]]|image=Mustafizur Rahman on practice field in Dhaka on 2018 (1) (cropped).jpg|testdebutagainst=South Africa|lastodiyear=2022|lastodidate=23 March|odidebutyear=2015|odidebutdate=18 June|odidebutagainst=India|odicap=118|lasttestagainst=West Indies|lasttestyear=2021|lasttestdate=3 February|testdebutyear=2015|testdebutdate=21 July|testcap=78|odishirt=90|internationalspan=2015–present|international=true|country=Bangladesh|heightm=1.80|role=[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]|bowling=Left-arm fast-medium|batting=[[Left-handed]]|nickname=The Fizz,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/the-fizz-may-have-gone-flat-bangladesh-fear-mustafizur-rahman-burnout-2813120.html |title=The 'Fizz' may have gone flat: Bangladesh fear Mustafizur Rahman burnout |date=2 June 2016 |work=Firstpost |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> Cutter master<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.ntvbd.com/sports/33571/cutter-master-mustafiz-turns-21 |title=Cutter master Mustafiz turns 21 |website=[[NTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|NTV]] |date=6 September 2016 |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref>|birth_place=[[Satkhira]], [[Bangladesh]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1995|9|6|df=yes}}|image_size=250px|caption=Mustafizur in 2018|lastodiagainst=South Africa|T20Icap=44|year11=2022|club5=[[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]|year10=2021|club10=[[Rajasthan Royals]]|year9=2019/20|club9=[[Rangpur Rangers]]|year8=2018|club8=[[Mumbai Indians]]|year7=2018|club7=[[Lahore Qalandars]]|year6=2017–2019|club6=[[Rajshahi Kings]]|year5=2016|year4=2016–2017|T20Idebutagainst=Pakistan|club4=[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]|year3=2015-16|club3=[[Dhaka Dynamites]]|year2=2016–present|club2=[[Mohammedan Sporting Club cricket team|Mohammedan Sporting Club]]|year1=2014–present|club1=[[Khulna Division cricket team|Khulna Division]]|lastT20Iyear=2022|lastT20Idate=5 March|lastT20Iagainst=Afghanistan|T20Idebutyear=2015|T20Idebutdate=24 April|date=23 March 2022}} [[File:Ziaur_Rahman_with_Mustafizur_Rahman.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Ziaur Rahman tare da Mustafizur Rahman]] '''Mustafizur Rahman''' ( Bengali : মুস্তাফিজুর রহমান; An haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumban shekara ta alif 1995), wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Fizz''', dan wasan [[kurket]] na duniya ne na kasar [[Bangladash]]. Sannan kuma ya ƙware a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai matsakaicin-sauri na hannun hagu. Shi ne dan wasa na farko da ya lashe kyautar 'Jarumin Gasa' a dukkan Gwaje-gwaje. Mustafizur ya fara buga wasan kurket na kasa da kasa a wasa na tsakanin kasashe ashirin a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2015. Daga bayan waccan shekarar, ya buga wasansa na farko na Rana Daya ta Duniya da na Gwaji ta Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu, bi da bi. [[Fayil:Mustafizur Rahman (4).jpg|thumb|Mustafizur Rahman]] Kafin aikinsa na tsakanin kasashe, Mustafizur ya taka rawa a gasar cin kofin duniya na Kurket karkashin-19 na shekaran 2014 . == Rayuwar farko da ta sirri == [[File:Mustafiz_with_his_familly;_photo_taken_by_Masum_Ibn_Musa.JPG|230px|left|thumbnail|Mustafiz tare da danginsa]] Mustafizur ya girma a cikin ƙaramin garin Satkhira a cikin Khulna, Bangladesh. Shi ne auta ga Abul Qasem Gazi da Mahmuda Khatun 'ya'yan shida. Mahaifinsa mai sha'awar wasan kurket ne. Sha'awar Mustafizur na wasan kurket ya tashi lokacin da ya fara atisayen wasa na tsawon kilomita 40 daga gida a kowace safiya, tare da dan uwansa Mokhlesur Rahman. Wannan ya shafi iliminsa yayin da yake barin makaranta lokaci-lokaci don buga wasan kurket. Kafin gano gwanintar wasan nasa, Mustafizur ya taka rawa a matsayin dan wasa na kwallon tennis . A cewarsa, ya samu kwarin gwuiwa ne daga dan wasan Pakistan Mohammad Amir wanda shi ne ubangidansa. A ranar 15 ga watan Maris, shekara 2019, tare da wasu mambobi na tawagar gwajin Bangladesh, yana daf da shiga masallacin Al Noor da ke Christchurch, New Zealand lokacin da aka kai harin ta'addanci . Dukkan 'yan tawagar sun " cutu sosai". Mustafizur ya yi aure a ranar 22 ga watan Maris. Dan'uwan Mustafizur ya yi fatan cewa aure zai iya taimaka masa "ya shawo kan kaduwar" da ya ritsa da shi a harin na New Zealand. == Farkon aiki == [[File:Mustafizur_Rahman_on_Dhaka_2018_(1).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mustafizur Rahman a birnin Dhaka, (2018)]] A shekara ta 2012, Mustafizur ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Dhaka]] babban birnin Bangladesh don gwada sansanin 'yan gudun hijira. Kafin wannan, 'yan wasa sun fara cin karo da shi a gasar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a Satkhira . An shigar da shi cikin kafuwar Hukumar Kurket ta Bangladesh na ganin saurin wasan ƙwallon ƙafarsa. Ba da daɗewa ba aka zaɓe shi zuwa ƙungiyar ' yan kasa da shekara 19 ta Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Kurket a 2014 a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]], inda ya ɗauki jimlar bangarori takwas . Mustafizur ya fara wasan kurket na aji na farko da na zubin-A daga shekaran 2014, mai wakiltar dibishin din Khulna da Abahani, bi da bi. An zabe shi don yawon shakatawa na Bangladesh A na Arewacin Indies . == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == === Fitowa === Mustafizur ya fara wasansa na kasa-da-kasa ne a wasa na ashirin da suka wuce da Pakistan a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2015, inda ya ci kwallayen Shahid Afridi da Mohammad Hafeez, ('yan wasa biyu na Pakistan). [[Fayil:Mustafizur Rahman on Dhaka 2018 (6).jpg|thumb|Mustafizur Rahman]] A cikin watan Yunin 2015, Indiya ta zagaya Bangladesh don gwaji ɗaya na duniya na kwana ɗaya. An zaɓi Mustafizur a cikin tawagar ODI. A cikin jerin wasanninsa na fark, Mustafizur ya ba da alamun yuwuwar sa a kan ƙwaƙƙwaran layin batting na Indiya ta hanyar ɗaukar wicket biyar a wasan farko. Bangladesh ce ta samu nasara a wasan kuma Mustafizur ya zama dan wasa na goma a tarihin ODI da ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasan farko. A cikin ODI na biyu, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wasu wikiti shida. Wannan ya taimaka masa ya sami rikodin mafi yawan wickets na kowane mai kwanon bayan ODI biyu, wanda ya zarce rikodin da Brian Vitori na Zimbabwe ya yi a baya. Ya kammala ODI na ƙarshe tare da wickets 2 kuma ya kafa tarihi ta hanyar ɗaukar wickets 13 a cikin jerin ODI na wasanni uku. A wata na gaba, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wickets 5 a cikin ODI uku don taimakawa Bangladesh ta ci nasara a kan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2-1. Ya yi gwaje-gwajensa na farko a jerin gwanaye guda daya da Afirka ta Kudu inda ya samu ci 4. === Matsalolin rauni === A cikin watan Nuwamba, Bangladesh ta karbi bakuncin Zimbabwe don ODI uku da T20 biyu. Mustafizur ya taka rawar gani sosai a wasannin ODI, yana ɗaukar jimlar wickets 8. Don wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin 2015, ICC ta ba shi suna a cikin ODI XI ta duniya. An kuma sanya masa suna a cikin ODI XI na shekara ta 2015 ta ''ESPNcricinfo'' da ''Cricbuzz'' . Ya kama wasansa na uku mai ci biyar a wasan karshe. Ba zai iya ba da gudummawa da yawa a cikin jerin T20 ba, koda yake ya yi rawar gani ta fuskar tattalin arziki, wanda ya sa bangarorin biyu suka yi nasara. A shekara ta gaba a cikin Janairu, Bangladesh ta sake taka rawar gani tare da Zimbabwe a cikin T20s hudu. Mustafizur ya buga wasanni biyun farko da suka yi nasara. Yayin da yake buga wasa a T20I na biyu da Zimbabwe a watan Janairun 2016, Mustafizur ya ji rauni a kafadarsa. Bayan haka, an cire shi daga cikin tawagar a karon farko tun lokacin da ya fara buga wasa. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Asiya da aka gudanar a wata mai zagayowa, ya sake jinkiri daga tawagar saboda raunin gefensa, ya buga wasanni uku na farko kawai. Ya sami damar buga wasa da Australiya, Indiya da New Zealand a cikin 2016 ICC World Twenty20 da aka gudanar a Indiya a cikin Maris. Ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na farko dan kasar Bangladesh da ya ci kwallo biyar a tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 bayan ya yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 22 da New Zealand. Ya dauki jimlar wickets 9 a wasanni uku a cikin 2016 edition . An nada shi a matsayin mutum na 12 a cikin 'tawagar Tournament' don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2016 T20 ta ICC. Mustafizur bai sake samun damar buga dukkan wasannin ba lokacin da Bangladesh ta zagaya New Zealand a watan Disamba 2016 da Janairu 2017. Ya buga wasan gwajin sa na farko tun watan Agusta 2015 da Sri Lanka a Galle a cikin Maris 2017, yana ɗaukar wickets takwas a cikin jerin. A cikin Afrilun 2018, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kurket goma da Hukumar kurket ta Bangladesh (BCB) za ta ba su kwangilar tsakiya kafin lokacin 2018. [[Fayil:Mustafizur Rahman on practice field in Dhaka on 2018 (17).jpg|thumb|Mustafizur Rahman]] A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2018, an cire Mustafizur daga jerin wasanni uku masu zuwa da za su yi da Afghanistan saboda rauni a ƙafarsa. === 2019-yanzu === A cikin Afrilu 2019, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya ta kurket na 2019 . A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2019, a wasan da Pakistan, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wicket na 100 a cikin ODIs. Ya kammala gasar ne a matsayin wanda ke kan gaba a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a Bangladesh, inda aka kore shi ashirin a wasanni takwas. Bayan gasar cin kofin duniya, Hukumar Cricket ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta bayyana Mustafizur a matsayin tauraro mai tasowa a cikin tawagar. A cikin Satumba 2021, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya . == Sana'ar cikin gida == === Wasan Firimiya na Bangladesh === Mustafizur kwararre na farko a wajen wasan kurket na kasa da kasa shi ne gasar firimiya ta Bangladesh, inda ya bugawa Dhaka Dynamites a kakar wasa ta 2015 . Ya ci kwallaye 14 a wasanni 10 a waccan gasar. A cikin Oktoba 2018, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Rajshahi Kings, biyo bayan daftarin gasar Premier ta Bangladesh ta 2018 – 19. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, an zaɓi shi don buga wa Rangpur Rangers a gasar Premier ta Bangladesh ta 2019 – 20. === gasar firimiya ta Indiya === A cikin Fabrairu 2016, Sunrisers Hyderabad ne ya tsara Mustafizur a cikin 2016 IPL gwanjo . Ya ci kwallaye 17 a wasanni 16 a gasar inda kungiyarsa ta lashe kambun. An yi masa suna a matsayin "Dan wasan Gasar Fitowa", ɗan wasa na farko a ƙasashen waje da ya karɓi wannan lambar yabo. A cikin Disamba 2016, Sunrisers Hyderabad sun riƙe shi a cikin 2017 IPL gwanjo . Yana da shakku kan rashin buga wasan farko na gasar. A cikin Janairu 2018, Indiyawan Mumbai sun saya shi a cikin 2018 IPL gwanjo . A cikin Fabrairu 2021, Rajasthan Royals ne suka siye shi daga farashin sa na INR 1.00 crore a cikin gwanjon IPL na 2021 . A cikin Fabrairu 2022, Babban Birnin Delhi ya siya shi a cikin gwanjon gasar Premier ta Indiya ta 2022 . === Fashewar NatWest T20 === A cikin Maris 2016, kungiyar Sussex ta Ingila ta sanar da cewa sun sanya hannu kan Mustafizur a matsayin dan wasan su na biyu a ketare don gasar T20 Blast . Ya dauko wickets hudu yayin da yake ba da gudu 23 a wasansa na farko da Essex . Bayan wani wasan kuma ya fuskanci tiyatar kafadarsa wadda ta yi jinyar watanni shida. === Pakistan Super League === [[Fayil:Mustafizur Rahman on practice field in Dhaka on 2018 (41).jpg|thumb|Mustafizur Rahman]] Lahore Qalandars ne ya zaɓi Mustafizur a cikin Super League na Pakistan . BCB ya hakura ya bar shi ya taka leda a can. Duk da haka, an warware batun lokacin da Mustafizur ya sami rauni a kafada a farkon 2016, don haka ya hana shi wasa a cikin PSL. == Salon wasa == Mustafizur ya sami nasara a farkon aikinsa na kasa da kasa ta hanyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, nau'in wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke motsawa (daga hannun dama) daga filin wasa. Mustafizur ya bayyana a wani taron manema labarai a watan Yunin 2015 cewa ya fara gano wannan dabarar ne bayan dan wasan cricketer nasa, Anamul Haque ya nace masa da ya rika kawowa a hankali. A cewar tsohon dan wasan cricket na Indiya Maninder Singh, ƙwallan sa na hankali suna da wahalar karantawa. == Bayanai da nasarori == === Bayanan kasa da kasa === * Yawancin wickets (13) a cikin jerin abubuwan da za a fara a Rana ɗaya ta Duniya (ODI). * Dan wasa na farko da ya lashe lambobin yabo na Man of the Match akan duka gwajin gwaji da ODI. * Hukumar kula da wasan kurket, Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya, ta hada da Mustafizur a kan ICC ODI Team of the Year a 2015, ta gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan cricketers na wannan shekarar. Shi ne dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh na farko da ya cimma wannan kuma na biyu da aka zaba ga kowace kungiyar ICC bayan Shakib Al Hasan . * A cikin Disamba 2016, an nada shi ICC Emerging Cricketer of the Year, dan wasan Bangladesh na farko da ya lashe daya daga cikin lambobin yabo na shekara-shekara na ICC. Mustafizur kuma an saka shi a matsayin mutum na 12 a cikin 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Team of the Tournament. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta ESPNcricinfo don Mafi kyawun aikin T20 na shekara ta 2016 don budurwarsa T20I mai tsayi biyar da New Zealand yayin T20 na Duniya . * Mustafizur ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa na shekara daga kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Bangladesh Sports Press Association (BSPA) na shekara ta 2015. * A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2016, ya zama na farko kuma ya zuwa yanzu kawai cricketer na waje da ya lashe [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] 's Emerging player of the year . * A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2018, Mustafizur ya dauki wicket dinsa na ODI na 50 a wasan karshe na wasan karshe da Sri Lanka ta hanyar bowling Upul Tharanga, ya zama dan wasan kwallon kwando na Bangladesh mafi sauri zuwa 50 ODI wickets a cikin matches 27. * Mustafizur ya sake haɗawa da ICC ODI Team of the Year 2018 . Ya zama dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh na farko da ya cimma wannan sau biyu. * A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2019, Mustafizur ya dauki wicket dinsa na ODI na 100 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket a 2019 da Pakistan ta hanyar bowling Haris Sohail, ya zama dan kwallon Bangladesh mafi sauri da ya kai gaci a wasanni 54. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya kuma zama na hudu mafi sauri a Duniya da ya kai wickets 100, ya bar dan gudun Australia Brett Lee a bayansa. Lee ya kai matakin wickets 100 a matches 55. * A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2019, Mustafizur ya zama ɗan Bangladesh mafi sauri, mai saurin kwano da sauri na huɗu don ɗaukar wiket 50 T20I . * A cikin lambar yabo ta ICC na shekara-shekara a cikin Janairu 2022, Mustafizur an haɗa shi a cikin ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year na shekara ta 2021. * An sanya suna a cikin ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year na shekara ta 2021. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.instagram.com/itsmustafizur/ ''Mustafizur Rahman''] na Instagramu * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/mustafizur-rahman-330902 Mustafizur Rahman] na ESPNcricifno {{ICC Emerging Player of the Year}}{{Bangladesh Squad 2019 Cricket World Cup}}{{Navboxes|title=Current squads|list1={{Rajshahi Kings squad}} {{Lahore Qalandars Squad}} {{Delhi Capitals squad}} {{Rangpur Rangers squad}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3feye4rbzccnusb5md3q9slnelnesxr 0 32350 856443 772279 2026-06-13T21:33:45Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Duba kuma */ 856443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:African Peanut Soup - 50909484748.jpg|thumb|African peanut soup ]] [[File:Cacahuate.png|thumb|'ya'yan gyada]] [[File:Arachis hypogaea - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpg|thumb|shukan gyada]] '''Miyar gyaɗa''' miya ce da ake yi da gyaɗa, sau da yawa tare da wasu sinadarai iri-iri. Babban [[abincin]] [[Afrika]] ne amma kuma ana ci a Gabashin [[Asiya]] ( [[Taiwan]] ), [[Amurka]] (yafi a [[Virginia]] ) da sauran yankuna na [[duniya]]. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a wasu yankuna, kamar [[Argentina]] arewa maso yamma, [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] da [[Peru]], inda a wasu lokuta ana iya ba da shi da naman kashi da ɗan gajeren taliya ko soya. A [[Ghana]] ana yawan cin ta da [[fufu]] ko [[omo tuo]] kuma yana da zafi sosai . Miyar gyaɗa ita ce miya ta al’ummar [[Mutanen Edo|Benin (Edo)]] a [[Najeriya]] kuma ana cin ta da dawa. Wasu daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen yin ta sune ''[[Masoro|Piper guineense]]'' ( iri uziza ) da ''[[Shuwaka|Vernonia amygdalina]]'' (ganye mai ɗaci). Ana shirya ta ne daga gyaɗa wadda aka niƙa ta zama manna, yawanci ana kiranta da man gyaɗa. Ana cin miyar gyaɗa da [[fufu]], banku, [[kenkey]] da sauransu. Abinci ne da 'yan Ghana da mutanen wasu ƙasashen Afirka ke cinye wa, kamar a [[Saliyo]]. Jama'ar Ghana sun fi saninsa da yaren Akan mai suna Nkatenkwan. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Latin_American_Peanut_Soup.jpg | Latin American Peanut Soup File:Groundnut_soup_served_at_funeral_in_Ghana.jpg | Ana cin abinci da miyan Gyaɗa a wurin jana'iza, a Ghana. </gallery> == Yanda Ake Miyar Gyada == 2. attaruhu 3. tattasae 4. Maggi.             5. Albasa      6. Spices  7. Mai                               zaki sami gyadarki ki daka ya yi laushi ko a markada kamar zaki kuli-kuli sae ki daka attaruhu,tattasai,Al basa sai ki soya  da dan mai  idan ya soyu sae ki xuba ruwa da maggi,onga,curry,idan ta tafasa sae a xuba wannan gyadar a ciki su yita dahuwa,idan ya dahu xaki ga mai ya fito a samansa sae ki sauke.zaki iya ci da danwake dan allah 6tr ki gwada nasan xaki bani labari a ci dadi lapia banda rowa == Duba kuma == * Gyada stew * [[Miyan gyada dabino|Miyan dabino]] * Jerin kayan abinci na gyada == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/24/ghana-groundnut-peanut-soup Miyan gyada na Ghana - girke-girke] * [https://cheflolaskitchen.com/west-african-peanut-soup/ Miyar gyada ta Najeriya - girke-girke] {{Commons category-inline|Peanut soup}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Miya]] [[Category:Gyada]] m6agvy4o8uba8dj3hjyafsyi8t8tevq 856444 856443 2026-06-13T21:34:03Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Duba kuma */ 856444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:African Peanut Soup - 50909484748.jpg|thumb|African peanut soup ]] [[File:Cacahuate.png|thumb|'ya'yan gyada]] [[File:Arachis hypogaea - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpg|thumb|shukan gyada]] '''Miyar gyaɗa''' miya ce da ake yi da gyaɗa, sau da yawa tare da wasu sinadarai iri-iri. Babban [[abincin]] [[Afrika]] ne amma kuma ana ci a Gabashin [[Asiya]] ( [[Taiwan]] ), [[Amurka]] (yafi a [[Virginia]] ) da sauran yankuna na [[duniya]]. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a wasu yankuna, kamar [[Argentina]] arewa maso yamma, [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] da [[Peru]], inda a wasu lokuta ana iya ba da shi da naman kashi da ɗan gajeren taliya ko soya. A [[Ghana]] ana yawan cin ta da [[fufu]] ko [[omo tuo]] kuma yana da zafi sosai . Miyar gyaɗa ita ce miya ta al’ummar [[Mutanen Edo|Benin (Edo)]] a [[Najeriya]] kuma ana cin ta da dawa. Wasu daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen yin ta sune ''[[Masoro|Piper guineense]]'' ( iri uziza ) da ''[[Shuwaka|Vernonia amygdalina]]'' (ganye mai ɗaci). Ana shirya ta ne daga gyaɗa wadda aka niƙa ta zama manna, yawanci ana kiranta da man gyaɗa. Ana cin miyar gyaɗa da [[fufu]], banku, [[kenkey]] da sauransu. Abinci ne da 'yan Ghana da mutanen wasu ƙasashen Afirka ke cinye wa, kamar a [[Saliyo]]. Jama'ar Ghana sun fi saninsa da yaren Akan mai suna Nkatenkwan. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Latin_American_Peanut_Soup.jpg | Latin American Peanut Soup File:Groundnut_soup_served_at_funeral_in_Ghana.jpg | Ana cin abinci da miyan Gyaɗa a wurin jana'iza, a Ghana. </gallery> == Yanda Ake Miyar Gyada == 2. attaruhu 3. tattasae 4. Maggi.             5. Albasa      6. Spices  7. Mai                               zaki sami gyadarki ki daka ya yi laushi ko a markada kamar zaki kuli-kuli sae ki daka attaruhu,tattasai,Al basa sai ki soya  da dan mai  idan ya soyu sae ki xuba ruwa da maggi,onga,curry,idan ta tafasa sae a xuba wannan gyadar a ciki su yita dahuwa,idan ya dahu xaki ga mai ya fito a samansa sae ki sauke.zaki iya ci da danwake dan allah 6tr ki gwada nasan xaki bani labari a ci dadi lapia banda rowa == Duba kuma == * Gyada stew * [[Miyan gyada dabino|Miyan dabino]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/24/ghana-groundnut-peanut-soup Miyan gyada na Ghana - girke-girke] * [https://cheflolaskitchen.com/west-african-peanut-soup/ Miyar gyada ta Najeriya - girke-girke] {{Commons category-inline|Peanut soup}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Miya]] [[Category:Gyada]] g3h065zyprl2fvacmfuikw8d8v7vnap 856445 856444 2026-06-13T21:34:20Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Duba kuma */ 856445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:African Peanut Soup - 50909484748.jpg|thumb|African peanut soup ]] [[File:Cacahuate.png|thumb|'ya'yan gyada]] [[File:Arachis hypogaea - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-163.jpg|thumb|shukan gyada]] '''Miyar gyaɗa''' miya ce da ake yi da gyaɗa, sau da yawa tare da wasu sinadarai iri-iri. Babban [[abincin]] [[Afrika]] ne amma kuma ana ci a Gabashin [[Asiya]] ( [[Taiwan]] ), [[Amurka]] (yafi a [[Virginia]] ) da sauran yankuna na [[duniya]]. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a wasu yankuna, kamar [[Argentina]] arewa maso yamma, [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] da [[Peru]], inda a wasu lokuta ana iya ba da shi da naman kashi da ɗan gajeren taliya ko soya. A [[Ghana]] ana yawan cin ta da [[fufu]] ko [[omo tuo]] kuma yana da zafi sosai . Miyar gyaɗa ita ce miya ta al’ummar [[Mutanen Edo|Benin (Edo)]] a [[Najeriya]] kuma ana cin ta da dawa. Wasu daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen yin ta sune ''[[Masoro|Piper guineense]]'' ( iri uziza ) da ''[[Shuwaka|Vernonia amygdalina]]'' (ganye mai ɗaci). Ana shirya ta ne daga gyaɗa wadda aka niƙa ta zama manna, yawanci ana kiranta da man gyaɗa. Ana cin miyar gyaɗa da [[fufu]], banku, [[kenkey]] da sauransu. Abinci ne da 'yan Ghana da mutanen wasu ƙasashen Afirka ke cinye wa, kamar a [[Saliyo]]. Jama'ar Ghana sun fi saninsa da yaren Akan mai suna Nkatenkwan. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Latin_American_Peanut_Soup.jpg | Latin American Peanut Soup File:Groundnut_soup_served_at_funeral_in_Ghana.jpg | Ana cin abinci da miyan Gyaɗa a wurin jana'iza, a Ghana. </gallery> == Yanda Ake Miyar Gyada == 2. attaruhu 3. tattasae 4. Maggi.             5. Albasa      6. Spices  7. Mai                               zaki sami gyadarki ki daka ya yi laushi ko a markada kamar zaki kuli-kuli sae ki daka attaruhu,tattasai,Al basa sai ki soya  da dan mai  idan ya soyu sae ki xuba ruwa da maggi,onga,curry,idan ta tafasa sae a xuba wannan gyadar a ciki su yita dahuwa,idan ya dahu xaki ga mai ya fito a samansa sae ki sauke.zaki iya ci da danwake dan allah 6tr ki gwada nasan xaki bani labari a ci dadi lapia banda rowa == Duba kuma == * [[Miyan gyada dabino|Miyan dabino]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/24/ghana-groundnut-peanut-soup Miyan gyada na Ghana - girke-girke] * [https://cheflolaskitchen.com/west-african-peanut-soup/ Miyar gyada ta Najeriya - girke-girke] {{Commons category-inline|Peanut soup}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Miya]] [[Category:Gyada]] pixlvnzl6rlgxl91o7ujksnci7pk4dj 0 32389 856063 565674 2026-06-13T14:32:29Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2019 a lokacin gasar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hpy53lhox8ubdh0ule4nfows1l5j13o 856064 856063 2026-06-13T14:33:12Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ashanti Gold */ 856064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2019 a lokacin gasar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] otodqdos0d3fndb8apa0gdyms8vubdg 856065 856064 2026-06-13T14:33:49Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ashanti Gold */ 856065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2019 a lokacin gasar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9gpyms3kk9oqtkmh62o941n3cacak4z 856066 856065 2026-06-13T14:34:06Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ashanti Gold */ 856066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2019 a lokacin gasar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5v25tucomnshr4iwmkvh9yb7jcl8kff 856067 856066 2026-06-13T14:34:26Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Asante Kotoko */ 856067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2019 a lokacin gasar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nxaafwlui3yx6uz5ksibpe1ya27c68r 856068 856067 2026-06-13T14:34:40Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Asante Kotoko */ 856068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, 2019 a lokacin gasar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r570v1z99o9ndyxuvfvd86r6akobr71 856069 856068 2026-06-13T14:34:51Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Asante Kotoko */ 856069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ti1cfdx698fn2ybvqo3sro6wwu3d8cd 856070 856069 2026-06-13T14:35:04Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Asante Kotoko */ 856070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2tfn385nfjtwqqr79mmk8xe5kji8dca 856071 856070 2026-06-13T14:35:55Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Asante Kotoko */ 856071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] avkbflqlfgtkg25sguwllv8de863lpv 856072 856071 2026-06-13T14:36:10Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Asante Kotoko */ 856072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5enq7fp8alddlnd2x6fvcfuumig5k6s 856073 856072 2026-06-13T14:37:08Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Dreams */ 856073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hwwfecv2wqg7v7dkdwkmxzxuvm20flj 856074 856073 2026-06-13T14:38:04Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Dreams */ 856074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 ga watan Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l5c4qjnebb8h38jt05uk4ae7y6zngcz 856075 856074 2026-06-13T14:39:49Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Dreams */ 856075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 ga watan Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b2gyr5fbz9cv4x2rajf4bcy0fvxt02r 856076 856075 2026-06-13T14:40:14Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Dreams */ 856076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 ga watan Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p6izo50vjz4cbijtj3rcmqw4dcd3151 856077 856076 2026-06-13T14:40:41Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Dreams */ 856077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 ga watan Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 06l4o0b8j1shb04wcbv578rnk7x0poq 856078 856077 2026-06-13T14:40:59Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyukan kasa da kasa */ 856078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 ga watan Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1qz6b6gxzw0odv1tzrndh652957hfo6 856079 856078 2026-06-13T14:41:29Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyukan kasa da kasa */ 856079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 ga watan Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a shekarar 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] svdp31jz4y7pqg3xzbascxeyoibg5yn 856080 856079 2026-06-13T14:41:51Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyukan kasa da kasa */ 856080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 ga watan Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a shekarar 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da kasar [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgtsysj4zl4cci2qkakpst65g1sjves 856081 856080 2026-06-13T14:42:19Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta sirri */ 856081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Habib Mohammed]] [[Fayil:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb]] '''Habib Mohammed''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekarar 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghanan Premier League Dreams. A baya ya fito don Ashanti Gold da Asante Kotoko. == Aikin kulob == === Ashanti Gold === Mohammed ya fara aikinsa da kungiyar Allah Koso FC , ya koma Aston Villa FC sannan ya koma Bofoakwa Tano a Dibision One League duk a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]]. A watan Janairun shekarar 2017, Mohammed ya koma kulob din Ashanti Gold na gasar Premier ta Ghana kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Matasan Tema. === Asante Kotoko === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan Asante Kotoko kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019 a lokacin gasar shekarar 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Competition wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jordan Opoku a minti na 85 da ci 2-0 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ashanti Gold. Asante Kotoko ya ci gaba da lashe gasar ta musamman inda ta doke Karela United a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa Mohammed ya buga wasanni 22 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020-21, an dauke shi ragi bayan an nada Prosper Narteh Ogum a matsayin kocin. Kwantiraginsa ya kare tare a watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 tare da sauran watanni hudu a kwangilar. === Dreams === A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Dreams sun sanar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Mohammed kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da zaɓi don tsawaita a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2021-22. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, ya fara halarta a karon bayan ya zo a cikin minti na 85 don Victor Oduro a Dreams's 3-1 league nasara a kan Elmina Sharks. Ya fara farawa na farko don Mafarki akan 5 ga watan Disamba a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Bibiani Gold Stars. An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan a karshen cikakken lokaci. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Mohammed ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2018, a lokacin wasan da Dr. Hage Geingob suka yi da Namibia a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-1 a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya tashi 1-1. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya buga wasan cancantar shiga gasar Black Stars B CHAN da Burkina Faso kuma ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar WAFU ta 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Senegal]]. Mohammed yana cikin tawagar [[Ghana]] 'yan kasa da shekara 23 da suka buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a [[Misra|Masar]] a shekarar 2019. Ya buga wasanni 5 ya ci daya. Kwallon da ya ci ta zo ne a wasan farko da kasar [[Ghana]] ta buga da [[Kamaru]] a lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kamaru]] saura minti uku a kammala wasan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agustan shekarar 2021, Hukumar 'yan sanda ta yankin Bono ta gayyaci Mohammed saboda haddasa rikici da fada a gidan Pub & Night Club a Sunyani a yayin da ya cutar da mai gidan. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Musamman na Kwamitin daidaitawa : 2019 * WAFU Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Habib Mohammed at Soccerway * Habib Mohammed at Global Sports Archive * Habib Mohammed at WorldFootball.net [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6qedhnm0q9npbcal0xd4apritqlcihs 0 32706 856152 855985 2026-06-13T16:38:25Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa. == Manazarta == jtr7slv4m6qcc58o29ef5j4fn4whwv5 856154 856152 2026-06-13T16:38:47Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa. == Manazarta == si1gi4is0sdqg0nbt2ixra09ux8tiax 856158 856154 2026-06-13T16:39:09Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa. == Manazarta == ltavt296odlg5sf2cbi8v0io98fvz9l 856170 856158 2026-06-13T16:41:32Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa. == Manazarta == 6sz0nocqh9bu8ovkf99sqb4b9mvjhcz 856173 856170 2026-06-13T16:42:09Z Sardeeq 39275 Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10. 856173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa. == Manazarta == 1hjdg3dzuu4fisg2w0lhhhybhlyf9ri 856188 856173 2026-06-13T16:44:17Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa. == Manazarta == nlr25cdwf2c4deghghiky3svdv8x81s 856197 856188 2026-06-13T16:49:31Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa. == Manazarta == 9pue5lqgienkbnwopbadk1fh7bwggqs 856198 856197 2026-06-13T16:50:04Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.<ref><nowiki>https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c0107fe0-b5be-4579-bcee-a075a15ca98c/content</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta == bajmzhjjqoq64ox97qix58ltb0ka2ew 856206 856198 2026-06-13T16:51:19Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.<ref><nowiki>https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c0107fe0-b5be-4579-bcee-a075a15ca98c/content</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta == 524l7xy0xdq2gx5193ewfd4xe0w6czf 856209 856206 2026-06-13T16:52:39Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.<ref><nowiki>https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c0107fe0-b5be-4579-bcee-a075a15ca98c/content</nowiki></ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref> == Manazarta == fq5arpmdob2bsqonllcrpnn09amrpfm 856212 856209 2026-06-13T16:53:05Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.<ref><nowiki>https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c0107fe0-b5be-4579-bcee-a075a15ca98c/content</nowiki></ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, H. (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. p. 160.</ref> == Manazarta == 5ytnsrjcygcwo859fzw5xj58ch0t7hf 856279 856212 2026-06-13T17:30:04Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.<ref><nowiki>https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c0107fe0-b5be-4579-bcee-a075a15ca98c/content</nowiki></ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, H. (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. p. 160.</ref><ref>Ogbono soup". Journal of Arid Agriculture University of Maiduguri. 2023.</ref> == Manazarta == derzcrmu4o6ccko4cwi0l8huffjnwpm 856281 856279 2026-06-13T17:30:47Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.<ref><nowiki>https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c0107fe0-b5be-4579-bcee-a075a15ca98c/content</nowiki></ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, H. (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. p. 160.</ref><ref>Ogbono soup". Journal of Arid Agriculture University of Maiduguri. 2023.</ref><ref>Festus, C.; Nwala, L. (2012). "Extraction and procession of agbono cotyledon for long shelf-life" (PDF). Academic Research International. 2 (1): 139–145.</ref> == Manazarta == hc4riwgy11dsahkwk1yl4sz2q2n0fst 856282 856281 2026-06-13T17:31:13Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.<ref><nowiki>https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c0107fe0-b5be-4579-bcee-a075a15ca98c/content</nowiki></ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, H. (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. p. 160.</ref><ref>Ogbono soup". Journal of Arid Agriculture University of Maiduguri. 2023.</ref><ref>Festus, C.; Nwala, L. (2012). "Extraction and procession of agbono cotyledon for long shelf-life" (PDF). Academic Research International. 2 (1): 139–145.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit Publishers. p. 160. <nowiki>ISBN 9783422545</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref> == Manazarta == twchqqhhriixaw0f71rvu7me7r2xuub 856285 856282 2026-06-13T17:32:20Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.<ref><nowiki>https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c0107fe0-b5be-4579-bcee-a075a15ca98c/content</nowiki></ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, H. (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. p. 160.</ref><ref>Ogbono soup". Journal of Arid Agriculture University of Maiduguri. 2023.</ref><ref>Festus, C.; Nwala, L. (2012). "Extraction and procession of agbono cotyledon for long shelf-life" (PDF). Academic Research International. 2 (1): 139–145.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit Publishers. p. 160. <nowiki>ISBN 9783422545</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Don Lawson, D.C. (2018). "Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of Irvingia Gabonensis (Agbono Cotyledon)" (PDF). Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 5 (4). doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2018.05.001227.</ref> == Manazarta == naxay9gmiepqjs1nanb9grhv6zi33zw 856287 856285 2026-06-13T17:32:44Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefNG 856287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]] [[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]] '''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)<ref name="BestSoup">{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&q=Ogbono+soup&pg=PT63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}</ref> kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}</ref><ref>Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). "Ogbono Soup". Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.</ref><ref>Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref><ref>Ogbono Soup". Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11</ref><ref>Ogbono – UdyFoods". Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (2026-02-01). "Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.</ref><ref>Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. "Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)" (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.</ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.</ref><ref>Edozie, V (2016). "Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa". Daily Trust.</ref><ref>Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).</ref> Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).<ref name="BestSoup" /> Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,<ref name="BestSoup" /> kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.<ref>Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). "Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It". So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health". Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.</ref><ref>Ogbono and Okra Soup | Nigerian Lazy Chef". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.</ref><ref>"Egusi and Ogbono Soup Combo"</ref><ref>Odumade, Omotolani (May 21, 2018). "Soups every Nigerian should be able to make". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018</ref><ref>BPharm, Jennifer Obidike (2021-09-20). "Ogbono (African Mango): 6 Amazing Benefits, Nutrition, and Side Effects". Healthful Wonders. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Nwokolo, Collins (2020-05-12). "7 Amazing Health Benefits of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis)". Health Guide NG. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Top 10 Health Benefits of Ogbono: Boost Your Wellness Naturally". 2025-03-19. Retrieved 2026-05-10.</ref><ref>Olorundare, Olufunke; Adeneye, Adejuwon; Akinsola, Akinyele; Kolo, Phillip; Agede, Olalekan; Soyemi, Sunday; Mgbehoma, Alban; Okoye, Ikechukwu; Albrecht, Ralph; Mukhtar, Hasan (2020-10-22). Morales, Patricia (ed.). "Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/1602816. ISSN 1942-0994. PMC 7603620. <nowiki>PMID 33149803</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],<ref name="BestSoup" /> ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.<ref name="BestSoup" /> Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,<ref>{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.<ref><nowiki>https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c0107fe0-b5be-4579-bcee-a075a15ca98c/content</nowiki></ref><ref>Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780300073072</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, H. (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. p. 160.</ref><ref>Ogbono soup". Journal of Arid Agriculture University of Maiduguri. 2023.</ref><ref>Festus, C.; Nwala, L. (2012). "Extraction and procession of agbono cotyledon for long shelf-life" (PDF). Academic Research International. 2 (1): 139–145.</ref><ref>Igboanusi, Herbert (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit Publishers. p. 160. <nowiki>ISBN 9783422545</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref><ref>Don Lawson, D.C. (2018). "Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of Irvingia Gabonensis (Agbono Cotyledon)" (PDF). Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 5 (4). doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2018.05.001227.</ref><ref>Irvingia gabonensis: Forest ecology and uses". Forest Ecology and Management. Elsevier. 1980.</ref> == Manazarta == 9gccjs25us7lyk5wxa53phj78t8rlyz 0 32710 856542 449488 2026-06-14T06:40:33Z ~2026-34862-75 45938 856542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Filin wasa na tunawa da '''Sardauna, filin wasa''' ne da ake amfani da shi a [[Gusau]], [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]], [[Najeriya]] . A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi mafi yawa don [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] kuma filin wasa ne na [[Zamfara United F.C.|Zamfara United FC]] na gasar Premier ta Najeriya . Filin wasan yana ɗaukar mutane 5,000 filin wasa na cikin unguwar sabon garin Gusau,kusa da masalacin jumu'a na shehk Abubakar mahamut gummi wanda a kafisa da masalacin jumu'a Rabi'a . {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> {{Coord|12|09|51|N|6|40|06|E|region:NG-ZA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki}} 70rl5ylzp771tx18rjuhvgnixdnvv1o 0 33118 856450 747616 2026-06-13T21:37:53Z ~2026-34875-56 45943 /* Manyan mutanen rigachikun */ 856450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}} '''Rigachikun''' unguwa ce wacce take a karamar hukumar [[Igabi]] jihar [[kaduna]]. ==Manyan mutanen rigachikun== * Marigayi Muhammad jalo. * Marigayi Dan masani. * Marigayi sa'idu Dan janga. * Falalu bello. * Tanimu zailani. * Usaini Muhammad jalo. * Spkr Yusuf zailani. * Yaro makama. * Marigayi Sani Buhari ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} 8rk8qbe2wqeng0f8tkjwzzbv4q2ha9x 0 33187 856092 422683 2026-06-13T14:53:15Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856092 wikitext text/x-wiki Â{{Databox}} '''Issah Abdul Basit'''{{Audio|Ha-Issah Abdul Basit.ogg|Issah Abdul Basit}} (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2002), Dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na [[Ghana|kasar Ghana]] wanda a halin yanzu yake buga gaba a Kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta Ghana [[Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Yammacin Afirka|WAFA]] . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Afful|first=David|date=2021-04-25|title=WAFA attacker Basit grabs MOTM in WAFA-XI Wonders duel|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/04/25/wafa-attacker-basit-grabs-motm-in-wafa-xi-wonders-duel/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142714/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/04/25/wafa-attacker-basit-grabs-motm-in-wafa-xi-wonders-duel/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdul Basit Issah - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/abdul-basit-issah/465120/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> == Aiki == Basit ya fara aikinsa ne da [[Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Yammacin Afirka]], an kara masa girma zuwa babban kungiyar a watan Maris na shekarar 2021 gabanin zagaye na biyu na gasar Premier ta kasar Ghana ta shekarar 2020–21. A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2021, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Sarki Faisal Babes .<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=Faisal held by WAFA at home|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/faisal-held-by-wafa-at-home|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu na shekara 2021 ta hanyar zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a ci 1-0 da Techiman Eleven Wonders . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of West Africa Football Academy SC vs Eleven Wonders FC - 2021-04-25 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-04-25/west-africa-football-academy-sc-vs-eleven-wonders-fc/2201919/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> Wasan da ya biyo baya da Berekum Chelsea a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a cikin nasara mai ban sha'awa da ci 3-2 a gida inda ya ci sau biyu a jere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Berekum Chelsea FC vs West Africa Football Academy SC - 2021-04-30 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-04-30/berekum-chelsea-fc-vs-west-africa-football-academy-sc/2201926/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan ne saboda rawar da ya taka a wasanni biyun. A karshen watan Afrilu, an yanke masa hukuncin zama dan wasan NASCO na watan, inda ya doke Berekum Chelsea Stephen Amankonah, Aduana Stars Benjamin Tweneboah da Hans Kwofie na Legon Cities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=WAFA’s Abdul Basit named as NASCO Player of the month- April|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/wafas-abdul-basit-named-as-nasco-player-of-the-month-april|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=Four Players shortlisted for NASCO Player of the Month - April|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/four-players-shortlisted-for-nasco-player-of-the-month-april|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * Issah Abdul Basit at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h5mxf4dfzpy4k77dyg2l2fs2u23skjs 856093 856092 2026-06-13T14:53:32Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aiki */ 856093 wikitext text/x-wiki Â{{Databox}} '''Issah Abdul Basit'''{{Audio|Ha-Issah Abdul Basit.ogg|Issah Abdul Basit}} (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2002), Dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na [[Ghana|kasar Ghana]] wanda a halin yanzu yake buga gaba a Kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta Ghana [[Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Yammacin Afirka|WAFA]] . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Afful|first=David|date=2021-04-25|title=WAFA attacker Basit grabs MOTM in WAFA-XI Wonders duel|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/04/25/wafa-attacker-basit-grabs-motm-in-wafa-xi-wonders-duel/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142714/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/04/25/wafa-attacker-basit-grabs-motm-in-wafa-xi-wonders-duel/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdul Basit Issah - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/abdul-basit-issah/465120/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> == Aiki == Basit ya fara aikinsa ne da [[Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Yammacin Afirka]], an kara masa girma zuwa babban kungiyar a watan Maris na shekarar 2021 gabanin zagaye na biyu na gasar Premier ta kasar Ghana ta shekarar 2020–21. A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2021, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Sarki Faisal Babes .<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=Faisal held by WAFA at home|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/faisal-held-by-wafa-at-home|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu na shekara 2021 ta hanyar zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a ci 1-0, da Techiman Eleven Wonders . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of West Africa Football Academy SC vs Eleven Wonders FC - 2021-04-25 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-04-25/west-africa-football-academy-sc-vs-eleven-wonders-fc/2201919/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> Wasan da ya biyo baya da Berekum Chelsea a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a cikin nasara mai ban sha'awa da ci 3-2 a gida inda ya ci sau biyu a jere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Berekum Chelsea FC vs West Africa Football Academy SC - 2021-04-30 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-04-30/berekum-chelsea-fc-vs-west-africa-football-academy-sc/2201926/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan ne saboda rawar da ya taka a wasanni biyun. A karshen watan Afrilu, an yanke masa hukuncin zama dan wasan NASCO na watan, inda ya doke Berekum Chelsea Stephen Amankonah, Aduana Stars Benjamin Tweneboah da Hans Kwofie na Legon Cities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=WAFA’s Abdul Basit named as NASCO Player of the month- April|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/wafas-abdul-basit-named-as-nasco-player-of-the-month-april|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=Four Players shortlisted for NASCO Player of the Month - April|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/four-players-shortlisted-for-nasco-player-of-the-month-april|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * Issah Abdul Basit at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] letri4iyp6mesw7xg2xwy4j9739q6mb 856094 856093 2026-06-13T14:53:49Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aiki */ 856094 wikitext text/x-wiki Â{{Databox}} '''Issah Abdul Basit'''{{Audio|Ha-Issah Abdul Basit.ogg|Issah Abdul Basit}} (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2002), Dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na [[Ghana|kasar Ghana]] wanda a halin yanzu yake buga gaba a Kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta Ghana [[Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Yammacin Afirka|WAFA]] . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Afful|first=David|date=2021-04-25|title=WAFA attacker Basit grabs MOTM in WAFA-XI Wonders duel|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/04/25/wafa-attacker-basit-grabs-motm-in-wafa-xi-wonders-duel/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142714/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/04/25/wafa-attacker-basit-grabs-motm-in-wafa-xi-wonders-duel/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdul Basit Issah - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/abdul-basit-issah/465120/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> == Aiki == Basit ya fara aikinsa ne da [[Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Yammacin Afirka]], an kara masa girma zuwa babban kungiyar a watan Maris na shekarar 2021 gabanin zagaye na biyu na gasar Premier ta kasar Ghana ta shekarar 2020–21. A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2021, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Sarki Faisal Babes .<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=Faisal held by WAFA at home|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/faisal-held-by-wafa-at-home|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu na shekara 2021 ta hanyar zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a ci 1-0, da Techiman Eleven Wonders . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of West Africa Football Academy SC vs Eleven Wonders FC - 2021-04-25 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-04-25/west-africa-football-academy-sc-vs-eleven-wonders-fc/2201919/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> Wasan da ya biyo baya da Berekum Chelsea a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a cikin nasara mai ban sha'awa da ci 3-2 a gida inda ya ci sau biyu a jere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Berekum Chelsea FC vs West Africa Football Academy SC - 2021-04-30 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-04-30/berekum-chelsea-fc-vs-west-africa-football-academy-sc/2201926/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> An yanke masa hukuncin dan wasan ne saboda rawar da ya taka a wasanni biyun. A karshen watan Afrilu, an yanke masa hukuncin zama dan wasan NASCO na watan, inda ya doke Berekum Chelsea Stephen Amankonah, Aduana Stars Benjamin Tweneboah, da Hans Kwofie na Legon Cities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=WAFA’s Abdul Basit named as NASCO Player of the month- April|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/wafas-abdul-basit-named-as-nasco-player-of-the-month-april|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=Four Players shortlisted for NASCO Player of the Month - April|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/four-players-shortlisted-for-nasco-player-of-the-month-april|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * Issah Abdul Basit at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2kmfxjmlssuiqo8g7xjktog2brvhyut 0 33420 856590 832733 2026-06-14T08:01:21Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Baboucarr Gaye (cropped).jpg|thumb|Baboucarr Gaye]] [[Fayil:Baboucarr Gaye (cropped).jpg|thumb|Baboucarr Gaye]] '''Baboucarr Gaye''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1998) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon [[Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙafa ne]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida/raga na FC Rot-Weiß Koblenz. An haife shi a [[Jamus]], yana wakiltar tawagar ƙasar [[Gambia]]. == Aikin kulob/Kungiya == Bayan da ya yi amfani/aiki a matsayin sa na matashi tare da kulob ɗin Arminia Bielefeld, an sanar da cewa Gaye zai bar kulob ɗin a ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2019, bai taɓa bayyana a cikin tawagar farko ba. A ranar 21 ga Yuli 2019, daga baya ya shiga SG Wattenscheid 09. <ref>[https://www.sgwattenscheid09.de/keeper-baboucarr-gaye-kommt-von-arminia-bielefeld/ Keeper Baboucarr Gaye kommt von Arminia Bielefeld]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, sgwattenscheid09.de, 21 July 2019</ref> Bayan wasanni tara kacal, an tilasta wa Gaye ya nemo wani sabon kulob bayan Wattenscheid ya shigar da ƙara kan fatarar kuɗi a tsakiyar watan Oktoban 2019, inda suka rasa sauran kakar wasan su. <ref>[https://www.reviersport.de/artikel/wuppertal-und-essen-hier-halten-sich-wattenscheid-spieler-fit/ Wuppertal und Essen: Hier halten sich Wattenscheid-Spieler fit], reviersport.de, 16 November 2019</ref> A cikin Janairu 2020, matashin mai tsaron gida ya shiga VfB Stuttgart II. <ref>[https://www.vfb.de/de/vfb/aktuell/neues/junge-wilde/2020/trainingsauftakt-u21/], vfb.de, Januar 2020</ref> A cikin watan Yulin shekarar 2020, Gaye ya koma TuS Rot-Weiß Koblenz. <ref>[https://www.regio-sw.de/2020/07/19/tus-rot-weiss-koblenz-verpflichtet-22-jaehrigen-wunsch-torhueter/ TuS Rot-Weiß Koblenz verpflichtet 22-Jährigen wunsch Torhüter], regio-sw.de, 19 July 2020</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasa == [[Fayil:But d'Aboubakar Vincent.jpg|thumb|Baboucarr Gaye a lokacin wasa ]] [[Fayil:Équipe de football gambien 01.jpg|thumb|Baboucarr Gaye a cikin yan wasa ]] Gaye ya yi karo/haɗu da tawagar ƙasar Gambia a [[wasan sada zumunci]] da suka doke Congo da ci 1-0 a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020. == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Baboucarr Gaye at DFB (also available in German) * Baboucarr Gaye at kicker (in German) * Baboucarr Gaye at WorldFootball.net [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] pozbvb8uqaakvrjilj3lj3l8qsnf6w9 0 33975 856488 618896 2026-06-13T22:02:19Z Zahrah0 14848 856488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:William_Hogarth_-_A_Rake's_Progress_-_Plate_1_-_The_Young_Heir_Takes_Possession_Of_The_Miser's_Effects.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Daga ''Ci gaban Rake na'' William Hogarth . "Saurayin Magaji Ya Mallake Illar Mazaje".]] '''Gado''' shi ne al'adar karɓar [[dukiya]], mukamai, basussuka, gata, [[haƙƙoƙi]], da wajibai bayan mutuwar mamallakinsu. Dokokin gado sun bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi kuma sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Bayar da [[kadarori]] masu zaman kansu da/ko basussuka bisa hukuma na iya yin ta ta hanyar wasiyya, kamar yadda notary ko wasu hanyoyin halal suka tabbatar. == Kalmomi == A shari’a, ''magaji'' shi ne mutumin da ke da hakkin ya sami kaso na dukiyar mamaci (wanda ya rasu), bisa ka’idojin gado a hurumin da mamacin ɗan [[ƙasa]] ne ko kuma inda marigayin (marigayi ya rasu) ya mutu ko ya mallaki dukiya a lokacin mutuwarsa. Gadon yana iya kasancewa ko dai a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan wasiyya ko kuma ta dokokin ƙasa idan marigayin ba shi da wasiyya. Koda yayi wasiyyar, dole ne ta bi ka'idodin ikon a lokacin da aka ƙirƙira ta ko kuma a ce ba ta da inganci (alal misali, wasu jihohin ba su amince da wasiyyan da aka rubuta da hannu ba a matsayin inganci, ko kuma a cikin takamaiman yanayi) sannan kuma a yi amfani da dokokin haɗin gwiwa. . Keɓanta daga gadon wanda ya kasance magaji a cikin wasiyyar da ta gabata, ko kuma ana sa ran zai gaji, ana kiransa “rashin [[gado]]”. Mutum ba ya zama magaji kafin mutuwar mamacin, tun da a lokacin ne ake tantance ainihin mutanen da ke da hakkin cin gado. Mambobin masu mulki ko na sarakuna da ake sa ran za su zama magada, ana kiransu magada idan na farko a layi kuma ba za a iya raba su daga gado ta hanyar wani da'awar ba; in ba haka ba, su magada ne. Akwai ƙarin ra'ayi game da gadon haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke jiran renunciation da kowa sai ɗaya, wanda ake kira coparceny . A cikin dokar zamani, kalmomin ''gado'' da ''magada'' suna magana ne kawai ga gado ga dukiya ta zuriyar mamaci da ke mutuwa. Masu karɓar kadarorin da aka yi nasara a ƙarƙashin wasiyya ana kiransu gabaɗaya ''masu cin gajiyar ,'' kuma musamman suna ''ƙirƙira'' don dukiya ta gaske, ''wasiyya'' don kadarorin mutum (sai dai kuɗi), ko ''wakilai'' don kuɗi. Sai dai a wasu hukunce-hukuncen da ba za a iya raba wa mutum gado bisa doka ba (kamar jihar [[Louisiana]] ta Amurka, wacce ke ba da izinin raba gado kawai a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi). Ana iya raba mutumin da zai zama magaji a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya a misali na wasiyyar ɗan wasan barkwanci Jerry Lewis ; wasiyyarsa ta musamman ya raba wa 'ya'yansa shida gadon matarsa ta farko., da zuriyarsu, ya bar dukan dukiyarsa ga matarsa ta biyu). == Tarihi == An yi cikakken nazarin ilimin ɗan Adam da [[Kimiyar al'umma|zamantakewa]] game da al'adun gadon uba, inda 'ya'ya maza kaɗai ke iya gado. Wasu al'adu kuma suna amfani da gadon matrilineal, inda [[dukiya]] ba za ta iya wucewa ta layin mata ba, yawanci suna zuwa ga 'ya'yan 'yar'uwar da aka haifa; amma kuma, a wasu al’ummomi, tun daga uwa zuwa ‘ya’yanta mata. Wasu tsoffin al'ummomi da mafi yawan jihohin zamani suna ɗaukar gadon adalci, ba tare da nuna bambanci dangane da jinsi da/ko tsarin haihuwa ba. Wassalam Allahu aalamu Allah masani == Dokokin addini game da gado == === Dokokin Yahudawa === Gadon na ubansa ne. Uban—wato, wanda ya mallaki ƙasar—ya ba da gado ga zuriyarsa maza ne kaɗai, saboda haka Ƙasar Alkawari ta wuce daga uba Bayahude zuwa ga ’ya’yansa. ( {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:15-17|HE}} ). Idan babu 'ya'ya maza masu rai, ko zuriyar 'ya'ya maza na dā, 'ya'ya mata sun gaji. A cikin Littafin Ƙidaya ta 27, ’ya’yan Zelofehad (Mahlah, Noa, Hogla, Milka, da Tirza) na kabilar Manassa suka zo wurin Musa suka nemi gādon mahaifinsu, da yake ba su da ’yan’uwa. <ref>''Hebrew-English Bible'' {{Bibleverse||Numbers|27:1-4|HE}}</ref> An tsara tsarin rabon gado: 'ya'yan mutum maza su fara gado, 'ya'ya mata idan ba maza, 'yan'uwa idan ba su da 'ya'ya, da dai sauransu. <ref>''Hebrew-English Bible'' {{Bibleverse||Numbers|27:7-11|HE}}</ref> Daga baya, a cikin Littafin Ƙidaya sura ta talatin da shida 36, wasu shugabannin iyalan kabilar Manassa suka zo wurin Musa suka nuna cewa, idan ’ya mace ta yi gādo, ta kuma auri wanda ba na kabilarta ba, ƙasarta za ta rabu da na kabilarta ta haihuwa. gado a cikin aurenta-kabilarta. Don haka an ɗora wani ƙarin doka: idan diya ta gaji ƙasa, sai ta auri wani daga cikin kabilar mahaifinta. <ref>''Hebrew-English Bible'' {{Bibleverse||Numbers|36|HE}}</ref> 'Ya'yan Zelofehad suka auri 'ya'yan 'yan'uwan mahaifinsu. Babu alamar cewa wannan ba zabinsu bane. ) The tractate Baba Bathra, wanda aka rubuta a lokacin marigayi Antiquity a Babila, ya yi magana sosai game da batutuwan mallakar dukiya da gado bisa ga Dokar Yahudawa. Sauran ayyukan Dokar Rabbinical, irin su Hilkhot naḥalot: mi-sefer Mishneh Torah leha-Rambam, da Sefer ha-yerushot: ʻim yeter ha-mikhtavim be-divre ha-halakhah be-ʻAravit uve-ʻIvrit uve- Aramit kuma yana magance matsalolin gado. Na farko, sau da yawa ana rage shi zuwa Mishneh Torah, Maimonides ne ya rubuta shi kuma yana da mahimmanci a [[Yahudawa|al'adar Yahudawa]] . Duk waɗannan bayanai sun yarda cewa ɗan fari yana da hakkin ya sami kashi biyu na dukiyar mahaifinsa. <ref>''Hebrew-English Bible'' {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:17|HE}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa, misali, idan uba ya bar ’ya’ya maza biyar, ɗan fari ya karɓi kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukiyar kuma kowane ɗayan huɗu ya karɓi na shida. Idan ya bar 'ya'ya tara, ɗan fari zai karɓi na biyar, kowane ɗayan takwas kuma zai karɓi ɗari ɗaya. Idan ɗan fari ba ɗan fari ba ne, ba zai sami rabo biyu ba. Philo na Iskandariya <ref>Spec. Leg. 2.130</ref> da Josephus <ref>Ant. 4.249</ref> suma sunyi tsokaci akan dokokin gadon [[yahudawa]], yana yaba su sama da sauran ka’idojin dokokin zamaninsu. Sun kuma yarda cewa ɗan fari dole ne ya karɓi kashi biyu na dukiyar ubansa. === Dokokin Kirista === Da farko, Kiristanci ba shi da nasa al'adun gado da ya banbanta da addinin Yahudanci. Da hawan sarki Constantine a shekara ta 306, Kiristoci duka sun fara nisantar da kansu daga addinin Yahudanci kuma suna da tasiri a kan doka da ayyukan cibiyoyi na duniya. Tun daga farko, wannan ya haɗa da gado. Ayyukan ɗaukan Romawa wata manufa ce ta musamman, domin ana ganin ya ci karo da koyarwar Yahudu da Kiristanci na primogeniture . Kamar yadda Stephanie Coonz takardu a cikin ''aure, tarihi'' (Penguin, 2006), ba wai kawai nasara bane, aikace-aikacen ba kowa ya canza a cikin Yammacin Turai daga wani samfurin Greco-Roman zuwa A Tsarin Judeo-Kirista, bisa ga ƙa'idodin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na al'ada na Yahudu-Kirista. Canjin ya kasance cikakke a tsakiyar zamanai, kodayake a cikin ƙasashen Ingilishi an sami ƙarin ci gaba a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Furotesta . Ko a lokacin da Turai ta zama mai zaman kanta kuma Kiristanci ya dushe a baya, harsashin doka na Kiristendam ya kasance. Sai a zamanin fikihu na zamani ne aka samu gagarumin sauyi. === Dokokin Musulunci === [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] ya gabatar da wasu hakkoki daban-daban da bayar da cikakken hakki a kan sha'anin gado, da suka hada da inganta rayuwar mata da rayuwar iyali idan aka kwatanta da al'ummomin jahiliyya da suka wanzu a yankin Larabawa a lokacin da. Bugu da kari, Alkur'ani ya gabatar da karin magada wadanda ba su cancanci gado ba a zamanin jahiliyya, inda ya ambaci dangi tara (9) musamman wadanda shida (6) mata ne uku (3) kuma maza. Sai dai hakkin gadon mata ya kasance bai kai na maza ba domin a Musulunci a koda yaushe wani yana da alhakin kula da abin da mace za ta kashe. Kamar yadda Alqur’ani 4:11 ya nuna, alal misali, ɗa yana da hakkin ya ninka rabon gadon ‘ya mace. <ref>{{Cite Quran|4|11}}</ref> Alkur'ani ya kuma gabatar da kokarin gyara dokokin gado, da kuma samar da cikakken tsarin shari'a. Wannan ci gaban ya bambanta da al'ummomin jahiliyya inda ka'idojin gado suka bambanta sosai. <ref name="EI2" /> Baya ga sauye-sauyen da suka gabata, Alkur'ani ya sanya takunkumi a kan ikon wasiyya na [[musulmi]] wajen zubar da dukiyarsa. Ayoyi uku na Alqur'ani, sura 4:11; 4:12 da 4:176, sun ba da takamaiman bayani game da gado da rabon gado, baya ga wasu ayoyi kalilan da suka yi magana game da wasiyya. <ref>{{Cite Quran|4|11,12,176}}</ref> Amma wannan bayani ya kasance mafari ne daga malaman fikihu musulmi wadanda suka kara fayyace hukunce-hukuncen gado har ma da yin amfani da [[Hadisi]], da hanyoyin tunani na fikihu kamar Kiyasi . A zamanin yau, ana ɗaukar gado a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Shari'a]] kuma aikace-aikacensa ga Musulmai wajibi ne, kodayake yawancin mutane (duba tsarin gado na Tarihi ), duk da kasancewarsu musulmi, suna da wasu al'adun gado. == Rashin daidaito == [[File:Inheritance_by_amount_and_distribution_received_and_action_taken_with_inheritances_in_Great_Britain_between_2008_and_2010.png|thumb| Gado ta adadin da aka karɓa da kuma matakin da aka ɗauka tare da gado a Biritaniya tsakanin 2008 da 2010]] Rarraba dukiyar da aka gada ya bambanta sosai tsakanin al'adu da tsarin shari'a daban-daban. A cikin al'ummomi masu amfani da dokar farar hula, alal misali, haƙƙin 'ya'ya na gadon dukiya daga iyaye a cikin ƙayyadaddun rabon da aka riga aka tsara an sanya shi a cikin doka, har zuwa ka'idar Hammurabi (ca. 1750 BC). <ref>Edmond N. Cahn. Restraints on Disinheritance University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, Vol. 85, No. 2 (Dec., 1936), pp. 139-153</ref> A cikin Jihar Louisiana ta kasar Amurka, jihar kawai ta Amurka inda tsarin shari'a ya samo asali daga Napoleonic Code, ana kiran wannan tsarin a matsayin " masu gadon tilastawa " wanda ya hana cin gadon yara balagaggu sai dai wasu ƴan ƙayyadaddun dalilai da suka wajabtawa iyaye don tabbatarwa. Sauran al'adun shari'a, musamman a cikin al'ummatai masu amfani da doka na gama gari, suna ba da damar raba gado duk yadda mutum yake so, ko kuma a ba da gado ga kowane yaro saboda wadansu dalilai. A cikin yanayin gadon da bai yi daidai ba, yawancin na iya samun ɗan kaɗan yayin da ƙaramin adadi ne kawai za su gaji adadi mai girma. Ya yi ƙasa da kimar kasuwancin da aka fara baiwa ɗa, musamman ma idan ɗa ya mallaki kasuwancin miliyoyin daloli, amma duk da haka ana baiwa 'yar ma'auni na ainihin gadon da ya kai kasa da kimar kasuwancin da aka fara baiwa dan. Ana ganin wannan musamman a cikin tsoffin al'adun duniya, amma yana ci gaba a cikin iyalai da yawa har ya zuwa yau. <ref>Davies, James B. "The Relative Impact of Inheritance and Other Factors on Economic Inequality". The ''[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]]'', Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 471</ref> Hujjojin kawar da gadon tilas sun hada da ‘yancin mallakar dukiya da kuma cancantar rabon kadarori na daidaikun jama’a a kan kwace dukiyar gwamnati da sake rabon su, amma hakan bai warware abin da wasu ke yi ba.  Bayyana a matsayin matsalar rashin daidaiton gado. Dangane da rashin daidaiton gado, wasu masana tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan yadda ake yada kudaden shiga ko dukiya wanda aka ce yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga motsi (ko rashin motsi) da matsayi a cikin al'umma. Kasashe sun bambanta kan tsarin siyasa da zabin manufofin da ke tafiyar da mika mulki. <ref>Angel, Jacqueline L. Inheritance in Contemporary America: The Social Dimensions of Giving across Generations. p. 35</ref> Bisa kididdigar gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka da Mark Zandi ya tattara a cikin shekarar 1985, yawan gadon Amurka ya kai dala 39,000. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, jimillar adadin gadon shekara-shekara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu, wanda ya kai kusan dala biliyan 200. Nan da shekara ta 2050, za a yi kiyasin dala tiriliyan 25 da za a watsa gadan-gadan. Wasu masu bincike sun danganta wannan tasowa da tsarar jarirai . A tarihi, ƴan jarirai su ne mafi girma na kwararar yara da aka haifa bayan WW2. Don haka, Thomas Shapiro ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan tsarar "suna tsakiyar cin gajiyar gado mafi girma a tarihi". <ref>Shapiro, Thomas M. The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 5</ref> Dukiyar da aka gada na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa yawancin Amurkawa da suka yi arziƙi ƙila sun sami "farawa mai mahimmanci". A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2012, bisa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa, "fiye da kashi 60" na Forbes mafi arziki 400 Amirkawa "sun girma cikin gata mai mahimmanci", kuma sau da yawa (amma ba koyaushe) sun sami gado mai mahimmanci ba. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa, gada da yawa, babba ko karami, ana saurin salwanta. Hakazalika, bincike ya nuna cewa sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na iyalai masu arziki suna rasa dukiyoyinsu a cikin tsararraki biyu, kuma kusan kashi 80% na iyaye masu arziki "suna jin cewa tsara na gaba ba su da alhakin kuɗi don sarrafa gado". === Tasirin zamantakewa === An yi iƙirarin cewa gado yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a cikin zamantakewa. Gado muhimmin bangare ne na iyali, tattalin arziki, da cibiyoyi na shari'a, da kuma ainihin hanyar haduwar kawunan al'umma . Haka kuma yana shafar rabon arziki a matakin al'umma. Jimillar tasirin rabon gado a kan sakamakon rarrabuwa yana ɗaukar nau'i uku, a cewar masana da suka yi nazarin batun. Sigar farko ta gado ita ce gadon jerin al'adu (watau salon harshe, mafi girman matsayi na zamantakewa, da abubuwan da ake so). <ref name="Edited by">(Edited By) Miller, Robert K., McNamee, Stephen J. Inheritance and Wealth in America. p. 2</ref> Hanya ta biyu ta gado shi ne ta hanyar shiga tsakani na iyali ta hanyar canja wurin ''inter vivos'' (watau kyauta tsakanin masu rai), musamman a lokuta masu mahimmanci a cikin darussan rayuwa. Misalai sun haɗa da lokacin matakan ci gaban yaro, kamar zuwa kwaleji, yin aure, samun aiki, da siyan gida. <ref name="Edited by" /> Nau'i na uku na gado shi ne canja wurin kadarori masu yawa a lokacin mutuwar masu yin shaida, don haka yana haifar da fa'idar tattalin arziki mai yawa ga yara a lokacin girma. <ref>(Edited By) Miller, Robert K., McNamee, Stephen L. Inheritance and Wealth in America. p. 4</ref> Asalin kwanciyar hankali na rashin daidaito abu ne (dukiyoyi na sirri mutum zai iya samu) kuma yana da al'ada, tushen ko dai a cikin nau'o'in tarbiyyar yara da suka dace da zamantakewa bisa ga zamantakewar zamantakewa da matsayi na tattalin arziki. Ayyukan renon yara a tsakanin waɗanda suka gaji dukiya na iya kasancewa wajen fifita wasu ƙungiyoyi a kashe wasu a ƙasan tsarin zamantakewa . <ref>Clignet, Remi. Death, Deeds, and Descendants: Inheritance in Modern America. p. 3</ref> === Illolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na rashin daidaiton gado === An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa girman matsayin tattalin arziki da rabon gado a cikin al'ummomi yana ƙayyade damar rayuwa a cikin al'umma. Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun danganta asalin zamantakewar mutum da samun ilimi ga damar rayuwa da dama, ilimi ba zai iya zama mafi tasiri mai hasashen motsin tattalin arziki ba. A gaskiya ma, ’ya’yan iyaye masu arziki gabaɗaya suna samun ingantacciyar makaranta kuma suna amfana daga kayan gado, al’adu, da gado. <ref>Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert, "The Inheritance of Inequality." ''[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]]'' Vol. 16, No. 3, 2002, p. 4</ref> Hakazalika, samun nasarar makaranta sau da yawa yana dawwama a cikin tsararraki kuma iyalai masu yawan gado suna iya samun da kuma watsa babban adadin jarin ɗan Adam. Ƙananan jari na ɗan Adam da gado na iya haifar da rashin daidaito a kasuwannin gidaje da ilimi mafi girma. Bincike ya nuna cewa gado yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tara dukiyar gidaje. Wadanda suka sami gado sun fi samun gida fiye da wadanda ba su yi la’akari da girman gadon ba. <ref>Flippen, Chenoa A. "Racial and Ethnic Inequality in Homeownership and Housing Equity." The Sociological Quarterly, Volume 42, No. 2 p. 134</ref> Sau da yawa, tsirarun kabilanci ko addini da kuma daidaikun mutane daga cikin marasa galihu suna samun ƙarancin gado da dukiya.Sakamakon a iya keɓance gaurayawan jinsi a cikin gata na gado kuma suna iya yin hayan gidaje ko zama a unguwannin matalauta, da kuma samun ƙarancin ilimi idan aka kwatanta da turawa a Amurka. Mutanen da ke da ɗimbin dukiya da gado sukan yi aure tare da sauran jama'a iri ɗaya don kare dukiyoyinsu da tabbatar da ci gaba da rarraba gado a cikin tsararraki; don haka dawwamar da zagayowar gata. Kasashen da ke da mafi girman kudin shiga da rashin daidaiton arziki galibi suna da mafi girman adadin kisan kai da cututtuka (kamar kiba, ciwon sukari, da hauhawar jini) wanda ke haifar da yawan mace-mace. <ref>page 20 of "The Spirit Level"by Wilkinson & Pickett, Bloomsbury Press 2009</ref> Wani labarin ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' ya bayyana cewa Amurka ita ce kasa mafi arziki a duniya, amma "ta yi matsayi na ashirin da tara a tsawon rayuwa, a bayan Jordan da Bosnia" kuma "tana da mafi girman adadin mace-mace na biyu na kwatankwacin kasashen OECD". An yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin babban gibin rashin daidaiton gado a cikin ƙasa, <ref>Dubner, Stephen. "How Big of a Deal Is Income Inequality? A Guest Post". The ''New York Times''. August 27, 2008.</ref> ko da yake akwai wasu dalilai a fili irin su araha na kiwon lafiya . Lokacin da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin da ya ta'allaka kan gado ke gudana ta hanyar manyan cibiyoyin zamantakewa kamar iyali, ilimi, addini, da dai sauransu, waɗannan damar rayuwa daban-daban ana jayayya cewa ana yada su daga kowane tsara. Sakamakon haka, an yi imanin wannan rashin daidaituwa ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. === Gadon dadaddiyar dukiya === Gadon daɗaɗɗiyar dukiya, shi ne gadon kuɗi da ake bayarwa ga tsararraki waɗanda ba su samu ba. <ref>John J. Miller, [https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB115223979105400349 "Open the FloodGates"], "The Wall Street Journal", July 7, 2006</ref> Dynastic arziki yana da alaƙa da kalmar Plutocracy . An yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da haɓaka da tasirin dukiyar daular da ta haɗa da littafin da aka fi sayar da ''jari a cikin ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya'' na masanin tattalin arzikin Faransa Thomas Piketty . <ref>Piketty, Thomas, "Capital in the Twenty-First Century". Harvard University Press, Mar 10, 2014</ref> [[Bill gate|Bill Gates]] yayi amfani da kalmar a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Me ya sa rashin daidaito ke da muhimmanci". <ref>BILL GATES, [https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20141015002149-251749025-why-inequality-matters "Why Inequality Matters"], "LinkedIn", 15 October 2014</ref> === Amsar Soviet ga gado === Kamar yadda tsarin [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] ya kafu akan ka'idar Marxist Labor Theory of Value, duk wani kudi da aka tattara a tsawon rayuwa yana da hujja idan ya dogara ne akan 'ya'yan aikin mutum na kansa ba daga cin gajiyar wasu ba. Gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta farko da aka kafa bayan juyin juya halin Rasha ta yanke shawarar soke haƙƙin gado, tare da wasu keɓantacce. == Haraji == Jihohi da yawa suna da harajin gado ko harajin gidaje, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa wani kaso na kowane gado ko ƙasa ya zama kudaden shiga na gwamnati . == Duba kuma == * Mai amfana * Gadon dijital * Dokokin gado a Kanada * Kwangila mai wayo * Kadara mai canzawa * Tsarin gidaje * Dokar iyali == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Inheritance|short=x}} * [https://www.usatoday.com/money/2006-07-25-heirs-usat_x.htm 26 July 2006 USA Today article on dilemma the rich face when leaving wealth to children] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 08t3eso2i1m31pka73zwfw02k6lht3f 14 34061 856235 342962 2026-06-13T17:06:24Z Dan marayerh 45930 856235 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwamputa wata na'urace wacce da ake iya sarrafata don samun saukin wani aiki. Ta hanyar kir-kire kir-kire na zamani akan haɗa abubuwa dayawa wajen ƙera Kwamputa. Akan yi amfani da Kwamputa ta fuskoki dayawa kamar asibiti, makaranta, ma'aikatu, wajen wasanni, harkan tsaro da sauransu. fi61chpdpmgf9eyqp5hxxslmicekqeo 0 36302 856813 854831 2026-06-14T10:45:33Z Myusuf2001 28215 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343152085|Ammunition]]" 856813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ammunition''', also known as '''ammo''', is the material fired, scattered, dropped, or detonated from any [[Makami|weapon]] or weapon system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=the definition of ammunition |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ammunition |access-date=6 March 2017 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> The term {{Lang|en|Ammunition}} includes both expendable weapons (e.g., bombs, missiles, grenades, land mines), and the parts of other weapons that create the effect on a target (e.g., bullets and warheads). manufa harsashi ita ce tsara karfi a kan wani manufa da aka zaɓa don samun sakamako (yawanci, amma ba koyaushe ba, mai kisa). Misali na harsashi shine katako na bindiga, wanda ya haɗa da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don isar da tasirin makamin a cikin kunshin guda ɗaya. Har zuwa karni na 20, baƙar fata shine mafi yawan man fetur da aka yi amfani da shi, amma yanzu an maye gurbinsa a kusan dukkanin lokuta da mahadi na zamani. Harsashi ya zo ne a cikin nau'o'i da nau'o-nau'i kuma galibi an tsara shi don aiki ne kawai tare da takamaiman tsarin makamai. Koyaya, akwai ƙa'idodin da aka sani a duniya don wasu nau'ikan harsashi (misali, 5.56×45mm NATO) waɗanda ke ba da damar amfani da su a cikin makamai daban-daban da masu amfani daban-daban. Har ila yau, akwai takamaiman nau'ikan harsashi waɗanda aka tsara don samun sakamako na musamman a kan manufa, kamar harsashi mai fashewa da harsashi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai a wasu yanayi. Ana amfani da harsashi ko launi a takamaiman hanya don taimakawa wajen gano shi da kuma hana amfani da nau'ikan harsashi marasa kyau ba tare da sanarwa ba ko kuma ba daidai ba. == Kalmomin == * A ''round'' is a single cartridge containing a projectile, propellant, primer and casing. * A ''shell'' is a form of ammunition that is fired by a large caliber cannon or artillery piece. Before the mid-19th century, these shells were usually solid and relied on kinetic energy for effectiveness. However, since that time, they are more often filled with high explosives (see [[artillery]]). * A ''shot'' is a single release of a weapons system. This may involve firing just one round or piece of ammunition (e.g., from a semi-automatic firearm), but can also refer to ammunition types that release a large number of projectiles at the same time (e.g., cluster munitions or shotgun shells). * A ''dud'' is loaded ammunition that fails to function as intended, typically failing to detonate on landing. However, it can also refer to ammunition that fails to fire inside the weapon (a misfire) or to ammunition that only partially functions (a hang fire). Dud ammunition, which is classified as an unexploded ordnance (UXO), is regarded as highly dangerous. In former conflict zones, it is common for dud ammunition to remain buried in the ground for many years. Large quantities of ammunition from [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] continue to be regularly found in fields throughout France and Belgium, and occasionally{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}} still claim lives. Although classified as UXO, landmines left behind after conflict are not considered duds, as they have not failed to function and may still be fully operational. * A ''bomb'' or, more specifically, a ''guided'' or ''unguided bomb'' (also called an ''aircraft bomb'' or ''aerial bomb''), is typically an airdropped, unpowered explosive weapon. Mines and the warheads used in guided missiles and rockets are also referred to as bomb-type ammunition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aircraft ordnance |url=http://www.usna.edu/Training/_files/documents/References/2C%20MQS%20References/NAVEDTRA%2014014A%20Ch.%209%20Aircraft%20Ordnance.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101035/http://www.usna.edu/Training/_files/documents/References/2C%20MQS%20References/NAVEDTRA%2014014A%20Ch.%209%20Aircraft%20Ordnance.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=6 May 2015 |publisher=United States Naval Academy}}</ref> The term ''ammunition'' dates back to the mid-17th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=the definition of ammunition |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ammunition |access-date=6 March 2017 |website=Dictionary.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ammunition "the definition of ammunition"]. ''Dictionary.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> The word comes from the French ''la munition'', for the material used for war. ''Ammunition'' and ''munition'' are often used interchangeably, although ''munition'' now usually refers to the actual weapons system with the ammunition required to operate it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=the definition of munitions |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/munitions |access-date=6 March 2017 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> In some languages other than English ammunition is still referred to as munition, such as: Dutch ("''munitie''"), French ("''munitions''"), German ("''Munition''"), Italian ("''munizione''") and Portuguese ("''munição''"). [[Fayil:Battery_Rodgers_magazine.jpg|right|thumb|Cannonballs daga Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] Tsarin makamai ya samo asali a cikin tarihi yayin da aka haɓaka makamai daban-daban kuma ana buƙatar sakamako daban-daban. A tarihi, harsashi yana da ƙirar sauƙi da gini (misali, sling-shot, duwatsu da aka jefa ta hanyar catapults), amma yayin da ƙirar makamai suka bunkasa (misali rifling) kuma suka zama mafi ƙwarewa, buƙatar ƙarin harsashi na musamman ya karu. Harsashi na zamani na iya bambanta sosai a cikin inganci amma yawanci ana ƙera shi zuwa ƙa'idodi masu girma. Misali, ana iya tsara harsashi don farauta don faɗaɗa cikin manufa, haɓaka lalacewar da aka haifar ta zagaye ɗaya. An tsara harsashi na kashe-mutumi don raguwa cikin ɓangarori da yawa kuma suna iya shafar babban yanki. Ana ƙarfafa zagaye na makamai musamman don shiga cikin makamai, yayin da harsashi na hayaki ke haifar da hazo wanda ke rufe mutane daga gani. Za'a iya canza ƙarin harsashi na yau da kullun (misali, 5.56×45mm NATO) sau da yawa kaɗan don cimma takamaiman sakamako (misali., mai ganowa, mai ƙonewa), yayin da za'a iya sauya manyan zagaye masu fashewa ta amfani da fuzes daban-daban. [[Fayil:US_Army_53437_091014-A-8267F-221.jpg|thumb|Shirya 105 mm M119 howitzer harsashi: foda propellant, cartridge, da harsashi tare da fuze]] * fuze ko na farko * kayan fashewa da kayan kwalliyaabubuwan motsa jiki * makamai masu yawa * katako The fuze of a weapon can be used to alter how the ammunition works. For example, a common artillery shell fuze can be set to "point detonation" (detonation when it hits a target), delay (detonate after it has hit and penetrated a target), time-delay (explode a specified time after firing or impact) and proximity (explode above or next to a target without hitting it, such as for airburst effects or anti-aircraft shells). These allow a single ammunition type to be altered to suit the situation it is required for. There are many fuze designs, ranging from simple mechanical to complex radar- and barometric-based systems. Fuzes yawanci suna dauke da makamai ta hanyar hanzarin harbi kuma suna dauke da kayan aiki na mita da yawa bayan sun share makamin. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa harsashi ya fi aminci don sarrafawa yayin ɗorawa cikin makamin kuma yana rage damar fashewar fashewa kafin harsashi ta share makamin. Propellant shine bangare na harsashi wanda aka kunna a cikin makamin kuma yana ba da makamashi da ake buƙata don motsa makamin daga makamin zuwa manufa. Kafin amfani da gunpowder, wannan makamashi za a samar da shi ta hanyar inji ta hanyar tsarin makamai (misali, catapult ko crossbow); a zamanin yau, yawanci wani nau'i ne na makamashi na sinadarai wanda ke ƙonewa da sauri don ƙirƙirar ƙarfin motsi, kuma an shirya adadin sinadarin sinadarai mai dacewa tare da kowane zagaye na harsashi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da iskar gas, makamashi na magnetic, da makamashi ya lantarki a matsayin abubuwan da ke motsawa. Cajin man fetur ya bambanta da cajin makami, wanda aka kunna ta hanyar fuze, wanda ke haifar da tasirin harsashi (misali, fashewar zagaye na bindigogi). [[File:Inspecting_Cases.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikatan Ordnance suna binciken shari'o'in katako a [[Los Angeles]], 1943]] Katin shine akwati wanda ke riƙe da makami da man fetur. Ba duk nau'ikan harsashi ba ne ke da akwatin katako. A maimakon haka, ana iya amfani da kayan aiki masu yawa don ƙunshe da fashewa da sassa. Tare da wasu manyan makamai, ana adana kayan aikin harsashi daban har sai an ɗora su cikin tsarin makami don harbi. Tare da ƙananan makamai, harsashi mara kwalliya na iya rage nauyi da farashin harsashi da sauƙaƙe tsarin harbi, ƙara yawan harsashi, amma fasahar har yanzu tana balaga kuma tana da matsalolin aiki. [[Fayil:Mk211_Raufoss.jpg|thumb|Cikin harsashi na zamani na 12.7 mm "anti-material"]] Makamin shine ɓangaren harsashi wanda ke barin makamin kuma yana shafar abin da aka nufa. Wannan tasirin yawanci ko dai yana motsawa (misali, kamar yadda yake tare da daidaitattun harsashi) ko fashewa. Wani zubar da makamai kayan aiki ne na soja don adana makamai masu rai da fashewa don rarrabawa da amfani da su a kwanan wata. Irin wannan wurin ajiya yana da haɗari sosai, tare da haɗarin haɗari yayin saukewa, shiryawa, da canja wurin harsashi. A yayin gobara ko fashewa, ana kwashe shafin da kewayenta nan da nan, kuma ana barin harsashin da aka adana don fashewa gaba ɗaya, tare da iyakantaccen ƙoƙarin kashe wuta daga nesa mai aminci. A cikin manyan wurare, akwai yiwuwar tsarin ambaliyar ruwa don kashe wuta ko hana fashewa ta atomatik. Yawanci, zubar da makamai zai sami babban yanki da ke kewaye da shi don kauce wa wadanda suka mutu idan akwai hadari. Hakanan za'a sami matakan tsaro na kewayen don hana ma'aikatan da ba a ba da izini daga shiga yankin da kuma karewa daga yiwuwar barazanar daga sojojin abokan gaba. mujallar wuri ne inda ake adana yawan harsashi ko wasu kayan fashewa na ɗan lokaci kafin a yi amfani da su. Ana iya amfani da kalmar don kayan aiki wanda ke adana adadi mai yawa na harsashi, kodayake ana kiran wannan a matsayin zubar da harsashi. Mujallu yawanci suna cikin filin don samun dama cikin sauri yayin da suke shiga abokan gaba. Yankin ajiyar makamai a kan jirgin yaki ana kiransa "mujallar jirgin". A kan karamin sikelin, mujallar ita ce sunan da aka ba da ajiyar makamai da na'urar ciyar da bindiga mai maimaitawa. == Nau'ikan da aka saba amfani da su == [[Fayil:Rifle_cartridge_comparison.jpg|right|thumb|Kayan bindiga daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da tsawo na takardar kudi na US $ 1.]] Kyakkyawan makami na soja na zamani shine bindiga mai kai hari, wanda, kamar sauran ƙananan makamai, yana amfani da harsashi mai girman katako don makamin. Ana ɗaukar harsashi a kan mutum a cikin mujallu na akwatin takamaiman makamin, akwatunan harsashi, jaka, ko bandoliers. Adadin harsashi da aka ɗauka ya dogara da ƙarfin soja, aikin da ake tsammani, da kuma ikon harsashi na motsawa ta hanyar sarkar kayan aiki don sake cika kayan. Soja na iya ɗaukar ƙaramin adadi na harsashi na musamman don makamai masu nauyi, kamar bindigogi da bindigogi, don haka yada nauyin makamai tsakanin mutane da yawa. Ƙananan harsashi suna barazana ga aikin, yayin da yawa yana iyakance motsi na soja kuma yana barazana ga manufa. Harsashi wani abu ne mai ɗaukar kaya wanda, ba kamar harbi ba, yana dauke da fashewa ko wasu cikawa, ana amfani da su tun daga karni na 19. [[Fayil:M107_Shells.JPEG|left|thumb|M107 harsashi]] Harsashi na artillery harsashi ne wanda aka tsara don a harba shi daga artillery, wanda ke da tasiri a kan nesa mai nisa, yawanci a kaikaice (watau, ba tare da ganin abin da aka yi niyya ba). Akwai nau'ikan [[Artillery|bindigogi]] daban-daban, amma yawanci suna da fashewa sosai kuma an tsara su don fashewa cikin raguwa akan tasiri don kara lalacewa. Fuse a kan harsashi na artillery na iya canza yadda yake fashewa ko nuna hali, yana ba shi sakamako na musamman. Nau'ikan bindigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da babban fashewa, hayaki, haskakawa, da kuma motsa jiki. An tsara wasu zagaye na bindigogi a matsayin makamai masu yawa. Harsashi na bindigogi kusan koyaushe zai haɗa da makami (kawai ban da zanga-zangar ko zagaye mara kyau), fuze, da kuma wani nau'i na wani nau'in. Lokacin da ba a mai amfani da shari'ar katako ba, ana amfani da wata hanyar ƙunshe da jakunkuna, yawanci a cikin makami mai ɗorawa; duba Breechloader. [[Fayil:IMI120shells.jpg|thumb|Cartridges na zamani na tanki na 120 mm tare da makamai daban-daban]] An kirkiro bindigogi na tanki a yakin duniya na lokacin da tankuna suka fara bayyana a fagen fama. Koyaya, yayin da yaƙin tanki-a-tank ya ci gaba (gami da ci gaban bindigogi na yaki da tanki), an haɓaka wasu nau'ikan harsashi na musamman, kamar manyan makamai masu fashewa (HEAT) da Sabot mai fashewa da makamai (APDS), gami da makamai masu tsagewa da sabot (APFSDS). Ci gaban cajin da aka tsara ya yi tasiri sosai a kan ƙirar makamai masu linzami, yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a cikin makamai masu lanzami da kuma makamai masu makamai masu guba, gami da makamai masu luƙu masu linzami. [[Fayil:14in_shells_on_deck_of_USS_New_Mexico_(BB-40)_in_1944.jpg|left|thumb|Harsashi na inci goma sha huɗu a kan bene na jirgin yaƙi a cikin 1944.]] Makamai na sojan ruwa sun kasance daidai da makamai da yawa na ƙasa, amma an tsara harsashi don takamaiman amfani, kamar harbi mai ƙarfi wanda aka tsara don rami jirgin abokin gaba da harbi mai sarkar don yanke rigging da sails. Ayyukan sojan ruwa na zamani sun faru a cikin nesa da yaƙe-yaƙe na tarihi, don haka yayin da makamai na jirgin ruwa suka karu da ƙarfi da kauri, harsashi don kayar da shi ma ya canza. Yanzu an tsara bindigogi na sojan ruwa don isa ga saurin gudu (don inganta iyawar fashewar makamai) kuma yana iya samun ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don kayar da takamaiman nau'ikan jiragen ruwa. Koyaya, saboda tsawo da kewayon da yaƙin sojan ruwa na zamani zai iya faruwa, makamai masu linzami da aka jagoranta sun fi maye gurbin bindigogi da harsashi. === Jirgin sama da masu yaki da jirgin sama === Tare da kowane ci gaba a cikin makamai na soja, canji mai dacewa ya faru a cikin hanyar samar da harsashi a cikin adadin da ake buƙata. Da zaran an buƙaci makamai (kamar javelins da kibiyoyi), ana buƙatar hanyar sake cikawa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da makamai marasa ƙwarewa, waɗanda za a iya musanyawa, ko waɗanda za a dawo da su (misali, kibiyoyi), yana yiwuwa a karɓi kibiyoyi da aka yi watsi da su (abokan hulɗa da abokan gaba) kuma a sake amfani da su. Koyaya, tare da zuwan bindigogi masu fashewa ko wadanda ba za a iya dawo da su ba, wannan ba zai yiwu ba, kuma za a buƙaci sabbin kayan bindigogi. Nauyin harsashi da ake buƙata, musamman don harsashi, na iya zama babba, yana buƙatar ƙarin lokaci don sake cika kayan aiki. A zamanin yau, an sami karuwa a cikin daidaitattun nau'ikan makamai da yawa tsakanin abokan hulɗa (misali, Yarjejeniyar NATO) wanda ya ba da damar raba nau'ikan harsashi (misali., 5.56×45mm NATO). Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, samar da makamai masu tushe shine na biyu mafi girma a shekara-shekara na amfani da gubar a Amurka, yana da lissafin sama da tan 60,000 da aka cinye a shekarar 2012.<ref name="usgs113">{{Cite web |date=January 2013 |title=Mineral Industry Surveys, Lead |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/mineral |access-date=30 December 2014 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}{{Dead link|date=July 2017}}</ref> Harsasai na gubar da suka rasa burinsu ko kuma sun kasance a cikin gawawwakin ko jikin da ba a taɓa dawo da shi ba na iya shiga tsarin muhalli kuma ya zama mai guba ga namun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Göttlein Axel |title=Eco-toxicological assessment of hunting rifle ammunition |url=http://www.leadinammunition.com/independent-studies-002/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018082938/https://www.leadinammunition.com/independent-studies-002/ |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Bavarian Ministry of Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry upon an initiative of the Bavarian Hunting Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MacBride |first=Elizabeth |date=30 March 2019 |title=A Small Entrepreneur Stands Up to the Trump Administration on Lead Ammunition |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethmacbride/2019/03/30/uncommon-courage-in-the-gun-world-of-the-northwestern-plains/ |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Sojojin Amurka sun yi gwaji tare da maye gurbin gubar da jan ƙarfe a matsayin slug a cikin harsashin su wanda ke rage haɗarin da gubar ke kawowa a cikin muhalli sakamakon bindigogi. Tun daga shekara ta 2010, wannan ya kawar da fiye da tan 2000 na gubar a cikin magudanan sharar gida.<ref name="army713">{{Cite web |last=Audra Calloway |date=1 July 2013 |title=Picatinny ammo goes from regular to unleaded |url=https://www.army.mil/article/106710/Picatinny_ammo_goes_from_regular_to_unleaded/ |access-date=30 December 2014 |publisher=United States Army}}</ref> Ana kuma ƙarfafa mafarauta su yi amfani da harsashi na monolithic, wanda ya ware duk wani abun ciki na gubar. == Makamai da ba a fashe su ba == Harsashi da ba a fashe ba na iya ci gaba da aiki na dogon lokaci kuma yana haifar da babbar barazana ga mutane da muhalli. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gsjano66bargl6mogu21c162i29ujds 856815 856813 2026-06-14T10:46:24Z Myusuf2001 28215 856815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ammunition''', also known as '''ammo''', is the material fired, scattered, dropped, or detonated from any [[Makami|weapon]] or weapon system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=the definition of ammunition |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ammunition |access-date=6 March 2017 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> The term {{Lang|en|Ammunition}} includes both expendable weapons (e.g., bombs, missiles, grenades, land mines), and the parts of other weapons that create the effect on a target (e.g., bullets and warheads). manufa harsashi ita ce tsara karfi a kan wani manufa da aka zaɓa don samun sakamako (yawanci, amma ba koyaushe ba, mai kisa). Misali na harsashi shine katako na bindiga, wanda ya haɗa da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don isar da tasirin makamin a cikin kunshin guda ɗaya. Har zuwa karni na 20, baƙar fata shine mafi yawan man fetur da aka yi amfani da shi, amma yanzu an maye gurbinsa a kusan dukkanin lokuta da mahadi na zamani. Harsashi ya zo ne a cikin nau'o'i da nau'o-nau'i kuma galibi an tsara shi don aiki ne kawai tare da takamaiman tsarin makamai. Koyaya, akwai ƙa'idodin da aka sani a duniya don wasu nau'ikan harsashi (misali, 5.56×45mm NATO) waɗanda ke ba da damar amfani da su a cikin makamai daban-daban da masu amfani daban-daban. Har ila yau, akwai takamaiman nau'ikan harsashi waɗanda aka tsara don samun sakamako na musamman a kan manufa, kamar harsashi mai fashewa da harsashi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai a wasu yanayi. Ana amfani da harsashi ko launi a takamaiman hanya don taimakawa wajen gano shi da kuma hana amfani da nau'ikan harsashi marasa kyau ba tare da sanarwa ba ko kuma ba daidai ba. == Kalmomin == * A ''round'' is a single cartridge containing a projectile, propellant, primer and casing. * A ''shell'' is a form of ammunition that is fired by a large caliber cannon or artillery piece. Before the mid-19th century, these shells were usually solid and relied on kinetic energy for effectiveness. However, since that time, they are more often filled with high explosives (see [[artillery]]). * A ''shot'' is a single release of a weapons system. This may involve firing just one round or piece of ammunition (e.g., from a semi-automatic firearm), but can also refer to ammunition types that release a large number of projectiles at the same time (e.g., cluster munitions or shotgun shells). * A ''dud'' is loaded ammunition that fails to function as intended, typically failing to detonate on landing. However, it can also refer to ammunition that fails to fire inside the weapon (a misfire) or to ammunition that only partially functions (a hang fire). Dud ammunition, which is classified as an unexploded ordnance (UXO), is regarded as highly dangerous. In former conflict zones, it is common for dud ammunition to remain buried in the ground for many years. Large quantities of ammunition from [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] continue to be regularly found in fields throughout France and Belgium, and occasionally{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}} still claim lives. Although classified as UXO, landmines left behind after conflict are not considered duds, as they have not failed to function and may still be fully operational. * A ''bomb'' or, more specifically, a ''guided'' or ''unguided bomb'' (also called an ''aircraft bomb'' or ''aerial bomb''), is typically an airdropped, unpowered explosive weapon. Mines and the warheads used in guided missiles and rockets are also referred to as bomb-type ammunition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aircraft ordnance |url=http://www.usna.edu/Training/_files/documents/References/2C%20MQS%20References/NAVEDTRA%2014014A%20Ch.%209%20Aircraft%20Ordnance.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101035/http://www.usna.edu/Training/_files/documents/References/2C%20MQS%20References/NAVEDTRA%2014014A%20Ch.%209%20Aircraft%20Ordnance.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=6 May 2015 |publisher=United States Naval Academy}}</ref> The term ''ammunition'' dates back to the mid-17th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=the definition of ammunition |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ammunition |access-date=6 March 2017 |website=Dictionary.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ammunition "the definition of ammunition"]. ''Dictionary.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> The word comes from the French ''la munition'', for the material used for war. ''Ammunition'' and ''munition'' are often used interchangeably, although ''munition'' now usually refers to the actual weapons system with the ammunition required to operate it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=the definition of munitions |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/munitions |access-date=6 March 2017 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> In some languages other than English ammunition is still referred to as munition, such as: Dutch ("''munitie''"), French ("''munitions''"), German ("''Munition''"), Italian ("''munizione''") and Portuguese ("''munição''"). [[Fayil:Battery_Rodgers_magazine.jpg|right|thumb|Cannonballs daga Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] Tsarin makamai ya samo asali a cikin tarihi yayin da aka haɓaka makamai daban-daban kuma ana buƙatar sakamako daban-daban. A tarihi, harsashi yana da ƙirar sauƙi da gini (misali, sling-shot, duwatsu da aka jefa ta hanyar catapults), amma yayin da ƙirar makamai suka bunkasa (misali rifling) kuma suka zama mafi ƙwarewa, buƙatar ƙarin harsashi na musamman ya karu. Harsashi na zamani na iya bambanta sosai a cikin inganci amma yawanci ana ƙera shi zuwa ƙa'idodi masu girma. Misali, ana iya tsara harsashi don farauta don faɗaɗa cikin manufa, haɓaka lalacewar da aka haifar ta zagaye ɗaya. An tsara harsashi na kashe-mutumi don raguwa cikin ɓangarori da yawa kuma suna iya shafar babban yanki. Ana ƙarfafa zagaye na makamai musamman don shiga cikin makamai, yayin da harsashi na hayaki ke haifar da hazo wanda ke rufe mutane daga gani. Za'a iya canza ƙarin harsashi na yau da kullun (misali, 5.56×45mm NATO) sau da yawa kaɗan don cimma takamaiman sakamako (misali., mai ganowa, mai ƙonewa), yayin da za'a iya sauya manyan zagaye masu fashewa ta amfani da fuzes daban-daban. [[Fayil:US_Army_53437_091014-A-8267F-221.jpg|thumb|Shirya 105 mm M119 howitzer harsashi: foda propellant, cartridge, da harsashi tare da fuze]] * fuze ko na farko * kayan fashewa da kayan kwalliyaabubuwan motsa jiki * makamai masu yawa * katako The fuze of a weapon can be used to alter how the ammunition works. For example, a common artillery shell fuze can be set to "point detonation" (detonation when it hits a target), delay (detonate after it has hit and penetrated a target), time-delay (explode a specified time after firing or impact) and proximity (explode above or next to a target without hitting it, such as for airburst effects or anti-aircraft shells). These allow a single ammunition type to be altered to suit the situation it is required for. There are many fuze designs, ranging from simple mechanical to complex radar- and barometric-based systems. Fuzes yawanci suna dauke da makamai ta hanyar hanzarin harbi kuma suna dauke da kayan aiki na mita da yawa bayan sun share makamin. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa harsashi ya fi aminci don sarrafawa yayin ɗorawa cikin makamin kuma yana rage damar fashewar fashewa kafin harsashi ta share makamin. Propellant shine bangare na harsashi wanda aka kunna a cikin makamin kuma yana ba da makamashi da ake buƙata don motsa makamin daga makamin zuwa manufa. Kafin amfani da gunpowder, wannan makamashi za a samar da shi ta hanyar inji ta hanyar tsarin makamai (misali, catapult ko crossbow); a zamanin yau, yawanci wani nau'i ne na makamashi na sinadarai wanda ke ƙonewa da sauri don ƙirƙirar ƙarfin motsi, kuma an shirya adadin sinadarin sinadarai mai dacewa tare da kowane zagaye na harsashi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da iskar gas, makamashi na magnetic, da makamashi ya lantarki a matsayin abubuwan da ke motsawa. Cajin man fetur ya bambanta da cajin makami, wanda aka kunna ta hanyar fuze, wanda ke haifar da tasirin harsashi (misali, fashewar zagaye na bindigogi). [[File:Inspecting_Cases.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikatan Ordnance suna binciken shari'o'in katako a [[Los Angeles]], 1943]] Katin shine akwati wanda ke riƙe da makami da man fetur. Ba duk nau'ikan harsashi ba ne ke da akwatin katako. A maimakon haka, ana iya amfani da kayan aiki masu yawa don ƙunshe da fashewa da sassa. Tare da wasu manyan makamai, ana adana kayan aikin harsashi daban har sai an ɗora su cikin tsarin makami don harbi. Tare da ƙananan makamai, harsashi mara kwalliya na iya rage nauyi da farashin harsashi da sauƙaƙe tsarin harbi, ƙara yawan harsashi, amma fasahar har yanzu tana balaga kuma tana da matsalolin aiki. [[Fayil:Mk211_Raufoss.jpg|thumb|Cikin harsashi na zamani na 12.7 mm "anti-material"]] Makamin shine ɓangaren harsashi wanda ke barin makamin kuma yana shafar abin da aka nufa. Wannan tasirin yawanci ko dai yana motsawa (misali, kamar yadda yake tare da daidaitattun harsashi) ko fashewa. Wani zubar da makamai kayan aiki ne na soja don adana makamai masu rai da fashewa don rarrabawa da amfani da su a kwanan wata. Irin wannan wurin ajiya yana da haɗari sosai, tare da haɗarin haɗari yayin saukewa, shiryawa, da canja wurin harsashi. A yayin gobara ko fashewa, ana kwashe shafin da kewayenta nan da nan, kuma ana barin harsashin da aka adana don fashewa gaba ɗaya, tare da iyakantaccen ƙoƙarin kashe wuta daga nesa mai aminci. A cikin manyan wurare, akwai yiwuwar tsarin ambaliyar ruwa don kashe wuta ko hana fashewa ta atomatik. Yawanci, zubar da makamai zai sami babban yanki da ke kewaye da shi don kauce wa wadanda suka mutu idan akwai hadari. Hakanan za'a sami matakan tsaro na kewayen don hana ma'aikatan da ba a ba da izini daga shiga yankin da kuma karewa daga yiwuwar barazanar daga sojojin abokan gaba. mujallar wuri ne inda ake adana yawan harsashi ko wasu kayan fashewa na ɗan lokaci kafin a yi amfani da su. Ana iya amfani da kalmar don kayan aiki wanda ke adana adadi mai yawa na harsashi, kodayake ana kiran wannan a matsayin zubar da harsashi. Mujallu yawanci suna cikin filin don samun dama cikin sauri yayin da suke shiga abokan gaba. Yankin ajiyar makamai a kan jirgin yaki ana kiransa "mujallar jirgin". A kan karamin sikelin, mujallar ita ce sunan da aka ba da ajiyar makamai da na'urar ciyar da bindiga mai maimaitawa. == Nau'ikan da aka saba amfani da su == [[Fayil:Rifle_cartridge_comparison.jpg|right|thumb|Kayan bindiga daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da tsawo na takardar kudi na US $ 1.]] Kyakkyawan makami na soja na zamani shine bindiga mai kai hari, wanda, kamar sauran ƙananan makamai, yana amfani da harsashi mai girman katako don makamin. Ana ɗaukar harsashi a kan mutum a cikin mujallu na akwatin takamaiman makamin, akwatunan harsashi, jaka, ko bandoliers. Adadin harsashi da aka ɗauka ya dogara da ƙarfin soja, aikin da ake tsammani, da kuma ikon harsashi na motsawa ta hanyar sarkar kayan aiki don sake cika kayan. Soja na iya ɗaukar ƙaramin adadi na harsashi na musamman don makamai masu nauyi, kamar bindigogi da bindigogi, don haka yada nauyin makamai tsakanin mutane da yawa. Ƙananan harsashi suna barazana ga aikin, yayin da yawa yana iyakance motsi na soja kuma yana barazana ga manufa. Harsashi wani abu ne mai ɗaukar kaya wanda, ba kamar harbi ba, yana dauke da fashewa ko wasu cikawa, ana amfani da su tun daga karni na 19. [[Fayil:M107_Shells.JPEG|left|thumb|M107 harsashi]] Harsashi na artillery harsashi ne wanda aka tsara don a harba shi daga artillery, wanda ke da tasiri a kan nesa mai nisa, yawanci a kaikaice (watau, ba tare da ganin abin da aka yi niyya ba). Akwai nau'ikan [[Artillery|bindigogi]] daban-daban, amma yawanci suna da fashewa sosai kuma an tsara su don fashewa cikin raguwa akan tasiri don kara lalacewa. Fuse a kan harsashi na artillery na iya canza yadda yake fashewa ko nuna hali, yana ba shi sakamako na musamman. Nau'ikan bindigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da babban fashewa, hayaki, haskakawa, da kuma motsa jiki. An tsara wasu zagaye na bindigogi a matsayin makamai masu yawa. Harsashi na bindigogi kusan koyaushe zai haɗa da makami (kawai ban da zanga-zangar ko zagaye mara kyau), fuze, da kuma wani nau'i na wani nau'in. Lokacin da ba a mai amfani da shari'ar katako ba, ana amfani da wata hanyar ƙunshe da jakunkuna, yawanci a cikin makami mai ɗorawa; duba Breechloader. [[Fayil:IMI120shells.jpg|thumb|Cartridges na zamani na tanki na 120 mm tare da makamai daban-daban]] An kirkiro bindigogi na tanki a yakin duniya na lokacin da tankuna suka fara bayyana a fagen fama. Koyaya, yayin da yaƙin tanki-a-tank ya ci gaba (gami da ci gaban bindigogi na yaki da tanki), an haɓaka wasu nau'ikan harsashi na musamman, kamar manyan makamai masu fashewa (HEAT) da Sabot mai fashewa da makamai (APDS), gami da makamai masu tsagewa da sabot (APFSDS). Ci gaban cajin da aka tsara ya yi tasiri sosai a kan ƙirar makamai masu linzami, yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a cikin makamai masu lanzami da kuma makamai masu makamai masu guba, gami da makamai masu luƙu masu linzami. [[Fayil:14in_shells_on_deck_of_USS_New_Mexico_(BB-40)_in_1944.jpg|left|thumb|Harsashi na inci goma sha huɗu a kan bene na jirgin yaƙi a cikin 1944.]] Makamai na sojan ruwa sun kasance daidai da makamai da yawa na ƙasa, amma an tsara harsashi don takamaiman amfani, kamar harbi mai ƙarfi wanda aka tsara don rami jirgin abokin gaba da harbi mai sarkar don yanke rigging da sails. Ayyukan sojan ruwa na zamani sun faru a cikin nesa da yaƙe-yaƙe na tarihi, don haka yayin da makamai na jirgin ruwa suka karu da ƙarfi da kauri, harsashi don kayar da shi ma ya canza. Yanzu an tsara bindigogi na sojan ruwa don isa ga saurin gudu (don inganta iyawar fashewar makamai) kuma yana iya samun ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don kayar da takamaiman nau'ikan jiragen ruwa. Koyaya, saboda tsawo da kewayon da yaƙin sojan ruwa na zamani zai iya faruwa, makamai masu linzami da aka jagoranta sun fi maye gurbin bindigogi da harsashi. === Jirgin sama da masu yaki da jirgin sama === Tare da kowane ci gaba a cikin makamai na soja, canji mai dacewa ya faru a cikin hanyar samar da harsashi a cikin adadin da ake buƙata. Da zaran an buƙaci makamai (kamar javelins da kibiyoyi), ana buƙatar hanyar sake cikawa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da makamai marasa ƙwarewa, waɗanda za a iya musanyawa, ko waɗanda za a dawo da su (misali, kibiyoyi), yana yiwuwa a karɓi kibiyoyi da aka yi watsi da su (abokan hulɗa da abokan gaba) kuma a sake amfani da su. Koyaya, tare da zuwan bindigogi masu fashewa ko wadanda ba za a iya dawo da su ba, wannan ba zai yiwu ba, kuma za a buƙaci sabbin kayan bindigogi. Nauyin harsashi da ake buƙata, musamman don harsashi, na iya zama babba, yana buƙatar ƙarin lokaci don sake cika kayan aiki. A zamanin yau, an sami karuwa a cikin daidaitattun nau'ikan makamai da yawa tsakanin abokan hulɗa (misali, Yarjejeniyar NATO) wanda ya ba da damar raba nau'ikan harsashi (misali., 5.56×45mm NATO). Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, samar da makamai masu tushe shine na biyu mafi girma a shekara-shekara na amfani da gubar a Amurka, yana da lissafin sama da tan 60,000 da aka cinye a shekarar 2012.<ref name="usgs113">{{Cite web |date=January 2013 |title=Mineral Industry Surveys, Lead |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/mineral |access-date=30 December 2014 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}{{Dead link|date=July 2017}}</ref> Harsasai na gubar da suka rasa burinsu ko kuma sun kasance a cikin gawawwakin ko jikin da ba a taɓa dawo da shi ba na iya shiga tsarin muhalli kuma ya zama mai guba ga namun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Göttlein Axel |title=Eco-toxicological assessment of hunting rifle ammunition |url=http://www.leadinammunition.com/independent-studies-002/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018082938/https://www.leadinammunition.com/independent-studies-002/ |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Bavarian Ministry of Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry upon an initiative of the Bavarian Hunting Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MacBride |first=Elizabeth |date=30 March 2019 |title=A Small Entrepreneur Stands Up to the Trump Administration on Lead Ammunition |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethmacbride/2019/03/30/uncommon-courage-in-the-gun-world-of-the-northwestern-plains/ |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Sojojin Amurka sun yi gwaji tare da maye gurbin gubar da jan ƙarfe a matsayin slug a cikin harsashin su wanda ke rage haɗarin da gubar ke kawowa a cikin muhalli sakamakon bindigogi. Tun daga shekara ta 2010, wannan ya kawar da fiye da tan 2000 na gubar a cikin magudanan sharar gida.<ref name="army713">{{Cite web |last=Audra Calloway |date=1 July 2013 |title=Picatinny ammo goes from regular to unleaded |url=https://www.army.mil/article/106710/Picatinny_ammo_goes_from_regular_to_unleaded/ |access-date=30 December 2014 |publisher=United States Army}}</ref> Ana kuma ƙarfafa mafarauta su yi amfani da harsashi na monolithic, wanda ya ware duk wani abun ciki na gubar. == Makamai da ba a fashe su ba == Harsashi da ba a fashe ba na iya ci gaba da aiki na dogon lokaci kuma yana haifar da babbar barazana ga mutane da muhalli. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6sge2l6gdxw0eyc9qjykegl1jewlxpc 0 37341 856699 721049 2026-06-14T09:52:46Z Zahrah0 14848 856699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Haaland warm up 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton ɗan kwallo haaland]] '''Erling Braut Haaland''' ( né '''Håland''' ; An haife shi a ranar 21, ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2000). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Norway]] . An kuma yi la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a duniya, an san shi da wasan motsa jiki, gudu da kuma kammalawa. Yazo. A tsarin matasa, Haaland ya taka leda a babban matakin don ajiyar Bryne da manyan kungiyoyin. Ya kuma koma Molde a cikin shekarar 2017, (kuma yana wasa don ƙungiyar ajiyar su), wanda ya shafe shekaru biyu tare da shi. Haaland ya rattaba hannu tare da ƙungiyar Red Bull Salzburg ta Bundesliga a watan Janairun na shekara ta 2019, inda ya lashe kofunan lig biyu da [[Kofin]] [[Ostiriya]] daya. A cikin watan Disamba shekara ta2019, ya koma kulob ɗin Bundesliga na Jamus Borussia [[Dortmund]], inda ya ci DFB-Pokal a 2020-21 . Haaland ya lashe kyaututtuka na mutum da yawa kuma ya karya tarihi daban-daban yayin aikinsa. A lokacin kakar shekarar 2019-20, tare da Salzburg, ya zama matashi na farko da ya ci kwallo a wasanni biyar na gasar zakarun Turai a jere. Ya kasance saman scorer na gasar zakarun [[Turai]] kakar . A cikin shekarar 2020, Haaland ya lashe kyautar Golden Boy, yayin da a cikin shekara yan 021, aka naɗa shi Ɗan wasan Bundesliga na kakar wasa kuma an saka shi cikin FIFA FIFPro World 11, a shekarar 2021. Haaland ya wakilci [[Norway]] a matakan matasa daban-daban. A cikin shekarar 2019, FIFA U-20, gasar cin kofin duniya, ya lashe gasar ta Golden Boot, bayan da ya zira kwallaye tara a raga a wasa daya. Ya yi babban wasansa na farko a duniya a watan Satumbar shekarar 2019. == Rayuwar farko. == An haifi Haaland a ranar 21, ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2000. a [[Leeds]], Ingila, yayin da mahaifinsa Alfie Haaland ke taka leda a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] a gasar Premier a lokacin. A cikin shekarar 2004, yana ɗan shekara uku, ya ƙaura zuwa Bryne, garin mahaifansa a Norway. [[File:Erling Haaland 2023.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] Tare da buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, Haaland yana shiga cikin wasu wasanni daban-daban tun yana ƙarami, gami da ƙwallon hannu, golf, da waƙa da filin . Har ila yau, an ba da rahoton cewa ya samu tarihin duniya a fannin shekarunsa na tsalle-tsalle na tsayin daka lokacin yana da shekaru biyar, tare da yin rikodi na nisan mita 1.63, a shekarar 2006. == Aikin kulob. == === Bryne === Haaland ya fara a makarantar horar da kulob ɗin Bryne na garinsu yana da shekaru biyar. A lokacin kakar shekara ta 2015–16, ya buga wa ƙungiyar ajiyar Bryne wasa kuma ya burge shi, inda ya zira kwallaye goma sha takwas a wasanni goma sha hudu. A watan Mayun shekara 2016, an kori Gaute Larsen a matsayin kocin Bryne kuma kocin matasa Berntsen ya samu matsayi na kocin riko. Bayan ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Haaland a wasu ƙungiyoyin matasa, kocin na rikon kwarya ya baiwa matashin farkonsa na farko, watanni uku kafin cikarsa shekaru sha shida. <ref name="bundesliga-background1" /> Wasan sa na farko shine wasa na biyu na 1. divisjon da Ranheim a ranar 12, ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2016. Bayan da aka tura shi da farko a matsayin winger, Berntsen ya sanya Haaland a matsayinsa na tsakiya a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba bayan wasu wasanni. Ko da yake ya kasa zira kwallaye a kakar wasansa na Bryne, Haaland ya samu gwaji daga kungiyar ta [[Jamus]] Hoffenheim a shekara ta alif 1899, kafin daga bisani ya koma Molde don taka leda a karkashin [[Ole Gunnar Solkjær|Ole Gunnar Solskjær]] . Haaland ya buga manyan wasanni goma sha shida a Bryne. === Molde. === A ranar 1, ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, Molde ta sanar da sanya hannu kan Haaland mai shekaru 16. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob ɗin a ranar 26, ga watan Afrilu a gasar Kofin Norwegian da Volda TI, inda ya zira kwallo a wasansa na farko a nasara 3-2. Wasan farko na Haaland a cikin Eliteserien ya zo ne a ranar 4, ga watan Yuni, ana kawo shi azaman minti na 71, a madadin Sarpsborg 08 . Bayan da ya karbi katin gargadi a cikin fiye da minti ɗaya na wasa a filin wasa, Haaland ya ci wa Molde nasara a minti na 77, wanda shi ne kwallonsa ta farko a gasar. Yajin aikin sa na biyu na kakar wasa ya zo ne a ranar 17, ga watan Satumba, yayin da ya ci wa Viking FK nasara a wasan da ci 3-2. Bayan wasan, Haaland ya samu suka daga abokin wasansa Björn Bergmann Sigurɗarson saboda murnar burinsa ga magoya bayan Viking. Haaland ya kammala kakarsa ta farko a Molde da kwallaye hudu a wasanni ashirin. [[File:FC RB Salzburg v. Wolfsberger AC (10. August 2019) 07.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] A ranar 1, ga watan Yuli shekarar 2018, Haaland ya zira kwallaye huɗu a cikin mintuna 21, na farko da Brann, inda ya tabbatar da nasarar ƙungiyar sa da ci 4-0, akan shugabannin gasar da ba a doke su ba a lokacin. Bayan wasan, kocin Molde Ole Gunnar Solskjær ya kwatanta salon wasan Haaland da dan wasan gaban Belgium [[Romelu Lukaku]], kuma ya ce kulob ɗin ya yi watsi da tayin da dama kan dan wasan daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. A wasan da ya biyo bayan mako guda, Haaland ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a raga tare da zura kwallo a ragar Vålerenga a ci 5-1. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar UEFA a ranar 26 ga Yuli, inda ya mayar da bugun fanareti a wasan da Molde ta samu 3-0, a gasar cin kofin Europa da KF Lacii . Sakamakon raunin idon sawun, Haaland bai shiga cikin wasannin lig na ƙarshe na Molde na kakar wasa uku ba. Domin wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin 2018, Eliteserien, Haaland ya sami lambar yabo ta Eliteserien Breakthrough of the Year . Ya kammala kakar wasa ta 2018, a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallo a ragar Molde, inda ya zura kwallaye goma sha shida a wasanni talatin a duk gasa. === Red Bull Salzburg. === A ranar 19, ga watan Agusta 2018, zakarun Bundesliga na Austrian Red Bull Salzburg ta sanar da cewa Haaland zai koma kungiyar a ranar 1, ga watan Janairu 2019, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. Dan {{'}} ''Athletic'' Phil Hay daga baya zai bayyana cewa kafin ya koma Salzburg, Haaland shima yana fuskantar tayin daga tsohuwar kungiyar mahaifinsa Leeds United. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 17, ga watan Fabrairu, 2018-19, Austrian Cup quarter final da Wiener Neustädter, kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 12, ga Mayu a gasar Bundesliga ta Austrian ta ci LASK 2-1.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}A ranar 19, ga Yuli, ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga kulob din a gasar cin kofin Austrian 7-1, da SC-ESV Parndorf kuma ya bi wannan tare da hat-trick dinsa na farko a gasar a ranar 10. Wayan Agusta, wanda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin nasara da ci 5–2, da Wolfsberger AC . Ya samu hat-trick na uku ga Salzburg a ranar 14, ga Satumba a cikin nasara da ci 7–2, a kan TSV Hartberg ; wannan shi ne karo na shida a jere da Haaland ya ci a gasar, tare da jimillar kwallaye goma sha daya a wannan lokacin. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, Haaland ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Turai a gasar zakarun Turai da Genk, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a farkon rabin nasarar da suka yi da ci 6–2, ya kuma ci hat-trick dinsa na hudu a Salzburg. [[File:WolvesvManCitySeptember2022 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] A cikin wasanni biyu na gaba na gasar zakarun Turai, Haaland ya ci kwallo a ragar [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a Anfield da kuma kara biyu a kan Napoli, ya zama matashi na biyu bayan Karim Benzema a tarihin gasar da ya zura kwallo a kowane wasa uku na farko. Haka kuma kwallayen da ya zura a raga shi ne ya fi zura kwallo a raga a wasanni uku na farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Bayan da aka dawo da bugun fanareti a wasan da Salzburg ta yi da Napoli, Haaland ya zama matashi na farko da ya zura kwallo a wasanni hudu na farko a gasar, kuma dan wasa na hudu ne kawai na kowane zamani da ya cimma wannan nasarar, bayan Zé Carlos, Alessandro Del Piero da Diego Costa . Daga nan ya zira kwallaye ukun a nasarar Salzburg da ci 3–0, a Wolfsberger AC a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya yi rikodin hat-trick dinsa na biyar a kakar wasa da kuma na biyu a kan Wolfsberg. A ranar 27, ga watan Nuwamba, Haaland ya fito daga benci ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Genk, inda ya hade da Del Piero, Serhii Rebrov, [[Neymar]], [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] da Robert Lewandowski a matsayin 'yan wasan daya tilo da suka zura kwallaye a wasanni biyar na farko na matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, kuma ya zama. matashin da ya fara zira kwallo a wasanni biyar a jere a gasar. Sai dai ba zai iya zura kwallo a raga ba a wasan karshe na rukuni na karshe da Salzburg ta yi da Liverpool, saboda kungiyarsa ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0, aka fitar da ita daga gasar. Wannan zai tabbatar da zama wasan karshe na Haaland ga kulob din; Ya bar Salzburg yana da kwallaye 29, tare da 28, daga cikin waɗannan sun zo a cikin bayyanuwa 22, kawai da aka yi a lokacin kakar 2019-20 . === Borussia Dortmund === ==== 2019-20: Lokacin halarta na farko. ==== Duk da kasancewar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da Juventus suna zawarcinsa, kulob din Bundesliga na Borussia Dortmund ya tabbatar da siyan Haaland a ranar 29, ga watan shekarar Disamba 2019, kwanaki uku kafin bude kasuwar canja wuri na hunturu, kan farashin da aka ruwaito yana cikin yankin Yuro 20.&nbsp;miliyan, sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu da rabi. Haaland ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Dortmund a FC Augsburg a ranar 18, ga watan Janairu shekarar 2020, ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na biyu kuma ya ci hat-trick a cikin mintuna 23, da ci 5-3. Hakan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa na biyu a tarihin Dortmund bayan Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang da ya ci kwallaye uku a wasansu na farko a Bundesliga. Kwanaki shida bayan haka, Haaland ya sake fitowa daga kan benci, inda ya buga wasansa na biyu na kulob a wasan Dortmund da abokan hamayyar cikin gida 1. FC Koln . Ya zura kwallo bayan mintuna goma sha biyu sannan ya samu kwallo ta biyu bayan mintuna goma, abin da ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta samu nasara da ci 5-1. Haaland ya zama dan wasan Bundesliga na farko da ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasanni biyu na farko, da kuma dan wasa mafi sauri da ya kai wannan adadi (minti 56, da aka buga). Duk da cewa ya shafe sa'a daya kacal a filin wasa a gasar, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na watan Janairu. Haaland ya ci kwallo biyu a karawar da suka yi da Union Berlin a ranar 1, ga watan Fabrairu, inda ya zama dan wasa na farko a tarihi da ya ci kwallaye bakwai a wasanninsu uku na farko na Bundesliga. A ranar 18, ga watan Fabrairu, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Dortmund a wasan farko da suka yi nasara a kan [[Paris Saint-Germain]] da ci 2-1, a gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na 16 . Wannan ya kawo jimlar matashin dan kasar Norway zuwa kwallaye goma na gasar zakarun Turai don kamfen na shekarar 2019-20, a cikin bayyanarsa ta takwas a gaba daya a gasar, ya kara zuwa takwas da ya ci wa Salzburg a matakin rukuni. Dortmund za ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a karawar farko a ranar 11, ga Maris, yayin da Haaland ta ga an cire shi daga gasar a karo na biyu a kakar wasa guda. Bayan dawowar Bundesliga a ranar 16, ga Mayu a tsakiyar annobar COVID-19, Haaland ya zura kwallon farko da Dortmund ta ci Schalke 04 4-0 Revierderby, kwallonsa ta goma a gasar Bundesliga. A ranar 20, ga watan Yuni, ya zira kwallaye biyun a wasan da suka doke RB Leipzig da ci 2-0, don tabbatar da matsayi na biyu ga Dortmund, wanda zai kai ga buga gasar zakarun Turai a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Haaland ya kammala kamfen dinsa na shekarar 2019-20, da kwallaye 44, a wasanni 40, da ya buga a duk wasannin da ya buga a Salzburg da Dortmund. ==== Shekarar 2020-21: Gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga kuma wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar zakarun Turai ==== [[File:FC Salzburg versus. KRC Genk (UEFA Championsleague 17. September 2019) 34.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] A ranar 19, ga watan satumba na shekara ta 2020, awasan farko na Dortmund na sabuwar kakar, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Borussia Mönchengladbach da ci 3-0. Ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyarsa a wasansu da [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] daci 2-3, Der Klassiker a gasar DFL-Supercup a ranar 30, ga watan Satumba, kuma ya sake jefa kwallo a ragar Bayern lokacin da kungiyoyin suka hadu a gasar a ranar 7, ga watan Nuwamba, inda Dortmund ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2. – 3, sau daya. A ranar 21, ga Nuwamba, Haaland ya zira kwallaye hudu a cikin mintuna 32 na nasara 5–2, a waje da Hertha BSC . Wadannan kwallaye biyar da aka zura a watan Nuwamba sun sa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na watan a karo na biyu. Haaland ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a raga a gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni hudu na farko na matakin rukuni na 2020-21, tare da zura kwallo a ragar Club Brugge da ci 3-0, a ranar 24, ga watan Nuwamba wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa mafi sauri da ya yi rikodi goma sha biyar (15). sannan kuma sha shida) kwallayen gasar zakarun Turai; ya kai wannan matakin ne da wasanni goma sha biyu kacal a gasar. Sa’o’i kadan kafin wasan rukuni na biyar na Dortmund da Lazio a ranar 2, ga watan Disamba, kulob din ya sanar da cewa Haaland ya samu rauni a kafarsa, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba har sai bayan sabuwar shekara. Ya koma gefe a wasansu da VfL Wolfsburg a ranar 3, ga Janairu 2021. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a waje da RB Leipzig a ci 3-1, a ranar 9, ga watan Janairu, kuma ya sake samun karin kwallaye biyu a wasan da Dortmund ta sha kashi a hannun Mönchengladbach da ci 2–4, a ranar 22, ga Janairu. A ranar 17, ga watan Fabrairu, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya sami taimako a wasan da Dortmund ta doke [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] da ci 3-2, a wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na 16 . A fafatawar da Dortmund ta yi da Bayern a filin wasa na Allianz Arena ranar 6, ga watan Maris, Haaland ya zura kwallaye biyu a cikin mintuna goma na farko wanda ya baiwa kungiyarsa damar ci 2-0. Sai dai kuma an sauya shi ne a karo na biyu bayan da ya samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, yayin da Bayern ta yi yunkurin lashe wasan da ci 4-2. Kwallon da Haaland ta ci ta biyu ita ce ta 100, a cikin babban aikinsa, inda ya kai wannan matsayi a wasanni 146, kacal. Haaland ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Sevilla a wasan na biyu na Dortmund a ranar 9, ga watan Maris, yayin da kungiyarsa ta yi canjaras 2-2, kuma ta tsallake zuwa matakin kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da ci 5-4. Tare da buga wasanni goma sha hudu kacal, hakan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa mafi sauri da kuma matashin dan wasa da ya ci kwallaye ashirin a gasar, kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya ci sau da dama a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai hudu a jere. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], ya ba da taimako ga burin Marco Reus a wasan farko, duk da haka, duka matches sun ƙare da ci 2-1. Bayan da aka rasa wasanni biyu saboda rauni mai zurfi, Haaland ya koma cikin farawar Dortmund a ranar 13, ga watan Mayu don shekarar 2021, DFB-Pokal Final ; ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da kungiyarsa ta doke Leipzig da ci 4-1, wanda hakan yasa ya samu nasarar lashe kofinsa na farko a kungiyar. Ya kawo karshen kakar wasa da kwallaye 41, a dukkan gasa, ciki har da 27, a gasar, wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga da magoya bayansa suka zaba, kuma ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar zakarun Turai da kwallaye goma. daga baya ana ba da kyautar mafi kyawun ci gaban gasar a kakar wasa ta bana . ==== 2021–22: Raunin rauni da kakar karshe tare da Dortmund. ==== Haaland ya fara kakar 2021-22, tare da hat-trick akan Wehen Wiesbaden a zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal a ranar 7, ga watan Agusta shekarar 2021. Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar wasa daya daga cikin Bundesliga, ya zira kwallaye biyu tare da taimakawa kwallaye biyu yayin da Dortmund ta doke Eintracht Frankfurt 5-2. A cikin watannin farko na kakar wasa ta bana, Haaland ya yi jinyar rauni, inda ya dawo ranar 16, ga watan Oktoba kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar Mainz a ci 3-1. watan Jim kadan bayan haka, Haaland ya samu rauni a kugunsa, wanda ya yi jinyar watanni biyu. Ya dawo ne a ranar 27, ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya ci kwallonsa ta 50, a gasar Bundesliga a wasan da suka doke Wolfsburg da ci 3-1, ya kafa sabon tarihi na wasanni kadan kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci kwallaye 50, a gasar. A ranar 10, ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022, Borussia Dortmund ta ba da sanarwar cewa Haaland zai bar kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa zuwa kulob din Premier na Manchester City. Bayan kwana hudu, ya yi bankwana da kulob din a Westfalenstadion kafin wasan karshe na Dortmund da Hertha BSC . A wasansa na karshe a kungiyar, ya ci wa Dortmund kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Hertha da ci 2-1. === Manchester City. === A ranar 10, ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2022, kulob din Premier na Manchester City ya sanar da cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya don siyan Haaland bayan ya kunna Yuro 60.&nbsp;miliyan (£51.2&nbsp;miliyan) sakin layi. An kulla yarjejeniyar ne a ranar 13, ga watan Yuni, inda City ta sanar da cewa Haaland zai koma kungiyar a ranar 1, ga watan Yuli kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. [[File:Fanclubs Weihnachtsfeier 2019 09.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 30, ga watan Yuli, yana buga dukkan mintuna 90, a cikin rashin nasara da Liverpool da ci 3-1, a gasar FA Community Shield ta 2022 . A ranar 7, ga watan Agusta, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a nasarar da suka yi a waje da West Ham United da ci 2-0. A ranar 27, ga watan Agusta, Haaland ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko a gasar Premier a cikin nasara da ci 4-2, a kan Crystal Palace, kuma ya zira kwallaye na biyu, cikakkiyar hat-trick, bayan kwana hudu tare da trible a cikin 6- 0, ya ci Nottingham Forest, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama mutum mafi sauri a tarihin gasar Premier ya kai hat-tricks, inda ya doke tarihin da ya gabata da wasanni 14. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a kulob din, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Sevilla kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya ci kwallaye 25, a wasanni 20, na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 16, ga watan Satumba, an zabe shi gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan na Agusta, watan sa na farko da ya taka leda a gasar. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa. == === Matasa. === Haaland yana bugawa Norway wasa, kuma ya wakilce su a kungiyoyi daban-daban. A ranar 27, ga watan Maris shekarar 2018, yayin da yake tare da Norway a ƙarƙashin 19, Haaland ya ci hat-trica a kan Scotland a cikin nasara 5-4, yana taimaka wa ƙasarsa ta sami cancantar zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Turai na 2018 UEFA Under-19 . A ranar 22, ga watan Yuli 2018, Haaland ya ci bugun fanariti a kan Italiya a wasan da suka tashi 1-1, yayin wasan karshe na gasar. A ranar 30, ga watan Mayu 2019, Haaland ya zira kwallaye tara a cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Norway 12-0, ta doke Honduras a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 na 2019, a Lublin, Poland. Wannan ita ce nasara mafi girma da Norway ta taba samu a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru 20, da kuma rashin nasara mafi girma da Honduras ta samu. Haaland ya kuma kafa sabon tarihi a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20, na mafi yawan kwallaye da dan wasa daya ya ci a wasa, inda sakamakon haka shi ne nasara mafi girma da kowace kungiya ta samu a tarihin gasar. Duk da cewa an fitar da 'yan Norway a matakin rukuni, kuma Haaland bai zura kwallo a wasu wasannin ba a gasar, har yanzu ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. === Babban. === Manajan Lars Lagerbäck ya nada Haaland a cikin manyan tawagar Norway a ranar 28, ga watan Agusta, 2019, don karawa da Malta da Sweden a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro 2020 ; ya buga wasansa na farko na babban tawagar kasar a ranar 5, ga watan Satumba 2019, da Malta. A ranar 4, ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Haaland ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a Norway a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-2, da Austria a gasar cin kofin UEFA Nations League B na 2020–21 . Bayan kwana uku, ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin nasara da ci 5–1, da Ireland ta Arewa . A ranar 11, ga watan Oktoba, Haaland ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko na kasa da kasa a wasan da Norway ta doke Romania da ci 4-0, a gasar Nations League B, wanda ya kawo yawan kwallayen da ya ci a babbar kungiyar a wasanni shida da ya buga. [[File:Benefizgrillerei (2019) 12.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] A lokacin hutun kasa da kasa na watan Satumba shekarar 2021, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni uku na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, gami da hat-trick na biyu ga Norway a nasarar da suka yi da Gibraltar da ci 5-1. == Salon wasa. == ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, Haaland yana da dukkan halayen ɗan wasan gaba. Yana amfani da firam ɗinsa mai girman gaske don riƙe wasa yadda ya kamata kuma ya haɗa da wasu. Yana da taki da dabarar motsi don gudu a baya; yana iya dribble da halitta; kuma yana iya gamawa da ƙafafu biyu da kansa. Yawancin lokaci yakan zo da zurfi don tattara kwallon don taimakawa kungiyarsa ta buga wasa, sau da yawa yana neman yada kwallon a fili ga abokin wasansa, kafin ya juya da gudu zuwa raga. Wani lokaci yakan zo da zurfi don masu tsaron baya su bi shi, don haka yana da wayar da kan kunna kwallon da ƙirƙirar daga matsayi na gaba. A cikin filin wasan, yana yin ƙananan motsi masu kaifi don tabo wata dama ga abokin wasan don yin ƙoƙari ya same shi a sararin samaniya, kuma zai iya canza layin da yake gudana da sauri zuwa wannan sararin samaniya, yana mai da shi matukar wuya ga masu tsaron gida su karanta. . Yana amfani da jikinsa sosai lokacin wasa da bayansa zuwa raga, yana kare kwallon yadda ya kamata yayin da yake kokarin sarrafa ta. Ganin cewa zai iya amfani da karfinsa wajen samun damar buga kwallo a lokacin da yake fuskantar matsin lamba, yana kuma da tasiri wajen baiwa ‘yan wasan baya na kungiyarsa dan jinkiri bayan an cire shi. Ƙirƙirar Haaland ta fi bayyana lokacin da ya shiga tashar hagu ta ciki. Babban burinsa koyaushe shine ya sami harbi, amma kuma yana da hangen nesa da fasaha don zabar jinkirin gudu daga tsakiyar tsakiya a tsakiya. Ƙarfinsa na ɗaukar ƙwallon a cikin sauri kuma yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙira ga wasu, musamman ma a kan gaba. Haaland ya yi wa Zlatan Ibrahimović da [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], amma kuma ya ambaci Michu, Jamie Vardy, Sergio Agüero da Robin van Persie a matsayin wahayi, kuma ya yaba Virgil van Dijk da [[Sergio Ramos]] a matsayin biyu daga cikin ’yan wasan baya mafi tsauri da ya taka leda. == Rayuwa ta sirri. == Haaland shine ɗan tsohuwar Nottingham Forest na Norway, Leeds United da mai tsaron bayan Manchester City Alfie Haaland, kuma tsohuwar 'yar wasan heptathlon ta mata Gry Marita Braut. Dan uwansa Jonatan Braut Brunes shima kwararren dan kwallon kafa ne. Brunes ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya taba bugawa Bryne a wasa da KFUM Oslo a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2016 yana da shekaru 15, watanni 9, kwanaki 9, inda ya doke tarihin da Haaland ya kafa a baya kwanaki hudu da suka gabata. Kaninsa Albert Tjåland shi ma dan wasan kwallon kafa ne, wanda ya yi rajista sama da kwallaye sittin a wasanni kasa da arba'in da ya buga da kungiyar matasan Molde. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a cikin wata hira da jaridar Norwegian ''Aftenposten'', Haaland ya bayyana cewa "Mafarkin shine lashe gasar Premier tare da Leeds." A ranar 30, ga watan Agusta 2016, bidiyon kiɗan "Kygo Jo" an shigar da shi zuwa [[YouTube]] ta Flow Kingz, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Haaland da abokan wasansa U-18, na Norway Erik Botheim da Erik Tobias Sandberg . A shekarar 2020, bidiyon ya zarce 8.2&nbsp;miliyan views da 250, dubu likes. [[File:SV Mattersburg gegen FC RB Salzburg (2. November 2019) 79.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] Haaland ya ce yana jin daɗin bimbini . Bayan ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan farko na Dortmund a gasar zakarun Turai da Paris Saint-Germain a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, ya yi bikin ta hanyar kwaikwayi wani "zen" dangane da ayyukansa na tunani. Duk da haka, Dortmund za ta ci gaba da yin rashin nasara kuma za a fitar da ita bayan wasan na biyu, inda dan wasan PSG Neymar ya kwaikwayi bikin Haaland bayan kwallon da ya ci, kuma yawancin 'yan wasan kulob din Faransa sun shiga cikin yin kwaikwayon "zen" a cikin bikinsu bayan kammalawa. na wasan. An bayar da rahoton cewa an yi hakan ne a matsayin tono ga Haaland saboda wani sako da ake zargin ya yi a dandalin sada zumunta da ya yi kafin wasan, inda ya kira wurin da ya karbi bakuncin Paris "birninsa". Duk da wasu majiyoyin da ke ba da shawarar cewa mukamin Haaland na bogi ne, har yanzu ya ce bikin na PSG bai damu ba, yana mai cewa: "Ina tsammanin sun taimaka mini da yawa don yin bimbini a duniya da kuma nuna wa duniya duka. wannan tunani abu ne mai mahimmanci don haka ina godiya". ==Hotuna.== == Kididdigar sana'a. == === Kungiya. === {{Updated|match played 17 September 2022}} <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 17 September 2022}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Fitowa da burin tawagar ƙasa da shekara ! Tawagar kasa ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa |- | rowspan="4" | Norway | 2019 | 2 | 0 |- | 2020 | 5 | 6 |- | 2021 | 8 | 6 |- | 2022 | 8 | 9 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 23 ! 21 |} {{Updated|match played 24 September 2022}} :''Norway score listed first, score column indicates score after each Haaland goal''<ref name=NFT/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Erling Haaland ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Cap ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" |1 |4 September 2020 |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | align="center" |3 |{{fb|AUT}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |1–2 |2020–21 UEFA Nations League B | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2 | rowspan="2" |7 September 2020 | rowspan="2" |Windsor Park, Belfast, Northern Ireland | rowspan="2" align="center" |4 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|NIR}} | align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–1 | rowspan="2" |2020–21 UEFA Nations League B | rowspan="2" align="center" | |- | align="center" |3 | align="center" |5–1 |- | align="center" |4 | rowspan="3" |11 October 2020 | rowspan="3" |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | rowspan="3" align="center" |6 | rowspan="3" |{{fb|ROU}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="3" |2020–21 UEFA Nations League B | rowspan="3" align="center" | |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |6 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |7 |2 June 2021 |La Rosaleda Stadium, Málaga, Spain | align="center" |11 |{{fb|LUX}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Friendly | align="center" | |- | align="center" |8 |1 September 2021 |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | align="center" |13 |{{fb|NED}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification | align="center" | |- | align="center" |9 |4 September 2021 |Daugava Stadium, Riga, Latvia | align="center" |14 |{{fb|LVA}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification | align="center" | |- | align="center" |10 | rowspan="3" |7 September 2021 | rowspan="3" |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | rowspan="3" align="center" |15 | rowspan="3" |{{fb|GIB}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |5–1 | rowspan="3" |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification | rowspan="3" align="center" | |- | align="center" |11 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |12 | align="center" |5–1 |- | align="center" |13 |25 March 2022 |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | align="center" |16 |{{fb|SVK}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Friendly | align="center" | |- | align="center" |14 | rowspan="2" |29 March 2022 | rowspan="2" |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | rowspan="2" align="center" |17 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|ARM}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |9–0 | rowspan="2" |Friendly | rowspan="2" align="center" | |- | align="center" |15 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |16 |2 June 2022 |Red Star Stadium, Belgrade, Serbia | align="center" |18 |{{fb|SRB}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2022–23 UEFA Nations League B | align="center" | |- | align="center" |17 | rowspan="2" |5 June 2022 | rowspan="2" |Friends Arena, Solna, Sweden | rowspan="2" align="center" |19 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|SWE}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="2" |2022–23 UEFA Nations League B | rowspan="2" align="center" | |- | align="center" |18 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |19 | rowspan="2" |12 June 2022 | rowspan="2" |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | rowspan="2" align="center" |21 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|SWE}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2022–23 UEFA Nations League B | rowspan="2" align="center" | |- | align="center" |20 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |21 |24 September 2022 |Stožice Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia | align="center" |22 |{{fb|SVN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |2022–23 UEFA Nations League B | align="center" | |} == Girmamawa. == '''Red Bull Salzburg''' * Bundesliga ta Austria: 2018-19, 2019-20 * Kofin Austria : 2018-19 <ref name="Soccerway" /> '''Borussia Dortmund''' * DFB-Pokal : 2020-21 '''Norway U17''' * Kofin Syrenka: 2016 '''Mutum.''' * Nasarar Eliteserien na Shekara : 2018. * Gwarzon dan kwallon Austria : 2019. * Dan wasan Bundesliga na Austriya: 2019-20. * FIFA U-20 Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya : 2019. * Breakthrough XI : 2019. * Dan wasan Bundesliga na kakar wasa: 2020-21. * Gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na watan: Janairu 2020, Nuwamba 2020, Afrilu 2021, Agusta 2021 * Gasar Bundesliga na Watan: Janairu 2020, Fabrairu 2020. * Manufar Bundesliga na Watan: Satumba 2021. * Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2020-21, 2021-22. * Gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan : Agusta 2022. * Ƙungiyar ESM na Shekara : 2019-20. * Kungiyar Matasan Duniya ta IFFHS (U20) : 2020. * Golden Boy : 2020. * Gullballen : 2020. * Kyautar Kniksen : 2020. * Gwarzon Wasannin Yaren mutanen Norway : 2020. * Tawagar UEFA Champions League na kakar wasa: 2020-21. * Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na kakar wasa : 2020-21. * Wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar zakarun Turai : 2020-21. * Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar UEFA Nations League : 2020-21. * FIFA FIFPro Duniya 11 : 2021. == Manazarta. == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. == * [https://www.mancity.com/players/erling-haaland Bayanan martaba] a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC * Erling Haaland </img> * {{UEFA player}} Rikodin gasar </img> {{Manchester City F.C. squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Awards|bg=gold|fg=navy|list1={{FIFA U-20 World Cup awards}} {{UEFA Champions League top scorers}} {{UEFA Club Football Awards}} {{Golden Boy award winners}} {{Gullballen}} {{Austrian Footballer of the Year}} {{2020–21 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season}} {{2021–22 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] hgdqovzblkboax8fbdno5bftemyogjs 856717 856699 2026-06-14T09:59:53Z Zahrah0 14848 856717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Haaland warm up 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton ɗan kwallo haaland]] '''Erling Braut Haaland''' ( né '''Håland''' ; An haife shi a ranar 21, ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2000). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Norway]] . An kuma yi la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a duniya, an san shi da wasan motsa jiki, gudu da kuma kammalawa. Yazo. A tsarin matasa, Haaland ya taka leda a babban matakin don ajiyar Bryne da manyan kungiyoyin. Ya kuma koma Molde a cikin shekarar 2017, (kuma yana wasa don ƙungiyar ajiyar su), wanda ya shafe shekaru biyu tare da shi. Haaland ya rattaba hannu tare da ƙungiyar Red Bull Salzburg ta Bundesliga a watan Janairun na shekara ta 2019, inda ya lashe kofunan lig biyu da [[Kofin]] [[Ostiriya]] daya. A cikin watan Disamba shekara ta2019, ya koma kulob ɗin Bundesliga na Jamus Borussia [[Dortmund]], inda ya ci DFB-Pokal a 2020-21 . Haaland ya lashe kyaututtuka na mutum da yawa kuma ya karya tarihi daban-daban yayin aikinsa. A lokacin kakar shekarar 2019-20, tare da Salzburg, ya zama matashi na farko da ya ci kwallo a wasanni biyar na gasar zakarun Turai a jere. Ya kasance saman scorer na gasar zakarun [[Turai]] kakar . A cikin shekarar 2020, Haaland ya lashe kyautar Golden Boy, yayin da a cikin shekara yan 021, aka naɗa shi Ɗan wasan Bundesliga na kakar wasa kuma an saka shi cikin FIFA FIFPro World 11, a shekarar 2021. Haaland ya wakilci [[Norway]] a matakan matasa daban-daban. A cikin shekarar 2019, FIFA U-20, gasar cin kofin duniya, ya lashe gasar ta Golden Boot, bayan da ya zira kwallaye tara a raga a wasa daya. Ya yi babban wasansa na farko a duniya a watan Satumbar shekarar 2019. == Rayuwar farko. == An haifi Haaland a ranar 21, ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2000. a [[Leeds]], Ingila, yayin da mahaifinsa Alfie Haaland ke taka leda a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] a gasar Premier a lokacin. A cikin shekarar 2004, yana ɗan shekara uku, ya ƙaura zuwa Bryne, garin mahaifansa a Norway. [[File:Erling Haaland 2023.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] Tare da buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, Haaland yana shiga cikin wasu wasanni daban-daban tun yana ƙarami, gami da ƙwallon hannu, golf, da waƙa da filin . Har ila yau, an ba da rahoton cewa ya samu tarihin duniya a fannin shekarunsa na tsalle-tsalle na tsayin daka lokacin yana da shekaru biyar, tare da yin rikodi na nisan mita 1.63, a shekarar 2006. == Aikin kulob. == === Bryne === Haaland ya fara a makarantar horar da kulob ɗin Bryne na garinsu yana da shekaru biyar. A lokacin kakar shekara ta 2015–16, ya buga wa ƙungiyar ajiyar Bryne wasa kuma ya burge shi, inda ya zira kwallaye goma sha takwas a wasanni goma sha hudu. A watan Mayun shekara 2016, an kori Gaute Larsen a matsayin kocin Bryne kuma kocin matasa Berntsen ya samu matsayi na kocin riko. Bayan ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Haaland a wasu ƙungiyoyin matasa, kocin na rikon kwarya ya baiwa matashin farkonsa na farko, watanni uku kafin cikarsa shekaru sha shida. <ref name="bundesliga-background1" /> Wasan sa na farko shine wasa na biyu na 1. divisjon da Ranheim a ranar 12, ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2016. Bayan da aka tura shi da farko a matsayin winger, Berntsen ya sanya Haaland a matsayinsa na tsakiya a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba bayan wasu wasanni. Ko da yake ya kasa zira kwallaye a kakar wasansa na Bryne, Haaland ya samu gwaji daga kungiyar ta [[Jamus]] Hoffenheim a shekara ta alif 1899, kafin daga bisani ya koma Molde don taka leda a karkashin [[Ole Gunnar Solkjær|Ole Gunnar Solskjær]] . Haaland ya buga manyan wasanni goma sha shida a Bryne. === Molde. === A ranar 1, ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, Molde ta sanar da sanya hannu kan Haaland mai shekaru 16. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob ɗin a ranar 26, ga watan Afrilu a gasar Kofin Norwegian da Volda TI, inda ya zira kwallo a wasansa na farko a nasara 3-2. Wasan farko na Haaland a cikin Eliteserien ya zo ne a ranar 4, ga watan Yuni, ana kawo shi azaman minti na 71, a madadin Sarpsborg 08 . Bayan da ya karbi katin gargadi a cikin fiye da minti ɗaya na wasa a filin wasa, Haaland ya ci wa Molde nasara a minti na 77, wanda shi ne kwallonsa ta farko a gasar. Yajin aikin sa na biyu na kakar wasa ya zo ne a ranar 17, ga watan Satumba, yayin da ya ci wa Viking FK nasara a wasan da ci 3-2. Bayan wasan, Haaland ya samu suka daga abokin wasansa Björn Bergmann Sigurɗarson saboda murnar burinsa ga magoya bayan Viking. Haaland ya kammala kakarsa ta farko a Molde da kwallaye hudu a wasanni ashirin. [[File:FC RB Salzburg v. Wolfsberger AC (10. August 2019) 07.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] A ranar 1, ga watan Yuli shekarar 2018, Haaland ya zira kwallaye huɗu a cikin mintuna 21, na farko da Brann, inda ya tabbatar da nasarar ƙungiyar sa da ci 4-0, akan shugabannin gasar da ba a doke su ba a lokacin. Bayan wasan, kocin Molde Ole Gunnar Solskjær ya kwatanta salon wasan Haaland da dan wasan gaban Belgium [[Romelu Lukaku]], kuma ya ce kulob ɗin ya yi watsi da tayin da dama kan dan wasan daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. A wasan da ya biyo bayan mako guda, Haaland ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a raga tare da zura kwallo a ragar Vålerenga a ci 5-1. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar UEFA a ranar 26 ga Yuli, inda ya mayar da bugun fanareti a wasan da Molde ta samu 3-0, a gasar cin kofin Europa da KF Lacii . Sakamakon raunin idon sawun, Haaland bai shiga cikin wasannin lig na ƙarshe na Molde na kakar wasa uku ba. Domin wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin 2018, Eliteserien, Haaland ya sami lambar yabo ta Eliteserien Breakthrough of the Year . Ya kammala kakar wasa ta 2018, a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallo a ragar Molde, inda ya zura kwallaye goma sha shida a wasanni talatin a duk gasa. === Red Bull Salzburg. === A ranar 19, ga watan Agusta 2018, zakarun Bundesliga na Austrian Red Bull Salzburg ta sanar da cewa Haaland zai koma kungiyar a ranar 1, ga watan Janairu 2019, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. Dan {{'}} ''Athletic'' Phil Hay daga baya zai bayyana cewa kafin ya koma Salzburg, Haaland shima yana fuskantar tayin daga tsohuwar kungiyar mahaifinsa Leeds United. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 17, ga watan Fabrairu, 2018-19, Austrian Cup quarter final da Wiener Neustädter, kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 12, ga Mayu a gasar Bundesliga ta Austrian ta ci LASK 2-1.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}A ranar 19, ga Yuli, ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga kulob din a gasar cin kofin Austrian 7-1, da SC-ESV Parndorf kuma ya bi wannan tare da hat-trick dinsa na farko a gasar a ranar 10. Wayan Agusta, wanda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin nasara da ci 5–2, da Wolfsberger AC . Ya samu hat-trick na uku ga Salzburg a ranar 14, ga Satumba a cikin nasara da ci 7–2, a kan TSV Hartberg ; wannan shi ne karo na shida a jere da Haaland ya ci a gasar, tare da jimillar kwallaye goma sha daya a wannan lokacin. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, Haaland ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Turai a gasar zakarun Turai da Genk, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a farkon rabin nasarar da suka yi da ci 6–2, ya kuma ci hat-trick dinsa na hudu a Salzburg. [[File:WolvesvManCitySeptember2022 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] A cikin wasanni biyu na gaba na gasar zakarun Turai, Haaland ya ci kwallo a ragar [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a Anfield da kuma kara biyu a kan Napoli, ya zama matashi na biyu bayan Karim Benzema a tarihin gasar da ya zura kwallo a kowane wasa uku na farko. Haka kuma kwallayen da ya zura a raga shi ne ya fi zura kwallo a raga a wasanni uku na farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Bayan da aka dawo da bugun fanareti a wasan da Salzburg ta yi da Napoli, Haaland ya zama matashi na farko da ya zura kwallo a wasanni hudu na farko a gasar, kuma dan wasa na hudu ne kawai na kowane zamani da ya cimma wannan nasarar, bayan Zé Carlos, Alessandro Del Piero da Diego Costa . Daga nan ya zira kwallaye ukun a nasarar Salzburg da ci 3–0, a Wolfsberger AC a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya yi rikodin hat-trick dinsa na biyar a kakar wasa da kuma na biyu a kan Wolfsberg. A ranar 27, ga watan Nuwamba, Haaland ya fito daga benci ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Genk, inda ya hade da Del Piero, Serhii Rebrov, [[Neymar]], [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] da Robert Lewandowski a matsayin 'yan wasan daya tilo da suka zura kwallaye a wasanni biyar na farko na matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, kuma ya zama. matashin da ya fara zira kwallo a wasanni biyar a jere a gasar. Sai dai ba zai iya zura kwallo a raga ba a wasan karshe na rukuni na karshe da Salzburg ta yi da Liverpool, saboda kungiyarsa ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0, aka fitar da ita daga gasar. Wannan zai tabbatar da zama wasan karshe na Haaland ga kulob din; Ya bar Salzburg yana da kwallaye 29, tare da 28, daga cikin waɗannan sun zo a cikin bayyanuwa 22, kawai da aka yi a lokacin kakar 2019-20 . === Borussia Dortmund === ==== 2019-20: Lokacin halarta na farko. ==== Duk da kasancewar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da Juventus suna zawarcinsa, kulob din Bundesliga na Borussia Dortmund ya tabbatar da siyan Haaland a ranar 29, ga watan shekarar Disamba 2019, kwanaki uku kafin bude kasuwar canja wuri na hunturu, kan farashin da aka ruwaito yana cikin yankin Yuro 20.&nbsp;miliyan, sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu da rabi. Haaland ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Dortmund a FC Augsburg a ranar 18, ga watan Janairu shekarar 2020, ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na biyu kuma ya ci hat-trick a cikin mintuna 23, da ci 5-3. Hakan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa na biyu a tarihin Dortmund bayan Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang da ya ci kwallaye uku a wasansu na farko a Bundesliga. Kwanaki shida bayan haka, Haaland ya sake fitowa daga kan benci, inda ya buga wasansa na biyu na kulob a wasan Dortmund da abokan hamayyar cikin gida 1. FC Koln . Ya zura kwallo bayan mintuna goma sha biyu sannan ya samu kwallo ta biyu bayan mintuna goma, abin da ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta samu nasara da ci 5-1. Haaland ya zama dan wasan Bundesliga na farko da ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasanni biyu na farko, da kuma dan wasa mafi sauri da ya kai wannan adadi (minti 56, da aka buga). Duk da cewa ya shafe sa'a daya kacal a filin wasa a gasar, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na watan Janairu. Haaland ya ci kwallo biyu a karawar da suka yi da Union Berlin a ranar 1, ga watan Fabrairu, inda ya zama dan wasa na farko a tarihi da ya ci kwallaye bakwai a wasanninsu uku na farko na Bundesliga. A ranar 18, ga watan Fabrairu, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Dortmund a wasan farko da suka yi nasara a kan [[Paris Saint-Germain]] da ci 2-1, a gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na 16 . Wannan ya kawo jimlar matashin dan kasar Norway zuwa kwallaye goma na gasar zakarun Turai don kamfen na shekarar 2019-20, a cikin bayyanarsa ta takwas a gaba daya a gasar, ya kara zuwa takwas da ya ci wa Salzburg a matakin rukuni. Dortmund za ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a karawar farko a ranar 11, ga Maris, yayin da Haaland ta ga an cire shi daga gasar a karo na biyu a kakar wasa guda. Bayan dawowar Bundesliga a ranar 16, ga Mayu a tsakiyar annobar COVID-19, Haaland ya zura kwallon farko da Dortmund ta ci Schalke 04 4-0 Revierderby, kwallonsa ta goma a gasar Bundesliga. A ranar 20, ga watan Yuni, ya zira kwallaye biyun a wasan da suka doke RB Leipzig da ci 2-0, don tabbatar da matsayi na biyu ga Dortmund, wanda zai kai ga buga gasar zakarun Turai a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Haaland ya kammala kamfen dinsa na shekarar 2019-20, da kwallaye 44, a wasanni 40, da ya buga a duk wasannin da ya buga a Salzburg da Dortmund. ==== Shekarar 2020-21: Gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga kuma wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar zakarun Turai ==== [[File:FC Salzburg versus. KRC Genk (UEFA Championsleague 17. September 2019) 34.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] A ranar 19, ga watan satumba na shekara ta 2020, awasan farko na Dortmund na sabuwar kakar, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Borussia Mönchengladbach da ci 3-0. Ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyarsa a wasansu da [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] daci 2-3, Der Klassiker a gasar DFL-Supercup a ranar 30, ga watan Satumba, kuma ya sake jefa kwallo a ragar Bayern lokacin da kungiyoyin suka hadu a gasar a ranar 7, ga watan Nuwamba, inda Dortmund ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2. – 3, sau daya. A ranar 21, ga Nuwamba, Haaland ya zira kwallaye hudu a cikin mintuna 32 na nasara 5–2, a waje da Hertha BSC . Wadannan kwallaye biyar da aka zura a watan Nuwamba sun sa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na watan a karo na biyu. Haaland ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a raga a gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni hudu na farko na matakin rukuni na 2020-21, tare da zura kwallo a ragar Club Brugge da ci 3-0, a ranar 24, ga watan Nuwamba wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa mafi sauri da ya yi rikodi goma sha biyar (15). sannan kuma sha shida) kwallayen gasar zakarun Turai; ya kai wannan matakin ne da wasanni goma sha biyu kacal a gasar. Sa’o’i kadan kafin wasan rukuni na biyar na Dortmund da Lazio a ranar 2, ga watan Disamba, kulob din ya sanar da cewa Haaland ya samu rauni a kafarsa, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba har sai bayan sabuwar shekara. Ya koma gefe a wasansu da VfL Wolfsburg a ranar 3, ga Janairu 2021. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a waje da RB Leipzig a ci 3-1, a ranar 9, ga watan Janairu, kuma ya sake samun karin kwallaye biyu a wasan da Dortmund ta sha kashi a hannun Mönchengladbach da ci 2–4, a ranar 22, ga Janairu. A ranar 17, ga watan Fabrairu, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya sami taimako a wasan da Dortmund ta doke [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] da ci 3-2, a wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na 16 . A fafatawar da Dortmund ta yi da Bayern a filin wasa na Allianz Arena ranar 6, ga watan Maris, Haaland ya zura kwallaye biyu a cikin mintuna goma na farko wanda ya baiwa kungiyarsa damar ci 2-0. Sai dai kuma an sauya shi ne a karo na biyu bayan da ya samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, yayin da Bayern ta yi yunkurin lashe wasan da ci 4-2. Kwallon da Haaland ta ci ta biyu ita ce ta 100, a cikin babban aikinsa, inda ya kai wannan matsayi a wasanni 146, kacal. Haaland ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Sevilla a wasan na biyu na Dortmund a ranar 9, ga watan Maris, yayin da kungiyarsa ta yi canjaras 2-2, kuma ta tsallake zuwa matakin kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da ci 5-4. Tare da buga wasanni goma sha hudu kacal, hakan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa mafi sauri da kuma matashin dan wasa da ya ci kwallaye ashirin a gasar, kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya ci sau da dama a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai hudu a jere. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], ya ba da taimako ga burin Marco Reus a wasan farko, duk da haka, duka matches sun ƙare da ci 2-1. Bayan da aka rasa wasanni biyu saboda rauni mai zurfi, Haaland ya koma cikin farawar Dortmund a ranar 13, ga watan Mayu don shekarar 2021, DFB-Pokal Final ; ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da kungiyarsa ta doke Leipzig da ci 4-1, wanda hakan yasa ya samu nasarar lashe kofinsa na farko a kungiyar. Ya kawo karshen kakar wasa da kwallaye 41, a dukkan gasa, ciki har da 27, a gasar, wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga da magoya bayansa suka zaba, kuma ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar zakarun Turai da kwallaye goma. daga baya ana ba da kyautar mafi kyawun ci gaban gasar a kakar wasa ta bana . ==== 2021–22: Raunin rauni da kakar karshe tare da Dortmund. ==== Haaland ya fara kakar 2021-22, tare da hat-trick akan Wehen Wiesbaden a zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal a ranar 7, ga watan Agusta shekarar 2021. Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar wasa daya daga cikin Bundesliga, ya zira kwallaye biyu tare da taimakawa kwallaye biyu yayin da Dortmund ta doke Eintracht Frankfurt 5-2. A cikin watannin farko na kakar wasa ta bana, Haaland ya yi jinyar rauni, inda ya dawo ranar 16, ga watan Oktoba kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar Mainz a ci 3-1. watan Jim kadan bayan haka, Haaland ya samu rauni a kugunsa, wanda ya yi jinyar watanni biyu. Ya dawo ne a ranar 27, ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya ci kwallonsa ta 50, a gasar Bundesliga a wasan da suka doke Wolfsburg da ci 3-1, ya kafa sabon tarihi na wasanni kadan kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci kwallaye 50, a gasar. A ranar 10, ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022, Borussia Dortmund ta ba da sanarwar cewa Haaland zai bar kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa zuwa kulob din Premier na Manchester City. Bayan kwana hudu, ya yi bankwana da kulob din a Westfalenstadion kafin wasan karshe na Dortmund da Hertha BSC . A wasansa na karshe a kungiyar, ya ci wa Dortmund kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Hertha da ci 2-1. === Manchester City. === A ranar 10, ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2022, kulob din Premier na Manchester City ya sanar da cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya don siyan Haaland bayan ya kunna Yuro 60.&nbsp;miliyan (£51.2&nbsp;miliyan) sakin layi. An kulla yarjejeniyar ne a ranar 13, ga watan Yuni, inda City ta sanar da cewa Haaland zai koma kungiyar a ranar 1, ga watan Yuli kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. [[File:Fanclubs Weihnachtsfeier 2019 09.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 30, ga watan Yuli, yana buga dukkan mintuna 90, a cikin rashin nasara da Liverpool da ci 3-1, a gasar FA Community Shield ta 2022 . A ranar 7, ga watan Agusta, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a nasarar da suka yi a waje da West Ham United da ci 2-0. A ranar 27, ga watan Agusta, Haaland ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko a gasar Premier a cikin nasara da ci 4-2, a kan Crystal Palace, kuma ya zira kwallaye na biyu, cikakkiyar hat-trick, bayan kwana hudu tare da trible a cikin 6- 0, ya ci Nottingham Forest, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama mutum mafi sauri a tarihin gasar Premier ya kai hat-tricks, inda ya doke tarihin da ya gabata da wasanni 14. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a kulob din, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Sevilla kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya ci kwallaye 25, a wasanni 20, na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 16, ga watan Satumba, an zabe shi gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan na Agusta, watan sa na farko da ya taka leda a gasar. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa. == === Matasa. === Haaland yana bugawa Norway wasa, kuma ya wakilce su a kungiyoyi daban-daban. A ranar 27, ga watan Maris shekarar 2018, yayin da yake tare da Norway a ƙarƙashin 19, Haaland ya ci hat-trica a kan Scotland a cikin nasara 5-4, yana taimaka wa ƙasarsa ta sami cancantar zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Turai na 2018 UEFA Under-19 . A ranar 22, ga watan Yuli 2018, Haaland ya ci bugun fanariti a kan Italiya a wasan da suka tashi 1-1, yayin wasan karshe na gasar. A ranar 30, ga watan Mayu 2019, Haaland ya zira kwallaye tara a cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Norway 12-0, ta doke Honduras a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 na 2019, a Lublin, Poland. Wannan ita ce nasara mafi girma da Norway ta taba samu a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru 20, da kuma rashin nasara mafi girma da Honduras ta samu. Haaland ya kuma kafa sabon tarihi a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20, na mafi yawan kwallaye da dan wasa daya ya ci a wasa, inda sakamakon haka shi ne nasara mafi girma da kowace kungiya ta samu a tarihin gasar. Duk da cewa an fitar da 'yan Norway a matakin rukuni, kuma Haaland bai zura kwallo a wasu wasannin ba a gasar, har yanzu ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. === Babban. === Manajan Lars Lagerbäck ya nada Haaland a cikin manyan tawagar Norway a ranar 28, ga watan Agusta, 2019, don karawa da Malta da Sweden a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro 2020 ; ya buga wasansa na farko na babban tawagar kasar a ranar 5, ga watan Satumba 2019, da Malta. A ranar 4, ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Haaland ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a Norway a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-2, da Austria a gasar cin kofin UEFA Nations League B na 2020–21 . Bayan kwana uku, ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin nasara da ci 5–1, da Ireland ta Arewa . A ranar 11, ga watan Oktoba, Haaland ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko na kasa da kasa a wasan da Norway ta doke Romania da ci 4-0, a gasar Nations League B, wanda ya kawo yawan kwallayen da ya ci a babbar kungiyar a wasanni shida da ya buga. [[File:Benefizgrillerei (2019) 12.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] A lokacin hutun kasa da kasa na watan Satumba shekarar 2021, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni uku na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, gami da hat-trick na biyu ga Norway a nasarar da suka yi da Gibraltar da ci 5-1. == Salon wasa. == ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, Haaland yana da dukkan halayen ɗan wasan gaba. Yana amfani da firam ɗinsa mai girman gaske don riƙe wasa yadda ya kamata kuma ya haɗa da wasu. Yana da taki da dabarar motsi don gudu a baya; yana iya dribble da halitta; kuma yana iya gamawa da ƙafafu biyu da kansa. Yawancin lokaci yakan zo da zurfi don tattara kwallon don taimakawa kungiyarsa ta buga wasa, sau da yawa yana neman yada kwallon a fili ga abokin wasansa, kafin ya juya da gudu zuwa raga. Wani lokaci yakan zo da zurfi don masu tsaron baya su bi shi, don haka yana da wayar da kan kunna kwallon da ƙirƙirar daga matsayi na gaba. A cikin filin wasan, yana yin ƙananan motsi masu kaifi don tabo wata dama ga abokin wasan don yin ƙoƙari ya same shi a sararin samaniya, kuma zai iya canza layin da yake gudana da sauri zuwa wannan sararin samaniya, yana mai da shi matukar wuya ga masu tsaron gida su karanta. . Yana amfani da jikinsa sosai lokacin wasa da bayansa zuwa raga, yana kare kwallon yadda ya kamata yayin da yake kokarin sarrafa ta. Ganin cewa zai iya amfani da karfinsa wajen samun damar buga kwallo a lokacin da yake fuskantar matsin lamba, yana kuma da tasiri wajen baiwa ‘yan wasan baya na kungiyarsa dan jinkiri bayan an cire shi. Ƙirƙirar Haaland ta fi bayyana lokacin da ya shiga tashar hagu ta ciki. Babban burinsa koyaushe shine ya sami harbi, amma kuma yana da hangen nesa da fasaha don zabar jinkirin gudu daga tsakiyar tsakiya a tsakiya. Ƙarfinsa na ɗaukar ƙwallon a cikin sauri kuma yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙira ga wasu, musamman ma a kan gaba. Haaland ya yi wa Zlatan Ibrahimović da [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], amma kuma ya ambaci Michu, Jamie Vardy, Sergio Agüero da Robin van Persie a matsayin wahayi, kuma ya yaba Virgil van Dijk da [[Sergio Ramos]] a matsayin biyu daga cikin ’yan wasan baya mafi tsauri da ya taka leda. == Rayuwa ta sirri. == Haaland shine ɗan tsohuwar Nottingham Forest na Norway, Leeds United da mai tsaron bayan Manchester City Alfie Haaland, kuma tsohuwar 'yar wasan heptathlon ta mata Gry Marita Braut. Dan uwansa Jonatan Braut Brunes shima kwararren dan kwallon kafa ne. Brunes ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya taba bugawa Bryne a wasa da KFUM Oslo a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2016 yana da shekaru 15, watanni 9, kwanaki 9, inda ya doke tarihin da Haaland ya kafa a baya kwanaki hudu da suka gabata. Kaninsa Albert Tjåland shi ma dan wasan kwallon kafa ne, wanda ya yi rajista sama da kwallaye sittin a wasanni kasa da arba'in da ya buga da kungiyar matasan Molde. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a cikin wata hira da jaridar Norwegian ''Aftenposten'', Haaland ya bayyana cewa "Mafarkin shine lashe gasar Premier tare da Leeds." A ranar 30, ga watan Agusta 2016, bidiyon kiɗan "Kygo Jo" an shigar da shi zuwa [[YouTube]] ta Flow Kingz, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Haaland da abokan wasansa U-18, na Norway Erik Botheim da Erik Tobias Sandberg . A shekarar 2020, bidiyon ya zarce 8.2&nbsp;miliyan views da 250, dubu likes. [[File:SV Mattersburg gegen FC RB Salzburg (2. November 2019) 79.jpg|thumb|Erling Haaland]] Haaland ya ce yana jin daɗin bimbini . Bayan ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan farko na Dortmund a gasar zakarun Turai da Paris Saint-Germain a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, ya yi bikin ta hanyar kwaikwayi wani "zen" dangane da ayyukansa na tunani. Duk da haka, Dortmund za ta ci gaba da yin rashin nasara kuma za a fitar da ita bayan wasan na biyu, inda dan wasan PSG Neymar ya kwaikwayi bikin Haaland bayan kwallon da ya ci, kuma yawancin 'yan wasan kulob din Faransa sun shiga cikin yin kwaikwayon "zen" a cikin bikinsu bayan kammalawa. na wasan. An bayar da rahoton cewa an yi hakan ne a matsayin tono ga Haaland saboda wani sako da ake zargin ya yi a dandalin sada zumunta da ya yi kafin wasan, inda ya kira wurin da ya karbi bakuncin Paris "birninsa". Duk da wasu majiyoyin da ke ba da shawarar cewa mukamin Haaland na bogi ne, har yanzu ya ce bikin na PSG bai damu ba, yana mai cewa: "Ina tsammanin sun taimaka mini da yawa don yin bimbini a duniya da kuma nuna wa duniya duka. wannan tunani abu ne mai mahimmanci don haka ina godiya". ==Hotuna.== == Kididdigar sana'a. == === Kungiya. === {{Updated|match played 17 September 2022}} <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 17 September 2022}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Fitowa da burin tawagar ƙasa da shekara ! Tawagar kasa ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa |- | rowspan="4" | Norway | 2019 | 2 | 0 |- | 2020 | 5 | 6 |- | 2021 | 8 | 6 |- | 2022 | 8 | 9 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 23 ! 21 |} {{Updated|match played 24 September 2022}} :''Norway score listed first, score column indicates score after each Haaland goal''<ref name=NFT/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Erling Haaland ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Cap ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" |1 |4 September 2020 |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | align="center" |3 |{{fb|AUT}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |1–2 |2020–21 UEFA Nations League B | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2 | rowspan="2" |7 September 2020 | rowspan="2" |Windsor Park, Belfast, Northern Ireland | rowspan="2" align="center" |4 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|NIR}} | align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–1 | rowspan="2" |2020–21 UEFA Nations League B | rowspan="2" align="center" | |- | align="center" |3 | align="center" |5–1 |- | align="center" |4 | rowspan="3" |11 October 2020 | rowspan="3" |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | rowspan="3" align="center" |6 | rowspan="3" |{{fb|ROU}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="3" |2020–21 UEFA Nations League B | rowspan="3" align="center" | |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |6 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |7 |2 June 2021 |La Rosaleda Stadium, Málaga, Spain | align="center" |11 |{{fb|LUX}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Friendly | align="center" | |- | align="center" |8 |1 September 2021 |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | align="center" |13 |{{fb|NED}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification | align="center" | |- | align="center" |9 |4 September 2021 |Daugava Stadium, Riga, Latvia | align="center" |14 |{{fb|LVA}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification | align="center" | |- | align="center" |10 | rowspan="3" |7 September 2021 | rowspan="3" |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | rowspan="3" align="center" |15 | rowspan="3" |{{fb|GIB}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |5–1 | rowspan="3" |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification | rowspan="3" align="center" | |- | align="center" |11 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |12 | align="center" |5–1 |- | align="center" |13 |25 March 2022 |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | align="center" |16 |{{fb|SVK}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Friendly | align="center" | |- | align="center" |14 | rowspan="2" |29 March 2022 | rowspan="2" |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | rowspan="2" align="center" |17 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|ARM}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |9–0 | rowspan="2" |Friendly | rowspan="2" align="center" | |- | align="center" |15 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |16 |2 June 2022 |Red Star Stadium, Belgrade, Serbia | align="center" |18 |{{fb|SRB}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2022–23 UEFA Nations League B | align="center" | |- | align="center" |17 | rowspan="2" |5 June 2022 | rowspan="2" |Friends Arena, Solna, Sweden | rowspan="2" align="center" |19 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|SWE}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="2" |2022–23 UEFA Nations League B | rowspan="2" align="center" | |- | align="center" |18 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |19 | rowspan="2" |12 June 2022 | rowspan="2" |Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway | rowspan="2" align="center" |21 | rowspan="2" |{{fb|SWE}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2022–23 UEFA Nations League B | rowspan="2" align="center" | |- | align="center" |20 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |21 |24 September 2022 |Stožice Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia | align="center" |22 |{{fb|SVN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |2022–23 UEFA Nations League B | align="center" | |} == Girmamawa. == '''Red Bull Salzburg''' * Bundesliga ta Austria: 2018-19, 2019-20 * Kofin Austria : 2018-19 <ref name="Soccerway" /> '''Borussia Dortmund''' * DFB-Pokal : 2020-21 '''Norway U17''' * Kofin Syrenka: 2016 '''Mutum.''' * Nasarar Eliteserien na Shekara : 2018. * Gwarzon dan kwallon Austria : 2019. * Dan wasan Bundesliga na Austriya: 2019-20. * FIFA U-20 Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya : 2019. * Breakthrough XI : 2019. * Dan wasan Bundesliga na kakar wasa: 2020-21. * Gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na watan: Janairu 2020, Nuwamba 2020, Afrilu 2021, Agusta 2021 * Gasar Bundesliga na Watan: Janairu 2020, Fabrairu 2020. * Manufar Bundesliga na Watan: Satumba 2021. * Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2020-21, 2021-22. * Gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan : Agusta 2022. * Ƙungiyar ESM na Shekara : 2019-20. * Kungiyar Matasan Duniya ta IFFHS (U20) : 2020. * Golden Boy : 2020. * Gullballen : 2020. * Kyautar Kniksen : 2020. * Gwarzon Wasannin Yaren mutanen Norway : 2020. * Tawagar UEFA Champions League na kakar wasa: 2020-21. * Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na kakar wasa : 2020-21. * Wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar zakarun Turai : 2020-21. * Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar UEFA Nations League : 2020-21. * FIFA FIFPro Duniya 11 : 2021. == Manazarta. == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. == * [https://www.mancity.com/players/erling-haaland Bayanan martaba] a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC * Erling Haaland </img> * {{UEFA player}} Rikodin gasar </img> {{Manchester City F.C. squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Awards|bg=gold|fg=navy|list1={{FIFA U-20 World Cup awards}} {{UEFA Champions League top scorers}} {{UEFA Club Football Awards}} {{Golden Boy award winners}} {{Gullballen}} {{Austrian Footballer of the Year}} {{2020–21 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season}} {{2021–22 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] eqky87lyypu1vnvtz219jdoqifjdx0n 0 39786 856487 803260 2026-06-13T22:02:06Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Duba kuma */ 856487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Beans_and_mexican_rice.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Wake da shinkafa yar Mexico]] [[Fayil:Ingredients for cooking Beans and rice porridge (Nigerian cuisine).jpg|thumb|Kayan hadin shikafa da wake]] [[Fayil:Ingredients for cooking Beans and rice porridge (Nigerian cuisine).jpg|thumb|shinkafa da wake da kayan hadi]] [[Fayil:Red beans and rice.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da wake]] '''Shinkafa da wake''', ko '''wake da Shinkafa'''<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wi1loTUccZM</ref>, wani nau'in abinci ne daga al'adu da yawa a faɗin duniya, sannan abinci ne a arewacin kasar [[najeriya]] inda ake haɗa abinci mai mahimmanci na [[shinkafa]] da [[wake]] ta wata hanya. Haɗin [[hatsi]] da kuma legumes suna bada abinci mai mahimmanci da yawa da kuzari, kuma duka abincin sun wadata ko'ina. Ana kuma iya cakuɗa su tare, ko a dafa daban-daban, haka ma lokacin da za'a ci. == Bayani == [[File:Rajma,_kidney_beans,_served_with_chawal,_rice.jpg|thumb| Koda wake da shinkafa]] Abincin ya ƙunshi [[farar shinkafa]] ko wani launin tare da dafaffen launin ruwan kasa, ja ko busassun [[wake]] (yawanci ''Phaseolus vulgaris'' ko ''Vigna unguiculata'' ) kuma an dafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hakanan wurin dahuwar akan yi amfani da wannan abinci tare da ɓangarorin kajin da aka daka, naman alade, naman sa, salatin dankalin turawa, [[Dankalin turawa|dafaffen dankali]], da sauran ɓangarori da yawa daga al'adu daban-daban ('''nama ko wani nau'i abinda aka aka haɗa wurin dahuwar shinkafar yana iya zama kowane kalar nama, amman daidai da yadda al'ada ko addini ya tsara akan kowanne kaɓilu'''). A wurare da yawa, wake da shinkafa ana cakuɗasu tare wurin dahuwar maimakon a haɗa su . Ana sanya nama ko wasu kayan abinci a wasu lokuta a saman wake da shinkafar ko, idan an cakuɗasu wato dafa duka. Yankuna daban-daban suna da fifiko daban-daban. A kasar [[Brazil]], alal misali, baƙar fata sun fi shahara a Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul da Santa Catarina, yayin da a yawancin sauran sassan ƙasar ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin feijoadas . Kwarewar New Orleans da aka fi sani da " jajayen wake da shinkafa " galibi ana ci da tsiran naman alade mai kyafaffen ko soyayyen naman alade . == Tarihi == === Amurka === Binciken kwayoyin halitta na wake na ''Phaseolus'' ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Mesoamerica, kuma daga baya ya yaɗu zuwa kudu, tare da [[masara]] da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1108973109 | volume=109 | title=Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data | year=2012 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | pages=E788–E796 | author=Bitocchi E., Nanni L., Bellucci E., Rossi M., Giardini A., Zeuli P. S., Logozzo G., Stougaard J., McClean P., Attene G., Papa R.| issue=14 | pmid=22393017 | pmc=3325731 | doi-access=free }}</ref> An gabatar da [[shinkafar Asiya]] ga kasar Mexico da Brazil a lokacin mulkin mallaka da Mutanen Espanya da Fotigal suka yi. Duk da haka, an gano kwanan nan cewa ’yan asalin yankin Amazon, sun riga sun noma dangin shinkafa na Asiya mai suna Oryza kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce,<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0322-4 "Evidence for mid-Holocene rice domestication in the Americas", Hilbert et al, ''Nature Ecology & Evolution'' (2017), doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0322-4, Published online: 9 October 2017]</ref> kuma suna noman ta tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya na wake., waɗanda kuma a wancan lokacin suke a Kudancin kasar Amurka. Wasu guraben karatu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ’yan Afirka da aka bautar su ma sun taka rawar gani wajen kafa shinkafa a Sabuwar Duniya.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674004523 ''Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas'' by Judith A. Carney]</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=National Research Council |title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305 |access-date=2008-07-18 |series=Lost Crops of Africa |volume=1 |date=1996-02-14 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-04990-0 |chapter=African Rice |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305&page=17 }}</ref> Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin abinci na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashe masu magana da harshen Espanya. == Muhimmancin abinci mai gina jiki == Wake da shinkafa suna gina jiki sosai. Shinkafa tana da wadatar (albarkatun) starch, akwai kabohsaidirat, tushen kuzari mafi inganci. Shinkafa kuma tana da sinadarai, iron da furotin. Wake kuma ya ƙunshi wasu adadi mai kyau na iron da adadin furotin fiye da na shinkafa. Tare suna bada cikakken furotin, wanda ke fitar da dukkan amino acid, Wanda jiki ba zai iya fitarwa da wannan sinadarin da kansa ba. == Al'adu == A wasu jahohi da ƙasashen Latin Amurka, ana yawan cin wake da shinkafa a matsayin abincin rana, tare da nama da kayan lambu iri-iri dama arewacim najeriya, Har ila yau, ya kuma zama ruwan dare don shirya abincin dare ta amfani da ragowar abincin rana. Wake da shinkafa sun shahara musamman a [[Brazil]], wacce ita ce ƙasa ta uku a duniya wajen noman busasshen wake<ref>{{cite web|title=Countries by commodity -- Beans, Dry|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity|website=FAOSTAT|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=24 May 2018|date=2016}}</ref> kuma mafi yawan masu amfani da shinkafa a [[Amurka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rice around the world -- Brasil|url=http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/p1.htm|website=International Year of Rice|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=24 May 2018|date=2004|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182218/http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/p1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rabe-raben Abincin a duniya == [[File:Red_Beans_and_Rice.jpg|thumb| Jan wake da shinkafa]] A duk duniya, akwai jita-jita da yawa game da tushen wake da shinkafa, waɗanda suka bambanta a dafa abinci da ƙarin kayan abinci. Bambance-bambancen suna wanzu a yanki, yayin da al'adu suka tsara zuwa abubuwan da suke so. A cikin ƙasashe masu maƙoftaka ko a Caribbean, waɗannan abinci ana kiran su kawai ''shinkafa da wake'', wanda aka dafa. bambancin abincin: * [[Brazil]] : ''feijoada'' * [[Chile]] : ''arroz con porotos.'' * [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] : shinkafa da wake * [[Kolombiya|Colombia]] : ''calento'' ** Archipelago na San Andrés, Providencia da Santa Catalina : shinkafa da wake ** Bandeja paisa, abincin gargajiya da ake yi da wake kodin da shinkafa * [[Costa Rica]] : ''gallo pinto'' kuma a cikin Caribbean ( Puerto Limón da Puerto Viejo ) akwai ''shinkafa da wake'' wanda ake dafa shinkafa da wake tare da madarar kwakwa da habanero chili (wanda aka sani da Panamanian chile). * [[Cuba]] : Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu: ** Moros y cristianos : kuma aka sani da kawai ''moros'', an yi shi da baki wake. Idan an yi shi da jan wake, za a yi la'akari da ''congris'' . ** Congris: an yi shi da jan wake, ana fara dafa waken da albasa, kore chili, tafarnuwa, tumatir, leaf bay, taɓa cumin da oregano, gishiri, da busassun giya; kafin su yi laushi gaba daya, sai a zuba danyar shinkafar, a bar su su dahu tare, har sai sun sha romon, shinkafar ta bushe ta yi laushi. Ana kuma shirya wake a cikin broth ɗinsu tare da shinkafa daban. * Jamhuriyar Dominican : ''Moro de guandules'', shinkafa da pigeon Peas, kama da Panama da Puerto Rico. * [[Salvador|El Salvador]] : ''[[Casamiento]]'' ; duk da cewa ba shi da bakin tekun Caribbean, wannan tasa tana da kyau sosai a El Salvador * [[Ghana]] : [[Waakye]], waken Ghana da tasa shinkafa * [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] : ''casado'' ; wanda ake kira ''gallo pinto'' da shinkafa da wake ** A gabar tekun Caribbean da sassan gabas ko gabashin Guatemala ( Izabal ): ana kiranta shinkafa da wake kuma ta hada da madarar kwakwa. * [[Honduras]] : ''[[Casamiento]]'' ; a gabar tekun Caribbean an san shi da shinkafa da wake kuma ya hada da madarar kwakwa da flakes na chilli * [[Indiya]] : Rajma, Abincin wake na Indiya da aka saba yi da shinkafa * [[Isra'ila]] : [[Orez shu'it]], wake na gargajiya na Isra'ila da tasa shinkafa ** Caribbean Coast: shinkafa da wake * Japan: Okowa, musamman sekihan, azuki wake da kuma glutinous shinkafa. A cikin jan wake mochi, ana sarrafa shinkafar a cikin nau'in bunƙasa. * [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] : shinkafa da wake * Koriya, ''Kongbap'' (shinkafar wake), ''patbap'' (shinkafar jan wake) * [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] : ''pispiote'', shinkafa da wake * [[Nicaragua]] : ''gallo pinto'', kuma a cikin Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast, kamar yadda a wasu ƙasashe, ana kiranta "shinkafa da wake" kuma an yi shi da madarar kwakwa. * [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] : ''gallopinto'' ** Caribbean Coast ( Colón, Bocas del Toro ): da aka sani da shinkafa da wake, kuma an shirya shi da madarar kwakwa, kamar a Jamhuriyar Dominican. * [[Peru]] : Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu: ** ''calentado'' ** ''[[:es:Tacu-tacu|taku-tacu]]'' * Puerto Rico : ** ''arroz junto'' ; a yi shi da jajayen wake ko wake na tattabara, sannan a yi shi da nama duk a tukunya daya. ** ''arroz con gandules'' wani ɓangare na abinci na ƙasar Puerto Rico wanda shine shinkafa tare da peas pigeon. * [[Ispaniya|Spain]] : Paella * [[Suriname]] : ''[[bruine bonen met rijst]]'', tukunyar tukunya daya tare da gaurayawar nama da wake na koda, tare da shinkafa. * [[Trinidad da Tobago]] : shinkafa da wake * [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] : ** Hoppin 'John, wani baƙar fata mai ido daga kudancin Amurka ** Jan wake da shinkafa, waken da aka fi sani da shinkafa a cikin abincin Louisiana Creole * [[Venezuela]] : Waɗannan jita-jita na iya haɗawa da soyayyen plantain da ake kira "tajadas" kamar yadda aka saba samu a yawancin jita-jita na Venezuelan: ** ''Pabellón criollo'' : An yi shi da shinkafa, wake ko soyayyen wake da naman sa da aka yanka sosai. Sai a zagaye shi da yankan soyayyen plantain. Plantain ya ba da sunan "Pabellon con barandas". ** ''[[Arroz con caraotas]]'' : Lokacin da Pabellón Criollo ya bar soyayyen ciyayi, yana da suna daban. An san shi da sunan “abincin abincin matalauci” ,tunda ya fi zama ruwan dare a iyalai masu karamin karfi. Duk da haka, ana iya yin shi da jin dadin kowa. Soyayyen qwai kuma za a iya haɗa su. ** ''[[Palo A pique llanero]]'' : Anyi shi da shinkafa, wake mai launin ruwan kasa da shredded naman sa mai kyau, kaza da naman alade. An kewaye ta da yankan faffadan plantain da guntun dankali. Wasu wurare kamar Barinas, Apure ko Bolivar suna ƙara koren plantains. * Laberiya : A galibin yankunan yammacin Afirka, ana dafa wake dabam da shinkafa. Za a iya cin waken koda mai ɗanɗano a matsayin miya a saman shinkafa a lokuta na musamman. ==Ire-iren sunan Abincin == Ire-iren sunayen abincin a mabanbantan yarurruka sun haɗa da; [[File:Enchiladas_rice_beans.jpg|thumb| Enchiladas, tare da shinkafa na Mexican da wake]] Ana kiran [[shinkafa]] da [[wake]] ''arroz y habas'', ''arroz con habichuelas'', ''arroz con frijoles'', ''gallo pinto'', ''recalentao'' ko makamancin haka a cikin Mutanen Dake yin yaren Espanya, ''arroz e feijão'', ''arroz com feijão'' ko ''feijão com arroz'' a cikin Portuguese, ''risi e bisi'' ''a'' cikin harshen Venetian ''ak pwa'' in Haitian Creole, ''avas kon arroz'' ko ''avikas kon arroz'' ,a cikin Yahudanci-Spanish . == Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} == Bibliography == * Embrapa, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050208225402/http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/arroz/historia.htm Origem da História do Arroz]'' da ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050209223252/http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/feijao/historia.htm Origem e História do Feijão]'' {{In lang|pt}} * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070219030120/http://www.camaquaalimentos.com.br/arroz_feijao.html Arroz e Feijão: Uma dupla infalível]'', Camaquã Alimentos {{In lang|pt}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/english/index.htm Embrapa - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201160139/http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/english/index.htm |date=2005-12-01 }} {{In lang|en}} [[Category: Sanannun abinci]] m8fqow5ip8lvraycsassao7e031957s 856489 856487 2026-06-13T22:02:21Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Hanyoyin haɗi na waje */ 856489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Beans_and_mexican_rice.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Wake da shinkafa yar Mexico]] [[Fayil:Ingredients for cooking Beans and rice porridge (Nigerian cuisine).jpg|thumb|Kayan hadin shikafa da wake]] [[Fayil:Ingredients for cooking Beans and rice porridge (Nigerian cuisine).jpg|thumb|shinkafa da wake da kayan hadi]] [[Fayil:Red beans and rice.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da wake]] '''Shinkafa da wake''', ko '''wake da Shinkafa'''<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wi1loTUccZM</ref>, wani nau'in abinci ne daga al'adu da yawa a faɗin duniya, sannan abinci ne a arewacin kasar [[najeriya]] inda ake haɗa abinci mai mahimmanci na [[shinkafa]] da [[wake]] ta wata hanya. Haɗin [[hatsi]] da kuma legumes suna bada abinci mai mahimmanci da yawa da kuzari, kuma duka abincin sun wadata ko'ina. Ana kuma iya cakuɗa su tare, ko a dafa daban-daban, haka ma lokacin da za'a ci. == Bayani == [[File:Rajma,_kidney_beans,_served_with_chawal,_rice.jpg|thumb| Koda wake da shinkafa]] Abincin ya ƙunshi [[farar shinkafa]] ko wani launin tare da dafaffen launin ruwan kasa, ja ko busassun [[wake]] (yawanci ''Phaseolus vulgaris'' ko ''Vigna unguiculata'' ) kuma an dafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hakanan wurin dahuwar akan yi amfani da wannan abinci tare da ɓangarorin kajin da aka daka, naman alade, naman sa, salatin dankalin turawa, [[Dankalin turawa|dafaffen dankali]], da sauran ɓangarori da yawa daga al'adu daban-daban ('''nama ko wani nau'i abinda aka aka haɗa wurin dahuwar shinkafar yana iya zama kowane kalar nama, amman daidai da yadda al'ada ko addini ya tsara akan kowanne kaɓilu'''). A wurare da yawa, wake da shinkafa ana cakuɗasu tare wurin dahuwar maimakon a haɗa su . Ana sanya nama ko wasu kayan abinci a wasu lokuta a saman wake da shinkafar ko, idan an cakuɗasu wato dafa duka. Yankuna daban-daban suna da fifiko daban-daban. A kasar [[Brazil]], alal misali, baƙar fata sun fi shahara a Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul da Santa Catarina, yayin da a yawancin sauran sassan ƙasar ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin feijoadas . Kwarewar New Orleans da aka fi sani da " jajayen wake da shinkafa " galibi ana ci da tsiran naman alade mai kyafaffen ko soyayyen naman alade . == Tarihi == === Amurka === Binciken kwayoyin halitta na wake na ''Phaseolus'' ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Mesoamerica, kuma daga baya ya yaɗu zuwa kudu, tare da [[masara]] da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1108973109 | volume=109 | title=Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data | year=2012 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | pages=E788–E796 | author=Bitocchi E., Nanni L., Bellucci E., Rossi M., Giardini A., Zeuli P. S., Logozzo G., Stougaard J., McClean P., Attene G., Papa R.| issue=14 | pmid=22393017 | pmc=3325731 | doi-access=free }}</ref> An gabatar da [[shinkafar Asiya]] ga kasar Mexico da Brazil a lokacin mulkin mallaka da Mutanen Espanya da Fotigal suka yi. Duk da haka, an gano kwanan nan cewa ’yan asalin yankin Amazon, sun riga sun noma dangin shinkafa na Asiya mai suna Oryza kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce,<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0322-4 "Evidence for mid-Holocene rice domestication in the Americas", Hilbert et al, ''Nature Ecology & Evolution'' (2017), doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0322-4, Published online: 9 October 2017]</ref> kuma suna noman ta tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya na wake., waɗanda kuma a wancan lokacin suke a Kudancin kasar Amurka. Wasu guraben karatu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ’yan Afirka da aka bautar su ma sun taka rawar gani wajen kafa shinkafa a Sabuwar Duniya.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674004523 ''Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas'' by Judith A. Carney]</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=National Research Council |title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305 |access-date=2008-07-18 |series=Lost Crops of Africa |volume=1 |date=1996-02-14 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-04990-0 |chapter=African Rice |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305&page=17 }}</ref> Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin abinci na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashe masu magana da harshen Espanya. == Muhimmancin abinci mai gina jiki == Wake da shinkafa suna gina jiki sosai. Shinkafa tana da wadatar (albarkatun) starch, akwai kabohsaidirat, tushen kuzari mafi inganci. Shinkafa kuma tana da sinadarai, iron da furotin. Wake kuma ya ƙunshi wasu adadi mai kyau na iron da adadin furotin fiye da na shinkafa. Tare suna bada cikakken furotin, wanda ke fitar da dukkan amino acid, Wanda jiki ba zai iya fitarwa da wannan sinadarin da kansa ba. == Al'adu == A wasu jahohi da ƙasashen Latin Amurka, ana yawan cin wake da shinkafa a matsayin abincin rana, tare da nama da kayan lambu iri-iri dama arewacim najeriya, Har ila yau, ya kuma zama ruwan dare don shirya abincin dare ta amfani da ragowar abincin rana. Wake da shinkafa sun shahara musamman a [[Brazil]], wacce ita ce ƙasa ta uku a duniya wajen noman busasshen wake<ref>{{cite web|title=Countries by commodity -- Beans, Dry|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity|website=FAOSTAT|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=24 May 2018|date=2016}}</ref> kuma mafi yawan masu amfani da shinkafa a [[Amurka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rice around the world -- Brasil|url=http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/p1.htm|website=International Year of Rice|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=24 May 2018|date=2004|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182218/http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/p1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rabe-raben Abincin a duniya == [[File:Red_Beans_and_Rice.jpg|thumb| Jan wake da shinkafa]] A duk duniya, akwai jita-jita da yawa game da tushen wake da shinkafa, waɗanda suka bambanta a dafa abinci da ƙarin kayan abinci. Bambance-bambancen suna wanzu a yanki, yayin da al'adu suka tsara zuwa abubuwan da suke so. A cikin ƙasashe masu maƙoftaka ko a Caribbean, waɗannan abinci ana kiran su kawai ''shinkafa da wake'', wanda aka dafa. bambancin abincin: * [[Brazil]] : ''feijoada'' * [[Chile]] : ''arroz con porotos.'' * [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] : shinkafa da wake * [[Kolombiya|Colombia]] : ''calento'' ** Archipelago na San Andrés, Providencia da Santa Catalina : shinkafa da wake ** Bandeja paisa, abincin gargajiya da ake yi da wake kodin da shinkafa * [[Costa Rica]] : ''gallo pinto'' kuma a cikin Caribbean ( Puerto Limón da Puerto Viejo ) akwai ''shinkafa da wake'' wanda ake dafa shinkafa da wake tare da madarar kwakwa da habanero chili (wanda aka sani da Panamanian chile). * [[Cuba]] : Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu: ** Moros y cristianos : kuma aka sani da kawai ''moros'', an yi shi da baki wake. Idan an yi shi da jan wake, za a yi la'akari da ''congris'' . ** Congris: an yi shi da jan wake, ana fara dafa waken da albasa, kore chili, tafarnuwa, tumatir, leaf bay, taɓa cumin da oregano, gishiri, da busassun giya; kafin su yi laushi gaba daya, sai a zuba danyar shinkafar, a bar su su dahu tare, har sai sun sha romon, shinkafar ta bushe ta yi laushi. Ana kuma shirya wake a cikin broth ɗinsu tare da shinkafa daban. * Jamhuriyar Dominican : ''Moro de guandules'', shinkafa da pigeon Peas, kama da Panama da Puerto Rico. * [[Salvador|El Salvador]] : ''[[Casamiento]]'' ; duk da cewa ba shi da bakin tekun Caribbean, wannan tasa tana da kyau sosai a El Salvador * [[Ghana]] : [[Waakye]], waken Ghana da tasa shinkafa * [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] : ''casado'' ; wanda ake kira ''gallo pinto'' da shinkafa da wake ** A gabar tekun Caribbean da sassan gabas ko gabashin Guatemala ( Izabal ): ana kiranta shinkafa da wake kuma ta hada da madarar kwakwa. * [[Honduras]] : ''[[Casamiento]]'' ; a gabar tekun Caribbean an san shi da shinkafa da wake kuma ya hada da madarar kwakwa da flakes na chilli * [[Indiya]] : Rajma, Abincin wake na Indiya da aka saba yi da shinkafa * [[Isra'ila]] : [[Orez shu'it]], wake na gargajiya na Isra'ila da tasa shinkafa ** Caribbean Coast: shinkafa da wake * Japan: Okowa, musamman sekihan, azuki wake da kuma glutinous shinkafa. A cikin jan wake mochi, ana sarrafa shinkafar a cikin nau'in bunƙasa. * [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] : shinkafa da wake * Koriya, ''Kongbap'' (shinkafar wake), ''patbap'' (shinkafar jan wake) * [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] : ''pispiote'', shinkafa da wake * [[Nicaragua]] : ''gallo pinto'', kuma a cikin Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast, kamar yadda a wasu ƙasashe, ana kiranta "shinkafa da wake" kuma an yi shi da madarar kwakwa. * [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] : ''gallopinto'' ** Caribbean Coast ( Colón, Bocas del Toro ): da aka sani da shinkafa da wake, kuma an shirya shi da madarar kwakwa, kamar a Jamhuriyar Dominican. * [[Peru]] : Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu: ** ''calentado'' ** ''[[:es:Tacu-tacu|taku-tacu]]'' * Puerto Rico : ** ''arroz junto'' ; a yi shi da jajayen wake ko wake na tattabara, sannan a yi shi da nama duk a tukunya daya. ** ''arroz con gandules'' wani ɓangare na abinci na ƙasar Puerto Rico wanda shine shinkafa tare da peas pigeon. * [[Ispaniya|Spain]] : Paella * [[Suriname]] : ''[[bruine bonen met rijst]]'', tukunyar tukunya daya tare da gaurayawar nama da wake na koda, tare da shinkafa. * [[Trinidad da Tobago]] : shinkafa da wake * [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] : ** Hoppin 'John, wani baƙar fata mai ido daga kudancin Amurka ** Jan wake da shinkafa, waken da aka fi sani da shinkafa a cikin abincin Louisiana Creole * [[Venezuela]] : Waɗannan jita-jita na iya haɗawa da soyayyen plantain da ake kira "tajadas" kamar yadda aka saba samu a yawancin jita-jita na Venezuelan: ** ''Pabellón criollo'' : An yi shi da shinkafa, wake ko soyayyen wake da naman sa da aka yanka sosai. Sai a zagaye shi da yankan soyayyen plantain. Plantain ya ba da sunan "Pabellon con barandas". ** ''[[Arroz con caraotas]]'' : Lokacin da Pabellón Criollo ya bar soyayyen ciyayi, yana da suna daban. An san shi da sunan “abincin abincin matalauci” ,tunda ya fi zama ruwan dare a iyalai masu karamin karfi. Duk da haka, ana iya yin shi da jin dadin kowa. Soyayyen qwai kuma za a iya haɗa su. ** ''[[Palo A pique llanero]]'' : Anyi shi da shinkafa, wake mai launin ruwan kasa da shredded naman sa mai kyau, kaza da naman alade. An kewaye ta da yankan faffadan plantain da guntun dankali. Wasu wurare kamar Barinas, Apure ko Bolivar suna ƙara koren plantains. * Laberiya : A galibin yankunan yammacin Afirka, ana dafa wake dabam da shinkafa. Za a iya cin waken koda mai ɗanɗano a matsayin miya a saman shinkafa a lokuta na musamman. ==Ire-iren sunan Abincin == Ire-iren sunayen abincin a mabanbantan yarurruka sun haɗa da; [[File:Enchiladas_rice_beans.jpg|thumb| Enchiladas, tare da shinkafa na Mexican da wake]] Ana kiran [[shinkafa]] da [[wake]] ''arroz y habas'', ''arroz con habichuelas'', ''arroz con frijoles'', ''gallo pinto'', ''recalentao'' ko makamancin haka a cikin Mutanen Dake yin yaren Espanya, ''arroz e feijão'', ''arroz com feijão'' ko ''feijão com arroz'' a cikin Portuguese, ''risi e bisi'' ''a'' cikin harshen Venetian ''ak pwa'' in Haitian Creole, ''avas kon arroz'' ko ''avikas kon arroz'' ,a cikin Yahudanci-Spanish . == Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} == Bibliography == * Embrapa, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050208225402/http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/arroz/historia.htm Origem da História do Arroz]'' da ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050209223252/http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/feijao/historia.htm Origem e História do Feijão]'' {{In lang|pt}} * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070219030120/http://www.camaquaalimentos.com.br/arroz_feijao.html Arroz e Feijão: Uma dupla infalível]'', Camaquã Alimentos {{In lang|pt}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/english/index.htm Embrapa - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201160139/http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/english/index.htm |date=2005-12-01 }} {{In lang|en}} [[Category:Sanannun abinci]] es0kz0oq2ushujji9d02asg39suqi58 856490 856489 2026-06-13T22:02:56Z Arabiyu 28508 856490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Beans_and_mexican_rice.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Wake da shinkafa yar Mexico]] [[Fayil:Ingredients for cooking Beans and rice porridge (Nigerian cuisine).jpg|thumb|Kayan hadin shikafa da wake]] [[Fayil:Red beans and rice.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da wake]] '''Shinkafa da wake''', ko '''wake da Shinkafa'''<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wi1loTUccZM</ref>, wani nau'in abinci ne daga al'adu da yawa a faɗin duniya, sannan abinci ne a arewacin kasar [[najeriya]] inda ake haɗa abinci mai mahimmanci na [[shinkafa]] da [[wake]] ta wata hanya. Haɗin [[hatsi]] da kuma legumes suna bada abinci mai mahimmanci da yawa da kuzari, kuma duka abincin sun wadata ko'ina. Ana kuma iya cakuɗa su tare, ko a dafa daban-daban, haka ma lokacin da za'a ci. == Bayani == [[File:Rajma,_kidney_beans,_served_with_chawal,_rice.jpg|thumb| Koda wake da shinkafa]] Abincin ya ƙunshi [[farar shinkafa]] ko wani launin tare da dafaffen launin ruwan kasa, ja ko busassun [[wake]] (yawanci ''Phaseolus vulgaris'' ko ''Vigna unguiculata'' ) kuma an dafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hakanan wurin dahuwar akan yi amfani da wannan abinci tare da ɓangarorin kajin da aka daka, naman alade, naman sa, salatin dankalin turawa, [[Dankalin turawa|dafaffen dankali]], da sauran ɓangarori da yawa daga al'adu daban-daban ('''nama ko wani nau'i abinda aka aka haɗa wurin dahuwar shinkafar yana iya zama kowane kalar nama, amman daidai da yadda al'ada ko addini ya tsara akan kowanne kaɓilu'''). A wurare da yawa, wake da shinkafa ana cakuɗasu tare wurin dahuwar maimakon a haɗa su . Ana sanya nama ko wasu kayan abinci a wasu lokuta a saman wake da shinkafar ko, idan an cakuɗasu wato dafa duka. Yankuna daban-daban suna da fifiko daban-daban. A kasar [[Brazil]], alal misali, baƙar fata sun fi shahara a Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul da Santa Catarina, yayin da a yawancin sauran sassan ƙasar ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin feijoadas . Kwarewar New Orleans da aka fi sani da " jajayen wake da shinkafa " galibi ana ci da tsiran naman alade mai kyafaffen ko soyayyen naman alade . == Tarihi == === Amurka === Binciken kwayoyin halitta na wake na ''Phaseolus'' ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Mesoamerica, kuma daga baya ya yaɗu zuwa kudu, tare da [[masara]] da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1108973109 | volume=109 | title=Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data | year=2012 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | pages=E788–E796 | author=Bitocchi E., Nanni L., Bellucci E., Rossi M., Giardini A., Zeuli P. S., Logozzo G., Stougaard J., McClean P., Attene G., Papa R.| issue=14 | pmid=22393017 | pmc=3325731 | doi-access=free }}</ref> An gabatar da [[shinkafar Asiya]] ga kasar Mexico da Brazil a lokacin mulkin mallaka da Mutanen Espanya da Fotigal suka yi. Duk da haka, an gano kwanan nan cewa ’yan asalin yankin Amazon, sun riga sun noma dangin shinkafa na Asiya mai suna Oryza kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce,<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0322-4 "Evidence for mid-Holocene rice domestication in the Americas", Hilbert et al, ''Nature Ecology & Evolution'' (2017), doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0322-4, Published online: 9 October 2017]</ref> kuma suna noman ta tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya na wake., waɗanda kuma a wancan lokacin suke a Kudancin kasar Amurka. Wasu guraben karatu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ’yan Afirka da aka bautar su ma sun taka rawar gani wajen kafa shinkafa a Sabuwar Duniya.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674004523 ''Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas'' by Judith A. Carney]</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=National Research Council |title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305 |access-date=2008-07-18 |series=Lost Crops of Africa |volume=1 |date=1996-02-14 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-04990-0 |chapter=African Rice |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305&page=17 }}</ref> Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin abinci na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashe masu magana da harshen Espanya. == Muhimmancin abinci mai gina jiki == Wake da shinkafa suna gina jiki sosai. Shinkafa tana da wadatar (albarkatun) starch, akwai kabohsaidirat, tushen kuzari mafi inganci. Shinkafa kuma tana da sinadarai, iron da furotin. Wake kuma ya ƙunshi wasu adadi mai kyau na iron da adadin furotin fiye da na shinkafa. Tare suna bada cikakken furotin, wanda ke fitar da dukkan amino acid, Wanda jiki ba zai iya fitarwa da wannan sinadarin da kansa ba. == Al'adu == A wasu jahohi da ƙasashen Latin Amurka, ana yawan cin wake da shinkafa a matsayin abincin rana, tare da nama da kayan lambu iri-iri dama arewacim najeriya, Har ila yau, ya kuma zama ruwan dare don shirya abincin dare ta amfani da ragowar abincin rana. Wake da shinkafa sun shahara musamman a [[Brazil]], wacce ita ce ƙasa ta uku a duniya wajen noman busasshen wake<ref>{{cite web|title=Countries by commodity -- Beans, Dry|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity|website=FAOSTAT|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=24 May 2018|date=2016}}</ref> kuma mafi yawan masu amfani da shinkafa a [[Amurka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rice around the world -- Brasil|url=http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/p1.htm|website=International Year of Rice|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=24 May 2018|date=2004|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182218/http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/p1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rabe-raben Abincin a duniya == [[File:Red_Beans_and_Rice.jpg|thumb| Jan wake da shinkafa]] A duk duniya, akwai jita-jita da yawa game da tushen wake da shinkafa, waɗanda suka bambanta a dafa abinci da ƙarin kayan abinci. Bambance-bambancen suna wanzu a yanki, yayin da al'adu suka tsara zuwa abubuwan da suke so. A cikin ƙasashe masu maƙoftaka ko a Caribbean, waɗannan abinci ana kiran su kawai ''shinkafa da wake'', wanda aka dafa. bambancin abincin: * [[Brazil]] : ''feijoada'' * [[Chile]] : ''arroz con porotos.'' * [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] : shinkafa da wake * [[Kolombiya|Colombia]] : ''calento'' ** Archipelago na San Andrés, Providencia da Santa Catalina : shinkafa da wake ** Bandeja paisa, abincin gargajiya da ake yi da wake kodin da shinkafa * [[Costa Rica]] : ''gallo pinto'' kuma a cikin Caribbean ( Puerto Limón da Puerto Viejo ) akwai ''shinkafa da wake'' wanda ake dafa shinkafa da wake tare da madarar kwakwa da habanero chili (wanda aka sani da Panamanian chile). * [[Cuba]] : Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu: ** Moros y cristianos : kuma aka sani da kawai ''moros'', an yi shi da baki wake. Idan an yi shi da jan wake, za a yi la'akari da ''congris'' . ** Congris: an yi shi da jan wake, ana fara dafa waken da albasa, kore chili, tafarnuwa, tumatir, leaf bay, taɓa cumin da oregano, gishiri, da busassun giya; kafin su yi laushi gaba daya, sai a zuba danyar shinkafar, a bar su su dahu tare, har sai sun sha romon, shinkafar ta bushe ta yi laushi. Ana kuma shirya wake a cikin broth ɗinsu tare da shinkafa daban. * Jamhuriyar Dominican : ''Moro de guandules'', shinkafa da pigeon Peas, kama da Panama da Puerto Rico. * [[Salvador|El Salvador]] : ''[[Casamiento]]'' ; duk da cewa ba shi da bakin tekun Caribbean, wannan tasa tana da kyau sosai a El Salvador * [[Ghana]] : [[Waakye]], waken Ghana da tasa shinkafa * [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] : ''casado'' ; wanda ake kira ''gallo pinto'' da shinkafa da wake ** A gabar tekun Caribbean da sassan gabas ko gabashin Guatemala ( Izabal ): ana kiranta shinkafa da wake kuma ta hada da madarar kwakwa. * [[Honduras]] : ''[[Casamiento]]'' ; a gabar tekun Caribbean an san shi da shinkafa da wake kuma ya hada da madarar kwakwa da flakes na chilli * [[Indiya]] : Rajma, Abincin wake na Indiya da aka saba yi da shinkafa * [[Isra'ila]] : [[Orez shu'it]], wake na gargajiya na Isra'ila da tasa shinkafa ** Caribbean Coast: shinkafa da wake * Japan: Okowa, musamman sekihan, azuki wake da kuma glutinous shinkafa. A cikin jan wake mochi, ana sarrafa shinkafar a cikin nau'in bunƙasa. * [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] : shinkafa da wake * Koriya, ''Kongbap'' (shinkafar wake), ''patbap'' (shinkafar jan wake) * [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] : ''pispiote'', shinkafa da wake * [[Nicaragua]] : ''gallo pinto'', kuma a cikin Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast, kamar yadda a wasu ƙasashe, ana kiranta "shinkafa da wake" kuma an yi shi da madarar kwakwa. * [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] : ''gallopinto'' ** Caribbean Coast ( Colón, Bocas del Toro ): da aka sani da shinkafa da wake, kuma an shirya shi da madarar kwakwa, kamar a Jamhuriyar Dominican. * [[Peru]] : Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu: ** ''calentado'' ** ''[[:es:Tacu-tacu|taku-tacu]]'' * Puerto Rico : ** ''arroz junto'' ; a yi shi da jajayen wake ko wake na tattabara, sannan a yi shi da nama duk a tukunya daya. ** ''arroz con gandules'' wani ɓangare na abinci na ƙasar Puerto Rico wanda shine shinkafa tare da peas pigeon. * [[Ispaniya|Spain]] : Paella * [[Suriname]] : ''[[bruine bonen met rijst]]'', tukunyar tukunya daya tare da gaurayawar nama da wake na koda, tare da shinkafa. * [[Trinidad da Tobago]] : shinkafa da wake * [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] : ** Hoppin 'John, wani baƙar fata mai ido daga kudancin Amurka ** Jan wake da shinkafa, waken da aka fi sani da shinkafa a cikin abincin Louisiana Creole * [[Venezuela]] : Waɗannan jita-jita na iya haɗawa da soyayyen plantain da ake kira "tajadas" kamar yadda aka saba samu a yawancin jita-jita na Venezuelan: ** ''Pabellón criollo'' : An yi shi da shinkafa, wake ko soyayyen wake da naman sa da aka yanka sosai. Sai a zagaye shi da yankan soyayyen plantain. Plantain ya ba da sunan "Pabellon con barandas". ** ''[[Arroz con caraotas]]'' : Lokacin da Pabellón Criollo ya bar soyayyen ciyayi, yana da suna daban. An san shi da sunan “abincin abincin matalauci” ,tunda ya fi zama ruwan dare a iyalai masu karamin karfi. Duk da haka, ana iya yin shi da jin dadin kowa. Soyayyen qwai kuma za a iya haɗa su. ** ''[[Palo A pique llanero]]'' : Anyi shi da shinkafa, wake mai launin ruwan kasa da shredded naman sa mai kyau, kaza da naman alade. An kewaye ta da yankan faffadan plantain da guntun dankali. Wasu wurare kamar Barinas, Apure ko Bolivar suna ƙara koren plantains. * Laberiya : A galibin yankunan yammacin Afirka, ana dafa wake dabam da shinkafa. Za a iya cin waken koda mai ɗanɗano a matsayin miya a saman shinkafa a lokuta na musamman. ==Ire-iren sunan Abincin == Ire-iren sunayen abincin a mabanbantan yarurruka sun haɗa da; [[File:Enchiladas_rice_beans.jpg|thumb| Enchiladas, tare da shinkafa na Mexican da wake]] Ana kiran [[shinkafa]] da [[wake]] ''arroz y habas'', ''arroz con habichuelas'', ''arroz con frijoles'', ''gallo pinto'', ''recalentao'' ko makamancin haka a cikin Mutanen Dake yin yaren Espanya, ''arroz e feijão'', ''arroz com feijão'' ko ''feijão com arroz'' a cikin Portuguese, ''risi e bisi'' ''a'' cikin harshen Venetian ''ak pwa'' in Haitian Creole, ''avas kon arroz'' ko ''avikas kon arroz'' ,a cikin Yahudanci-Spanish . == Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} == Bibliography == * Embrapa, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050208225402/http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/arroz/historia.htm Origem da História do Arroz]'' da ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050209223252/http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/feijao/historia.htm Origem e História do Feijão]'' {{In lang|pt}} * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070219030120/http://www.camaquaalimentos.com.br/arroz_feijao.html Arroz e Feijão: Uma dupla infalível]'', Camaquã Alimentos {{In lang|pt}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/english/index.htm Embrapa - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201160139/http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/english/index.htm |date=2005-12-01 }} {{In lang|en}} [[Category:Sanannun abinci]] 6g1o5n56scqekeo5csrzdauc1h2flie 0 40079 856040 350164 2026-06-13T12:50:31Z Minat Mima 45919 856040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Country Side Wa, Ghana - panoramio.jpg|thumb|wani yanki na daular Ghana ]] '''Daular Ghana''', wacce kuma aka fi sani da Wagadou ({{Lang-ar|غانا}}) ko '''Awkar''', wata daula ce ta [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da ke kudu maso gabashin.[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] da yammacin [[Mali]] ta zamani wacce ta wanzu tun daga c. 200s zuwa {{Circa}} 1200s. Mutanen [[Mutanen Soninke|Soninke]] ne suka kafa daular, kuma ta kasance a babbar birnin Koumbi Saleh. Ƙungiyoyin haɗaɗɗun jama'a, wasu bisa ga cinikin [[gishiri]] da zinari na trans-Sahara sun wanzu a yankin tsawon ƙarni a lokacin da aka kafa daular. Gabatar da [[Raƙumi|rakumi]] zuwa wajen Yasmin Sahara a karni na 3 miladiyya ya kasance babban silar kawo sauyi na zamantakewar al'umma wanda ya haifar da samuwar daular.<ref>Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, <nowiki>ISBN 1-55876-405-4</nowiki>, pp. 6–7.</ref> A lokacin da Musulmai suka mamaye Arewacin [[Afirka]] a ƙarni na 7 rakumi ya canza tsohuwar hanyoyin kasuwanci da ba ta dace ba zuwa cibiyar kasuwanci da ke gudana daga [[Moroko|Maroko]] zuwa kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]]. Daular [[Ghana]] ta sami wadata daga wannan ƙaruwar cinikin zinari da bayi da gishiri, wanda ya ba da damar bunkasa manyan biranen birane. Har ila yau, zirga-zirgar ta ƙarfafa faɗaɗa yanki don samun iko akan hanyoyin kasuwanci daban-daban. Lokacin da [[mwod:dynasty|daular]] [[Ghana]] ta fara zama babu tabbas a tsakanin masana tarihi. [[Muhammad Ibn Musa Alkhwarizmi|Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]] ne ya ambata daular sarauta ta farko a rubuce a shekara ta 830. <ref>al-Kuwarizmi in Levtzion and Hopkins, ''Corpus'', p. 7.</ref> An ba da ƙarin bayani game da daular ta asusun masanin Cordoban Al-Bakri lokacin da ya rubuta game da yankin a karni na 11. [[File:Ghana Togo Border at Aflao.jpg|thumb|Iyakar kasar Ghana da Tone kenan]] Bayan shekaru aru-aru na wadata, daular ta fara durkushewa a cikin karni na biyu, kuma a karshe za ta zama wata kasa mai tasowa [[Daular Mali|ta daular Mali]] a wani lokaci a karni na 13. Duk da rugujewar da ta yi, ana iya jin tasirin daular wajen kafa cibiyoyin birane da dama a duk fadin kasar da ta gabata. A cikin shekarar 1957, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] karkashin jagorancin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] sun ba wa kanta sunan [[Ghana]] bisa samun 'yancin kai don girmamawa da tunawa da daular tarihi, duk da cewa iyakokinsu ba su ta'allaka ba. == Asalin kalmar == Kalmar ''ghana'' na nufin ''jarumi'' ko ''shugaban yaki'' kuma ita ce take da aka baiwa sarakunan asalin masarautan wanda sunan Soninke shine ''Ouagadou''. ''Kaya Maghan'' (king of gold) wani lakabi ne na waɗannan sarakuna.<ref>Willie F. Page; R. Hunt Davis, Jr., eds. (2005), "[[Ghana]] Empire", Encyclopedia of [[Africa|African]] [[History and Culture]], vol. 2 (revised ed.), Facts on File, pp. 85–87</ref> == Manazarta == [[File:Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg|right|thumb|356x356px| Hanyoyin kasuwanci na yammacin Sahara c. 1000-1500. Ana nuna filayen zinare ta hanyar inuwa mai launin ruwan kasa: Bambuk, Bure, Lobi, da Akan.]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ul3799jx1yhicrxkw23g8ltdvrfe0q 0 42575 856086 337836 2026-06-13T14:50:14Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naby Laye Keïta''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1994), ƙwararren ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Guinea wanda ke buga gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana Asante Kotoko SC == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Keïta ya buga wa FC Renaissance Club De Conakry a kasarsa Guinea kafin ya koma Ghana da buga kwallo a Kumasi Asante Kotoko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-30|title=Asante Kotoko complete Naby Keita signing|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/10/asante-kotoko-complete-naby-keita-signing/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-29|title=Kotoko sign Guinean striker Naby Keita on three-year deal|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/kotoko-sign-guinean-striker-naby-keita-on-three-year-deal|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaSoccernet|language=en}}</ref> === Asante Kotoko === A cikin watan Oktobar shekara ta, 2018, Keïta ya koma Ghana kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da KumasI Asante Kotoko akan canja wuri kyauta. Shi ne dan wasan farko da aka nada a lokacin sabon kocin, CK Akonnor . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2019, ya fara halartan sa yayin gasa na musamman na kwamitin daidaita al'amuran GFA na shekarar, 2019, yana zuwa a cikin minti na 75 don Obed Owusu a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Berekum Chelsea .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Asante Kotoko SC vs Berekum Chelsea FC - 2019-04-24 - GFA Normalization Special Competition - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2019-04-24/asante-kotoko-sc-vs-berekum-chelsea-fc/1624456/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2020, ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 kuma ya zura bugun fanareti a cikin mintuna na 90 don taimakawa Kotoko samun nasara akan abokan hamayyar Accra Hearts of Oak . Ya ci gaba da buga wasannin lig 5 yayin da Kotoko ta lashe gasar. A ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekarar, 2021, ya zo ne a cikin minti na, 76 don Patrick Kojo Asmah ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka doke King Faisal Babes da ci 1-0 kuma ya tura su zuwa matsayi na 4 a kan teburin gasar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of King Faisal Babies FC vs Asante Kotoko SC - 2021-03-10 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-03-10/king-faisal-babies-fc-vs-asante-kotoko-sc/2201865/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Naby Keita's late strike gives Asante Kotoko victory against King Faisal|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Naby-Keita-s-late-strike-gives-Asante-Kotoko-victory-against-King-Faisal-1201105|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keita strikes as Asante Kotoko leave it late in Ghana Premier League clash with King Faisal {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/keita-strikes-as-asante-kotoko-leave-it-late-in-ghana/fxofrpyn79ei1noqezlrykozh|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asare|first=Nana|date=2021-03-10|title=GPL Report: King Faisal 0-1 Asante Kotoko, Naby Keita's last gasp goal seals win for Porcupine Warriors|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/03/10/gpl-report-king-faisal-0-1-asante-kotoko-naby-keitas-last-gasp-goal-seals-win-for-porcupine-warriors/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Naby Laye Keïta at Soccerway * Naby Laye Keïta at WorldFootball.net * Naby Laye Keïta at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 2v0mhcgabv848hi2ai65c1v1a4b2gdh 856087 856086 2026-06-13T14:50:25Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naby Laye Keïta''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1994), ƙwararren ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Guinea, wanda ke buga gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana Asante Kotoko SC == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Keïta ya buga wa FC Renaissance Club De Conakry a kasarsa Guinea kafin ya koma Ghana da buga kwallo a Kumasi Asante Kotoko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-30|title=Asante Kotoko complete Naby Keita signing|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/10/asante-kotoko-complete-naby-keita-signing/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-29|title=Kotoko sign Guinean striker Naby Keita on three-year deal|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/kotoko-sign-guinean-striker-naby-keita-on-three-year-deal|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaSoccernet|language=en}}</ref> === Asante Kotoko === A cikin watan Oktobar shekara ta, 2018, Keïta ya koma Ghana kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da KumasI Asante Kotoko akan canja wuri kyauta. Shi ne dan wasan farko da aka nada a lokacin sabon kocin, CK Akonnor . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2019, ya fara halartan sa yayin gasa na musamman na kwamitin daidaita al'amuran GFA na shekarar, 2019, yana zuwa a cikin minti na 75 don Obed Owusu a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Berekum Chelsea .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Asante Kotoko SC vs Berekum Chelsea FC - 2019-04-24 - GFA Normalization Special Competition - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2019-04-24/asante-kotoko-sc-vs-berekum-chelsea-fc/1624456/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2020, ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 kuma ya zura bugun fanareti a cikin mintuna na 90 don taimakawa Kotoko samun nasara akan abokan hamayyar Accra Hearts of Oak . Ya ci gaba da buga wasannin lig 5 yayin da Kotoko ta lashe gasar. A ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekarar, 2021, ya zo ne a cikin minti na, 76 don Patrick Kojo Asmah ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka doke King Faisal Babes da ci 1-0 kuma ya tura su zuwa matsayi na 4 a kan teburin gasar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of King Faisal Babies FC vs Asante Kotoko SC - 2021-03-10 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-03-10/king-faisal-babies-fc-vs-asante-kotoko-sc/2201865/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Naby Keita's late strike gives Asante Kotoko victory against King Faisal|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Naby-Keita-s-late-strike-gives-Asante-Kotoko-victory-against-King-Faisal-1201105|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keita strikes as Asante Kotoko leave it late in Ghana Premier League clash with King Faisal {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/keita-strikes-as-asante-kotoko-leave-it-late-in-ghana/fxofrpyn79ei1noqezlrykozh|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asare|first=Nana|date=2021-03-10|title=GPL Report: King Faisal 0-1 Asante Kotoko, Naby Keita's last gasp goal seals win for Porcupine Warriors|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/03/10/gpl-report-king-faisal-0-1-asante-kotoko-naby-keitas-last-gasp-goal-seals-win-for-porcupine-warriors/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Naby Laye Keïta at Soccerway * Naby Laye Keïta at WorldFootball.net * Naby Laye Keïta at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] bcwkn523lofsrdqg24927y2qo81vixp 856088 856087 2026-06-13T14:50:49Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aikin kulob */ 856088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naby Laye Keïta''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1994), ƙwararren ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Guinea, wanda ke buga gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana Asante Kotoko SC == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Keïta ya buga wa FC Renaissance Club De Conakry a kasarsa Guinea, kafin ya koma Ghana da buga kwallo a Kumasi Asante Kotoko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-30|title=Asante Kotoko complete Naby Keita signing|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/10/asante-kotoko-complete-naby-keita-signing/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-29|title=Kotoko sign Guinean striker Naby Keita on three-year deal|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/kotoko-sign-guinean-striker-naby-keita-on-three-year-deal|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaSoccernet|language=en}}</ref> === Asante Kotoko === A cikin watan Oktobar shekara ta, 2018, Keïta ya koma Ghana kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da KumasI Asante Kotoko akan canja wuri kyauta. Shi ne dan wasan farko da aka nada a lokacin sabon kocin, CK Akonnor . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2019, ya fara halartan sa yayin gasa na musamman na kwamitin daidaita al'amuran GFA na shekarar, 2019, yana zuwa a cikin minti na 75 don Obed Owusu a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Berekum Chelsea .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Asante Kotoko SC vs Berekum Chelsea FC - 2019-04-24 - GFA Normalization Special Competition - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2019-04-24/asante-kotoko-sc-vs-berekum-chelsea-fc/1624456/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2020, ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 kuma ya zura bugun fanareti a cikin mintuna na 90 don taimakawa Kotoko samun nasara akan abokan hamayyar Accra Hearts of Oak . Ya ci gaba da buga wasannin lig 5 yayin da Kotoko ta lashe gasar. A ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekarar, 2021, ya zo ne a cikin minti na, 76 don Patrick Kojo Asmah ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka doke King Faisal Babes da ci 1-0 kuma ya tura su zuwa matsayi na 4 a kan teburin gasar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of King Faisal Babies FC vs Asante Kotoko SC - 2021-03-10 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-03-10/king-faisal-babies-fc-vs-asante-kotoko-sc/2201865/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Naby Keita's late strike gives Asante Kotoko victory against King Faisal|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Naby-Keita-s-late-strike-gives-Asante-Kotoko-victory-against-King-Faisal-1201105|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keita strikes as Asante Kotoko leave it late in Ghana Premier League clash with King Faisal {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/keita-strikes-as-asante-kotoko-leave-it-late-in-ghana/fxofrpyn79ei1noqezlrykozh|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asare|first=Nana|date=2021-03-10|title=GPL Report: King Faisal 0-1 Asante Kotoko, Naby Keita's last gasp goal seals win for Porcupine Warriors|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/03/10/gpl-report-king-faisal-0-1-asante-kotoko-naby-keitas-last-gasp-goal-seals-win-for-porcupine-warriors/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Naby Laye Keïta at Soccerway * Naby Laye Keïta at WorldFootball.net * Naby Laye Keïta at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] baxn38a2pelzkfv2qgq2r3a4xjw3rdx 856089 856088 2026-06-13T14:51:13Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Farkon aiki */ 856089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naby Laye Keïta''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1994), ƙwararren ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Guinea, wanda ke buga gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana Asante Kotoko SC == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Keïta ya buga wa FC Renaissance Club De Conakry a kasarsa Guinea, kafin ya koma Ghana da buga kwallo, a Kumasi Asante Kotoko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-30|title=Asante Kotoko complete Naby Keita signing|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/10/asante-kotoko-complete-naby-keita-signing/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-29|title=Kotoko sign Guinean striker Naby Keita on three-year deal|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/kotoko-sign-guinean-striker-naby-keita-on-three-year-deal|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaSoccernet|language=en}}</ref> === Asante Kotoko === A cikin watan Oktobar shekara ta, 2018, Keïta ya koma Ghana kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da KumasI Asante Kotoko akan canja wuri kyauta. Shi ne dan wasan farko da aka nada a lokacin sabon kocin, CK Akonnor . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2019, ya fara halartan sa yayin gasa na musamman na kwamitin daidaita al'amuran GFA na shekarar, 2019, yana zuwa a cikin minti na 75 don Obed Owusu a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Berekum Chelsea .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Asante Kotoko SC vs Berekum Chelsea FC - 2019-04-24 - GFA Normalization Special Competition - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2019-04-24/asante-kotoko-sc-vs-berekum-chelsea-fc/1624456/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2020, ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 kuma ya zura bugun fanareti a cikin mintuna na 90 don taimakawa Kotoko samun nasara akan abokan hamayyar Accra Hearts of Oak . Ya ci gaba da buga wasannin lig 5 yayin da Kotoko ta lashe gasar. A ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekarar, 2021, ya zo ne a cikin minti na, 76 don Patrick Kojo Asmah ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka doke King Faisal Babes da ci 1-0 kuma ya tura su zuwa matsayi na 4 a kan teburin gasar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of King Faisal Babies FC vs Asante Kotoko SC - 2021-03-10 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-03-10/king-faisal-babies-fc-vs-asante-kotoko-sc/2201865/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Naby Keita's late strike gives Asante Kotoko victory against King Faisal|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Naby-Keita-s-late-strike-gives-Asante-Kotoko-victory-against-King-Faisal-1201105|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keita strikes as Asante Kotoko leave it late in Ghana Premier League clash with King Faisal {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/keita-strikes-as-asante-kotoko-leave-it-late-in-ghana/fxofrpyn79ei1noqezlrykozh|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asare|first=Nana|date=2021-03-10|title=GPL Report: King Faisal 0-1 Asante Kotoko, Naby Keita's last gasp goal seals win for Porcupine Warriors|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/03/10/gpl-report-king-faisal-0-1-asante-kotoko-naby-keitas-last-gasp-goal-seals-win-for-porcupine-warriors/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Naby Laye Keïta at Soccerway * Naby Laye Keïta at WorldFootball.net * Naby Laye Keïta at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] r5nsnv76lgwfbvj1g6j2norg9r9gq3f 856090 856089 2026-06-13T14:51:31Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Asante Kotoko */ 856090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naby Laye Keïta''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1994), ƙwararren ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Guinea, wanda ke buga gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana Asante Kotoko SC == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Keïta ya buga wa FC Renaissance Club De Conakry a kasarsa Guinea, kafin ya koma Ghana da buga kwallo, a Kumasi Asante Kotoko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-30|title=Asante Kotoko complete Naby Keita signing|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/10/asante-kotoko-complete-naby-keita-signing/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-29|title=Kotoko sign Guinean striker Naby Keita on three-year deal|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/kotoko-sign-guinean-striker-naby-keita-on-three-year-deal|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaSoccernet|language=en}}</ref> === Asante Kotoko === A cikin watan Oktobar shekara ta, 2018, Keïta ya koma kasar Ghana kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da KumasI Asante Kotoko akan canja wuri kyauta. Shi ne dan wasan farko da aka nada a lokacin sabon kocin, CK Akonnor . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2019, ya fara halartan sa yayin gasa na musamman na kwamitin daidaita al'amuran GFA na shekarar, 2019, yana zuwa a cikin minti na 75 don Obed Owusu a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Berekum Chelsea .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Asante Kotoko SC vs Berekum Chelsea FC - 2019-04-24 - GFA Normalization Special Competition - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2019-04-24/asante-kotoko-sc-vs-berekum-chelsea-fc/1624456/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2020, ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 kuma ya zura bugun fanareti a cikin mintuna na 90 don taimakawa Kotoko samun nasara akan abokan hamayyar Accra Hearts of Oak . Ya ci gaba da buga wasannin lig 5 yayin da Kotoko ta lashe gasar. A ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekarar, 2021, ya zo ne a cikin minti na, 76 don Patrick Kojo Asmah ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka doke King Faisal Babes da ci 1-0 kuma ya tura su zuwa matsayi na 4 a kan teburin gasar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of King Faisal Babies FC vs Asante Kotoko SC - 2021-03-10 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-03-10/king-faisal-babies-fc-vs-asante-kotoko-sc/2201865/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Naby Keita's late strike gives Asante Kotoko victory against King Faisal|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Naby-Keita-s-late-strike-gives-Asante-Kotoko-victory-against-King-Faisal-1201105|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keita strikes as Asante Kotoko leave it late in Ghana Premier League clash with King Faisal {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/keita-strikes-as-asante-kotoko-leave-it-late-in-ghana/fxofrpyn79ei1noqezlrykozh|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asare|first=Nana|date=2021-03-10|title=GPL Report: King Faisal 0-1 Asante Kotoko, Naby Keita's last gasp goal seals win for Porcupine Warriors|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/03/10/gpl-report-king-faisal-0-1-asante-kotoko-naby-keitas-last-gasp-goal-seals-win-for-porcupine-warriors/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Naby Laye Keïta at Soccerway * Naby Laye Keïta at WorldFootball.net * Naby Laye Keïta at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] qcm73hsecwn2mm54lf7zpywiis27czx 856091 856090 2026-06-13T14:52:18Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Asante Kotoko */ 856091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naby Laye Keïta''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1994), ƙwararren ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Guinea, wanda ke buga gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana Asante Kotoko SC == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Keïta ya buga wa FC Renaissance Club De Conakry a kasarsa Guinea, kafin ya koma Ghana da buga kwallo, a Kumasi Asante Kotoko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-30|title=Asante Kotoko complete Naby Keita signing|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/10/asante-kotoko-complete-naby-keita-signing/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-29|title=Kotoko sign Guinean striker Naby Keita on three-year deal|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/kotoko-sign-guinean-striker-naby-keita-on-three-year-deal|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaSoccernet|language=en}}</ref> === Asante Kotoko === A cikin watan Oktobar shekara ta, 2018, Keïta ya koma kasar Ghana kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da KumasI Asante Kotoko akan canja wuri kyauta. Shi ne dan wasan farko da aka nada a lokacin sabon kocin, CK Akonnor . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2019, ya fara halartan sa yayin gasa na musamman na kwamitin daidaita al'amuran GFA na shekarar, 2019, yana zuwa a cikin minti na 75 don Obed Owusu a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Berekum Chelsea .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Asante Kotoko SC vs Berekum Chelsea FC - 2019-04-24 - GFA Normalization Special Competition - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2019-04-24/asante-kotoko-sc-vs-berekum-chelsea-fc/1624456/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 kuma ya zura bugun fanareti a cikin mintuna na 90 don taimakawa Kotoko samun nasara akan abokan hamayyar Accra Hearts of Oak . Ya ci gaba da buga wasannin lig 5 yayin da Kotoko ta lashe gasar. A ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2021, ya zo ne a cikin minti na, 76 don Patrick Kojo Asmah ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka doke King Faisal Babes da ci 1-0 kuma ya tura su zuwa matsayi na 4 a kan teburin gasar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of King Faisal Babies FC vs Asante Kotoko SC - 2021-03-10 - Ghana Premier League - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-03-10/king-faisal-babies-fc-vs-asante-kotoko-sc/2201865/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Naby Keita's late strike gives Asante Kotoko victory against King Faisal|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Naby-Keita-s-late-strike-gives-Asante-Kotoko-victory-against-King-Faisal-1201105|access-date=2021-03-31|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keita strikes as Asante Kotoko leave it late in Ghana Premier League clash with King Faisal {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/keita-strikes-as-asante-kotoko-leave-it-late-in-ghana/fxofrpyn79ei1noqezlrykozh|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asare|first=Nana|date=2021-03-10|title=GPL Report: King Faisal 0-1 Asante Kotoko, Naby Keita's last gasp goal seals win for Porcupine Warriors|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/03/10/gpl-report-king-faisal-0-1-asante-kotoko-naby-keitas-last-gasp-goal-seals-win-for-porcupine-warriors/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Naby Laye Keïta at Soccerway * Naby Laye Keïta at WorldFootball.net * Naby Laye Keïta at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] tb8e1fwehykn18ewc4hy94x3oj7irj2 0 43141 856806 509274 2026-06-14T10:40:38Z Zahrah0 14848 856806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''{{Databox|Saudatu Sani}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Saudatu Sani,''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu shekara ta alif 1954).ƴar siyasar Najeriya ce (Sarauniyar Saminaka). A shekarata 2003 aka naɗa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga matar gwamna. Ta kasance ‘yar [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai mai]] wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya [[Lere|ta Lere]] a jihar Kaduna.inda ta fito a jam’iyyar PDP, daga baya aka sake zaɓar ta a wani wa’adi na biyu daga shekarar 2007 zuwa shekarata 2011. Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ne ya naɗa ta babbar mataimakiya ta musamman kan shirin MDG.<ref>https://21stcenturychronicle.com/revealed-top-women-in-politics-who-are-now-missing/</ref> An naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar hukumar kula da bada gudunmawa ta jihar Kaduna.<ref>https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/positions/5feb8a09f8c7352c525662f6</ref> Cibiyar ci gaban Mata da Matasa, Lere/Saminaka.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/</ref> == Rayuwar farko da Ilimi == Saudatu ta fara karatun boko a makarantar firamare ta Shekara Girls Kano, ƙaramar sakandare, ƙofan Gayan, Zariya, a shekara ta alif 1966 zuwa shekara ta alif 1968, ta yi babbar sakandare a Government Girls' College Dala, Kano daga 1969 zuwa 1973. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kaduna]] daga 1980 zuwa 1985 inda ta karanta Dietetics, inda ta yi ƙwarewa a Asibitin Soja na Sojojin Sama da Asibitin tunawa da Yusuf Ɗantsoho da ke Kaduna. Ta kasance malama a [[Essence International School|makarantar Essence International School]] na tsawon shekaru uku.<ref>https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/sani-hon-saudatu-a/</ref><ref>https://21stcenturychronicle.com/revealed-top-women-in-politics-who-are-now-missing/</ref> == Sana'a da Post == Bayan gogewarta na koyarwa, Saudatu ta riƙe muƙamin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Mata daga 1986 zuwa 1992. Daga 199210 1994 ta kasance Kwamitin Riƙo na Ƙaramar Hukumar Lere. Muƙaman da ta riƙe su ne: Mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Balera Micro Finance Bank. Kwamitin majalisar kan muradun ƙarni, kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin mata da ci gaban matasa. Coordinator at network on Girl Child Education, Director Family Craft Center, Kaduna, Matron, Joint Association of the Disables, Commissioner, Board of Commissioners, Kaduna, Member Board of Trustees, Advocacy Nigeria, African Parliamentarrian Network for Good Governance and Poverty Reduction, Kafa mamba, Kwamitin Amintattu na Fatan Mata na Millennium da Marasa galihu a Jihar Kaduna, Kwamitin Amintattu, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Lere, memba na ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka-Asia, Parisiamentary Association, American-Canada pariiamentary Association, Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva, Switzerland, Nigerian Future Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya, Gidauniyar Ci gaban Bil Adama ta PRO, Ƙungiyar Mata Musulmai, Kodineta Muryar Mata don Bayar da Shawara, Mai Gudanarwa 100Group Nigeria.<ref>https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/sani-hon-saudatu-a/</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/saudatu-sani-bags-merit-award/</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201511130844.html</ref> == Kyauta == * 'Yar majalisar mata mafi inganci a Najeriya, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu, 2005 * Mafi kyawun lambar yabo ta majalisar wakilai, Cibiyar Raya Jagoranci, Abuja, 2005 * Emancipator na Nigerian Youth Award, National Association of Medical Laboratory Sciences Students. * Kyautar, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Ɗalibai ta Jami'ar Jos. * Kyautar Samfurin Kyau, Cibiyar Al'adun Afirka da pic na Bankin Zenith. * The Jewel in our Crown Award, National Women Mobilization Committee of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Abuja. * Kyautar Membobin Daraja, Ƙungiyar Gynecology da Ciwon ciki. * Award for Management of Excellence, Nigerian Institute of Management. * Kyautar Zinare ta Nelson Mandela don Jagoranci, Cibiyar Jagorancin Fassara na Afirka, Afirka ta Kudu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] == __LEAD_SECTION__ == '''Saudatu Sani''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Mayu,Shekarata alif 1954) yar siyasar Najeriya ce, Sarauniyar Saminaka (Sarauniyar Saminaka). A 2003 aka nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga matar gwamna. Ta kasance ‘yar [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai mai]] wakiltar mazabar tarayya [[Lere|ta Lere]] a jihar Kaduna inda ta fito a jam’iyyar PDP, daga baya aka sake zabe ta a wani wa’adi na biyu daga shekarar 2007 zuwa shekarar 2011. Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ne ya nada ta babbar mataimakiya ta musamman kan shirin MDG.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agbo|first=Catherine|date=2021-10-10|title=REVEALED: Top women in politics who are now missing|url=https://21stcenturychronicle.com/revealed-top-women-in-politics-who-are-now-missing/|access-date=2023-02-18|website=21st CENTURY CHRONICLE|language=en-US}}</ref> 9m05yj40gqbox5whf26ky802dq5vlp6 0 44101 856678 793680 2026-06-14T09:40:23Z Zahrah0 14848 856678 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' Allahbura''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma 'yar kasuwa a Najeriya. Ita 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce, mai ba da shawara kan zaman lafiya da kyakkyawan shugabanci, kuma ta kafa Pull-up Naija, ƙungiyar da ke wayar da kan matasa na Najeriya game da yadda ake aiki na shiga cikin tsarin zabe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas-Odia |first=Ijeoma |date=2022-04-30 |title=Hauwa Allahbura sensitises young people ahead 2023 |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/hauwa-allahbura-sensitises-young-people-ahead-2023/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019132224/https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/hauwa-allahbura-sensitises-young-people-ahead-2023/ |archive-date=2022-10-19 |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=Film Producer, Hauwa Allahbura, to Galvanise Youth for Next General Election through Pull-up Naija |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/20/film-producer-hauwa-allahbura-to-galvanise-youth-for-next-general-election-through-pull-up-naija/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Yinka Davies, Hauwa Allahbura, others join forces to mobilize youths ahead of 2023 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/yinka-davies-hauwa-allahbura-others-join-forces-to-mobilize-youths-ahead-of-2023/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ita ma mai shirya fina-finai ce ta [[Nollywood]] .Ita ce Shugaba na Cut24 Productions kuma ta samar da kuma ba da umarnin fina-finai da yawa ciki har da ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016) The Eve (2018) da ''[[Code Wilo]]'' (2019). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Agadibe |first=Christian |date=2020-04-12 |title=I can never be second wife -Hauwa Allahbura, actress |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/i-can-never-be-second-wife-hauwa-allahbura-actress/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524001452/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/i-can-never-be-second-wife-hauwa-allahbura-actress/ |archive-date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekechukwu |first=Ferdinand |date=2020-10-17 |title=Netflix Grabs Hauwa Allahbura's ''Eve'' |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/10/17/netflix-grabs-hauwa-allahburas-eve/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Oyewobi |first=Akin |date=2019-08-24 |title=New Nollywood political thriller ''Code Wilo'' hits cinemas |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/348336-new-nollywood-political-thriller-code-wilo-hits-cinemas.html |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebirim |first=Juliet |date=2019-09-08 |title=On Hauwa Allahbura's political thriller "Code Wilo" |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/09/on-hauwa-allahburas-political-thriller-code-wilo/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife ta ne a Jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, a cikin dangin jami'an kwastam. Ta fito ne daga Jihar Plateau, Karamar Hukumar Kanam, inda mahaifinta ya fito. Saboda yanayin aikin mahaifinta, ta halarci makarantun firamare a wurare daban-daban guda uku; Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Crescent, Legas; Makarantar Duniya ta Crescent , Kano; da Makarantar Kasa ta Faransa, [[Badagry]] . A makarantar sakandare, ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan sanda, Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]]; da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ilorin, Jihar Kwara . Ta sami digiri na farko a Tarihi da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]] . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London; Kwalejin Fina-Fim ta New York, Jami'ar Jihar Montana kuma tana da difloma daga Jami'ar Harvard a kan Masarautar Tattaunawa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=2019-01-06 |title=I've been single for a long time — Hauwa Allahbura |url=https://punchng.com/ive-been-single-for-a-long-time-hauwa-allahbura/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dream">{{Cite web |last=Bivan |first=Nathaniel |date=2016-04-09 |title=My Oprah Winfrey Dream - Hauwa Allahbura |url=https://dailytrust.com/my-oprah-winfrey-dream-hauwa-allahbura |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[Daily Trust]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin Iyali da Tarihi == Marigayi Ilyasu Yakubu Allahbura, tsohon mataimakin shugaban hukumar kwastam, shi ne mahaifin Hauwa Allahbura. Shi ne ɗa na biyu ga marigayi Mal. Yakubu Allahbura Pate, tsohon shugaban makarantar firamare a yankin Arewa, wanda ya yi ritaya, ɗan Mal Salihu Allabura Muhammad (Pate), ɗaya daga cikin zuriyar Muhammad Maki, wanda ya kafa majalisar masarautar Kanam ta ƙabilar Nazum ta gidan sarautar Bakwaye a Kano, daga gidan sarautar Bakwaye.[[Masarautar Kano]]. == Ayyuka == Allahbura ta fara aikinta wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai gabatar da talabijin na Gaskiya. Ta tafi sauraro, kuma an zaba ta don shiga Mnet Family TV a kan DSTV tana wasa da halin Maro a ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta fito kuma ta samar da fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da Battle Ground: African Magic, ''Las Gidi Vice'', ''Gidi Blues'' (2016) The Eve (2018), ''[[Code Wilo]]'' (2019).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Agadibe |first=Christian |date=2020-04-12 |title=I can never be second wife -Hauwa Allahbura, actress |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/i-can-never-be-second-wife-hauwa-allahbura-actress/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524001452/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/i-can-never-be-second-wife-hauwa-allahbura-actress/ |archive-date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgadibe2020">Agadibe, Christian (12 April 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220524001452/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/i-can-never-be-second-wife-hauwa-allahbura-actress/ "I can never be second wife -Hauwa Allahbura, actress"]. ''[[The Sun]]''. Archived from [https://www.sunnewsonline.com/i-can-never-be-second-wife-hauwa-allahbura-actress/ the original] on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Oyewobi |first=Akin |date=2019-08-24 |title=New Nollywood political thriller ''Code Wilo'' hits cinemas |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/348336-new-nollywood-political-thriller-code-wilo-hits-cinemas.html |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOyewobi2019">Oyewobi, Akin (24 August 2019). [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/348336-new-nollywood-political-thriller-code-wilo-hits-cinemas.html "New Nollywood political thriller ''Code Wilo'' hits cinemas"]. ''[[Premium Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="dream">{{Cite web |last=Bivan |first=Nathaniel |date=2016-04-09 |title=My Oprah Winfrey Dream - Hauwa Allahbura |url=https://dailytrust.com/my-oprah-winfrey-dream-hauwa-allahbura |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[Daily Trust]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBivan2016">Bivan, Nathaniel (9 April 2016). [https://dailytrust.com/my-oprah-winfrey-dream-hauwa-allahbura "My Oprah Winfrey Dream - Hauwa Allahbura"]. ''[[Media Trust|Daily Trust]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ta karfafa matasa su shiga cikin babban zaben Najeriya na shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tugbobo |first=Babatunde |date=2022-04-29 |title=Take active part in politics, actress Hauwa Allahbura urges youths |url=https://punchng.com/take-active-part-in-politics-actress-hauwa-allahbura-urges-youths/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Rovieno (2014) '' * ''Wind Chaser (2015) '' * ''[[Gidi Blues]] (2016) a matsayin Nkem Nochiri'' * ''3 ne Crowd (2017) kamar yadda Oma'' * ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]] (2018) a matsayin Uwa'' * ''Las Gidi Vice (2018) a matsayin Jemila'' * ''Okiripoto (2020) '' == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7b7ylrfuuhblk953yqt5lz7299nu8g6 0 45191 856918 684102 2026-06-14T11:34:23Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309502712|Alassane Diop (footballer)]]" 856918 wikitext text/x-wiki   Alassane Diop (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Mauritanci wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Zakho da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Mauritania . == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 Diop ya tabbatar a shafinsa na Instagram, cewa ya shiga kungiyar Al-Orouba SC ta Oman. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haɗa Diop a cikin tawagar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Mauritania|Mauritania]] don tawagar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2018 a [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Maroko]]. <ref name="ANC">{{Cite web |title=2018 African Nations Championship squads |url=http://www.cafonline.com/Portals/0/Total%20CHAN%202018/Team%20lists%20Eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119051841/http://www.cafonline.com/Portals/0/Total%20CHAN%202018/Team%20lists%20Eng.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-19 |access-date=20 January 2019 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]] |format=PDF}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Mauritania wasa a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2018 a kan Morocco. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === ''Kididdigar da ta dace kamar yadda aka buga wasan 16 Oktoba 2018'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Mauritania]] |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |2018 |6 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Daraja == == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{NFT player|69933}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 29s96qcjpxzfxtk46u4ftwlcn6rvgea 856924 856918 2026-06-14T11:35:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 Gyara 856924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Alassane Diop''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Mauritanci wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Zakho da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Mauritania . == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 Diop ya tabbatar a shafinsa na Instagram, cewa ya shiga kungiyar Al-Orouba SC ta Oman. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haɗa Diop a cikin tawagar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Mauritania|Mauritania]] don tawagar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2018 a [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Maroko]]. <ref name="ANC">{{Cite web |title=2018 African Nations Championship squads |url=http://www.cafonline.com/Portals/0/Total%20CHAN%202018/Team%20lists%20Eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119051841/http://www.cafonline.com/Portals/0/Total%20CHAN%202018/Team%20lists%20Eng.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-19 |access-date=20 January 2019 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]] |format=PDF}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Mauritania wasa a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2018 a kan Morocco. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === ''Kididdigar da ta dace kamar yadda aka buga wasan 16 Oktoba 2018'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Mauritania]] |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |2018 |6 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Daraja == == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{NFT player|69933}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] fszknjayordvvyk38rj4d0cw748yrp0 0 46495 856866 525716 2026-06-14T11:09:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330415872|Lankantien Lamboni]]" 856866 wikitext text/x-wiki   Lankantien Lamboni (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan tsere ne na ƙasar Togo, ƙwararre a tseren mita 400 . [1] Ya shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012 kuma an kore shi a cikin zafi. Ya gudu a wasannin Kazan Universiade a cikin tseren mita 400 da 110 da kuma a gasar zakarun Afirka a cikin tsere na mita 400. A watan Yunin 2012, Lamboni ya cancanci gasar zakarun Afirka a tseren mita 400, inda ya kammala a matsayi na 5 a cikin zafi kuma bai ci gaba ba.<ref name="wa">{{World Athletics}}</ref> Lamboni ya bar [[Lomé]] zuwa London a watan Yulin 2012, kodayake an lura cewa Togo ba ta dauki bakuncin bikin tashi na Olympics ba kamar yadda wasu ƙasashe suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seis atletas representam Togo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres |url=https://www.panapress.com/Seis-atletas-representam-Togo-no-a_836672-lang4-free_news.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=panapress.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Les athlètes togolais ont rallié Londres presque... dans l’indifférence |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/content/download/71641/1802400/1 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=republicoftogo.com |page=4 |language=fr}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa ya yi fushi game da abinci da masauki a ƙauyen Olympic na London, yana mai lura da cewa ba a ba da abincin Afirka kamar yadda aka tallata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JO intimes avec six champions du Togo |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-jo-de-londres-2012-et-de-pekin-2008/20120817.RUE1910/jo-intimes-avec-six-champions-du-togo.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |language=fr}}</ref> An dakatar da Lamboni daga gasar Olympics ta mita 400 saboda "haske mara kyau" kuma bai ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=eTrack eTN2012_52mOGii |url=https://trackandfieldnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/eTN2012_52mOGii.pdf |website=[[Track and Field News]] |page=7}}</ref> Da yake wakiltar Jami'ar ISM Adonaï de Porto-Novo a Benin, Lamboni ya koma gasar kasa da kasa a Wasannin Jami'ar Duniya na 2013, inda ya cancanci duka 110 m da 400 m. Ya kammala na 7 a cikin zafi a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kuma ya kasa ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe. A gasar Tournoi de la Solidarité ta 2016 a Filin wasa na Modibo Keïta a Mali, Lamboni ta lashe lambar tagulla a tseren mita 110. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Athlétisme, tournoi de la Solidarité : Et de six pour le Mali |url=http://news.abamako.com/h/138922.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |language=fr}}</ref> Ya kuma lashe tagulla a cikin 400 m shingen a wannan taron a cikin 2010, kuma a cikin 2013 ya kafa rikodin ƙasa na Togolese a duka 110 m da 400 m shinge a wani taro a cikin wannan birni.<ref name="wa">{{World Athletics}}</ref> == Gasar kasa da kasa == {| {{AchievementTable}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{TGO}} |- |rowspan=2|2012 |[[2012 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Porto-Novo]], Benin |15th (h) |400 m hurdles |[[2012 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres hurdles|53.99]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[London]], United Kingdom | – |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres hurdles|DQ]] |- |rowspan=2|2013 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |rowspan=2|[[Kazan]], Russia |20th (h) |110 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade – Men's 110 metres hurdles|15.42]] |- |24th (h) |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade – Men's 400 metres hurdles|55.06]] |} == Mafi kyawun mutum == * 110 mita shingen - 15.42 (Kazan 2013) * 400 mita shingen - 53.99 (Porto Novo 2012) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] i3c38ddmjrbdtpq2rrfd9j5veanph9m 856871 856866 2026-06-14T11:10:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 Gyara 856871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lankantien Lamboni''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan tsere ne na ƙasar Togo, ƙwararre a tseren mita 400 . [1] Ya shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012 kuma an kore shi a cikin zafi. Ya gudu a wasannin Kazan Universiade a cikin tseren mita 400 da 110 da kuma a gasar zakarun Afirka a cikin tsere na mita 400. A watan Yunin 2012, Lamboni ya cancanci gasar zakarun Afirka a tseren mita 400, inda ya kammala a matsayi na 5 a cikin zafi kuma bai ci gaba ba.<ref name="wa">{{World Athletics}}</ref> Lamboni ya bar [[Lomé]] zuwa London a watan Yulin 2012, kodayake an lura cewa Togo ba ta dauki bakuncin bikin tashi na Olympics ba kamar yadda wasu ƙasashe suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seis atletas representam Togo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres |url=https://www.panapress.com/Seis-atletas-representam-Togo-no-a_836672-lang4-free_news.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=panapress.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Les athlètes togolais ont rallié Londres presque... dans l’indifférence |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/content/download/71641/1802400/1 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=republicoftogo.com |page=4 |language=fr}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa ya yi fushi game da abinci da masauki a ƙauyen Olympic na London, yana mai lura da cewa ba a ba da abincin Afirka kamar yadda aka tallata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JO intimes avec six champions du Togo |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-jo-de-londres-2012-et-de-pekin-2008/20120817.RUE1910/jo-intimes-avec-six-champions-du-togo.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |language=fr}}</ref> An dakatar da Lamboni daga gasar Olympics ta mita 400 saboda "haske mara kyau" kuma bai ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=eTrack eTN2012_52mOGii |url=https://trackandfieldnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/eTN2012_52mOGii.pdf |website=[[Track and Field News]] |page=7}}</ref> Da yake wakiltar Jami'ar ISM Adonaï de Porto-Novo a Benin, Lamboni ya koma gasar kasa da kasa a Wasannin Jami'ar Duniya na 2013, inda ya cancanci duka 110 m da 400 m. Ya kammala na 7 a cikin zafi a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kuma ya kasa ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe. A gasar Tournoi de la Solidarité ta 2016 a Filin wasa na Modibo Keïta a Mali, Lamboni ta lashe lambar tagulla a tseren mita 110. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Athlétisme, tournoi de la Solidarité : Et de six pour le Mali |url=http://news.abamako.com/h/138922.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |language=fr}}</ref> Ya kuma lashe tagulla a cikin 400 m shingen a wannan taron a cikin 2010, kuma a cikin 2013 ya kafa rikodin ƙasa na Togolese a duka 110 m da 400 m shinge a wani taro a cikin wannan birni.<ref name="wa">{{World Athletics}}</ref> == Gasar kasa da kasa == {| {{AchievementTable}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{TGO}} |- |rowspan=2|2012 |[[2012 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Porto-Novo]], Benin |15th (h) |400 m hurdles |[[2012 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres hurdles|53.99]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[London]], United Kingdom | – |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres hurdles|DQ]] |- |rowspan=2|2013 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |rowspan=2|[[Kazan]], Russia |20th (h) |110 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade – Men's 110 metres hurdles|15.42]] |- |24th (h) |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade – Men's 400 metres hurdles|55.06]] |} == Mafi kyawun mutum == * 110 mita shingen - 15.42 (Kazan 2013) * 400 mita shingen - 53.99 (Porto Novo 2012) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] qgo1n8hdpny3kwwn8sdz3yoa68z5f0u 0 46615 856095 669923 2026-06-13T14:54:13Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Roland Hermann Kossivi Amouzou''' (an haife shi ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Togo wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasa mai tsaron baya a kungiyar Ashanti Gold ta Ghana.<ref>"The ultimate 18-team Ghana Premier League season guide 2020/21 - MyJoyOnline.com" . www.myjoyonline.com . Retrieved 17 February 2021.</ref> <ref>"AshantiGold ace Roland Amouzou delighted with Miners early form in Ghana Premier League" . Modern Ghana . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin ya koma Ashanti Gold a cikin shekarar 2017, Amouzou ya buga wa Sekondi Hasaacas wasa. Tun shekarar 2017 ya fara cinikinsa da kulob din Ashanti Gold na Obuasi.<ref>"Roland Amouzou - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive" . globalsportsarchive.com . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> <ref>Association, Ghana Football. "AshantiGold SC draw blank against Medeama SC in Obuasi" . www.ghanafa.org . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> Ya kasance memba na tawagar da ta taka leda a gasar cin kofin CAF ta shekarar 2020-21.<ref>Osman, Abdul Wadudu (3 December 2020). "#CAFCC - Ashantigold announce 20-man squad for the trip to Burkina Faso" . Football Made In Ghana . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> <ref>"SCOREBOARD: Results and matchday stats of GPL Week 9 - MyJoyOnline.com" . www.myjoyonline.com . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Roland Amouzou at Global Sports Archive * {{Soccerway|id=438811}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] h3rofmay1lt1ynmdflml2f9s528i79j 856096 856095 2026-06-13T14:54:36Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Roland Hermann Kossivi Amouzou''' (an haife shi ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Togo, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasa mai tsaron baya a kungiyar Ashanti Gold ta Ghana.<ref>"The ultimate 18-team Ghana Premier League season guide 2020/21 - MyJoyOnline.com" . www.myjoyonline.com . Retrieved 17 February 2021.</ref> <ref>"AshantiGold ace Roland Amouzou delighted with Miners early form in Ghana Premier League" . Modern Ghana . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin ya koma Ashanti Gold a cikin shekarar 2017, Amouzou ya buga wa Sekondi Hasaacas wasa. Tun shekarar 2017 ya fara cinikinsa da kulob din Ashanti Gold na Obuasi.<ref>"Roland Amouzou - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive" . globalsportsarchive.com . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> <ref>Association, Ghana Football. "AshantiGold SC draw blank against Medeama SC in Obuasi" . www.ghanafa.org . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> Ya kasance memba na tawagar da ta taka leda a gasar cin kofin CAF ta shekarar 2020-21.<ref>Osman, Abdul Wadudu (3 December 2020). "#CAFCC - Ashantigold announce 20-man squad for the trip to Burkina Faso" . Football Made In Ghana . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> <ref>"SCOREBOARD: Results and matchday stats of GPL Week 9 - MyJoyOnline.com" . www.myjoyonline.com . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Roland Amouzou at Global Sports Archive * {{Soccerway|id=438811}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] omqsgwo7278mqqqe3r743r8rq5vceiz 856097 856096 2026-06-13T14:55:43Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Roland Hermann Kossivi Amouzou''' (an haife shi ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Togo, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasa mai tsaron baya a kungiyar Ashanti Gold ta kasar Ghana.<ref>"The ultimate 18-team Ghana Premier League season guide 2020/21 - MyJoyOnline.com" . www.myjoyonline.com . Retrieved 17 February 2021.</ref> <ref>"AshantiGold ace Roland Amouzou delighted with Miners early form in Ghana Premier League" . Modern Ghana . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin ya koma Ashanti Gold a cikin shekarar 2017, Amouzou ya buga wa Sekondi Hasaacas wasa. Tun shekarar 2017 ya fara cinikinsa da kulob din Ashanti Gold na Obuasi.<ref>"Roland Amouzou - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive" . globalsportsarchive.com . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> <ref>Association, Ghana Football. "AshantiGold SC draw blank against Medeama SC in Obuasi" . www.ghanafa.org . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> Ya kasance memba na tawagar da ta taka leda a gasar cin kofin CAF ta shekarar 2020-21.<ref>Osman, Abdul Wadudu (3 December 2020). "#CAFCC - Ashantigold announce 20-man squad for the trip to Burkina Faso" . Football Made In Ghana . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> <ref>"SCOREBOARD: Results and matchday stats of GPL Week 9 - MyJoyOnline.com" . www.myjoyonline.com . Retrieved 19 March 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Roland Amouzou at Global Sports Archive * {{Soccerway|id=438811}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] kwf8s6aem5lahuwm67nmzp7clwd9x40 0 50243 856612 847820 2026-06-14T08:22:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342496122|Pneumococcal infection]]" 856612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cutar huhu''' cuta ce da kwayar cuta ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' ta haifar. ''S. pneumoniae'' memba ne na yau da kullun na ƙwayoyin cuta da ke mamaye hanci da makogwaro na 5-10% na manya masu lafiya da 20-40% na yara masu lafiya. Koyaya, kuma yana haifar da mummunar cuta, kasancewa babban dalilin cutar huhu, [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]] na ƙwayoyin cuta, da [[sepsis]]. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta cewa a cikin 2005, cututtukan pneumococcal suna da alhakin mutuwar yara miliyan 1.6 a duk duniya.<ref name="WHO2007">{{Cite journal |last=WHO |year=2007 |title=Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization—WHO position paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2007/wer8212.pdf |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |location=Geneva |publisher=World Health Organization |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=93–104 |pmid=17380597}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pneumococcal_meningitis.jpg|thumb|Kwayar mai haƙuri wanda ke da cutar pneumocccal meningitis]] Ciwon huhu na huhu yana wakiltar 15%-50% na duk abubuwan da suka faru na ciwon huhu da al'umma suka samu, 30-50% na duk lokuta na cututtukan otitis mai tsanani, da kuma babban rabo na cututদakar jini da [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]] na ƙwayoyin cuta. Kamar yadda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ta kiyasta, a shekara ta 2005 ya kashe kimanin yara miliyan 1.6 a kowace shekara a duk duniya tare da miliyan 0.7-1 daga cikinsu suna ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar. Yawancin waɗannan mutuwar sun kasance a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="WHO2007">{{Cite journal |last=WHO |year=2007 |title=Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization—WHO position paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2007/wer8212.pdf |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |location=Geneva |publisher=World Health Organization |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=93–104 |pmid=17380597}}</ref> == Halitta == Ana samun S. pneumoniae a cikin hanci da makogwaro na 5-10% na manya masu lafiya da 20-40% na yara masu lafiya.[1] Ana iya samun shi a cikin adadi mafi girma a wasu mahalli, musamman wadanda mutane ke ciyar da lokaci mai yawa kusa da juna (cibiyoyin kulawa na rana, barikin soja). Yana haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin nasopharyngeal ta hanyar hulɗar ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan mulkin mallaka na yau da kullun na iya zama mai kamuwa da cuta idan an kai kwayoyin zuwa yankuna kamar bututun Eustachian ko sinus na hanci inda zai iya haifar da otitis media da sinusitis, bi da bi. Pneumonia yana faruwa idan an sha kwayoyin cikin huhu kuma ba a share su ba (kuma, kamuwa da kwayar cuta, ko shan sigari na ciwon ƙwayar cuta na iya zama abubuwan da ke taimakawa). Kwayar polysaccharide ta kwayoyin halitta ta sa ta yi tsayayya da phagocytosis kuma idan babu wani antibody antibody alveolar macrophages da ke akwai ba zai iya kashe pneumococci ba. Kwayar cutar ta bazu zuwa jini (inda za ta iya haifar da bacteremia) kuma ana ɗaukar ta zuwa meninges, sararin haɗin gwiwa, ƙasusuwa, da Ramin peritoneal, kuma yana iya haifar da meningitis, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, septic arthritis, ko osteomyelitis. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] ''S. pneumoniae'' yana da dalilai masu yawa na ƙwayoyin cuta, kari da kwayar cutar polysaccharide da aka ambata a baya, wanda ke taimakawa wajen guje wa tsarin rIgA mai masaukin. Yana da sunadarai na pneumococcal wanda ke hana haɓakar matsakaici, kuma yana ɓoye IgA1 protease wanda zai lalata IgA na sirri wanda jiki ya samar kuma yana yin sulhu da haɗe-haɗe da mucosal na numfashi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hadarin kamuwa da cutar pneumococcal ya karu sosai a cikin mutanen da ke da rauni na IgG, lalacewar phagocytosis, ko kuma lalacewar pneumococci. Musamman, rashin ƙwayar cuta mai aiki, ta hanyar Asplenia na haihuwa, cire ƙwayar cutawa ta hanyar tiyata, ko cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da mutum zuwa mafi tsanani na kamuwa da cuta (mai yawa bayan kamuwa da cutar splenectomy) da matakan rigakafi ana nuna su. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Mutanen da ke da tsarin rigakafi mai lalacewa, kamar waɗanda ke zaune tare da kwayar cutar kanjamau, suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar pneumococcal.<ref name="Siemieniuk 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siemieniuk RA, Gregson DB, Gill MJ |date=November 2011 |title=The persisting burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV patients: an observational cohort study |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=11 |issue=314 |pages=314 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-11-314 |pmc=3226630 |pmid=22078162 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin marasa lafiya na HIV tare da samun damar samun magani, haɗarin cutar huhu mai yaduwa shine 0.2-1% a kowace shekara kuma yana da yawan mace-mace na 8%.<ref name="Siemieniuk 2011" /> Akwai alaƙa tsakanin cutar huhu da [[Influenza|mura]]. Lalacewar hanyar iska (epithelium na numfashi) da tsarin numfashi na sama wanda ya haifar da mura na iya sauƙaƙa shigar da pneumococcal da kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walter ND, Taylor TH, Shay DK, etal |year=2010 |title=Influenza Circulation and the Burden of Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia during a Non-pandemic Period in the United States |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=175–183 |doi=10.1086/649208 |pmid=20014948 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, mura yana canza tsarin rigakafin da aka haifa a cikin yanayin da ya fi dacewa da kamuwa da cututtukan pneumococcal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jochems |first=Simon P. |last2=Marcon |first2=Fernando |last3=Carniel |first3=Beatriz F. |last4=Holloway |first4=Mark |last5=Mitsi |first5=Elena |last6=Smith |first6=Emma |last7=Gritzfeld |first7=Jenna F. |last8=Solórzano |first8=Carla |last9=Reiné |first9=Jesús |last10=Pojar |first10=Sherin |last11=Nikolaou |first11=Elissavet |last12=German |first12=Esther L. |last13=Hyder-Wright |first13=Angie |last14=Hill |first14=Helen |last15=Hales |first15=Caz |date=December 2018 |title=Inflammation induced by influenza virus impairs human innate immune control of pneumococcus |journal=Nature Immunology |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1299–1308 |doi=10.1038/s41590-018-0231-y |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin mutuwar da aka yi a cikin annobar mura ta 1918 sun kasance saboda kamuwa da cuta, musamman pneumococcus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klugman |first=Keith P. |last2=Chien |first2=Yu-Wen |last3=Madhi |first3=Shabir A. |date=August 2009 |title=Pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza: A deadly combination |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |pages=C9–C14 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.007}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai alaƙa tsakanin kamuwa da cutar pneumococcal da kamuwa da kwayar cutar syncytial tsakanin yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Besteman |first=Sjanna B |last2=Bogaert |first2=Debby |last3=Bont |first3=Louis |last4=Mejias |first4=Asuncion |last5=Ramilo |first5=Octavio |last6=Weinberger |first6=Daniel M |last7=Dagan |first7=Ron |date=November 2024 |title=Interactions between respiratory syncytial virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of childhood respiratory infections: a systematic review |journal=The Lancet Respiratory Medicine |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=915–932 |doi=10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00148-6}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da shan sigari, Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[Hepatitis C]], da [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|COPD]].<ref name="Siemieniuk 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siemieniuk RA, Gregson DB, Gill MJ |date=November 2011 |title=The persisting burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV patients: an observational cohort study |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=11 |issue=314 |pages=314 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-11-314 |pmc=3226630 |pmid=22078162 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9fbv4u0yx07v85q71d6trgltfiuo8n7 0 53283 856737 565724 2026-06-14T10:07:15Z Zahrah0 14848 856737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Walid Ismail (soccer player).jpg|thumb|walid]] [[Fayil:2020-21 Nejmeh vs Bourj 03 (Walid Ismail).jpg|thumb|Walid]] [[Fayil:2020-21 Nejmeh vs Bourj 20.jpg|thumb|walid]] [[Fayil:Walid Ismail (soccer player).jpg|thumb|Walid Ismail]] '''Walid Bahij Ismail''' ( {{Lang-ar|وليد بهيج إسماعيل}} </link> ; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1984) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Lebanon]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] . [[Fayil:2020-21 Ahed vs Bourj 05.jpg|thumb|walid]] [[Fayil:2020-21 Ahed vs Bourj 01.jpg|thumb|walid da alkalan wasa]] Ismail ya fara aikinsa a Lebanon a Islah Borj Shmali, kafin ya buga wasa a Racing Beirut sannan Nejmeh, wanda tare da shi ya ci kofin gasar 2013–14 . A cikin shekara ta 2014 ya koma Zob Ahan a [[Iran]], inda ya lashe kofunan Hazfi guda biyu a jere-a cikin shekara ta 2014–15 da shekarar 2015–16 . Ismail ya koma Lebanon a shekarar 2016, yana wasa a Safa, Salam Zgharta, Bourj da Sagesse . Yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kasarsa da suka fi taka leda, inda ya wakilci Lebanon sau 68 a duniya tsakanin shekarar 2010 da shekara ta 2019. Ismail ya halarci gasar cin kofin nahiyar Asiya ta shekarar 2011, 2015, da shekarar 2019 AFC Asian Cup, da 2014 da ah 2018 FIFA World Cup . Ya kuma taka leda a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta shekarar 2019, a karon farko na Lebanon ta hanyar cancanta. == Aikin kulob == Yafara aiki a Islah Borj Shmali a rukuni na biyu na kasar Lebanon Ismail ya buga wasa a kungiyar Racing Beirut ta kasar Lebanon kafin ya koma Nejmeh a shekarar 2013 inda ya lashe gasar lig daya da Super Cup daya da kofin Elite guda daya kuma ya taimaka musu wajen kaiwa zagayen gasar. 16 na 2013 AFC Cup . A cikin shekaran 2014, ya koma kulob din Zob Ahan na Iran wanda ya lashe Kofin Hazfi guda biyu tare da taka leda a gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC . <ref name=":02" /> A cikin shekara ta 2016 ya koma Lebanon a Safa, inda ya shafe yanayi biyu, kafin ya shiga Salam Zgharta a shekarar 2018. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2019, Ismail ya shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar Bourj . Ismail ya koma sabuwar kungiyar Sagesse a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021, kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya. Ya bar kulob din a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2022. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ismail ya wakilci kasar Lebanon a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Asiya ta AFC shekarar 2019 . A ranar 21 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2019, Ismail ya sanar da yin ritaya daga buga kwallon kafa na duniya. == Salon wasa == Duk da yake ba mai saurin [[Mai buga baya|hagu ba]] ne, gwagwalad Ismail an san shi da natsuwa da gogewa a filin wasa. == Kididdigar sana'a == === Ƙasashen Duniya === : ''Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Lebanon na farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowane burin Ismail'' . {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Walid Ismail ya zura a raga ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasa ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" | 1 | 19 Disamba 2012 | Saida Municipal Stadium, Sidon, Lebanon |</img> Pakistan | align="center" | 1-0 | align="center" | 3–1 | Sada zumunci | |} == Girmamawa == '''Nejmeh''' * Gasar Premier ta Lebanon : 2013–14 '''Zoba Ahan''' * Kofin Hazfi : 2014–15, 2015–16 '''Mutum''' * Kungiyar Premier League ta Lebanon : 2012–13, 2013–14 == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa na Lebanon == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Walid Ismail at FA Lebanon * [https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/leb-ismail-intl.html Walid Ismail] at RSSSF * {{NFT player|36449}} * {{Soccerway|120780}} * Walid Ismail at Goalzz.com (also in Arabic at Kooora.com) * Walid Ismail at Lebanon Football Guide {{Lebanon squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}}{{Navboxes|title=Awards|bg=gold|fg=navy|list1={{2012–13 Lebanese Premier League Team of the Year}} {{2013–14 Lebanese Premier League Team of the Year}}}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] g9oigbm015ybq2x8k7676uq401lddrb 0 53311 856760 422676 2026-06-14T10:15:32Z Zahrah0 14848 856760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Faisal Abdelhassan Antar''' ( {{Lang-ar|فيصل عبد الحسن عنتر}} </link> ; an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Disambar shekarar alif dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978A.C) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Dan wasan kwallon kafa]] ne [[Lebanon|Dan kasar Lebanon]] wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron gida]] . Ya buga dukan aikinsa a gasar Premier ta Lebanon, don Tadamon Sour, Olympic Beirut, Nejmeh, da Mabarra . Antar kuma ya wakilci tawagar kasar Lebanon a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta shekarar 2000, inda ya kasance a tawagar kasar daga shekarar alif 1998 zuwa shekarar 2007. Faisal Kane ne ga tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa Roda Antar. A cikin watan Yuni shekarar 2010, Antar ya sanar da ritayarsa kuma ya zama Hall of Famer a cikin Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lebanon . == Aikin kulob == Antar ya fara babban aikinsa a kungiyar Tadamon Sour ta kasar Lebanon a lokacin kakar shekarar 1998–99 . Antar ya taimaka wa Tadamon ta lashe kofin FA na farko na Lebanon, a cikin shekarar 2000–01, bayan ta doke Ansar da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe. A cikin shekarar 2002 Antar ya koma Olympic Beirut, <ref name=":1" /> ya lashe gasar cikin gida biyu (legi da kofin) a farkon kakarsa a kulob din shekarar ( 2002-03 ). <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> Bayan yanayi uku a Tadamon, Antar ya koma Nejmeh a lokacin rani na shekarar 2005, biyo bayan gwaji na tsawon mako guda a cikin watan Janairu Shekarar 2005 a kulob din Scottish [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] . <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rangers/4187147.stm Rangers pass on Lebanon captain] BBC Sport, 21 January 2005</ref> A farkon kakarsa a Nejmeh, Antar ya lashe Kofin Elite na Lebanon na shekarar 2005. A cikin shekarar 2007, Antar ya koma Mabarra, tare da wanda ya lashe gasar cin kofin FA na farko ( shekarar 2007-shekarar 08 ). A shekara ta 2009 Antar ya koma Tadamon Sour, inda ya zauna har zuwa shekarar 2010, bayan haka ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa. <ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2011 ya janye shawararsa na yin ritaya, kuma ya buga wasanni biyu don Tadamon a lokacin kakar shekarar 2011- shekarar 2012 . <ref name=":1" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Antar ya buga wa Lebanon U21 a shekarar 1999, a fafatawar da Jamhuriyar Czech . Antar ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Lebanon a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1998, a gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa na shekarar 1998 ; Saudiyya ta sha kashi a hannun Lebanon da ci 4-1. Burin farko na Antar ya zo ne a ranar 25 ga ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2001, a wasan sada zumunci da kasar Philippines ; ya taimakawa Lebanon ta ci 3-0. <ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Faisal Antar dan uwa ne ga tsohon gwagwalada kyaftin din tawagar kasar Lebanon Roda Antar . == Kididdigar sana'a == === Kasashen Duniya === : ''Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Lebanon.'' {| class="wikitable" !# ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | Afrilu 25, 2001 | Filin wasa na Municipal, Tripoli |</img> Philippines | '''2-0''' | 3–0 | Sada zumunci |- | 2. | 26 ga Mayu 2001 | Suphachalasai Stadium, [[Bangkok]] |</img> Pakistan | '''1-0''' | 8-1 | 2002 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya |- | 3. | 28 ga Mayu 2001 | Suphachalasai Stadium, Bangkok |</img> Sri Lanka | '''2-0''' | 5–0 | 2002 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya |- | 4. | 8 Satumba 2004 | Rasmee Dhandu Stadium, [[Malé]] |</img> Maldives | '''2-0''' | 5-2 | 2006 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |- |} == Girmamawa == '''Tadamon Sour''' * Kofin FA na Lebanon : 2000–01 '''Olympic Beirut''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Lebanon : 2002–03 * Kofin FA na Lebanon : 2002–03 '''Mabarra''' * Kofin FA na Lebanon : 2007–08 '''Mutum''' * Kungiyar Premier League ta Lebanon : 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2001-02, [ 2004-05, 2005-06 == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa na Lebanon * Jerin sunayen 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na duniya da aka haifa a wajen Lebanon * Jerin iyalan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Lebanon squad 2000 AFC Asian Cup}}{{Navboxes|title=Awards|bg=gold|fg=navy|list1={{1998–99 Lebanese Premier League Team of the Year}} {{1999–2000 Lebanese Premier League Team of the Year}} {{2000–01 Lebanese Premier League Team of the Year}} {{2001–02 Lebanese Premier League Team of the Year}} {{2004–05 Lebanese Premier League Team of the Year}} {{2005–06 Lebanese Premier League Team of the Year}}}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1978]] goey39oodmnnj4jkzsgt7oqxs90mnby 0 53474 856275 720197 2026-06-13T17:28:52Z Zahrah0 14848 856275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hafsat Shehu''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana'antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], Kuma mata ga fitaccen jarumi Margayi Ahmad S Nuhu, tana daya daga cikin kyawawan mata a masana'antar kannywood a wancan lokaci, Kuma<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-actress-hafsat-shehu-wife-of-late-actor-ahmad-s-nuhu/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722160504/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-actress-hafsat-shehu-wife-of-late-actor-ahmad-s-nuhu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hafsat Shehu ta yi tashe a masana'antar fim ta Hausa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/dd1f8ffe779765c83e56723b1fc82d40 |access-date=2023-07-22 |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722155055/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/dd1f8ffe779765c83e56723b1fc82d40 |url-status=dead }}</ref>Jarumar tayi fina finai da dama irin su: Yayi Tutar So Sakata Zabbari Da sauran su == Takaitaccen Tarihin Ta == An haife a ranar 28 ga watan nuwamba a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da shida miladiyya (1986) a garin Kano jihar Kano, tayi karatun firamare a Kano daga Nan tai sakandiri a makarantar gwamnatin ta mata ta shekarau ta gama a shekarar 2003, bayan Nan Bata Dora karatu ba ta fada harkan fim , da yarjewar iyayenta babanta da kansa ya damka ta a hannun sarki [[Ali Nuhu|Ali nuhu]], inda tace Ali nuhu ya kula da ita tamkar yar uwarsa ta jini,fim din data fara Yi shine fim din(kamshi)Wanda ya Kuma fitowa da ita shine fim din (zabbari). A wurin Shirin fim din ta hadu da Ahmad S Nuhu margayi, inda suka fara soyayyah harta Kai su ga aure, auren soyayyah da fahimtan juna, Ahmad ya rasu a hanyar sa ta [[Maiduguri]] zuwa wasan sallah hadarin mota,ya rasu ya barta da ciki, bayan mutuwar sa ta Kara yin Wani auren , auren be jima ba ta fito. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1986]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kano]] js98uznbz7vn17ur8nn41dlen3yuewt 0 53881 856025 584465 2026-06-13T12:39:23Z Gambo Rufai 45907 856025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Specioza Wandira Kazibwe (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton specioza wa ndira]] Speciosa Naigaga ,Wandira Kazibwe (an haifi 1 Yuli 1954), ƴar siyasan Uganda ce kuma mace ta farko mataimakiyar shugabar kasa a Afirka.[1] Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar kasar Uganda ta shida daga shekarar ta 1994 zuwa 2003, inda ta zama mace ta farko a nahiyar Afirka da ta taba rike mukamin mataimakiyar shugabar wata kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Dr. Speciosa Kazibwe kuma likitan fiɗa ce 'yar Uganda. Ana kuma kiranta da “Nnalongo”, saboda tagwayenta[2]. A watan Agustan shekarar 2013, Sakatare Janar na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Ban Ki-Moon ya nada ta a matsayin jakadiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] a Afirka[3]. == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Speciosa Kazibwe a gundumar Iganga a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1954. Ta halarci Makarantar Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga, babbar makarantar sakandaren kwana ta mata duka da ke da alaƙa da [[Cocin katolika|cocin Katolika]], wanda ke kan babbar titin Kampala-Jinja, kusa da garin Lugazi . A shekarar 1974 ta shiga Makarantar koyon aikin likitanci ta Jami'ar Makerere, inda ta karanci likitancin dan Adam, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin likitanci da digiri na farko a fannin tiyata a shekarar 1979. Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci, kuma daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere, ta kware a aikin tiyata . A cikin 2009, an ba ta digiri na Doctor of Science (SD), ta Harvard School of Public Health, Sashen Yawan Jama'a da Lafiya ta Duniya. == Gwarewar aiki == Kazibwe ta fara aikinta na siyasa ne a matsayin Shugabar Shugabannin Zauren Mazauna Jami'ar Makerere Kampala (1975-76) - kwatankwacin Shugabar Guild na Jami'a, wanda Shugaba [[Idi Amin]] Dada ya soke. Daga baya ta zama memba na matasa da mata na jam'iyyar Demokradiyar Uganda . Ta ci zabenta na farko a matsayin shugabar kauye, akan tikitin National Resistance Movement (NRM) a 1987. Daga baya aka zabe ta a matsayin wakiliyar mata a [[Kampala|gundumar Kampala]] kuma ta zama shugabar kwamitin ba da shawara kan yakin neman zaben [[Yoweri Museveni|Museveni]] . [[Fayil:Specioza Wandira Kazibwe.jpg|thumb|Specioza Kazibwe a cikin mutane ]] Ta fara hidimar gwamnatin [[Yoweri Museveni]] a shekarar 1989, lokacin da aka nada ta mataimakiyar ministar masana'antu, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa shekarar 1991. Daga 1991 zuwa 1994, ta yi minista mai kula da jinsi da ci gaban al'umma. Ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Tsarin Mulki wadda ta tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda a 1994. A 1996, an zabe ta ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Kigulu ta kudu a gundumar Iganga . Daga 1994 har zuwa 2003, Speciosa Kazibwe ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Uganda kuma a matsayin Ministan Noma, Masana'antar Dabbobi da Kamun Kifi. Kazibwe ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga mata a matsayinsu a [[Afirka]] . Tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka da [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|hukumar kula da tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta kafa ''kwamitin kula da zaman lafiya da ci gaban mata na Afirka'' (AWCPD) a shekarar 1998; kungiyar da ta shugabanta. Manufar AWCPD ita ce ta taimaka wajen ba mata damar shiga cikin harkokin zaman lafiya da ci gaba a nahiyar. Dr. Kazibwe kuma ya kasance shugaba ko memba na kungiyoyi masu fa'ida na kasa daban-daban, ciki har da: * Kungiyar Manyan Mata Masu Shawara Kan Muhalli * The Uganda Women Entrepreneur Association Limited * Kungiyar likitocin mata ta Uganda * Agri-Energy Roundtable Uganda (AER/U) Kazibwe ya jagoranci taron farko na AER/Uganda a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1991 a Kampala Sheraton sannan kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin karramawar Agri-Energy Roundtable (AER) na tsawon shekaru da dama, inda ya samu karbuwa sosai. A cikin 1998, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ( FAO ) ta ba ta lambar yabo ta "Ceres Medal" saboda "gudumar da ta bayar don samar da abinci da kawar da talauci". == Bayanan sirri == A cikin Afrilu 2002, Kazibwe ta shigar da ƙarar saki daga mijinta, tana mai cewa ta ƙi a ci gaba da cin zarafinta . Auren mace fiye da daya da mata ya zama ruwan dare a [[Uganda]], amma kisan aure ba kasafai ba ne. Mijin nata ya ki amincewa da sakin auren, yana mai cewa addininsa [[Cocin katolika|na Katolika ne]], kuma ya ce matarsa ta dawo gida a makare ba tare da bayar da cikakken bayani ba, kuma ta shiga tare da wasu ’yan siyasa da ba ya so. Da yake samun wahalar aiwatar da ayyukanta na siyasa da kuma magance matsalar kisan aure da ke kara ruruwa, a ranar Laraba, 21 ga Mayu, 2003, Kazibwe ta sauka daga mukaminta na gwamnati, inda ta nemi a ba ta damar ci gaba da karatu. Ta kammala digiri na uku a Jami'ar Harvard . Tana da ‘ya’ya hudu ciki har da tagwaye daga aurenta na farko kuma ta dauki wasu da dama. <ref name="Violence" /> == Nassoshi == <references responsive="0"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1881472.stm Game da Cin Zarafin Cikin Gida a Uganda] {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] 3hpzdv29noifz4igytvzkzd2sd1exvr 0 54085 856166 435919 2026-06-13T16:40:29Z Shafa Hassan 45932 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342157415|Frank Rajah Arase]]" 856166 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People" /> .<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarshe, Abdul Salam Mumuni na Venus Films ya ba da shawarar kwangilar shekaru biyu ga Arase, wanda ya haɗa da gabatar da 'yan ''[[The Game (2010 fim)|Wasan]]'' Ghana a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood da kuma sanya su da ikon tauraron da za a iya kwatanta da' yan wasan Najeriya. 'Yan wasan Ghana da suka zama sanannun ta hanyar wannan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da: [[Jackie Appiah]], [[Van Vicker]], [[Majid Michel]], [[Nadia Buari]], [[John Dumelo]], [[Kalsoume Sinare]] da [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] da sauransu. An tsawaita kwangilar har tsawon shekaru biyu wanda ya haifar da gabatar da karin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Yvonne Nelson]], [[Juliet Ibrahim]], [[Frank Artus]] da [[Martha Ankomah|Marta Ankomah]] . Fim din da aka samar a wannan lokacin sun hada da: Mummy's Daughter, ''Beyonce'', Heart of Men, The Game, Who Loves Me? , ''Gimbiya Tyra'', Sarkin na ne, ''[[Agony of Christ (fim)|Mutuwar Kristi]]'', ''Laifi ga Kristi'' da sauransu da yawa. An samar da fina-finai tare da kamfanin samar da fina'a na Arase, Raj da Heroes Films . <ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kwangilarsa tare da Venus Film ta ƙare, ya ci gaba da samar da kansa ta hanyar kayan aikinsa, wanda tun daga lokacin ya fitar da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Somewhere in Africa da fim din ''[[Iyore]]'' . <ref name="City People" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Arase shine yaro na biyu a cikin iyali. Ya auri wata mace ta Saliyo kuma iyalinsa suna zaune ne a Najeriya.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Arase a halin yanzu tana zaune ne a [[Accra]], Ghana da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. <ref name="City People" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=Ghana Nation}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Komawar Beyonce (2006) '' * ''[[Yarinyar Mummy]] (2006) '' * ''[[Princess Tyra|Gimbiya Tyra]] (2007) '' * ''Laifi ga Kristi (2007) '' * ''Ƙaunar Rai (2008) '' * ''Zuciya ta Maza (2009) '' * ''[[Agony of Christ (fim)|Mutuwar Kristi]] (2009) '' * ''Delilah (jerin talabijin) '' * ''4 Yi wasa (2010) '' * ''Jaraba (2010) '' * ''[[The Game (2010 fim)|Wasan]] (2010) '' * ''Wani wuri a Afirka (2011) '' * ''Bride na ango (2012) '' * ''Farashin (2013) '' * ''The Will (2013) '' * ''[[Iyore]] (2014) '' * ''Scars (2015) '' * ''Ghana Dole ne ta tafi (2016) '' * ''[[A cikin Ƙasa ta (fim na 2017)|A cikin Ƙasar ta]] (2017) '' * Ƙayyadadden (2018) * ''[[The Legend of Inikpi|Labarin Inikpi]] (2020) '' * ''Red Carpet (2022) '' * ''Tasirin Zunubi (2023) '' * ''Rikicin (2023) '' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2606732}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] evaecvmqbd686t57xxu6k4rlfwg0anu 856176 856166 2026-06-13T16:42:26Z Shafa Hassan 45932 856176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People" /> .<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarshe, Abdul Salam Mumuni na Venus Films ya ba da shawarar kwangilar shekaru biyu ga Arase, wanda ya haɗa da gabatar da 'yan ''[[The Game (2010 fim)|Wasan]]'' Ghana a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood da kuma sanya su da ikon tauraron da za a iya kwatanta da' yan wasan Najeriya. 'Yan wasan Ghana da suka zama sanannun ta hanyar wannan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da: [[Jackie Appiah]], [[Van Vicker]], [[Majid Michel]], [[Nadia Buari]], [[John Dumelo]], [[Kalsoume Sinare]] da [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] da sauransu. An tsawaita kwangilar har tsawon shekaru biyu wanda ya haifar da gabatar da karin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Yvonne Nelson]], [[Juliet Ibrahim]], [[Frank Artus]] da [[Martha Ankomah|Marta Ankomah]] . Fim din da aka samar a wannan lokacin sun hada da: Mummy's Daughter, ''Beyonce'', Heart of Men, The Game, Who Loves Me? , ''Gimbiya Tyra'', Sarkin na ne, ''[[Agony of Christ (fim)|Mutuwar Kristi]]'', ''Laifi ga Kristi'' da sauransu da yawa. An samar da fina-finai tare da kamfanin samar da fina'a na Arase, Raj da Heroes Films . <ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kwangilarsa tare da Venus Film ta ƙare, ya ci gaba da samar da kansa ta hanyar kayan aikinsa, wanda tun daga lokacin ya fitar da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Somewhere in Africa da fim din ''[[Iyore]]'' . <ref name="City People" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Arase shine yaro na biyu a cikin iyali. Ya auri wata mace ta Saliyo kuma iyalinsa suna zaune ne a Najeriya.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Arase a halin yanzu tana zaune ne a [[Accra]], Ghana da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. <ref name="City People" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=Ghana Nation}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Komawar Beyonce (2006) '' * ''[[Yarinyar Mummy]] (2006) '' * ''[[Princess Tyra|Gimbiya Tyra]] (2007) '' * ''Laifi ga Kristi (2007) '' * ''Ƙaunar Rai (2008) '' * ''Zuciya ta Maza (2009) '' * ''[[Agony of Christ (fim)|Mutuwar Kristi]] (2009) '' * ''Delilah (jerin talabijin) '' * ''4 Yi wasa (2010) '' * ''Jaraba (2010) '' * ''[[The Game (2010 fim)|Wasan]] (2010) '' * ''Wani wuri a Afirka (2011) '' * ''Bride na ango (2012) '' * ''Farashin (2013) '' * ''The Will (2013) '' * ''[[Iyore]] (2014) '' * ''Scars (2015) '' * ''Ghana Dole ne ta tafi (2016) '' * ''[[A cikin Ƙasa ta (fim na 2017)|A cikin Ƙasar ta]] (2017) '' * Ƙayyadadden (2018) * ''[[The Legend of Inikpi|Labarin Inikpi]] (2020) '' * ''Red Carpet (2022) '' * ''Tasirin Zunubi (2023) '' * ''Rikicin (2023) '' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2606732}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hxbbsd3wldpal56vfxbpt0s9a22y1q0 856180 856176 2026-06-13T16:43:28Z Shafa Hassan 45932 856180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda kuma ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People" /> .<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarshe, Abdul Salam Mumuni na Venus Films ya ba da shawarar kwangilar shekaru biyu ga Arase, wanda ya haɗa da gabatar da 'yan ''[[The Game (2010 fim)|Wasan]]'' Ghana a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood da kuma sanya su da ikon tauraron da za a iya kwatanta da' yan wasan Najeriya. 'Yan wasan Ghana da suka zama sanannun ta hanyar wannan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da: [[Jackie Appiah]], [[Van Vicker]], [[Majid Michel]], [[Nadia Buari]], [[John Dumelo]], [[Kalsoume Sinare]] da [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] da sauransu. An tsawaita kwangilar har tsawon shekaru biyu wanda ya haifar da gabatar da karin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Yvonne Nelson]], [[Juliet Ibrahim]], [[Frank Artus]] da [[Martha Ankomah|Marta Ankomah]] . Fim din da aka samar a wannan lokacin sun hada da: Mummy's Daughter, ''Beyonce'', Heart of Men, The Game, Who Loves Me? , ''Gimbiya Tyra'', Sarkin na ne, ''[[Agony of Christ (fim)|Mutuwar Kristi]]'', ''Laifi ga Kristi'' da sauransu da yawa. An samar da fina-finai tare da kamfanin samar da fina'a na Arase, Raj da Heroes Films . <ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kwangilarsa tare da Venus Film ta ƙare, ya ci gaba da samar da kansa ta hanyar kayan aikinsa, wanda tun daga lokacin ya fitar da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Somewhere in Africa da fim din ''[[Iyore]]'' . <ref name="City People" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Arase shine yaro na biyu a cikin iyali. Ya auri wata mace ta Saliyo kuma iyalinsa suna zaune ne a Najeriya.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Arase a halin yanzu tana zaune ne a [[Accra]], Ghana da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. <ref name="City People" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=Ghana Nation}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Komawar Beyonce (2006) '' * ''[[Yarinyar Mummy]] (2006) '' * ''[[Princess Tyra|Gimbiya Tyra]] (2007) '' * ''Laifi ga Kristi (2007) '' * ''Ƙaunar Rai (2008) '' * ''Zuciya ta Maza (2009) '' * ''[[Agony of Christ (fim)|Mutuwar Kristi]] (2009) '' * ''Delilah (jerin talabijin) '' * ''4 Yi wasa (2010) '' * ''Jaraba (2010) '' * ''[[The Game (2010 fim)|Wasan]] (2010) '' * ''Wani wuri a Afirka (2011) '' * ''Bride na ango (2012) '' * ''Farashin (2013) '' * ''The Will (2013) '' * ''[[Iyore]] (2014) '' * ''Scars (2015) '' * ''Ghana Dole ne ta tafi (2016) '' * ''[[A cikin Ƙasa ta (fim na 2017)|A cikin Ƙasar ta]] (2017) '' * Ƙayyadadden (2018) * ''[[The Legend of Inikpi|Labarin Inikpi]] (2020) '' * ''Red Carpet (2022) '' * ''Tasirin Zunubi (2023) '' * ''Rikicin (2023) '' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2606732}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ksj9q73wunkmbu6jue0au0btebzklda 856185 856180 2026-06-13T16:44:07Z Shafa Hassan 45932 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 856185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda kuma ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People" /> .<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarshe, Abdul Salam Mumuni na Venus Films ya ba da shawarar kwangilar shekaru biyu ga Arase, wanda ya haɗa da gabatar da 'yan ''[[The Game (2010 fim)|Wasan]]'' Ghana a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood da kuma sanya su da ikon tauraron da za a iya kwatanta da' yan wasan Najeriya. 'Yan wasan Ghana da suka zama sanannun ta hanyar wannan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da: [[Jackie Appiah]], [[Van Vicker]], [[Majid Michel]], [[Nadia Buari]], [[John Dumelo]], [[Kalsoume Sinare]] da [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] da sauransu. An tsawaita kwangilar har tsawon shekaru biyu wanda ya haifar da gabatar da karin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Yvonne Nelson]], [[Juliet Ibrahim]], [[Frank Artus]] da [[Martha Ankomah|Marta Ankomah]] . Fim din da aka samar a wannan lokacin sun hada da: Mummy's Daughter, ''Beyonce'', Heart of Men, The Game, Who Loves Me? , ''Gimbiya Tyra'', Sarkin na ne, ''[[Agony of Christ (fim)|Mutuwar Kristi]]'', ''Laifi ga Kristi'' da sauransu da yawa. An samar da fina-finai tare da kamfanin samar da fina'a na Arase, Raj da Heroes Films . <ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kwangilarsa tare da Venus Film ta ƙare, ya ci gaba da samar da kansa ta hanyar kayan aikinsa, wanda tun daga lokacin ya fitar da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Somewhere in Africa da fim din ''[[Iyore]]'' . <ref name="City People" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Arase shine yaro na biyu a cikin iyali. Ya kumas auri wata mace ta Saliyo kuma iyalinsa suna zaune ne a Najeriya.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Arase a halin yanzu tana zaune ne a [[Accra]], Ghana da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. <ref name="City People" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=Ghana Nation}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Komawar Beyonce (2006) '' * ''[[Yarinyar Mummy]] (2006) '' * ''[[Princess Tyra|Gimbiya Tyra]] (2007) '' * ''Laifi ga Kristi (2007) '' * ''Ƙaunar Rai (2008) '' * ''Zuciya ta Maza (2009) '' * ''[[Agony of Christ (fim)|Mutuwar Kristi]] (2009) '' * ''Delilah (jerin talabijin) '' * ''4 Yi wasa (2010) '' * ''Jaraba (2010) '' * ''[[The Game (2010 fim)|Wasan]] (2010) '' * ''Wani wuri a Afirka (2011) '' * ''Bride na ango (2012) '' * ''Farashin (2013) '' * ''The Will (2013) '' * ''[[Iyore]] (2014) '' * ''Scars (2015) '' * ''Ghana Dole ne ta tafi (2016) '' * ''[[A cikin Ƙasa ta (fim na 2017)|A cikin Ƙasar ta]] (2017) '' * Ƙayyadadden (2018) * ''[[The Legend of Inikpi|Labarin Inikpi]] (2020) '' * ''Red Carpet (2022) '' * ''Tasirin Zunubi (2023) '' * ''Rikicin (2023) '' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2606732}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4zvi88wjsfdu2422qcsa5z31olau681 0 54135 856044 807500 2026-06-13T13:05:28Z Aishat bature 45911 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356398982|Chinedum Iregbu]]" 856044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Chinedum_Iregbu.jpg|thumb|344x344px|Chinedum 'Maxzy' Iregbu, a Otal din Senegambia Beach, Kololi, Banjul, Gambiya (2012) ]] '''Chinedum Iregbu''' // i (an haife shi a [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], arewa maso yammacin Najeriya) ɗan fim ne kuma mawaki na Najeriya. Chinedum a halin yanzu shine Manajan Kula da Inganci na [[Mo Abudu|EbonyLife TV]], DSTV Channel 165. An san shi da Saint Maxzy ko Maxzy . == Ilimi == Chinedum Iregbu matashi ne na darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], Edita kuma mai daukar hoto na ɗan lokaci. Yana da takardar shaidar a cikin Fim Production daga [[Gaston Kaboré|Gaston Kabore]]'s Imagine Film Training Institute, [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burkina Faso]], takardar shafar difloma a cikin Mass Communication daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] da digiri na farko a cikin Film Arts / Motion Picture Production daga [[National Film Institute, Jos|Cibiyar Fim ta Kasa, Jos]], da ke cikin [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Plateau, Najeriya]]. Fim dinsa a matsayin Darakta ya hada da kyautar siyasa, In Dele Giwa's Shoes, Question Mark, Dud's Culture, wanda aka zaba don Cibiyar Nazarin Berlinale ta 2008 da <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=Saint Maxzy |url=http://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/talent/iregbu-chinedum/profile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312072450/http://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/talent/iregbu-chinedum/profile |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Berlinale-talents.de}}</ref> Anfara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-22 |title=Anfara |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dem-1tdVZAE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312185921/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dem-1tdVZAE |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> kwaikwayon daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali a yankunan Najeriya, wanda ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da 'Darakta mafi kyau, Mafi kyawun Videography, Mafi kyawun Editawa da Mafi Kyawun Score a Gidan Talabijin Najeriya TVC Legacy Awards 2011, kuma ya lashe Kyautar Mai Fim din Fim na 2012 a bikin Silicon Valley na Afirka tare da Anfara. Ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sun haɗa da: "Point of no return" wani sharhi game da zaluncin Mutum ga dabbobi, Babban Kwamitin Tarihin Yammacin Afirka, Lalle, wani shirin kan tattoo na gida, Babu wani abu da ba daidai ba tare da kawuna ba, wani shirin game da Mysticism of Death da Becky's Journey (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Becky's Journey (2014) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4317354/?ref_=nm_knf_t1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312061847/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4317354/?ref_=nm_knf_t1 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=IMDb.com}}</ref> Sine Plambech (Denmark) Takaddun shaida game da baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Najeriya zuwa [[Turai]] da sauransu. Yana daya daga cikin matasa Talents da aka ba su izinin yin fim a cikin shirye-shiryen 20 na Tarihi don tunawa da bikin cika shekaru 50 na 'yancin kai na [[Najeriya]] kuma sun yi aiki a fina-finai da yawa da Gwamnatocin Jihohi a Najeriya suka ba da izini ciki har da Gwamna [[Liyel Imoke]] da Gwamna [[Emmanuel E. Uduaghan|Emmanuel Eweta Uduaghan]] . == Dubi kuma == Ga jerin wasu ayyukan da ya shiga cikin wurare daban-daban: Mataimakin Darakta, Lillies na Ghetto, fim din Gottemburg, D.O.P, Lemon Green, samar da Hotuna na Premonition, Mataimakin Daraktan, Blood Stones, Killing Africa na Goethe Institut, samar da Afirka, D.P, Promise, Jami'ar Johns Hopkins da aikin [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]]. Chinedum ya kuma yi aiki ga kungiyoyi irin su Soundcity TV, Aljazeera, AMAA Awards, Copa Coca-Cola, don ambaci kaɗan, a halin yanzu shi ne Manajan Kula da Inganci na [[Mo Abudu|EbonyLife TV]], Channel 165. * Nomination na hukuma: Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka (AAMVCA 2026) - Mafi kyawun fim - 3 COLD DISHES * Wanda ya ci nasara: 2012 Emerging Filmmaker Award "ANFARA - THEY"VE Farawa" (Director, PRODUCER, EDITOR) Silicon Valley African Film Festival, Los Angeles * Kyaututtuka masu yawa: Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Cinematography, Mafi kyawun Gyara, Mafi kyawun Score da Mafi kyawun Darakta "ANFARA - THEY"VE STARTED" (Director, PRODUCER, EDITOR) [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] TVC LEGACY Kyaututtaka 2011 * Nominations da yawa: "IN DELE GIWA"S SHOES" (Producer / Director) IN-SHORT FESTIVAL Fílm, 2011 * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Cinematography "Dukkanin Ma'aurata" (D.O.P) A cikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa, 2011 * Wanda ya ci nasara: Fim mafi kyau na dalibai a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zuma Abuja, Najeriya tare da Fim din "IN DELE GIWA"S SHOES" 2010 (Producer / DIRECTOR) * Nominations da yawa: Terracotta Awards (2010). Legas tare da Fim din "LEMON GREEN" (2009). (Darakta na Hotuna) Mafi kyawun CINEMATOGRAPHY. * Zaɓin hukuma: 58TH Berlin International Film Festival's (2008). Berlinale Talent Campus, Berlin- Jamus tare da Fim din "DUD"S CULTURE" (2007). (Darakta) * Zaɓin hukuma: Lonely Hearts Club - NGO's Date Filmmakers BTC [[Jamus]] 2008 tare da rubutun "THE VICISSITUDE" (Marubuci) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinedum Irebu |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5816847/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312054806/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5816847/ |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=IMDb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Which is Which Nigeria |url=http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5545.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120064035/http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5545.htm |archive-date=2008-11-20 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Gamji.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=SVAFF |url=http://svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=archive&Itemid=19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522091841/http://www.svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=archive&Itemid=19 |archive-date=2012-05-22 |access-date=2017-03-10 |publisher=SVAFF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-18 |title=Beyond The Storm By Chinedum Iregbu |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/poetry/ad.asp?blurb=476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053628/http://www.onlinenigeria.com/poetry/ad.asp?blurb=476 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=CHINEDUM IREGBU - Lagos Nigeria, Ebonylife TV, SoundCity TV, National film Institute, Nigeria. Imagine Film Institute BurkinaFaso |url=https://about.me/saintmaxzy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053458/https://about.me/saintmaxzy |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=About.me}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Chinedum Maxcy Iregbu |url=http://www.dfi.dk/faktaomfilm/person/en/242715.aspx?id=242715 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312054043/http://www.dfi.dk/faktaomfilm/person/en/242715.aspx?id=242715 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Dfi.dk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=In Dele Giwa's Shoes |url=http://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/project/profile/45658 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312072600/http://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/project/profile/45658 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Berlinale-talents.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Nollywood Film Festival |url=http://events.stanford.edu/events/318/31895/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009063136/http://events.stanford.edu/events/318/31895/ |archive-date=2015-10-09 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Events.stanford.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Julia Blaise |date=2016-07-31 |title=Welcome to Julia Blaise Blog : JBB Exclusive: Students uncover Sorry State of Nigeria Film Institute (Photos) |url=http://www.juliablaise.com/2016/07/students-uncover-sorry-state-of-nigeria.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312095935/http://www.juliablaise.com/2016/07/students-uncover-sorry-state-of-nigeria.html |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Juliablaise.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-13 |title=o l i v e r . l e r o n e . s c h u l t z » Talentcampus Berlinale – NGOs Date Filmmakers [moderation&#93; |url=http://www.lerone.net/?p=149&language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312125256/http://www.lerone.net/?p=149&language=en |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Lerone.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-11 |title=SVAFF 2012 - Souvenir Program by Silicon Valley African Film Festival |url=https://issuu.com/svaff/docs/2012_svaff_booklet-final1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044801/https://issuu.com/svaff/docs/2012_svaff_booklet-final1 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Issuu.com}}</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] bk0r3r8dx7qjw640s7b74bn2adzdlyh 856045 856044 2026-06-13T13:05:45Z Aishat bature 45911 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356398982|Chinedum Iregbu]]" 856045 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Chinedum_Iregbu.jpg|thumb|344x344px|Chinedum 'Maxzy' Iregbu, a Otal din Senegambia Beach, Kololi, Banjul, Gambiya (2012) ]] '''Chinedum Iregbu''' // i (an haife shi a [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], arewa maso yammacin Najeriya) ɗan fim ne kuma mawaki na Najeriya. Chinedum a halin yanzu shine Manajan Kula da Inganci na [[Mo Abudu|EbonyLife TV]], DSTV Channel 165. An san shi da Saint Maxzy ko Maxzy . == Ilimi == Chinedum Iregbu matashi ne na darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], Edita kuma mai daukar hoto na ɗan lokaci. Yana da takardar shaidar a cikin Fim Production daga [[Gaston Kaboré|Gaston Kabore]]'s Imagine Film Training Institute, [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burkina Faso]], takardar shafar difloma a cikin Mass Communication daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] da digiri na farko a cikin Film Arts / Motion Picture Production daga [[National Film Institute, Jos|Cibiyar Fim ta Kasa, Jos]], da ke cikin [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Plateau, Najeriya]]. Fim dinsa a matsayin Darakta ya hada da kyautar siyasa, In Dele Giwa's Shoes, Question Mark, Dud's Culture, wanda aka zaba don Cibiyar Nazarin Berlinale ta 2008 da <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=Saint Maxzy |url=http://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/talent/iregbu-chinedum/profile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312072450/http://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/talent/iregbu-chinedum/profile |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Berlinale-talents.de}}</ref> Anfara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-22 |title=Anfara |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dem-1tdVZAE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312185921/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dem-1tdVZAE |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> kwaikwayon daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali a yankunan Najeriya, wanda ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da 'Darakta mafi kyau, Mafi kyawun Videography, Mafi kyawun Editawa da Mafi Kyawun Score a Gidan Talabijin Najeriya TVC Legacy Awards 2011, kuma ya lashe Kyautar Mai Fim din Fim na 2012 a bikin Silicon Valley na Afirka tare da Anfara. Ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sun haɗa da: "Point of no return" wani sharhi game da zaluncin Mutum ga dabbobi, Babban Kwamitin Tarihin Yammacin Afirka, Lalle, wani shirin kan tattoo na gida, Babu wani abu da ba daidai ba tare da kawuna ba, wani shirin game da Mysticism of Death da Becky's Journey (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Becky's Journey (2014) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4317354/?ref_=nm_knf_t1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312061847/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4317354/?ref_=nm_knf_t1 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=IMDb.com}}</ref> Sine Plambech (Denmark) Takaddun shaida game da baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Najeriya zuwa [[Turai]] da sauransu. Yana daya daga cikin matasa Talents da aka ba su izinin yin fim a cikin shirye-shiryen 20 na Tarihi don tunawa da bikin cika shekaru 50 na 'yancin kai na [[Najeriya]] kuma sun yi aiki a fina-finai da yawa da Gwamnatocin Jihohi a Najeriya suka ba da izini ciki har da Gwamna [[Liyel Imoke]] da Gwamna [[Emmanuel E. Uduaghan|Emmanuel Eweta Uduaghan]] . == Dubi kuma == Ga jerin wasu ayyukan da ya shiga cikin wurare daban-daban: Mataimakin Darakta, Lillies na Ghetto, fim din Gottemburg, D.O.P, Lemon Green, samar da Hotuna na Premonition, Mataimakin Daraktan, Blood Stones, Killing Africa na Goethe Institut, samar da Afirka, D.P, Promise, Jami'ar Johns Hopkins da aikin [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]]. Chinedum ya kuma yi aiki ga kungiyoyi irin su Soundcity TV, Aljazeera, AMAA Awards, Copa Coca-Cola, don ambaci kaɗan, a halin yanzu shi ne Manajan Kula da Inganci na [[Mo Abudu|EbonyLife TV]], Channel 165. * Nomination na hukuma: Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka (AAMVCA 2026) - Mafi kyawun fim - 3 COLD DISHES * Wanda ya ci nasara: 2012 Emerging Filmmaker Award "ANFARA - THEY"VE Farawa" (Director, PRODUCER, EDITOR) Silicon Valley African Film Festival, Los Angeles * Kyaututtuka masu yawa: Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Cinematography, Mafi kyawun Gyara, Mafi kyawun Score da Mafi kyawun Darakta "ANFARA - THEY"VE STARTED" (Director, PRODUCER, EDITOR) [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] TVC LEGACY Kyaututtaka 2011 * Nominations da yawa: "IN DELE GIWA"S SHOES" (Producer / Director) IN-SHORT FESTIVAL Fílm, 2011 * Wanda ya ci nasara: Mafi kyawun Cinematography "Dukkanin Ma'aurata" (D.O.P) A cikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa, 2011 * Wanda ya ci nasara: Fim mafi kyau na dalibai a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zuma Abuja, Najeriya tare da Fim din "IN DELE GIWA"S SHOES" 2010 (Producer / DIRECTOR) * Nominations da yawa: Terracotta Awards (2010). Legas tare da Fim din "LEMON GREEN" (2009). (Darakta na Hotuna) Mafi kyawun CINEMATOGRAPHY. * Zaɓin hukuma: 58TH Berlin International Film Festival's (2008). Berlinale Talent Campus, Berlin- Jamus tare da Fim din "DUD"S CULTURE" (2007). (Darakta) * Zaɓin hukuma: Lonely Hearts Club - NGO's Date Filmmakers BTC [[Jamus]] 2008 tare da rubutun "THE VICISSITUDE" (Marubuci) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinedum Irebu |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5816847/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312054806/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5816847/ |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=IMDb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Which is Which Nigeria |url=http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5545.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120064035/http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5545.htm |archive-date=2008-11-20 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Gamji.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=SVAFF |url=http://svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=archive&Itemid=19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522091841/http://www.svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=archive&Itemid=19 |archive-date=2012-05-22 |access-date=2017-03-10 |publisher=SVAFF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-18 |title=Beyond The Storm By Chinedum Iregbu |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/poetry/ad.asp?blurb=476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053628/http://www.onlinenigeria.com/poetry/ad.asp?blurb=476 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=CHINEDUM IREGBU - Lagos Nigeria, Ebonylife TV, SoundCity TV, National film Institute, Nigeria. Imagine Film Institute BurkinaFaso |url=https://about.me/saintmaxzy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053458/https://about.me/saintmaxzy |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=About.me}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Chinedum Maxcy Iregbu |url=http://www.dfi.dk/faktaomfilm/person/en/242715.aspx?id=242715 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312054043/http://www.dfi.dk/faktaomfilm/person/en/242715.aspx?id=242715 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Dfi.dk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=In Dele Giwa's Shoes |url=http://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/project/profile/45658 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312072600/http://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/project/profile/45658 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Berlinale-talents.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Nollywood Film Festival |url=http://events.stanford.edu/events/318/31895/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009063136/http://events.stanford.edu/events/318/31895/ |archive-date=2015-10-09 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Events.stanford.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Julia Blaise |date=2016-07-31 |title=Welcome to Julia Blaise Blog : JBB Exclusive: Students uncover Sorry State of Nigeria Film Institute (Photos) |url=http://www.juliablaise.com/2016/07/students-uncover-sorry-state-of-nigeria.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312095935/http://www.juliablaise.com/2016/07/students-uncover-sorry-state-of-nigeria.html |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Juliablaise.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-13 |title=o l i v e r . l e r o n e . s c h u l t z » Talentcampus Berlinale – NGOs Date Filmmakers [moderation&#93; |url=http://www.lerone.net/?p=149&language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312125256/http://www.lerone.net/?p=149&language=en |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Lerone.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-11 |title=SVAFF 2012 - Souvenir Program by Silicon Valley African Film Festival |url=https://issuu.com/svaff/docs/2012_svaff_booklet-final1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044801/https://issuu.com/svaff/docs/2012_svaff_booklet-final1 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2017-03-10 |website=Issuu.com}}</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] 3b2rflac9tm15r79g9lgqsz711cc0dy 0 54148 856255 840475 2026-06-13T17:20:32Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344766589|Joyce Kalu]]" 856255 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Joyce Kalu// i''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1970) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, Mai shirya fim-finai kuma [[Darakta|darektan]] a masana'antar fina-fakka ta Najeriya . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Joyce Kalu a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1970 a [[Ohafia]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], [[Kasar Inyamurai|Kudu maso gabashin Najeriya]] . Yarinya ce ta ƙarshe a cikin iyali na tara, yanzu ta yi aure tare da yara uku. === Ilimi === Kalu ta firamare da sakandare ta kasance a Jihar Abia, Najeriya. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na farko a cikin Kasuwanci, wanda ta samu daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] (LASU). Kalu kuma tana da difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta. === Ayyuka === Joyce Kalu ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2005. Ta zama sananniya bayan ta fito a [[Fina-finan Nollywood|Fim din Nollywood]] Take me Home . Ita ma mace ce ta kasuwanci. A cikin 2018, Joyce Kalu ta fito tare da [[Rita Dominic]], [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] da sauran 'yan wasan Nollywood a cikin fim din Bound, wanda [[Lilian Afegbai|Lilian Afegbi]] ya samar. Bound ta lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018 don Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo). Dangane da sa hannu a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, al'umma da kungiyoyin agaji, an girmama ta da taken shugabanci ''na Apunawu I'' na Ohafia Community, Jihar Abia ta Royal Paramount Ezieogo, Farfesa U I.E. Imaga tare da dukan masarautar Ohafia. An ba ta lambar yabo ta shugabanci a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016. Joyce Kalu ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Niger Delta Icon da Dynamic Awards (NDID) a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi tasiri na shekara (2020). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joyce Kalu Net Worth, Bio, Career, Husband, and Children |url=https://rnn.ng/joyce-kalu-net-worth/}}</ref> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ka kai ni gida (2007) '' * ''Girman Mace (2007) a matsayin Shugaban'' * ''A Walk in the Dark (2010) a matsayin Mrs. Obi'' * ''A Dance for the Prince (2011) a matsayin Lolo'' * ''Gidan Yarjejeniya (2012) '' * ''Fadar baƙin ciki (2013) a matsayin Elizabeth'' * ''The Illuminati Cult (2014) a matsayin Madam Dollar'' * ''Sarauniya Aziza (2016) a matsayin Cif Muma'' * ''Dance of Grace (2016) a matsayin Amuche'' * ''Yarima a Wuta (2018) a matsayin Sarauniya'' * ''Obianama (2018) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Joyce Kalu - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting |url=https://nlist.ng/people/joyce-kalu-933/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=nlist.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref>'' * ''Oderi gwugwu (2018) <ref name=":4" />'' * ''Isioma Scotland (2018) <ref name=":4" />'' * ''Ƙayyadaddun (2018) '' * ''Kursiyin Hauka (2020) a matsayin Uwar Ezenwa'' * ''Shirin 'yar'uwa (2020) a matsayin Sarauniya Ocheze'' * ''Inda Maza ke mulki (2021) a matsayin Daluchi'' * ''Bride Mai Gishirwa (2022) a matsayin Sarauniya'' * ''Mala'ika a cikin Crisis (2023) a matsayin Queeneth'' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2968503/ Joyce Kalu a kan IMDb] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4tvpfclnjznsbcot7bj3wto1pzqp7ri 856259 856255 2026-06-13T17:22:23Z Ummun Sultan 23935 856259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joyce Kalu// i''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1970) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, Mai shirya fim-finai kuma [[Darakta|darektan]] a masana'antar fina-fakka ta Najeriya . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Joyce Kalu a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1970 a [[Ohafia]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], [[Kasar Inyamurai|Kudu maso gabashin Najeriya]] . Yarinya ce ta ƙarshe a cikin iyali na tara, yanzu ta yi aure tare da yara uku. === Ilimi === Kalu ta firamare da sakandare ta kasance a Jihar Abia, Najeriya. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na farko a cikin Kasuwanci, wanda ta samu daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] (LASU). Kalu kuma tana da difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta. === Ayyuka === Joyce Kalu ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2005. Ta zama sananniya bayan ta fito a [[Fina-finan Nollywood|Fim din Nollywood]] Take me Home . Ita ma mace ce ta kasuwanci. A cikin 2018, Joyce Kalu ta fito tare da [[Rita Dominic]], [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] da sauran 'yan wasan Nollywood a cikin fim din Bound, wanda [[Lilian Afegbai|Lilian Afegbi]] ya samar. Bound ta lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018 don Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo). Dangane da sa hannu a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, al'umma da kungiyoyin agaji, an girmama ta da taken shugabanci ''na Apunawu I'' na Ohafia Community, Jihar Abia ta Royal Paramount Ezieogo, Farfesa U I.E. Imaga tare da dukan masarautar Ohafia. An ba ta lambar yabo ta shugabanci a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016. Joyce Kalu ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Niger Delta Icon da Dynamic Awards (NDID) a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi tasiri na shekara (2020). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joyce Kalu Net Worth, Bio, Career, Husband, and Children |url=https://rnn.ng/joyce-kalu-net-worth/}}</ref> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ka kai ni gida (2007) '' * ''Girman Mace (2007) a matsayin Shugaban'' * ''A Walk in the Dark (2010) a matsayin Mrs. Obi'' * ''A Dance for the Prince (2011) a matsayin Lolo'' * ''Gidan Yarjejeniya (2012) '' * ''Fadar baƙin ciki (2013) a matsayin Elizabeth'' * ''The Illuminati Cult (2014) a matsayin Madam Dollar'' * ''Sarauniya Aziza (2016) a matsayin Cif Muma'' * ''Dance of Grace (2016) a matsayin Amuche'' * ''Yarima a Wuta (2018) a matsayin Sarauniya'' * ''Obianama (2018) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Joyce Kalu - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting |url=https://nlist.ng/people/joyce-kalu-933/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=nlist.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref>'' * ''Oderi gwugwu (2018) <ref name=":4" />'' * ''Isioma Scotland (2018) <ref name=":4" />'' * ''Ƙayyadaddun (2018) '' * ''Kursiyin Hauka (2020) a matsayin Uwar Ezenwa'' * ''Shirin 'yar'uwa (2020) a matsayin Sarauniya Ocheze'' * ''Inda Maza ke mulki (2021) a matsayin Daluchi'' * ''Bride Mai Gishirwa (2022) a matsayin Sarauniya'' * ''Mala'ika a cikin Crisis (2023) a matsayin Queeneth'' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2968503/ Joyce Kalu a kan IMDb] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ckruo9mwt5l5mh0471wlbe35a7ntels 856262 856259 2026-06-13T17:22:59Z Ummun Sultan 23935 856262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joyce Kalu// i''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1970) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, Mai shirya fim-finai kuma [[Darakta|darektan]] a masana'antar fina-fakka ta Najeriya . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Joyce Kalu a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1970 a [[Ohafia]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], [[Kasar Inyamurai|Kudu maso gabashin Najeriya]] . Yarinya ce ta ƙarshe a cikin iyali na tara, yanzu ta yi aure tare da yara uku. === Ilimi === Kalu ta firamare da sakandare ta kasance a Jihar Abia, Najeriya. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na farko a cikin Kasuwanci, wanda ta samu daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] (LASU). Kalu kuma tana da difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta. === Ayyuka === Joyce Kalu ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2005. Ta zama sananniya bayan ta fito a [[Fina-finan Nollywood|Fim din Nollywood]] Take me Home . Ita ma mace ce ta kasuwanci. A cikin shekarar 2018, Joyce Kalu ta fito tare da [[Rita Dominic]], [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] da sauran 'yan wasan Nollywood a cikin fim din Bound, wanda [[Lilian Afegbai|Lilian Afegbi]] ya samar. Bound ta lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018 don Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo). Dangane da sa hannu a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, al'umma da kungiyoyin agaji, an girmama ta da taken shugabanci ''na Apunawu I'' na Ohafia Community, Jihar Abia ta Royal Paramount Ezieogo, Farfesa U I.E. Imaga tare da dukan masarautar Ohafia. An ba ta lambar yabo ta shugabanci a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016. Joyce Kalu ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Niger Delta Icon da Dynamic Awards (NDID) a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi tasiri na shekara (2020). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joyce Kalu Net Worth, Bio, Career, Husband, and Children |url=https://rnn.ng/joyce-kalu-net-worth/}}</ref> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ka kai ni gida (2007) '' * ''Girman Mace (2007) a matsayin Shugaban'' * ''A Walk in the Dark (2010) a matsayin Mrs. Obi'' * ''A Dance for the Prince (2011) a matsayin Lolo'' * ''Gidan Yarjejeniya (2012) '' * ''Fadar baƙin ciki (2013) a matsayin Elizabeth'' * ''The Illuminati Cult (2014) a matsayin Madam Dollar'' * ''Sarauniya Aziza (2016) a matsayin Cif Muma'' * ''Dance of Grace (2016) a matsayin Amuche'' * ''Yarima a Wuta (2018) a matsayin Sarauniya'' * ''Obianama (2018) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Joyce Kalu - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting |url=https://nlist.ng/people/joyce-kalu-933/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=nlist.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref>'' * ''Oderi gwugwu (2018) <ref name=":4" />'' * ''Isioma Scotland (2018) <ref name=":4" />'' * ''Ƙayyadaddun (2018) '' * ''Kursiyin Hauka (2020) a matsayin Uwar Ezenwa'' * ''Shirin 'yar'uwa (2020) a matsayin Sarauniya Ocheze'' * ''Inda Maza ke mulki (2021) a matsayin Daluchi'' * ''Bride Mai Gishirwa (2022) a matsayin Sarauniya'' * ''Mala'ika a cikin Crisis (2023) a matsayin Queeneth'' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2968503/ Joyce Kalu a kan IMDb] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] iua4r8i48jkt720ipa88rfzmztks6z4 856265 856262 2026-06-13T17:23:32Z Ummun Sultan 23935 856265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joyce Kalu// i''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1970) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, Mai shirya fim-finai kuma [[Darakta|darektan]] a masana'antar fina-fakka ta Najeriya . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Joyce Kalu a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1970 a [[Ohafia]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], [[Kasar Inyamurai|Kudu maso gabashin Najeriya]] . Yarinya ce ta ƙarshe a cikin iyali na tara, yanzu ta yi aure tare da yara uku. === Ilimi === Kalu ta firamare da sakandare ta kasance a Jihar Abia, Najeriya. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na farko a cikin Kasuwanci, wanda ta samu daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] (LASU). Kalu kuma tana da difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta. === Ayyuka === Joyce Kalu ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2005. Ta zama sananniya bayan ta fito a [[Fina-finan Nollywood|Fim din Nollywood]] Take me Home . Ita ma mace ce ta kasuwanci. A cikin shekarar 2018, Joyce Kalu ta fito tare da [[Rita Dominic]], [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] da sauran 'yan wasan Nollywood a cikin fim din Bound, wanda [[Lilian Afegbai|Lilian Afegbi]] ya samar. Bound ta lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018 don Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo). Dangane da sa hannu a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, al'umma da kungiyoyin agaji, an girmama ta da taken shugabanci ''na Apunawu I'' na Ohafia Community, Jihar Abia ta Royal Paramount Ezieogo, Farfesa U I.E. Imaga tare da dukan masarautar Ohafia. An ba ta lambar yabo ta shugabanci a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2016. Joyce Kalu ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Niger Delta Icon da Dynamic Awards (NDID) a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi tasiri na shekara (2020). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joyce Kalu Net Worth, Bio, Career, Husband, and Children |url=https://rnn.ng/joyce-kalu-net-worth/}}</ref> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ka kai ni gida (2007) '' * ''Girman Mace (2007) a matsayin Shugaban'' * ''A Walk in the Dark (2010) a matsayin Mrs. Obi'' * ''A Dance for the Prince (2011) a matsayin Lolo'' * ''Gidan Yarjejeniya (2012) '' * ''Fadar baƙin ciki (2013) a matsayin Elizabeth'' * ''The Illuminati Cult (2014) a matsayin Madam Dollar'' * ''Sarauniya Aziza (2016) a matsayin Cif Muma'' * ''Dance of Grace (2016) a matsayin Amuche'' * ''Yarima a Wuta (2018) a matsayin Sarauniya'' * ''Obianama (2018) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Joyce Kalu - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting |url=https://nlist.ng/people/joyce-kalu-933/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=nlist.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref>'' * ''Oderi gwugwu (2018) <ref name=":4" />'' * ''Isioma Scotland (2018) <ref name=":4" />'' * ''Ƙayyadaddun (2018) '' * ''Kursiyin Hauka (2020) a matsayin Uwar Ezenwa'' * ''Shirin 'yar'uwa (2020) a matsayin Sarauniya Ocheze'' * ''Inda Maza ke mulki (2021) a matsayin Daluchi'' * ''Bride Mai Gishirwa (2022) a matsayin Sarauniya'' * ''Mala'ika a cikin Crisis (2023) a matsayin Queeneth'' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2968503/ Joyce Kalu a kan IMDb] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2aan6cjwv6tyrz013m28k0mphyskle6 0 54158 856812 828943 2026-06-14T10:45:30Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342218247|Ndave David Njoku]]" 856812 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011548/https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa: * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] tmi1kkkepnbu3m850u8c9gnoe5ibg8g 0 54204 856750 773088 2026-06-14T10:11:56Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345749899|Steve Gukas]]" 856750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steve Gukas''' Mai shirya fim-finai ne na [[Nollywood]], [[Darakta|darektan]] kuma furodusa wanda ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da fina-fakkaatu don magance matsalolin al'umma. == Ilimi == Gukas ta yi karatun samar da talabijin a Kwalejin NTA TV a [[Jos]], Fasaha ta Wasanni a [[Jami'ar Jos]] da samar da Fim a Makarantar Fim ta London, Ingila. == Ayyuka == Shi tsohon manajan darakta ne na gidan rediyo na Najeriya, WE FM . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwenwanne |first=Valentine |date=December 5, 2019 |title=SHE WANTS TO PREVENT NIGERIANS FROM BLEEDING TO DEATH |url=https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/a-blood-donation-mobile-app-attacks-a-desperate-need/245064/ |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=Ozy}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ya ba da umarnin fim din "Keeping Faith". A shekara ta 2007, ya samar da fim din, "Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation", wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, Danny Glover; shi ne aikinsa na farko. <ref name="F">{{Cite web |last=Esene |first=Isime |date=September 24, 2016 |title=PODCAST: Why Steve Gukas is very afraid for the future of Nollywood, and why you should probably be scared too |url=https://ynaija.com/podcast-steve-gukas-afraid-future-nollywood-probably-scared/ |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=YNaija}}</ref> A cikin 2014, an saki fim din da ya shirya kuma ya samar, "A Place in the Stars". An samar da fim din ne don girmama [[Dora Akunyili]], marigayi Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa (NAFDAC)]] , wanda ya yi yaƙi da samarwa, tallace-tallace da amfani da magunguna a Najeriya. Fim din ya fito da [[Segun Arinze]], [[Dejumo Lewis]], [[Matilda Obaseki]], [[Gideon Okeke]], [[Yemi Blaq]] da Femi Branch. Daga baya, a 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA), fim din ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Movie (Drama). A cikin 2016, ya ba da umarnin fim din, "93 Days", fim din da aka kirkira don tunawa da [[Ameyo Adadevoh|Dokta Stella Ameyo Adadevoh]], marigayi likitan Najeriya wanda tare da sauran ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], ya taimaka wajen dakatar da yaduwar [[Ebola virus|Kwayar cutar Ebola]] a Najeriya ta hanyar sadaukar da kanta ga aikin a cikin 2014. Fim din ya nuna 'yan wasan [[Nollywood]] da [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Danny Glover]], [[Seun Ajayi]], Keppy Ekpeyong da [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why '93 Days' is one of the most important movies ever made |url=http://venturesafrica.com/features/why-93-days-is-one-of-the-most-important-movies-ever-made/ |access-date=October 25, 2020 |publisher=Ventures Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Emma |date=April 4, 2020 |title=Plagues, zombies and vampires: How Hollywood handles deadly viruses |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52149061 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazeem |first=Yomi |date=January 8, 2016 |title=A movie based on the life of Nigeria's Ebola heroine is getting flak from her family |url=https://qz.com/africa/587822/a-movie-based-on-the-life-of-nigerias-ebola-heroine-is-getting-flak-from-her-family/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=QuartzAfrica}}</ref> Fim din yana gudana a kan [[Netflix|NETFLIX]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=October 15, 2019 |title=EBOLA CRISIS-INSPIRED DRAMA '93 DAYS' IS COMING TO NETFLIX THIS OCTOBER |url=https://culturecustodian.com/ebola-crisis-inspired-drama-93-days-is-coming-to-netflix-this-october/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Culture Custodian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=March 4, 2020 |title=The Best Nollywood Films Streaming on Netflix Right Now |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/the-best-nollywood-films-to-watch-on-netflix/?rebelltitem=5#rebelltitem5 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Okay Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=March 30, 2020 |title=Your Netflix Bragging Rights List: 15 Must-See Films Hiding In Plain Sight |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/your-netflix-bragging-rights-list-15-must-see-films-hiding-in-plain-sight-2202931 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Fim din, tare da wasu biyu ("''[[Isokin|Isoken]]''" da "The Bridge") sune fina-finai na farko da za a nuna a cikin shirin "''Nollywood a Hollywood''" na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Nollywood Shines Under the Hollywood Stars |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/03/27/1453401/0/en/Nollywood-Shines-Under-the-Hollywood-Stars.html |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=Globe Newswire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Claudia |date=March 27, 2020 |title=COVID-19: 'The Flu', 'Pandemic' and other coronavirus related films on Netflix |url=https://en.as.com/en/2020/03/27/other_sports/1585318242_776757.html |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=En As}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=June 7, 2020 |title='Our films will make the world see why Africa is special' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/jun/07/our-films-will-make-the-world-see-why-africa-is-special-the-delivery-boy-nodash-netflix-jammal-18805.html |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=Cinema Express}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne a farkon watan Satumbar 2016 a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto da kuma bikin fina-fukkin kasa da kasa da Chicago. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stein |first=Chris |date=September 15, 2016 |title=Outbreak Gets Nollywood Treatment |url=https://www.voanews.com/arts-culture/nigerias-ebola-outbreak-gets-nollywood-treatment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815025022/https://www.voanews.com/arts-culture/nigerias-ebola-outbreak-gets-nollywood-treatment |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=[[VOA]]}}</ref> Ya kuma samar da, "Keeping The Faith" da "Mr. Johnson". Shi, kuma yana so ya yi fim a babban birnin Jihar Plateau na Najeriya, Jos . Ya kasance daga cikin masu tattaunawa a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Rapid Lion na Afirka ta Kudu na 2017 inda mahalarta suka tattauna halin yanzu da makomar fina-fakka na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2017 |title=African filmmakers discuss the state of African cinema |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/african-filmmakers-discuss-the-state-of-african-cinema |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=Brand South Africa}}</ref> Ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwar fim din wanda ya haifar da [[Nollywood]] na Najeriya, mai taken "Living in Bondage", wanda aka samar da shi a shekarar 1992, wanda a cewar [[Ramsey Nouah]], darektan fim din da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo dangane da Gukas, yana da "sunan yin manyan ayyukan". Fim din ya nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Kenneth Okonkwo]], [[Kanayo O. Kanayo]] da [[Bob-Manuel Udokwu]], [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] da [[Kalu Ikeagwu]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l2diw423nw4aimffyvktyktnj09lzoq 0 54366 856663 842709 2026-06-14T09:23:33Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345462699|Mildred Okwo]]" 856663 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mildred Okwo darektan fina-finai ne kuma furodusa ce ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrinolly meets Nigerian Filmmaker Mildred Okwo |url=http://allafricancinema.com/afrinolly-meets-nigerian-filmmaker-mildred-okwo/ |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=allafricancinema.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2013 |title=Why I have not Released The Meeting on DVD - Mildred Okwo |url=http://www.ynaija.com/ynaija-interview-why-i-have-not-released-the-meeting-on-dvd-mildred-okwo-movie-director/ |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> An zabi ta don kyautar [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]] a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . A shekara ta 2012, ta ba da umarnin Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya The Meeting, wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Nigeria Entertainment Awards, Africa Movie Academy Awards da Nollywood Movies Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da aiki == An haifi Okwo a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1966 a Legas, [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mildred Okwo |url=https://filmfreeway.com/MildredOkwo}}</ref> Ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], Najeriya . Ta kuma yi karatun shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Whittier, Orange County, California, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am Home to lead a Revolution - Mildred Okwo |url=http://nollywoodexpress.com/mildred-okwo-im-home-to-lead-a-revolution-in-nollywood-the-guardian-nigeria/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140622093616/http://nollywoodexpress.com/mildred-okwo-im-home-to-lead-a-revolution-in-nollywood-the-guardian-nigeria/ |archive-date=June 22, 2014 |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=nollywoodexpress.com}}</ref> Okwo darken fina-finai ne kuma furodusa na Najeriya wanda fina-fallafensa sun sami gabatarwa da kyaututtuka da yawa a Afirka, gami da AMVCA, AMAA, NMA da "Publix du Prix" a Nollywood Paris . A shekara ta 2006, bayan da ta dawo Najeriya, ta rubuta, ta hada kai kuma ta ba da umarnin fim din 30 Days . Yawancin shahararrun 'yan wasan fim na Najeriya da suka fito a cikin fim din, ciki har da [[Joke Silva]], [[Najite Dede]], [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[Segun Arinze]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Kate Henshaw]] da [[Norbert Young]]. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2006, an saki ''Kwanaki 30'' a Amurka. Ya sami gabatarwa 10 a 2008 Africa Movie Academy Awards, ciki har da Best Art Direction, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography da Best Picture. A cikin 2016, an kira Okwo daya daga cikin "Mata 50 da ke tsara Afirka" ta Elle Magazine SA kuma daya daga cikin mutane 100 da suka fi tasiri a Najeriya ta ''[[YNaija|Y'Naija]]''.com.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2016-07-28 |title=#TheIncredibles! Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde, Mildred Okwo, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie & More on Elle Magazine SA's List of “50 Women Shaping Africa” |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/theincredibles-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-mildred-okwo-chimamanda-adichie-more-on-elle-magazine-sas-list-of-50-women-shaping-africa/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2016-12-12 |title=Meet YNaija.com’s 100 Most Influential People in Nigeria in 2016 |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/12/meet-ynaija-coms-100-most-influential-people-in-nigeria-in-2016/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kwamitin Kyautar Kwalejin == Okwo, tare da wasu masu aiki da [[Nollywood]] guda goma sha ɗaya, sun kafa Kwamitin Zaɓin Oscars na Najeriya (NOSC) kuma Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Motion Picture (AMPAS) ta amince da su don nuna fina-finai na Najeriya da za a gabatar da su don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje a Kwalejin Kwalejin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy Awards incorporate Nigerian Committee to Screen Nollywood films |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/05/academy-awards-incorporates-nigeria-committee-screen-nollywood-films/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502191105/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/05/academy-awards-incorporates-nigeria-committee-screen-nollywood-films/ |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=dailyindependentnig.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oscars approve Committee for Screening Nigerian films |url=http://tribune.com.ng/razzmatazz/item/4447-oscars-approve-committee-for-screening-of-nollywood-movies/4447-oscars-approve-committee-for-screening-of-nollywood-movies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903202840/http://tribune.com.ng/razzmatazz/item/4447-oscars-approve-committee-for-screening-of-nollywood-movies/4447-oscars-approve-committee-for-screening-of-nollywood-movies |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=tribune.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=Major Milstone for Nollywood as Oscars approve Nigerian Committee |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/01/major-milestone-for-nollywood-oscars-approve-nigerian-comittee/ |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''[[30 Days (2006 fim)|Kwanaki 30]]'' (2006) * ''[[Taron (fim na 2012)|Taron]]'' (2012) * Suru L'ere (2016) * ''[[La Femme Anjola|Matar Anjola]]'' (2019) == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Fim | rowspan="2" |''[[La Femme Anjola|Matar Anjola]]''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] clgeoqfe0xup8m7xduxy084p24ny9j5 0 61539 856238 845281 2026-06-13T17:07:55Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344786153|Akin Alabi]]" 856238 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture & its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> == Yaronta da ilimi == Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies & Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa.<ref name="abt">{{Cite web |title=Akin Alabi Biography |url=http://akinalabi.com/bio/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Akin Alabi}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai zane-zane, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}</ref> Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video. Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qkgpiwk2ombq34fbeqt5f5y12s7mtr5 856239 856238 2026-06-13T17:09:47Z Ummun Sultan 23935 856239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture & its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> == Yaronta da ilimi == Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies & Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa.<ref name="abt">{{Cite web |title=Akin Alabi Biography |url=http://akinalabi.com/bio/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Akin Alabi}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai zane-zane, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}</ref> Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video. Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fw4qsv409zhm644iy6smgec7diz6a3x 856240 856239 2026-06-13T17:10:09Z Ummun Sultan 23935 856240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya kuma shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture & its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> == Yaronta da ilimi == Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies & Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa.<ref name="abt">{{Cite web |title=Akin Alabi Biography |url=http://akinalabi.com/bio/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Akin Alabi}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai zane-zane, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}</ref> Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video. Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kbiehub8tpcepqdxit1t0toyh332ndb 856242 856240 2026-06-13T17:10:41Z Ummun Sultan 23935 /* Yaronta da ilimi */ 856242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya kuma shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture & its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> == Yaronta da ilimi == Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya kuma ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies & Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa.<ref name="abt">{{Cite web |title=Akin Alabi Biography |url=http://akinalabi.com/bio/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Akin Alabi}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai zane-zane, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}</ref> Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video. Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lhbftdq7491ycminvva9hwz0bdgbpah 856245 856242 2026-06-13T17:12:01Z Ummun Sultan 23935 /* Ayyuka */ 856245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya kuma shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture & its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> == Yaronta da ilimi == Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya kuma ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies & Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa.<ref name="abt">{{Cite web |title=Akin Alabi Biography |url=http://akinalabi.com/bio/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Akin Alabi}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin shekarar 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai zane-zane, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}</ref> Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video. Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mdlsek4j7eeu9cc4vwzpebnlrfj9bfi 0 61600 856294 605774 2026-06-13T17:39:34Z Zahrah0 14848 856294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Infobox person|suna=Garba Ibrahim Muhammad|image caption=Hon. Garba Ibrahim Muhammad (Garba Ɗiso)|kasar asali=[[Najeriya]]|makaranta=Lycee Technique Du Hainaut Valenciennes France|Shahararran aiki=Free Integrated Maternal and Child Health Care Bill 2016|birth_date={{birth date and age|May 24, 1958|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Kano]]|residence=Diso Qtrs, [[Gwale]] L.G.A. [[Kano]]|Fara mulki=2015|Gama mulki=To date|office=Nigerian House of representative|father=Late Alƙalin [[Dawakin Kudu]] Alhaji Ibrahim Muhammad|party=New Nigerian People's Party (NNPP)|honours=*Medaille de la Francophanie by the francophone Foreign Missions in Nigeria, in March 2015. *Knight of the French Order of the Academic Palms by the French Government, in November 2015.|term=2-term|title=[[Injiniya]]|children=7|image=|native_name_lang=Hausa, Turanci, Faransanci|mother=Hajiya Asma'u}} '''Garba Ibrahim Muhammad:''' wanda aka fi sani da Garba Ɗiso (Ɗan [[Kano]] ne kuma ƙwararren injiniya ne a [[Nijeriya]]) An haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif 1958). Shine shugaban kwamitin tsaro na cikin Majalisar Wakilan Nijeriya a yanzu. Ya kasance ɗan jam’iyyar New Nigerian People Party (NNPP) mai wakiltar Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]]<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/place/gwale</ref> a Jihar Kano a majalisar Wakilai ta tarayyar Nijeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifeshi ne a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 1958 a cikin garin Kano. A karo na farko an zaɓi Hon. Garba a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar ƙaramar hukumar [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]] a Jihar [[Kano]], a Jam'iyyar APC a shekarar 2015-2019. An ƙara zaɓar sa karo na Biyu a shekarar 2023. Garba Ɗiso ya yi Firamare a makarantar Masallaci Special Primary school, a shekarar 1965 zuwa 1971, daga nan ya cigaba da karatun sa na sakandare a makarantar koyon fasaha da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire wadda aka fi sani da Government Technical College Wudil (G.T.C) Kano, a shekarar 1971 zuwa 1977, lokacin ana kiranta da Government Secondary Technical school (G.S.T.S) [[Wudil]]. Ya Tsallaka ƙasar [[Faransa]] ya sami Diploma a fannin harshen [[Faransanci]], a Cibiyar Audiovisuel des Langues Modernes, Vichy, Faransa. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin lnjiniyancin Motoci a Jami’ar Lycee Technique Nationalise, Saumur France a shekarar 1978 zuwa 1981,<ref><nowiki>https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16817/hon-garba-mohammed</nowiki></ref> ya sami shaidar kammala B.T.S a makarantar Lycee Technique Du Hainaut Valenciennes France. A fannin Automobile Engineering/management wato Injiniyancin Tsare-tsare na ƙirƙirar motoci a faɗin [[duniya]], a shekarar 1984. Ya gudanar da hidimar ƙasa (NYSC) ne a 1985, a kamfanin [[peugeot]] da ke garin [[Kaduna]]. Saboda ƙoƙarinsa suka ba shi aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara a cikin kamfanin har tsawon shekara 7. Ya bar [[kaduna]], a shekar 1991 ya shiga kamfanin Steyr da ke garin [[Bauchi]], ya riƙe muƙamin Shugaban cinikayya da saye da sayasarwa na kamfanin tsawon shekara 7. Daga baya ya dawo gida kano don shirin shiga fagen siyasa a sheka ta1997. == Siyasa == Mutum ne mai himma da ƙwazo, bayan gwagwarmaya da aiki da ya yi a sassa daban-daban na Jahohin Nijeriya, ya shiga siyasa kai-tsaye bayan ya kammala karatunsa, a inda a shekarar 2011 zuwa 2012, an naɗa Garba Ɗiso a matsayin [[Kwamishinan muhalli na Ontario|Kwamishinan]] [[kimiyya]] da [[Fasaha]], daga baya ya zama Kwamishina mai Kula da Ayyuka da Kimantawa a shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, duka a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Injiniya [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]]. An fara zaɓar Ɗiso, a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai Wakiltar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gwale ta Jihar Kano Najeriya a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar APC. Inda ya zama zaɓaɓɓen ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar]] wakilai a ƙarƙashin Jam’iyyar APC a shekarar 2015-2019, a karo na biyu. Kuma a shekarar 2023<ref>https://www.stears.co/elections/2023/house-of-representatives/KN</ref> ya sake komawa kan kujerarsa ta majalisar a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP<ref>https://wwwvanguardngrcom.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/polls-kano-nnpp-wins-26-state-assembly-seats-apc-14/amp/?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16972998831300&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2023%2F04%2Fpolls-kano-nnpp-wins-26-state-assembly-seats-apc-14</ref>. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan sahun gaba-gaba waɗanda suka goyi bayan Engr. Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso tun daga shekarar 1999. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar Wakilai ta tarayyar Nijeriya masu Jin yaruka daban-daban kama daga, [[Hausawa|Hausa]], [[Turanci]] da kuma [[Faransanci]]. Kawo yanzu ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban majalisar Wakilai ta tarayyar Nijeriya [[Tajudeen Abbas]]. An naɗa shi matsayin shugaban kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar a 2023. == Kwamitoci == *Shugaban: Nigeria-France Parliamentary Friendship Group. *Mataimakin shugaban: Freedom of Information (FOI) '''Kwamitocin Majalisa''' * * Man fetur * Harkokin cikin gida * Public Procurement * Kimiyya da fasaha * Harkokin Gidaje * Ƙarafa * SDG == Darajoji == • Medaille de la Francophanie ta Ofishin Jakadancin Faransanci na Ƙasashen waje a Najeriya, a cikin Maris 2015. • Knight of the French Order of the Academic Palms by the French Government in November 2015, Government, in November 2015. == Kuma sake dubawa == * Eng. [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] * Rt. Hon. [[Yakubu Dogara]] * [[Majalisar Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nijeriya]] [[Category:Kano]] [[Category:Gwamnatin Najeriya]] [[Category:Musulmi]] [[Category:Faransa]] [[Category:Injiniyoyin Najeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1958]] turs2lwq0xa3pnrjsln8tla7e7wr853 0 62054 856945 838747 2026-06-14T11:41:26Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340506118|Where Is Kyra?]]" 856945 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ina Kyra take? |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Where_Is_Kyra.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton fitowar wasan kwaikwayo</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Andrew Dosunmu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Darci Picoult |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Labari daga | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Andrew Dosunmu * Darci Picoult </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Christine Vachon * David Hinojosa * Rhea Scott </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Michelle Pfeiffer * Kiefer Sutherland </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Bradford Young |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oriana Soddu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |Philip Miller |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Babban Ma'anar Kafofin Watsa Labarai * Fim din Killer * Little Minx * Hotunan Indie </div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Babban Ma'anar Kafofin Watsa Labarai * Paladin </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Janairu 23, 2017 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2017-01-23</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Sundance) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; * Afrilu 6, 2018 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-04-06</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Amurka) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 98 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Amurka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |$59,717 |} '''''Ina Kyra take?''''' (wanda aka saki a Ƙasar Ingila a matsayin Deceit) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2017 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta tare da rubutun Darci Picoult da labarin Dosunmu da Picoult . Tauraron fim din Michelle Pfeiffer da Kiefer Sutherland . Fim din ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Sundance a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2017. An sake shi a cikin iyakantaccen saki a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2018, ta hanyar Great Point Media da Paladin. == Masu ba da labari ==   A Rotten Tomatoes, fim din yana da amincewar amincewa na 81% bisa ga sake dubawa 53 da matsakaicin darajar 6.4/10. Shafin yanar gizon ya karanta, "Ina Kyra? ya dogara ne akan aikin Michelle Pfeiffer na magnetic - kuma yana rayuwa daidai da shi tare da labari mai banƙyama, mai wuya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is Kyra? (2018) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/where_is_kyra |access-date=July 8, 2018 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}</ref> A Metacritic, fim din yana da matsakaicin maki 72 daga 100, bisa ga masu sukar 20, yana nuna "bincike mai kyau". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is Kyra? Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/where-is-kyra |access-date=July 8, 2018 |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> An zabi Michelle Pfeiffer don Kyautar Gotham ta 2018 don Mafi kyawun Actress don aikinta. kan == Fitarwa == Killer Films 'Christine Vachon ta samar da fim din tare da David Hinojosa da Rhea Scott, yayin da Great Point Media ta ba da kuɗin fim din. Da farko ana kiranta Beat-Up Little Seagull, daga baya an sake kiranta Where Is Kyra?. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=November 2, 2016 |title=AFM: Great Point launches ambitious slate |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/afm-great-point-launches-ambitious-slate/5110882.article |access-date=November 20, 2016 |website=Screen Daily |publisher=[[Screen International]]}}</ref> Babban daukar hoto a kan fim din ya fara ne a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2015 a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], kuma ya ƙare a ranar 2 de Janairu, 2016. == Saki == Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2017 a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2017 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=December 5, 2016 |title=Sundance 2017: Robert Redford, New Rashida Jones Netflix Series, 'Rebel In The Rye' & More On Premiere, Docu, Midnight & Kids Slates |url=https://deadline.com/2016/12/sundance-2017-premieres-midnight-special-events-robert-redford-rashida-jones-1201864406/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Sundance Film Festival Printable Film Guide |url=http://www.sundance.org/pdf/film-guide/SFF17_FilmGrid_Web_Dec12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174324/http://www.sundance.org/pdf/film-guide/SFF17_FilmGrid_Web_Dec12.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=April 4, 2018 |website=[[Sundance Film Festival]] |publisher=[[The Sundance Institute]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2018, an sanar da Great Point Media kuma Paladin zai rarraba fim din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Sundance: Great Point Media Launching U.S. Theatrical Distribution Arm |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/festivals/sundance-great-point-media-us-theatrical-distribution-arm-1202662410/ |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> An sake shi a cikin iyakantaccen saki a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordine |first=Michael |date=February 17, 2018 |title='Where Is Kyra?' Trailer: Michelle Pfeiffer Gets Lost and Finds Her Comeback — Watch |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/02/where-is-kyra-trailer-michelle-pfeiffer-sundance-1201929970/ |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> An saki Kyra a Burtaniya a watan Maris na 2019 ta hanyar dijital tare da canza taken Deceit . == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == == Manazarta == ista97btghdd87g7fnf9kyt4ofwcnjq 0 65559 856594 458244 2026-06-14T08:03:43Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Achalugo2009-Nnenna Oti.wav|thumb|Nnenna Oti]] '''Nnenna Nnannaya Oti''' (an haife ta 15 Nuwamba 1958) farfesa ce a Najeriya kuma mace ta farko da ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Owerri . Oti ya doke Ikechukwu Dozie a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2021 kuma ya koma aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban makarantar na 8 a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2021. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== Nnenna Oti ta fito ne kuma an haife ta a Afikpo North, Jihar Ebonyi, Najeriya. Ta sami B. Agric. a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa daga Jami'ar Najeriya, kammala ajin farko. Ta ci gaba kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin zamantakewa tare da mayar da hankali kan ilimin halittu da kimiyyar halittu daga jami'ar Najeriya guda. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Katolika, Leuven inda ta sami digiri na biyu a aikin injiniyan ban ruwa, inda ta sami bambanci. Ta sami digiri na uku a fannin kiyaye ƙasa da muhalli daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/six-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-new-futo-female-vc</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://saat.futo.edu.ng/personnel/prof-nnenna-n-oti |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420034050/https://saat.futo.edu.ng/personnel/prof-nnenna-n-oti/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sana`a== Oti ya kasance shugaban sashen kimiyya da fasaha na kasa har sau uku a makarantar fasahar noma da noma a jami’ar fasaha ta tarayya Owerri. Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar sashin manufofin jinsi kuma tsohon shugaban makarantar gaba da digiri a wa’adinta na biyu. Ita farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa da kiyaye muhalli. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban da suka hada da TETFUnd da Hukumar Raya Kogin Anambra Imo.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/455296-futo-elects-first-female-vice-chancellor.html</ref> ==Mataimakin Shugaban FUTO== A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2021, an zabi Oti a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri don maye gurbin Francis Chukwuemeka Eze lokacin da wa’adinsa ya kare a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2021. Ta doke sauran ‘yan takara shida, sannan ta samu kashi 75.5 cikin 100 inda ta doke abokin takararta na kusa, Ikechukwu Dozie wanda ya samu kashi 69.7. Yanzu ita ce mace ta farko mataimakiyar shugabar cibiyar kuma tsohuwar mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/oti-emerges-futos-first-female-vc |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813143949/https://guardian.ng/news/oti-emerges-futos-first-female-vc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, gwamnatinta ta fuskanci suka kan nada Ministan Sadarwa da Tattalin Arziki na dijital, Isa Ali Pantami a matsayin Farfesa ba tare da bin ka'ida ba. Kungiyar tsofaffin daliban jami’ar fasaha ta tarayya Owerri (FUTO) ta kira lambar yabon a matsayin yaudara tare da yin kira ga mahukuntan jami’ar da su sake duba nadin. Kungiyar Malaman Jami’o’i (ASUU) ta kuma bayyana daukaka darajar Ali Isa Pantami zuwa Farfesa a matsayin “ba bisa ka’ida ba.” kuma yayi alkawarin sanyawa Oti takunkumi.<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/pantamis-professorship-illegal-asuu-vows-to-sanction-futo-vc</ref> ==Rayuwar Sirri== Oti ya auri Nnannaya Oti kuma suna da ‘ya’ya uku. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1958]] c66rt4p3kl9p2emvxlcmeu2ldfhjk8y 0 67504 856747 555314 2026-06-14T10:10:34Z Zahrah0 14848 856747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Fauzan Jamal''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni Shekarar alif 1988 a Padang ) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Indonesiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan wasan baya]] . == Aikin kulob == === Persebaya (Bhayangkara) === A ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2014, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Persebaya Bhayangkara kuma an sanar da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan Persebaya. === Persela Lamongan === A ranar 13 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2016, ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da Persela Lamongan inda ya taka leda a wannan kulob din a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|baya na hagu]] don maye gurbin Zulvin Zamrun wanda ya yi murabus. === Persepam Madura Utama === A watan Fabrairu ranar 10,shekarar 2017, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da kulob din Liga 2 Persepam Madura Utama . === Sunan mahaifi Jepara === A watan Agustan shekarar 2017, ya koma tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Persijap Jepara a gasar zagaye na biyu. ya yi matukar sha'awar komawa Persijap. Tayin kai tsaye management ya gaishe shi. === PSM Makasar === A watan Mar 13,shekarar 2018 Fauzan ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da club PSM Makassar Liga 1 . Ya ɗauki rigar lamba 25 don kakar shekarar 2018 Liga 1 . Fauzan ya fara fitowa ranar 25 March shekarar 2018 a wasa da PSM Makassar . === PSIS Semarang === An sanya hannu kan PSIS Semarang don taka leda a La Liga 1 a kakar shekarar 2019. === Kalteng Putra === A cikin shekarar 2020, Fauzan Jamal ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Indonesiya Liga 2 Kalteng Putra . == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A cikin Shekarar 2009, Jamal ya wakilci Indonesiya U-23, a cikin shekarar 2009 Wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya . == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2020_old/m_fauzan_jamal Fauzan Jamal] at ligaindonesiabaru.com [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o549rokdxaorvr9odreqsjp6te0hsg3 0 68668 856688 811882 2026-06-14T09:47:07Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347752025|Ti Oluwa Ni Ile]]" 856688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Ti Oluwa Ni Ile''''' (Turanci: The Land is the Lord's) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nollywood]] [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta. An sake shi a 1993 ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions, fim din shine fim na farko na Tunde Kelani a matsayin darektan fim. An yi shi a sassa 3 kuma an jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai 10 mafi kyawun Yoruba. == Makirci == Maza biyu masu haɗama sun shiga cikin ayyukan wani shugaban cin hanci da rashawa don sayar da wani yanki na ƙasar kakanninmu don cin hanci. Sabbin masu mallakar ƙasa kamfani ne na man fetur. Magana; bakin alloli duk da haka ya nuna cewa ƙasar ta mallaki ƙasar sabili da haka ba ta dace da tashar man fetur ba. Masu sayar da ƙasa sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani kuma shugaban ya fahimci cewa shi ne na gaba. Ya je wurin annabi don neman taimako. Mai ba da labari ya gaya masa cewa zai tsira idan zai iya hana a binne gawar abokin makirci na biyu. Labarin ya biyo bayan yunkurin da ya yi na hana binnewar. Mai ba da labari ya ba shi damar ta biyu amma ya gudu kuma ya fuskanci jerin abubuwan da suka faru. Daga bisani ya koma gida kuma ya gano cewa an yi zaton ya mutu. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da matsayinsa na gargajiya amma ruhohin abokan makircinsa sun zo don rayuwarsa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kareem Adepoju]] a matsayin Baba Wande * [[Dele Odule]] * Lekan Oladapo * [[Yemi Shodimu]] * Yetunde Ogunsola * [[Oyin Adejobi]] * Gbolagbade Akinpelu * Jide Oyegunle * Akin Sofoluwe == Bayanan da aka ambata == 8x2cii1oqzh3qxbimog7yhxovzmhg31 856693 856688 2026-06-14T09:48:36Z Amadee619 37975 856693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ti Oluwa Ni Ile''''' (Turanci: The Land is the Lord's) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nollywood]] [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta. An sake shi a 1993 ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions, fim din shine fim na farko na Tunde Kelani a matsayin darektan fim. An yi shi a sassa 3 kuma an jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai 10 mafi kyawun Yoruba. == Makirci == Maza biyu masu haɗama sun shiga cikin ayyukan wani shugaban cin hanci da rashawa don sayar da wani yanki na ƙasar kakanninmu don cin hanci. Sabbin masu mallakar ƙasa kamfani ne na man fetur. Magana; bakin alloli duk da haka ya nuna cewa ƙasar ta mallaki ƙasar sabili da haka ba ta dace da tashar man fetur ba. Masu sayar da ƙasa sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani kuma shugaban ya fahimci cewa shi ne na gaba. Ya je wurin annabi don neman taimako. Mai ba da labari ya gaya masa cewa zai tsira idan zai iya hana a binne gawar abokin makirci na biyu. Labarin ya biyo bayan yunkurin da ya yi na hana binnewar. Mai ba da labari ya ba shi damar ta biyu amma ya gudu kuma ya fuskanci jerin abubuwan da suka faru. Daga bisani ya koma gida kuma ya gano cewa an yi zaton ya mutu. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da matsayinsa na gargajiya amma ruhohin abokan makircinsa sun zo don rayuwarsa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kareem Adepoju]] a matsayin Baba Wande * [[Dele Odule]] * Lekan Oladapo * [[Yemi Shodimu]] * Yetunde Ogunsola * [[Oyin Adejobi]] * Gbolagbade Akinpelu * Jide Oyegunle * Akin Sofoluwe == Bayanan da aka ambata == 9vt83s9atun1a7d5ihtuorxv3y3p6a3 856695 856693 2026-06-14T09:49:00Z Amadee619 37975 856695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ti Oluwa Ni Ile''''' (Turanci: The Land is the Lord's) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nollywood]] [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta. An sake shi a 1993 ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions, fim din shine fim na farko na Tunde Kelani a matsayin darektan fim. An yi shi a sassa 3 kuma an jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai 10 mafi kyawun Yoruba. == Makirci == Maza biyu masu haɗama sun shiga cikin ayyukan wani shugaban cin hanci da rashawa don sayar da wani yanki na ƙasar kakanninmu don cin hanci. Sabbin masu mallakar ƙasa kamfani ne na man fetur. Magana; bakin alloli duk da haka ya nuna cewa ƙasar ta mallaki ƙasar sabili da haka ba ta dace da tashar man fetur ba. Masu sayar da ƙasa sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani kuma shugaban ya fahimci cewa shi ne na gaba. Ya je wurin annabi don neman taimako. Mai ba da labari ya gaya masa cewa zai tsira idan zai iya hana a binne gawar abokin makirci na biyu. Labarin ya biyo bayan yunkurin da ya yi na hana binnewar. Mai ba da labari ya ba shi damar ta biyu amma ya gudu kuma ya fuskanci jerin abubuwan da suka faru. Daga bisani ya koma gida kuma ya gano cewa an yi zaton ya mutu. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da matsayinsa na gargajiya amma ruhohin abokan makircinsa sun zo don rayuwarsa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kareem Adepoju]] a matsayin Baba Wande * [[Dele Odule]] * Lekan Oladapo * [[Yemi Shodimu]] * Yetunde Ogunsola * [[Oyin Adejobi]] * Gbolagbade Akinpelu * Jide Oyegunle * Akin Sofoluwe == Manazarta == 0zeuy2wkg30vu0xpbrimaz3pysn9ylg 0 68871 856817 702261 2026-06-14T10:46:56Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339916189|Man on Ground]]" 856817 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Mutum a Kasa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Man_on_Ground_poster.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton fim</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Omotoso]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Akin Omotoso |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] Fabian Adeoye Lojede [[Rosie Motene]] Akin Omotoso<br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] * Fabian Adeoye Lojede * [[Fana Mokoena]] * [[Bubu Mazibuko]] * [[Thishiwe Ziqubu]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Paul Michelson |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Aryan Kaganof |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |Joel Assaizky Amu<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Hotunan Tom</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 12 Satumba 2011 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011-09-12</span>)&nbsp;</span> (TIFF) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 80 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya Afirka ta Kudu<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harsuna | class="infobox-data" |[[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] na [[Turanci]]<br /><br /> |} Man on Ground fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na Afirka ta Kudu na 2011 wanda [[Akin Omotoso]] ya jagoranta. An nuna shi kuma an fara shi a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acclaimed Nigerian Filmmaker Akin Omotoso ('Man On Ground') Preps Johannesburg-set Romcom 'Tell Me Sweet Something' |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/acclaimed-nigerian-filmmaker-akin-omotoso-man-on-ground-preps-johannesburg-set-romcom-tell-me-sweet-something |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912043702/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/acclaimed-nigerian-filmmaker-akin-omotoso-man-on-ground-preps-johannesburg-set-romcom-tell-me-sweet-something |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=indiewire.com}}</ref> Fim din ya ba da labari game da yadda Xenophobia a Afirka ta Kudu ya shafi rayuwar 'yan uwan Najeriya biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERVIEW: Akin Omotoso on his film 'Man on Ground' |url=http://www.spling.co.za/movie-news/interview-akin-omotoso-on-his-film-man-on-ground |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102152732/http://www.spling.co.za/movie-news/interview-akin-omotoso-on-his-film-man-on-ground |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=spling.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Man on Ground |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2012/02_programm_2012/02_Filmdatenblatt_2012_20120114.php#tab=filmStills |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071827/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2012/02_programm_2012/02_Filmdatenblatt_2012_20120114.php#tab=filmStills |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=berlinale.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa: Man On Ground Movie, Campaign Launched to Combat Xenophobia |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201203060913.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421041659/http://allafrica.com/stories/201203060913.html |archive-date=21 April 2012 |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=allafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Man on Ground |url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/film/man-on-ground |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202082406/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/film/man-on-ground/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=yahoo.com}}</ref> == Makirci == Ade, ƙwararren mai kula da kuɗi da ɗan'uwansa Femi baƙi ne na Afirka ta Kudu. Ade bai san shi ba, an sace ɗan'uwansa, wanda ke Afirka ta Kudu saboda gudun hijira da aka ɗora wa kansa saboda alaƙar siyasa a Najeriya. A gano cewa ɗan'uwansa ya ɓace Ade ya gudanar da bincike don warware asirin kuma ya gano salon rayuwa mai wuya da aka sanya masa. Ade ya girmama tsohon ma'aikacin Femi, lokacin da tashin hankali ya faru wanda ya tilasta masa ya zauna tare da shugaban. Rikicin tashin hankali a cikin unguwar ya buɗe wahayi da yawa game da rayuwar ɗan'uwansa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] a matsayin Ade * Fabian Adeoye Lojede a matsayin Femi * [[Fana Mokoena]] a matsayin Timothy * [[Bubu Mazibuko]] a matsayin Lindiwe * [[Thishiwe Ziqubu]] a matsayin Zodwa * Makhaola Ndebele a matsayin Vusi * Mandisa Bardill a matsayin Nadia * Joshua Chisholm a matsayin Matashi Ade * Mbongeni Nhlapo a matsayin Matashi * Eugene Khoza a matsayin mutumin Hype == Saki == An fara gabatar da shi a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2011 a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FacebookTwitterGoogle1EmailDeliciousDiggStumbleuponRedditTumblr TIFF 2011: Films We Are Most Looking Forward To: Trailer For 'Man On Ground |url=http://www.soundonsight.org/tiff-2011-films-we-are-most-looking-forward-to-trailer-for-man-on-ground/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912080848/https://www.soundonsight.org/tiff-2011-films-we-are-most-looking-forward-to-trailer-for-man-on-ground/ |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014 |publisher=soundonsight.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=TIFF 2011: Trailer For South African Crime Drama MAN ON GROUND |url=http://twitchfilm.com/2011/08/tiff-2011-trailer-for-south-african-crime-drama-man-on-ground.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065657/http://twitchfilm.com/2011/08/tiff-2011-trailer-for-south-african-crime-drama-man-on-ground.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 September 2014 |publisher=twitchfilm.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TIFF 2011 Interview: Director & cast of Man on Ground |url=http://www.showbizmonkeys.com/movies.php?id=2341 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223414/http://www.showbizmonkeys.com/movies.php?id=2341 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=12 September 2014 |publisher=showbizmonkeys.com}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Jerin manyan kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="8" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] (8th Africa Movie Academy Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2011 |title=AMAA Nominations 2011 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302124149/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=Africa Film Academy |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref><br /> |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Film|Fim mafi kyau]] |Akin Omotoso| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Sauti|Sauti Mafi Kyawu]] || {{Nom}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Mafi kyawun Cinematography]] || {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Gyara|Mafi Kyawun Gyara]] || {{Nom}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Mafi kyawun Actor]] |[[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]]| {{Nom}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako]] |[[Fana Mokoena]]| {{Won}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]] || {{Nom}} |- |Kyautar Juri ta Musamman |Akin Omotoso| {{Won}} |- |} == Manazarta == 9igv6e9lz81cpu51z3r03hntxzoa0vm 0 68888 856122 817765 2026-06-13T16:20:30Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345747659|Koseegbe]]" 856122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|image=Koseegbe poster.jpeg|director=[[Tunde Kelani]]|writer=[[Akinwunmi Isola]]|screenplay=[[Akinwunmi Isola]]|based_on=A play by Akinwunmi Isola|producer=[[Tunde Kelani]]|starring=Kola Oyewo<br>Wole Ameleo<br>Jide Kosokoo<br>Toyin A Babatope|editing=Idowu Nubi|studio=[[Mainframe Films and Television Productions]]|distributor=Alasco Video Film Production<br>Blessed J.O. Adeoye<br> Alelele Bros. & Co|released={{Film date|1995}}|runtime=102 minutes|country=[[Nigeria]]|language=[[Yoruba Language]]}}{{Reflist}}{{Tunde Kelani}}'''''Kòseégbé''''' (Turanci: Immovable) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba na 1995 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na wannan sunan na [[Akinwunmi Isola]] . Masu jefa kwallo sun kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] . An sake shi ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions. == Makirci == ''Koseegbe ya ba da labarin wani jami'in kwastam mai ɗabi'a wanda ya maye gurbin wani babban jami'in da aka kore shi saboda cin hanci da rashawa. A sabon mukaminsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsabtace tsarin yayin da aka tura shi baya daga ƙananan jami'an da suka cin hanci da rashawa. Don shirya korarsa, ƙananan jami'an sun gurfanar da shi saboda halayyar haramtacciyar doka. Duk da haka ya sami damar tabbatar da ikirarin su kuma ya wanke kansa.[1][2]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afolabi |first=Omoniyi |date=2011 |title=Yoruba Films By Tunde Kelani: Primary Cultural And Linguistic Data Collection |url=https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014134835/https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kola Oyewo]] a matsayin Mako * Wole Amele a matsayin Maliki * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Arowolo * Toyin Babatope a matsayin Suwebatu * Yetunde Ogunsola a matsayin Dola * Joke Muyiwa a matsayin matar Mako * [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Salu * Laide Adewale a matsayin Gbelegbo * Gboyega Ajayi a matsayin Tola * Jimoh Fakoyejo a matsayin Mamu * Bangaskiya Eboigbe a matsayin Matar Salu * Taiye Adegboyega a matsayin matar Gbelegbo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Shugaban 'yan sanda * Deola Yusuff-Badmus a matsayin Iyawo Tola * Olokun Samson a matsayin Tanko * Tayo Oyewusi a matsayin Dandogo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi == Fitarwa == An sake shi a kan VHS a shekarar 1995 ====== Manazarta ====== <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 7mpfqpanxhwjdmvmq95z9c83do94ejy 856124 856122 2026-06-13T16:22:58Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''''Kòseégbé''''' (Turanci: Immovable) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba na 1995 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na wannan sunan na [[Akinwunmi Isola]] . Masu jefa kwallo sun kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] . An sake shi ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions. == Makirci == ''Koseegbe ya ba da labarin wani jami'in kwastam mai ɗabi'a wanda ya maye gurbin wani babban jami'in da aka kore shi saboda cin hanci da rashawa. A sabon mukaminsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsabtace tsarin yayin da aka tura shi baya daga ƙananan jami'an da suka cin hanci da rashawa. Don shirya korarsa, ƙananan jami'an sun gurfanar da shi saboda halayyar haramtacciyar doka. Duk da haka ya sami damar tabbatar da ikirarin su kuma ya wanke kansa.[1][2]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afolabi |first=Omoniyi |date=2011 |title=Yoruba Films By Tunde Kelani: Primary Cultural And Linguistic Data Collection |url=https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014134835/https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kola Oyewo]] a matsayin Mako * Wole Amele a matsayin Maliki * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Arowolo * Toyin Babatope a matsayin Suwebatu * Yetunde Ogunsola a matsayin Dola * Joke Muyiwa a matsayin matar Mako * [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Salu * Laide Adewale a matsayin Gbelegbo * Gboyega Ajayi a matsayin Tola * Jimoh Fakoyejo a matsayin Mamu * Bangaskiya Eboigbe a matsayin Matar Salu * Taiye Adegboyega a matsayin matar Gbelegbo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Shugaban 'yan sanda * Deola Yusuff-Badmus a matsayin Iyawo Tola * Olokun Samson a matsayin Tanko * Tayo Oyewusi a matsayin Dandogo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi == Fitarwa == An sake shi a kan VHS a shekarar 1995 ====== Manazarta ====== <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 39udwguzjunqgvaceh9rmqvmbkyrhkb 856126 856124 2026-06-13T16:24:34Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''''Kòseégbé''''' (Turanci: Immovable) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba na 1995 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na wannan sunan na [[Akinwunmi Isola]] . Masu jefa kwallo sun kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] . An sake shi ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions. == Makirci == ''Koseegbe ya ba da labarin wani jami'in kwastam mai ɗabi'a wanda ya maye gurbin wani babban jami'in da aka kore shi saboda cin hanci da rashawa. A sabon muƙaminsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsabtace tsarin yayin da aka tura shi baya daga ƙananan jami'an da suka cin hanci da rashawa. Don shirya korarsa, ƙananan jami'an sun gurfanar da shi saboda halayyar haramtacciyar doka. Duk da haka ya sami damar tabbatar da ikirarin su kuma ya wanke kansa.[1][2]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afolabi |first=Omoniyi |date=2011 |title=Yoruba Films By Tunde Kelani: Primary Cultural And Linguistic Data Collection |url=https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014134835/https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kola Oyewo]] a matsayin Mako * Wole Amele a matsayin Maliki * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Arowolo * Toyin Babatope a matsayin Suwebatu * Yetunde Ogunsola a matsayin Dola * Joke Muyiwa a matsayin matar Mako * [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Salu * Laide Adewale a matsayin Gbelegbo * Gboyega Ajayi a matsayin Tola * Jimoh Fakoyejo a matsayin Mamu * Bangaskiya Eboigbe a matsayin Matar Salu * Taiye Adegboyega a matsayin matar Gbelegbo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Shugaban 'yan sanda * Deola Yusuff-Badmus a matsayin Iyawo Tola * Olokun Samson a matsayin Tanko * Tayo Oyewusi a matsayin Dandogo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi == Fitarwa == An sake shi a kan VHS a shekarar 1995 ====== Manazarta ====== <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> t10gkmitmd068qx2hjycxy0z3vbezg0 856127 856126 2026-06-13T16:26:13Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''''Kòseégbé''''' (Turanci: Immovable) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba na 1995 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na wannan sunan na [[Akinwunmi Isola]] . Masu jefa kwallo sun kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] . An sake shi ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions. == Makirci == ''Koseegbe ya ba da labarin wani jami'in kwastam mai ɗabi'a wanda ya maye gurbin wani babban jami'in da aka kore shi saboda cin hanci da rashawa. A sabon muƙaminsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsabtace tsarin yayin da aka tura shi baya daga ƙananan jami'an da suka cin hanci da rashawa. Don shirya korarsa, ƙananan jami'an sun gurfanar da shi saboda halayyar haramtacciyar doka. Duk da haka ya sami damar tabbatar da iƙirarin su kuma ya wanke kansa.[1][2]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afolabi |first=Omoniyi |date=2011 |title=Yoruba Films By Tunde Kelani: Primary Cultural And Linguistic Data Collection |url=https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014134835/https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kola Oyewo]] a matsayin Mako * Wole Amele a matsayin Maliki * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Arowolo * Toyin Babatope a matsayin Suwebatu * Yetunde Ogunsola a matsayin Dola * Joke Muyiwa a matsayin matar Mako * [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Salu * Laide Adewale a matsayin Gbelegbo * Gboyega Ajayi a matsayin Tola * Jimoh Fakoyejo a matsayin Mamu * Bangaskiya Eboigbe a matsayin Matar Salu * Taiye Adegboyega a matsayin matar Gbelegbo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Shugaban 'yan sanda * Deola Yusuff-Badmus a matsayin Iyawo Tola * Olokun Samson a matsayin Tanko * Tayo Oyewusi a matsayin Dandogo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi == Fitarwa == An sake shi a kan VHS a shekarar 1995 ====== Manazarta ====== <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 93ycbtsx5gwxjrbywbg4e8nagab8h3u 856128 856127 2026-06-13T16:27:31Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''''Kòseégbé''''' (Turanci: Immovable) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba na 1995 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na wannan sunan na [[Akinwunmi Isola]] . Masu jefa kwallo sun kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] . An sake shi ta hanyar Mainframe Films da Television Productions. == Makirci == ''Koseegbe ya ba da labarin wani jami'in kwastam mai ɗabi'a wanda ya maye gurbin wani babban jami'in da aka kore shi saboda cin hanci da rashawa. A sabon muƙaminsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsabtace tsarin yayin da aka tura shi baya daga ƙananan jami'an da suka cin hanci da rashawa. Don shirya korarsa, ƙananan jami'an sun gurfanar da shi saboda halayyar haramtacciyar doka. Duk da haka ya samu damar tabbatar da iƙirarin su kuma ya wanke kansa.[1][2]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afolabi |first=Omoniyi |date=2011 |title=Yoruba Films By Tunde Kelani: Primary Cultural And Linguistic Data Collection |url=https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014134835/https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Kola Oyewo]] a matsayin Mako * Wole Amele a matsayin Maliki * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Arowolo * Toyin Babatope a matsayin Suwebatu * Yetunde Ogunsola a matsayin Dola * Joke Muyiwa a matsayin matar Mako * [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]] a matsayin Salu * Laide Adewale a matsayin Gbelegbo * Gboyega Ajayi a matsayin Tola * Jimoh Fakoyejo a matsayin Mamu * Bangaskiya Eboigbe a matsayin Matar Salu * Taiye Adegboyega a matsayin matar Gbelegbo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Shugaban 'yan sanda * Deola Yusuff-Badmus a matsayin Iyawo Tola * Olokun Samson a matsayin Tanko * Tayo Oyewusi a matsayin Dandogo * Feso Oyewole a matsayin Talabi == Fitarwa == An sake shi a kan VHS a shekarar 1995 ====== Manazarta ====== <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> anicnjo9frkdbb7i3tu2zjdv4fyoox7 0 69198 856809 785705 2026-06-14T10:43:40Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347115197|O Le Ku]]" 856809 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''O Le Ku''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 1997 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni. An samo shi ne daga littafin [[Akinwunmi Isola|Farfesa Akinwunmi Ishola]] mai suna iri ɗaya. An sake shi a cikin 1997 ta Mainframe Film da Television Productions . An yi shi a sassa biyu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2011 |title="Nollywood" Yoruba Film Project: Kelani Film Selections |url=https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=COERLL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014134835/https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2021-05-08}}</ref> == Tsarin labari == ''Le Ku'' ya ba da labarin Ajani, dalibi na farko na [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] wanda ke cikin shekara ta ƙarshe. Yana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga mahaifiyarsa don neman abokin tarayya kuma ba tare da saninsa ba ya sami kansa a cikin ƙaunar soyayya. Ya yi jima'i da mata uku a lokaci guda; Asake, malamin makarantar sakandare shine budurwarsa ta dogon lokaci. Ya sadu da Lola, mai sanyi wanda yake da tsayi, mai laushi kuma kyakkyawa. Yanayin ya zama mai rikitarwa lokacin da ya sadu da wani sananne tun yana yaro wanda daga ƙarshe ya ɗauki mataki na tsakiya na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |date=2011 |title="Nollywood" Yoruba Film Project: Kelani Film Selections |url=https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=COERLL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014134835/https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/sites/coerll.utexas.edu.coerll/files/nollywood-kelani-film-selections.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2021-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-26 |title=Life + Times: 7 must-see classics from legendary filmmaker, Tunde Kelani |url=https://thenativemag.com/7-must-see-classics-legendary-filmmaker-tunde-kelani/ |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=NativeMag |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifin Asake ya sa ta yanke dangantakarta da Ajani amma duk da haka ta yi ciki, kuma Lola ta gano kuma Ajani dole ne ya zaɓi matar a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga mahaifiyarsa.<ref name=":12" /> su == Masu bada labari == * [[Yemi Shodimu]] a matsayin Ajani * Feyikemi Abodunrin a matsayin Asake * Pauline Dike a matsayin Lola * Omolola Amusan a matsayin Sade * [[Lere Paimo]] a matsayin Adeleke, mahaifin Asake * [[Kola Oyewo]] a matsayin Oloye Ajasa * [[Afeez Oyetoro|Hafiz Oyetoro]] * Toun Oni * Gboyega Olomodosi * Tunde Adegbola a matsayin Jami'in * Dupe Taylor a matsayin Yarinyar Jami'in * [[Lanre Hassan]] a matsayin Awero * Lai Karounwi a matsayin Soja * Deji Adenuga * Laide Adewale a matsayin Farfesa 1 * Larinde Akinleye * [[Akinwunmi Isola|Akinwunmi Ishola]] a matsayin Farfesa 2 * Tunde Awosanmi * Cecilia Kechere a matsayin Femi == Fitarwa == An yi fim din da wasu muhimman sassan fim din a Jami'ar Ibadan . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadiq |first=Zainab |date=2014-11-25 |title=9 Nollywood Films That Ruled the 90s |url=https://tns.ng/9-nollywood-films-ruled-90s/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143600/https://tns.ng/9-nollywood-films-ruled-90s/ |archive-date=2021-05-10 |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=TNS |language=en-US}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == An ce ''O Le Ku'' ya haifar da gajeren salon [[aso oke]] [[Al'adun Najeriya na gargajiya|Iro da Buba]] wanda ake kira Oleku . An jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin labaran Nollywood guda goma daga 90s. [[Akin Adesokan]] a cikin littafinsa na 2011 ya bayyana fim din a matsayin "mafi kyawun misali na fim din yaren Yoruba a Nollywood game da yadda 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da' yan wasan kwaikwayo ke bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a cikin harshen Yoruba "marasa fahimta". An karbe shi don koyar da masu koyon yaren Yoruba na kasashen waje a cibiyoyi a Amurka da Turai saboda ma'aunin yaren Yoroba da aka yi magana a fim din.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soetan |first=Olusegun |title=The Hearthstone: Language, Culture, and Politics in the Films of Tunde Kelani |url=https://ojcs.isg.siue.edu/ojs/index.php/polymath/article/viewFile/3305/1335 |url-status=dead |journal=Polymath: An Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508172225/https://ojcs.isg.siue.edu/ojs/index.php/polymath/article/viewFile/3305/1335 |archive-date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2021-05-08}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Saworoide]] * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 1997|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 1997]] == Manazarta == lgtv489yhhk8pap1iyfbo3ji2jq4vdv 0 69324 856804 819480 2026-06-14T10:40:09Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338971646|Alero's Symphony]]" 856804 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Waƙoƙin Alero |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Alero's_Symphony_poster.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton fim</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Izu Ojukwu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Tunde Babalola |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Adedoyin Owotomo * Ifeoma Dozie * Ngozi Nkwoji * Tokunbo Adodo </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] * [[Ivie Okujaye]] * [[Faze|Chibuzor 'Faze' Oji]] * Carol King * Frederick Leonard * Victor Olaitan * Jibola Dabo </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Ofishin Jakadancin Amstel Malta</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Afrilu 21, 2011 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011-04-21</span>)&nbsp;</span> ([[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] farko) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} Alero's Symphony fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2011 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], [[Ivie Okujaye]] da [[Faze|Chibuzor 'Faze' Oji]] . <ref name="bella">{{Cite web |title=Her Time to Shine! Ivie Okujaye leads the way at the premiere of Amstel Malta Box Office (AMBO 5) movie "Alero's Symphony" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/04/25/her-time-to-shine-ivie-okujaye-leads-the-way-at-the-premiere-of-amstel-malta-box-office-ambo-5-movie-alero%E2%80%99s-symphony/ |access-date=15 September 2014 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> An fara shi ne a The Palms, Genesis Cinemas, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref name="bella" /> Fim din ya fito ne daga Amstel Malta Box Office 5 (AMBO 5). <ref name="bella" /> Ya sami gabatarwa 4 a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards kuma an nuna shi a cikin manyan biranen Najeriya ta Afirka Film Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAA 2012 Movie Screening Team Hits The Town Of Ibadan With 'Phone Swap' And 'Alero's Symphony' |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amaa-2012-movie-screening-team-hits-the-town-of-ibadan-with-phone-swap-and-aleros-symphony-id2508915.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042614/http://pulse.ng/movies/amaa-2012-movie-screening-team-hits-the-town-of-ibadan-with-phone-swap-and-aleros-symphony-id2508915.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 September 2014 |publisher=pulse.ng}}</ref> == Tsarin labari == Fim din ya ba da labarin Alero (Okujaye), tagwayen da aka haifa a cikin dangi mai daraja. Bayan kammala karatunta daga jami'a tare da girmamawa, za ta halarci makarantar shari'a. Iyayenta ba su san ta ba, ainihin burinta shine ta zama mawaƙa. Iyalin sun yanke shawarar zuwa hutun tsibirin don sake kunna dangantakarsu ta iyali. Yayinda yake can, Alero ya sadu da Lovechild (Faze), mai basira amma matalauta mai ba da abinci. Lovechild tana taimaka wa Alero ta bi abin da take so a matsayin aiki. Daga nan sai suka fada cikin soyayya. == Masu bada labari == * [[Ivie Okujaye]] a matsayin Alero * [[Faze|Chibuzor Oji]] a matsayin Lovechild * [[Jibola Dabo]] * [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Dokta Coker * Victor Olaitan * [[Carol King]] * [[Frederick Leonard (actor)|Frederick Leonard]] * Timi Richards == Karɓar baƙi == Nollywood Reinvented ya ba fim din kashi 43% kuma ya yaba da asali da labarin, duk da haka ya soki aikin Faze kuma ya kammala yana cewa "Wannan fim ne na farko na Izu Ojukwu wanda ban ƙaunace shi ba. An sa ni in jira lokaci mai tsawo don a ƙarshe in gan shi amma a baya ina fatan na yi amfani da wannan lokacin don ƙarin ƙoƙari mai amfani. Ba fim ba ne mai ban tsoro, amma ba ya rayuwa daidai da ma'auni na mai shirya fim ɗin. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alero's Symphony |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/07/aleros-symphony.html |access-date=15 September 2014 |publisher=nollywoodreinvented.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == l9sc00jjoyedcx49ibrhb9efv8533w7 0 69427 856821 375432 2026-06-14T10:48:29Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347133790|The Wedding Party (2016 film)]]" 856821 wikitext text/x-wiki   The Wedding Party wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na soyayya na Najeriya na 2016 wanda [[Kemi Adetiba]] ta jagoranta. An fara shi ne a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2016 a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto a [[Kanada]] kuma a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2016 a Eko Hotel da Suites a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. An saki fim din a duk duniya a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2016, kuma ya zama [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Fim din Najeriya mafi girma]]; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |date=2017-02-04 |title='Wedding Party' Fuels Record Nigerian Box Office Despite Ailing Economy |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/wedding-party-fuels-record-nigerian-box-office-despite-ailing-economy-1201977878/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> rikodin da Omo Ghetto ya karya a shekarar 2021: The Saga . == Makirci == A ranar bikin auren tsakanin Dunni Coker mai shekaru 24 mai mallakar gidan zane-zane wanda shine kawai 'yar Injiniya Bamidele da Mrs. Tinuade Coker, da kuma ɗan kasuwa na IT Dozie Onwuka, wanda ya fito ne daga iyali mai arziki sosai. Mahaifiyarsa, Lady Obianuju Onwuka, ta dauki ɗanta yana yin aure a ƙarƙashin kansa. A safiyar kafin bikin auren, an shirya bikin aure kuma mai shirya bikin auren, Wonu yana ƙoƙarin yin komai cikakke ga abokan cinikinta masu arziki. A halin yanzu, iyayen amarya da dangin mata sun yi fushi da barin sunan Tinuade Coker a cikin sanarwar a cikin takarda, kuma iyayen ango suna ba da karin kumallo yayin da mahaifiyar ke magana da rashin jin daɗi game da dangin Coker ga abokanta kuma tana da sanyi sosai ga mijinta, Cif Felix Onwuka. Abokan mata sun yi wa Dunni ba'a game da rashin kwarewar jima'i, kuma abokan maza na Dozie suna ba'a da shi game da bikin ba'a na daren da ya gabata. Mutumin da ya fi dacewa ya kasance a cikin hatsari bayan jam'iyyar bachelor, kuma an zabi Sola marar alhakin a matsayin maye gurbinsa. A lokacin bikin auren, baƙi da dangi suna farin ciki, ban da Obianuju Onwuka wanda ya ki yin kulawa, ga kunyar Felix. Bayan haka, yayin da motocin ke tafiya daga bikin zuwa jam'iyyar, Dunni ya sami takalma biyu na mata a cikin aljihun jaket din Dozie, kuma ya yi fushi. Ya shawo kanta cewa an dasa su a can, watakila ta daya daga cikin abokansa, kuma sun isa wurin liyafar. Rashin jituwa ya taso tsakanin iyaye biyu game da wane rukuni ya kamata ya shiga ɗakin cin abinci da farko; a ƙarshe, Onwukas, kasancewa dangin da suka fi arziki, sun sami shigarwa ta farko. Abincin dare yana da rabon abubuwan kunya, ciki har da Tinuade Coker bayan ya hayar wani mai dafa abinci na Yoruba na gida don dafa madadin menu mai kyau wanda Obianuju Onwuka ya kafa. Lokacin da Sola ya ba da jawabin mutumin da ya fi dacewa, ba zato ba tsammani ya nuna bidiyon daga daren doki maimakon bidiyon da Dozie ya shirya don taron, kuma Dunni mai wulakanci ya bar dakin bayan ya ga abin da ya yi kama da Dozie ba ta aminci a gare ta ba. Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin budurwar Dozie, Rosie, ta sadu da ita a waje da dakin, wacce ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta yi jima'i da Dozie a farkon wannan rana - a zahiri, Rosie ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare shi amma ta kasa. Dunni ya ɓace daga wurin a cikin taksi. Dozie, babban ɗan'uwansa Nonso, da rukunin iyaye biyu sun tashi don neman Dunni amma ɓarawo wanda ya sami damar shiga cikin dakin tare da kyaututtuka na bikin aure ya riƙe su da bindiga. Yanayin tashin hankali ya sa ma'aurata su buɗe wa juna, tare da mahaifiyar Dozie ta furta wa mijinta yadda ba ta farin ciki game da al'amuransa da matasan mata, kuma mahaifin Dunni ya yarda cewa kamfaninsa ya rasa duk kuɗin sa. Ma'aurata sun sulhunta, kuma Nonso ya sami nasarar mamaye ɓarawo kuma ya ɗauki bindigarsa. Dozie ya tafi cikin mota tare da Sola don neman Dunni, kuma ya shawo kanta cewa bai karya alkawarinsu na tsabtar juna ba. Sun koma bikin auren don yin rawa har sai da daddare. tkx4cw81rxba8y9aizgquxwso69hu3f 0 69460 856965 833811 2026-06-14T11:46:18Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345759136|Three Thieves (2019 film)]]" 856965 wikitext text/x-wiki   Three Thieves fim ne mai ban dariya na Najeriya na 2019 wanda [[Udoka Oyeka]] ya jagoranta, wanda Egbemawei Sammy, Abba Makama da Africa Ukoh suka rubuta, kuma Trino Motion Pictures ne suka samar da shi. An sake shi a cikin fina-finai a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019. == Tsarin labari == Saboda wani lamari na kuskuren ainihi, an yi kwangila da abokai uku da ba su gamsu ba don yin sata mai sauƙi. Har ma mafi muni, mutumin da aka yi kwangila da shi don aikin yana neman su. Abubuwa sun bayyana kuma suna iya ƙara satar mutane zuwa jerin laifukan da suke aikata. Tare da karkatarwa mai ban dariya ga duka, abin mamaki ne yadda suka ƙare a matsayin jarumawa na rana. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Saki == An saki Trailer na hukuma don fim din a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2019 kuma an gudanar da nuna hotunan manema labarai a Legas a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2019. Three Thieves ya fara ne a Genesis Cinemas, Oniru a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2019, tare da baƙi kamar [[Frank Donga]] da [[Lasisi Elenu]], kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finai a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019 . == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == ''Yan fashi Uku'' sun sami bita daga masu sukar. A cewar Precious of MamaZeus: "Idan za ku taɓa yin hukunci da wani abu ta hanyar murfinsa ko a wannan yanayin, tirela.... tsayawa! Biye da waɗannan matakai kamar yadda ''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'' ba su da yawa a Nollywood. " Tha Revue ya yaba da samar da fim da fim wanda ya ba masu sauraro ƙwarewar kallon hoto. Ya kuma nuna ilmin sunadarai da wasan kwaikwayo tsakanin manyan haruffa uku Koye, Shawn da Frank. Ifeoma Okeke na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci Najeriya ya ce yayin da fim din ke gabatowa: "Yayin da fina-finai na Najeriya ke samun karbuwa a duniya, fina-fallace kaɗan ne kawai ke da cakuda ban dariya, kamawa kowace rana kuma duk da haka ba sa rasa iko a kan darussan ɗabi'a. Ɗaya daga cikin fina-falan su ne ''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'', wanda zai fita a cikin fina-fukaki a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019. " Osa Amadi na Vanguard ya rubuta: "Aiki ne mai ban sha'awa na wasan kwaikwayo tare da niyyar kiyaye haƙarƙashin masu sauraro da dariya har ma da dariya". == Godiya gaisuwa == === Bikin fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Ranar !Bikin |- |18 ga Satumba 2020 |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto <ref>{{Cite web |title=TINFF 2020 AWARDS NOMINEES / OFFICIAL SELECTION |url=https://www.tinff.net/news/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=TINFF}}</ref> |- |9 ga Oktoba 2020 |Bikin Fim na Silicon Valley na Afirka<ref>{{Cite web |title=11th Annual Silicon Valley African Film Festival! |url=https://svaff.org/annual-film-festival/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=SVAFF}}</ref> |- |6 ga Disamba 2020 |Bikin Fim na Afirka na New York <ref>{{Cite web |title=New York African Film Festival |url=https://africanfilmny.org/event/three-thieves/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=AfricanFilmNY}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == rjd26bvc04hccayrvg2016uqg9p18dm 0 69646 856139 820536 2026-06-13T16:34:35Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344516869|Onye Ozi]]" 856139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Onye Ozi fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2013 wanda Obi Emelonye ya jagoranta.[1] Fim din ya lashe lambobin yabo guda biyu a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imoh |first=Noellin |date=14 October 2014 |title=Nollywood Movie Awards 2014, ONYE OZI, LABO & SHAMEFUL DECEIT are Nominated! |url=http://www.africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093559/http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=African Dazzle Magazine}}</ref> == Tarihi da samarwa == An harbe Onye Ozi a [[Landan]] kuma an fara shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2013 a The Lighthouse Hall, Camberwell, [[Landan]].<ref name="nobs" /> Obi Emelonye da Emmanuella Ngozi Ideh ne suka samar da shi tare da tallafi daga Nollywood Movies, London, Screen Nation Pictures da M-Net.<ref name="nobs">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Onye Ozi (The Messenger): Nollywood Hit Master Obi Emelonye Births Another Classic Movie |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/onye-ozi-the-messenger-nollywood-hit-master-obi-emelonye-births-another-classic-movie/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=360Nobs}}</ref> == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 2013, Onye Ozi ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da kuma duniya. Bayan da aka saki shi, Onye Ozi ya sadu da sake dubawa. Sodas & Popcorn, wani shafin yanar gizon fim na Najeriya ta hanyar ''BellaNaija'' ya nuna kuskuren da ke cikin fim din kuma ya kara sukar fasahar rubuce-rubucen fim din Obi Emelonye yana mai cewa, "Matsalar da ta yi da fina-finai koyaushe rubuce-finai ne. Labaran ba su taɓa ƙarawa ba kuma su da yawa. " Wilfred Okichie na ''[[YNaija]]''' kuma ya ba fim din ƙarancin darajar yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "fim mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas & Popcorn |date=19 February 2014 |title=Sodas & Popcorn –Movie Review: Onye Ozi (The Messenger) |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-onye-ozi-the-messenger/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okichie |first=Wilfred |date=24 February 2014 |title=Film review: Watch 'Onye Ozi' with low expectations and you won't be disappointed |url=http://www.ynaija.com/film-review-watch-onye-ozi-with-low-expectations-and-you-wont-be-disappointed/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Okey Bakassi]] a matsayin Metumaribe Onuigbo * Anthony Aclet a matsayin Chike * Stephen Moriaty a matsayin TJ * Ngozi Igwebike a matsayin Mkpurunma * Adesua Atuanya a matsayin Adaaugo * D'Kachy Obi-Emelonye a matsayin Ossy * Chinemerem Okemuo a matsayin Ogbenyealu * Frank Ani a matsayin Ofoegbu * Nkiruka Emelonye a matsayin Uju * Sarki Onuigbo a matsayin Uba == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2014 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi kyawun Fim na Diaspora|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na asali|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]]|{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|Kyautar Ousmane Sembene don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka]]|{{Nom}} |- |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi Kyawun Comedy na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2015 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo) |{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015]] |Fim na Shekara (Fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar) |{{Nom}} |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == ex2s0tonl1tthfi8hlov82w39uvv67d 856141 856139 2026-06-13T16:36:07Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Onye Ozi fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2013 wanda Obi Emelonye ya jagoranta.[1] Fim din ya lashe lambobin yabo guda biyu a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imoh |first=Noellin |date=14 October 2014 |title=Nollywood Movie Awards 2014, ONYE OZI, LABO & SHAMEFUL DECEIT are Nominated! |url=http://www.africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093559/http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=African Dazzle Magazine}}</ref> == Tarihi da samarwa == An harbe Onye Ozi a [[Landan]] kuma an fara shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2013 a The Lighthouse Hall, Camberwell, [[Landan]].<ref name="nobs" /> Obi Emelonye da Emmanuella Ngozi Ideh ne suka samar da shi tare da tallafi daga Nollywood Movies, London, Screen Nation Pictures da M-Net.<ref name="nobs">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Onye Ozi (The Messenger): Nollywood Hit Master Obi Emelonye Births Another Classic Movie |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/onye-ozi-the-messenger-nollywood-hit-master-obi-emelonye-births-another-classic-movie/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=360Nobs}}</ref> == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 2013, Onye Ozi ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da kuma duniya. Bayan da aka saki shi, Onye Ozi ya sadu da sake dubawa. Sodas & Popcorn, wani shafin yanar gizon fim na Najeriya ta hanyar ''BellaNaija'' ya nuna kuskuren da ke cikin fim din kuma ya kara sukar fasahar rubuce-rubucen fim din Obi Emelonye yana mai cewa, "Matsalar da ta yi da fina-finai koyaushe rubuce-finai ne. Labaran ba su taɓa ƙarawa ba kuma su da yawa. " Wilfred Okichie na ''[[YNaija]]''' kuma ya ba fim din ƙarancin darajar yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "fim mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas & Popcorn |date=19 February 2014 |title=Sodas & Popcorn –Movie Review: Onye Ozi (The Messenger) |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-onye-ozi-the-messenger/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okichie |first=Wilfred |date=24 February 2014 |title=Film review: Watch 'Onye Ozi' with low expectations and you won't be disappointed |url=http://www.ynaija.com/film-review-watch-onye-ozi-with-low-expectations-and-you-wont-be-disappointed/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Okey Bakassi]] a matsayin Metumaribe Onuigbo * Anthony Aclet a matsayin Chike * Stephen Moriaty a matsayin TJ * Ngozi Igwebike a matsayin Mkpurunma * Adesua Atuanya a matsayin Adaaugo * D'Kachy Obi-Emelonye a matsayin Ossy * Chinemerem Okemuo a matsayin Ogbenyealu * Frank Ani a matsayin Ofoegbu * Nkiruka Emelonye a matsayin Uju * Sarki Onuigbo a matsayin Uba == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2014 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi kyawun Fim na Diaspora|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na asali|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]]|{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|Kyautar Ousmane Sembene don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka]]|{{Nom}} |- |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi Kyawun Comedy na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2015 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo) |{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015]] |Fim na Shekara (Fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar) |{{Nom}} |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == 4fmi6b3lzx6vsmfggwwdtvpecbq7tkg 856150 856141 2026-06-13T16:37:55Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Onye Ozi fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2013 wanda Obi Emelonye ya jagoranta.[1] Fim din ya lashe lambobin yabo guda biyu a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imoh |first=Noellin |date=14 October 2014 |title=Nollywood Movie Awards 2014, ONYE OZI, LABO & SHAMEFUL DECEIT are Nominated! |url=http://www.africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093559/http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=African Dazzle Magazine}}</ref> == Tarihi da samarwa == An harbe Onye Ozi a [[Landan]] kuma an fara shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2013 a The Lighthouse Hall, Camberwell, [[Landan]].<ref name="nobs" /> Obi Emelonye da Emmanuella Ngozi Ideh ne suka samar da shi tare da tallafi daga Nollywood Movies, London, Screen Nation Pictures da M-Net.<ref name="nobs">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Onye Ozi (The Messenger): Nollywood Hit Master Obi Emelonye Births Another Classic Movie |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/onye-ozi-the-messenger-nollywood-hit-master-obi-emelonye-births-another-classic-movie/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=360Nobs}}</ref> == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 2013, Onye Ozi ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da kuma Duniya. Bayan da aka saki shi, Onye Ozi ya sadu da sake dubawa. Sodas & Popcorn, wani shafin yanar gizon fim na Najeriya ta hanyar ''BellaNaija'' ya nuna kuskuren da ke cikin fim din kuma ya kara sukar fasahar rubuce-rubucen fim din Obi Emelonye yana mai cewa, "Matsalar da ta yi da fina-finai koyaushe rubuce-finai ne. Labaran ba su taɓa ƙarawa ba kuma su da yawa. " Wilfred Okichie na ''[[YNaija]]''' kuma ya ba fim din ƙarancin darajar yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "fim mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas & Popcorn |date=19 February 2014 |title=Sodas & Popcorn –Movie Review: Onye Ozi (The Messenger) |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-onye-ozi-the-messenger/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okichie |first=Wilfred |date=24 February 2014 |title=Film review: Watch 'Onye Ozi' with low expectations and you won't be disappointed |url=http://www.ynaija.com/film-review-watch-onye-ozi-with-low-expectations-and-you-wont-be-disappointed/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Okey Bakassi]] a matsayin Metumaribe Onuigbo * Anthony Aclet a matsayin Chike * Stephen Moriaty a matsayin TJ * Ngozi Igwebike a matsayin Mkpurunma * Adesua Atuanya a matsayin Adaaugo * D'Kachy Obi-Emelonye a matsayin Ossy * Chinemerem Okemuo a matsayin Ogbenyealu * Frank Ani a matsayin Ofoegbu * Nkiruka Emelonye a matsayin Uju * Sarki Onuigbo a matsayin Uba == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2014 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi kyawun Fim na Diaspora|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na asali|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]]|{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|Kyautar Ousmane Sembene don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka]]|{{Nom}} |- |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi Kyawun Comedy na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2015 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo) |{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015]] |Fim na Shekara (Fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar) |{{Nom}} |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == o41voefgnojwwp6i0gwshyj1w9507h2 856163 856150 2026-06-13T16:39:58Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Onye Ozi fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2013 wanda Obi Emelonye ya jagoranta.[1] Fim din ya lashe lambobin yabo guda biyu a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imoh |first=Noellin |date=14 October 2014 |title=Nollywood Movie Awards 2014, ONYE OZI, LABO & SHAMEFUL DECEIT are Nominated! |url=http://www.africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093559/http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=African Dazzle Magazine}}</ref> == Tarihi da samarwa == An harbe Onye Ozi a [[Landan]] kuma an fara shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2013 a The Lighthouse Hall, Camberwell, [[Landan]].<ref name="nobs" /> Obi Emelonye da Emmanuella Ngozi Ideh ne suka samar da shi tare da tallafi daga Nollywood Movies, London, Screen Nation Pictures da M-Net.<ref name="nobs">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Onye Ozi (The Messenger): Nollywood Hit Master Obi Emelonye Births Another Classic Movie |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/onye-ozi-the-messenger-nollywood-hit-master-obi-emelonye-births-another-classic-movie/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=360Nobs}}</ref> == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 2013, Onye Ozi ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da kuma Duniya. Bayan da aka saki shi, Onye Ozi ya sadu da sake dubawa. Sodas & Popcorn, wani shafin yanar gizon fim na Najeriya ta hanyar ''BellaNaija'' ya nuna kuskuren da ke cikin fim din kuma ya ƙara sukar fasahar rubuce-rubucen fim din Obi Emelonye yana mai cewa, "Matsalar da ta yi da fina-finai koyaushe rubuce-finai ne. Labaran ba su taɓa ƙarawa ba kuma su da yawa. " Wilfred Okichie na ''[[YNaija]]''' kuma ya ba fim din ƙarancin darajar yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "fim mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas & Popcorn |date=19 February 2014 |title=Sodas & Popcorn –Movie Review: Onye Ozi (The Messenger) |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-onye-ozi-the-messenger/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okichie |first=Wilfred |date=24 February 2014 |title=Film review: Watch 'Onye Ozi' with low expectations and you won't be disappointed |url=http://www.ynaija.com/film-review-watch-onye-ozi-with-low-expectations-and-you-wont-be-disappointed/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Okey Bakassi]] a matsayin Metumaribe Onuigbo * Anthony Aclet a matsayin Chike * Stephen Moriaty a matsayin TJ * Ngozi Igwebike a matsayin Mkpurunma * Adesua Atuanya a matsayin Adaaugo * D'Kachy Obi-Emelonye a matsayin Ossy * Chinemerem Okemuo a matsayin Ogbenyealu * Frank Ani a matsayin Ofoegbu * Nkiruka Emelonye a matsayin Uju * Sarki Onuigbo a matsayin Uba == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2014 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi kyawun Fim na Diaspora|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na asali|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]]|{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|Kyautar Ousmane Sembene don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka]]|{{Nom}} |- |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi Kyawun Comedy na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2015 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo) |{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015]] |Fim na Shekara (Fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar) |{{Nom}} |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == 5aibra0i8gf6221zahzybbf48enyooh 856169 856163 2026-06-13T16:41:24Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Onye Ozi fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2013 wanda Obi Emelonye ya jagoranta.[1] Fim din ya lashe lambobin yabo guda biyu a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imoh |first=Noellin |date=14 October 2014 |title=Nollywood Movie Awards 2014, ONYE OZI, LABO & SHAMEFUL DECEIT are Nominated! |url=http://www.africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093559/http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=African Dazzle Magazine}}</ref> == Tarihi da samarwa == An harbe Onye Ozi a [[Landan]] An kuma fara shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2013 a The Lighthouse Hall, Camberwell, [[Landan]].<ref name="nobs" /> Obi Emelonye da Emmanuella Ngozi Ideh ne suka samar da shi tare da tallafi daga Nollywood Movies, London, Screen Nation Pictures da M-Net.<ref name="nobs">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Onye Ozi (The Messenger): Nollywood Hit Master Obi Emelonye Births Another Classic Movie |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/onye-ozi-the-messenger-nollywood-hit-master-obi-emelonye-births-another-classic-movie/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=360Nobs}}</ref> == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 2013, Onye Ozi ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da kuma Duniya. Bayan da aka saki shi, Onye Ozi ya sadu da sake dubawa. Sodas & Popcorn, wani shafin yanar gizon fim na Najeriya ta hanyar ''BellaNaija'' ya nuna kuskuren da ke cikin fim din kuma ya ƙara sukar fasahar rubuce-rubucen fim din Obi Emelonye yana mai cewa, "Matsalar da ta yi da fina-finai koyaushe rubuce-finai ne. Labaran ba su taɓa ƙarawa ba kuma su da yawa. " Wilfred Okichie na ''[[YNaija]]''' kuma ya ba fim din ƙarancin darajar yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "fim mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas & Popcorn |date=19 February 2014 |title=Sodas & Popcorn –Movie Review: Onye Ozi (The Messenger) |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-onye-ozi-the-messenger/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okichie |first=Wilfred |date=24 February 2014 |title=Film review: Watch 'Onye Ozi' with low expectations and you won't be disappointed |url=http://www.ynaija.com/film-review-watch-onye-ozi-with-low-expectations-and-you-wont-be-disappointed/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Okey Bakassi]] a matsayin Metumaribe Onuigbo * Anthony Aclet a matsayin Chike * Stephen Moriaty a matsayin TJ * Ngozi Igwebike a matsayin Mkpurunma * Adesua Atuanya a matsayin Adaaugo * D'Kachy Obi-Emelonye a matsayin Ossy * Chinemerem Okemuo a matsayin Ogbenyealu * Frank Ani a matsayin Ofoegbu * Nkiruka Emelonye a matsayin Uju * Sarki Onuigbo a matsayin Uba == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2014 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi kyawun Fim na Diaspora|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na asali|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]]|{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|Kyautar Ousmane Sembene don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka]]|{{Nom}} |- |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi Kyawun Comedy na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2015 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo) |{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015]] |Fim na Shekara (Fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar) |{{Nom}} |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == 8qgz6zu2dii71pqnkbwxhhl4mxg6t32 0 71822 856196 750448 2026-06-13T16:49:28Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342698582|Charles Uwagbai]]" 856196 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Charles Uwagbai''' ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]-Kanada .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Uwagbai |url=https://www.directors.ca/directors/charles-uwagbai |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Directors.ca |language=en}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] a kudancin Najeriya. Uwagbai kuma mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai ne kuma darektan. Yana da gogewa a cikin samar da kafofin watsa labarai, gyarawa, jagorantar, da kuma motsa jiki. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tallace-tallace na talabijin / rediyo, shirye-shiryen tarihi, shirye-aikacen gaskiya da fina-finai, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE INLAWS |url=https://filmfreeway.com/941583 |website=FilmFreeway}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Uwagbai ta fito ne daga Edo wanda ya kammala karatun injiniya daga Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti . Ya shiga makarantar fina-finai ta New York kuma ya horar da daraktoci kamar Andy Amenechi da Alex Mouth . Ya fara aikinsa tare da zane-zane da raye-raye amma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da yin wasu fina-finai na Nollywood kamar Black Silhouette, Breathless, The Ghost da Tout, da Kondo Games . == Ayyuka == Uwagbai made his first movie titled ''Okoro, the Prince'' in 2010. The movie starred actors such as the late [[Sam Loco Efe|Sam Loco]] and [[Alex Usifo|Alex Osifo]]. Before then, he was involved in other projects and films.<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> He started out in the music industry, and shot music videos and TV commercials before he ventured into [[Nollywood]].<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * Okoro Yarima - Darakta, 2013 * Ba tare da numfashi ba - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[The Black Silhouette|Black Silhouette]]'' - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[Brother Jekwu|Ɗan'uwa Jekwu]]'' - Darakta, 2016 * ''Yankin Abokantaka'' - Darakta, 2017 * Esohe - Darakta, 2017 * An rasa shi - Darakta, 2017 * London Fever - Darakta, 2017 * The Inlaws - Darakta, 2017 * ''Nwanyioma'' - Darakta, 2018 * Never Yours - Darakta, 2018 * ''Abin da Ya faru'' - Darakta, 2018 * The Washerman - Darakta, 2018 * ''Akunne'' - Darakta, 2018 * Tailor My Heart - Darakta, 2018 * Matar budurwa - Darakta, 2018 * Ghost da Tout - Darakta, 2018 * ''Har abada da Rana'' - Darakta, 2019 * ''Ma'aurata na Afirka'' (Shirin Talabijin) - Darakta, 2019 * Lucked Up - Darakta, 2019 * The Gentleman - Darakta, 2019 * Entangle - Darakta, 2020 * The Therapist - Darakta, 2020 * ''Sarauniyarsa'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Nkem'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Labari daga Zazu'' - Darakta, 2020 * Gaskiya hangen nesa - Darakta, 2020 * Sanarwar barin - Darakta, 2021 * Nerve Wreck - Darakta, 2021 * ''[[Charlie Charlie (fim)|Charlie Charlie]]'' - Darakta, 2021 * Ƙananan Abu - Darakta, 2021 * ''Ya ɓace'' - Darakta, 2021 * Blood of Enogie (TV Series) - Darakta, 2021 * A cikin Hanyar Ƙauna - Darakta, 2022 * Neman Soli - Darakta, 2022 * ''Mala'ikan Iblis'' - Darakta, 2022 * Celebrity Crash - Darakta, 2022 * ''Kyakkyawan jahilci'' - Darakta, 2022 * ''Half Brothers'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Thorn - Darakta, 2023 * ''Shi kaɗai ne''- Darakta, 2023 * Mai Tsarki Heist (yana iya zama mutum mai sata) ** - Darakta, 2023 * ''Neman Odera'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Wall Street Boy (Kipkemboi) - Darakta, 2023 == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ltfr3gn6tgqg1quh30zx77wvqx0gz8d 856199 856196 2026-06-13T16:50:11Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Charles Uwagbai''' ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]-Kanada .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Uwagbai |url=https://www.directors.ca/directors/charles-uwagbai |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Directors.ca |language=en}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] a kudancin Najeriya. Uwagbai kuma mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai ne kuma darektan. Yana da gogewa a cikin samar da kafofin watsa labarai, gyarawa, jagorantar, da kuma motsa jiki. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tallace-tallace na talabijin / rediyo, shirye-shiryen tarihi, shirye-aikacen gaskiya da fina-finai, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE INLAWS |url=https://filmfreeway.com/941583 |website=FilmFreeway}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Uwagbai ta fito ne daga Edo wanda ya kammala karatun injiniya daga Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti . Ya shiga makarantar fina-finai ta New York kuma ya horar da daraktoci kamar Andy Amenechi da Alex Mouth . Ya fara aikinsa tare da zane-zane da raye-raye amma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da yin wasu fina-finai na Nollywood kamar Black Silhouette, Breathless, The Ghost da Tout, da Kondo Games . == Ayyuka == Uwagbai made his first movie titled ''Okoro, the Prince'' in 2010. The movie starred actors such as the late [[Sam Loco Efe|Sam Loco]] and [[Alex Usifo|Alex Osifo]]. Before then, he was involved in other projects and films.<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> He started out in the music industry, and shot music videos and TV commercials before he ventured into [[Nollywood]].<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * Okoro Yarima - Darakta, 2013 * Ba tare da numfashi ba - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[The Black Silhouette|Black Silhouette]]'' - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[Brother Jekwu|Ɗan'uwa Jekwu]]'' - Darakta, 2016 * ''Yankin Abokantaka'' - Darakta, 2017 * Esohe - Darakta, 2017 * An rasa shi - Darakta, 2017 * London Fever - Darakta, 2017 * The Inlaws - Darakta, 2017 * ''Nwanyioma'' - Darakta, 2018 * Never Yours - Darakta, 2018 * ''Abin da Ya faru'' - Darakta, 2018 * The Washerman - Darakta, 2018 * ''Akunne'' - Darakta, 2018 * Tailor My Heart - Darakta, 2018 * Matar budurwa - Darakta, 2018 * Ghost da Tout - Darakta, 2018 * ''Har abada da Rana'' - Darakta, 2019 * ''Ma'aurata na Afirka'' (Shirin Talabijin) - Darakta, 2019 * Lucked Up - Darakta, 2019 * The Gentleman - Darakta, 2019 * Entangle - Darakta, 2020 * The Therapist - Darakta, 2020 * ''Sarauniyarsa'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Nkem'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Labari daga Zazu'' - Darakta, 2020 * Gaskiya hangen nesa - Darakta, 2020 * Sanarwar barin - Darakta, 2021 * Nerve Wreck - Darakta, 2021 * ''[[Charlie Charlie (fim)|Charlie Charlie]]'' - Darakta, 2021 * Ƙananan Abu - Darakta, 2021 * ''Ya ɓace'' - Darakta, 2021 * Blood of Enogie (TV Series) - Darakta, 2021 * A cikin Hanyar Ƙauna - Darakta, 2022 * Neman Soli - Darakta, 2022 * ''Mala'ikan Iblis'' - Darakta, 2022 * Celebrity Crash - Darakta, 2022 * ''Kyakkyawan jahilci'' - Darakta, 2022 * ''Half Brothers'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Thorn - Darakta, 2023 * ''Shi kaɗai ne''- Darakta, 2023 * Mai Tsarki Heist (yana iya zama mutum mai sata) ** - Darakta, 2023 * ''Neman Odera'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Wall Street Boy (Kipkemboi) - Darakta, 2023 == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] siokhrjx3qbpxezrzgflsqw6wj7q174 856218 856199 2026-06-13T16:57:03Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Charles Uwagbai''' ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]-Kanada .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Uwagbai |url=https://www.directors.ca/directors/charles-uwagbai |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Directors.ca |language=en}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] a kudancin Najeriya. Uwagbai kuma mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai ne kuma darektan. Yana da gogewa a cikin samar da kafofin watsa labarai, gyarawa, jagorantar, da kuma motsa jiki. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tallace-tallace na talabijin / rediyo, shirye-shiryen tarihi, shirye-aikacen gaskiya da fina-finai, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE INLAWS |url=https://filmfreeway.com/941583 |website=FilmFreeway}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Uwagbai ta fito ne daga Edo wanda ya kammala karatun injiniya daga Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti . Ya shiga makarantar fina-finai ta New York kuma ya horar da daraktoci kamar Andy Amenechi da Alex Mouth . Ya fara aikinsa tare da zane-zane da raye-raye amma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da yin wasu fina-finai na Nollywood kamar Black Silhouette, Breathless, The Ghost da Tout, da Kondo Games . == Ayyuka == Uwagbai made his first movie titled ''Okoro, the Prince'' in 2010. The movie starred actors such as the late [[Sam Loco Efe|Sam Loco]] and [[Alex Usifo|Alex Osifo]]. Before then, he was involved in other projects and films.<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> He started out in the music industry, and shot music videos and TV commercials before he ventured into [[Nollywood]].<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * Okoro Yarima - Darakta, 2013 * Ba tare da numfashi ba - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[The Black Silhouette|Black Silhouette]]'' - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[Brother Jekwu|Ɗan'uwa Jekwu]]'' - Darakta, 2016 * ''Yankin Abokantaka'' - Darakta, 2017 * Esohe - Darakta, 2017 * An rasa shi - Darakta, 2017 * London Fever - Darakta, 2017 * The Inlaws - Darakta, 2017 * ''Nwanyioma'' - Darakta, 2018 * Never Yours - Darakta, 2018 * ''Abin da Ya faru'' - Darakta, 2018 * The Washerman - Darakta, 2018 * ''Akunne'' - Darakta, 2018 * Tailor My Heart - Darakta, 2018 * Matar budurwa - Darakta, 2018 * Ghost da Tout - Darakta, 2018 * ''Har abada da Rana'' - Darakta, 2019 * ''Ma'aurata na Afirka'' (Shirin Talabijin) - Darakta, 2019 * Lucked Up - Darakta, 2019 * The Gentleman - Darakta, 2019 * Entangle - Darakta, 2020 * The Therapist - Darakta, 2020 * ''Sarauniyarsa'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Nkem'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Labari daga Zazu'' - Darakta, 2020 * Gaskiya hangen nesa - Darakta, 2020 * Sanarwar barin - Darakta, 2021 * Nerve Wreck - Darakta, 2021 * ''[[Charlie Charlie (fim)|Charlie Charlie]]'' - Darakta, 2021 * Ƙananan Abu - Darakta, 2021 * ''Ya ɓace'' - Darakta, 2021 * Blood of Enogie (TV Series) - Darakta, 2021 * A cikin Hanyar Ƙauna - Darakta, 2022 * Neman Soli - Darakta, 2022 * ''Mala'ikan Iblis'' - Darakta, 2022 * Celebrity Crash - Darakta, 2022 * ''Kyakkyawan jahilci'' - Darakta, 2022 * ''Half Brothers'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Thorn - Darakta, 2023 * ''Shi kaɗai ne''- Darakta, 2023 * Mai Tsarki Heist (yana iya zama mutum mai sata) ** - Darakta, 2023 * ''Neman Odera'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Wall Street Boy (Kipkemboi) - Darakta, 2023 == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cdb4bngq0kl1zw3evk2jp6yx90p7vv9 856224 856218 2026-06-13T17:00:14Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Charles Uwagbai''' ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]-Kanada .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Uwagbai |url=https://www.directors.ca/directors/charles-uwagbai |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Directors.ca |language=en}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] a kudancin Najeriya. Uwagbai kuma mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai ne kuma darektan. Yana da gogewa a cikin samar da kafofin watsa labarai, gyarawa, jagorantar, da kuma motsa jiki. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tallace-tallace na talabijin / rediyo, shirye-shiryen tarihi, shirye-aikacen gaskiya da fina-finai, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE INLAWS |url=https://filmfreeway.com/941583 |website=FilmFreeway}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Uwagbai ta fito ne daga Edo wanda ya kammala karatun injiniya daga Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti . Ya shiga makarantar fina-finai ta New York kuma ya horar da daraktoci kamar Andy Amenechi da Alex Mouth . Ya fara aikinsa tare da zane-zane da raye-raye amma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da yin wasu fina-finai na Nollywood kamar Black Silhouette, Breathless, The Ghost da Tout, da kumaKondo Games . == Ayyuka == Uwagbai made his first movie titled ''Okoro, the Prince'' in 2010. The movie starred actors such as the late [[Sam Loco Efe|Sam Loco]] and [[Alex Usifo|Alex Osifo]]. Before then, he was involved in other projects and films.<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> He started out in the music industry, and shot music videos and TV commercials before he ventured into [[Nollywood]].<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * Okoro Yarima - Darakta, 2013 * Ba tare da numfashi ba - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[The Black Silhouette|Black Silhouette]]'' - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[Brother Jekwu|Ɗan'uwa Jekwu]]'' - Darakta, 2016 * ''Yankin Abokantaka'' - Darakta, 2017 * Esohe - Darakta, 2017 * An rasa shi - Darakta, 2017 * London Fever - Darakta, 2017 * The Inlaws - Darakta, 2017 * ''Nwanyioma'' - Darakta, 2018 * Never Yours - Darakta, 2018 * ''Abin da Ya faru'' - Darakta, 2018 * The Washerman - Darakta, 2018 * ''Akunne'' - Darakta, 2018 * Tailor My Heart - Darakta, 2018 * Matar budurwa - Darakta, 2018 * Ghost da Tout - Darakta, 2018 * ''Har abada da Rana'' - Darakta, 2019 * ''Ma'aurata na Afirka'' (Shirin Talabijin) - Darakta, 2019 * Lucked Up - Darakta, 2019 * The Gentleman - Darakta, 2019 * Entangle - Darakta, 2020 * The Therapist - Darakta, 2020 * ''Sarauniyarsa'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Nkem'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Labari daga Zazu'' - Darakta, 2020 * Gaskiya hangen nesa - Darakta, 2020 * Sanarwar barin - Darakta, 2021 * Nerve Wreck - Darakta, 2021 * ''[[Charlie Charlie (fim)|Charlie Charlie]]'' - Darakta, 2021 * Ƙananan Abu - Darakta, 2021 * ''Ya ɓace'' - Darakta, 2021 * Blood of Enogie (TV Series) - Darakta, 2021 * A cikin Hanyar Ƙauna - Darakta, 2022 * Neman Soli - Darakta, 2022 * ''Mala'ikan Iblis'' - Darakta, 2022 * Celebrity Crash - Darakta, 2022 * ''Kyakkyawan jahilci'' - Darakta, 2022 * ''Half Brothers'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Thorn - Darakta, 2023 * ''Shi kaɗai ne''- Darakta, 2023 * Mai Tsarki Heist (yana iya zama mutum mai sata) ** - Darakta, 2023 * ''Neman Odera'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Wall Street Boy (Kipkemboi) - Darakta, 2023 == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t7bu0q6q8uesg0uoueocff9jubiw10p 856226 856224 2026-06-13T17:01:00Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 856226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Charles Uwagbai''' ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]-Kanada .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Uwagbai |url=https://www.directors.ca/directors/charles-uwagbai |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Directors.ca |language=en}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] a kudancin Najeriya. Uwagbai kuma mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai ne kuma daraktan. Yana da gogewa a cikin samar da kafofin watsa labarai, gyarawa, jagorantar, da kuma motsa jiki. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tallace-tallace na talabijin / rediyo, shirye-shiryen tarihi, shirye-aikacen gaskiya da fina-finai, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE INLAWS |url=https://filmfreeway.com/941583 |website=FilmFreeway}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Uwagbai ta fito ne daga Edo wanda ya kammala karatun injiniya daga Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti . Ya shiga makarantar fina-finai ta New York kuma ya horar da daraktoci kamar Andy Amenechi da Alex Mouth . Ya fara aikinsa tare da zane-zane da raye-raye amma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da yin wasu fina-finai na Nollywood kamar Black Silhouette, Breathless, The Ghost da Tout, da kumaKondo Games . == Ayyuka == Uwagbai made his first movie titled ''Okoro, the Prince'' in 2010. The movie starred actors such as the late [[Sam Loco Efe|Sam Loco]] and [[Alex Usifo|Alex Osifo]]. Before then, he was involved in other projects and films.<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> He started out in the music industry, and shot music videos and TV commercials before he ventured into [[Nollywood]].<ref name="premiumtimesng.com" /> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * Okoro Yarima - Darakta, 2013 * Ba tare da numfashi ba - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[The Black Silhouette|Black Silhouette]]'' - Darakta, 2015 * ''[[Brother Jekwu|Ɗan'uwa Jekwu]]'' - Darakta, 2016 * ''Yankin Abokantaka'' - Darakta, 2017 * Esohe - Darakta, 2017 * An rasa shi - Darakta, 2017 * London Fever - Darakta, 2017 * The Inlaws - Darakta, 2017 * ''Nwanyioma'' - Darakta, 2018 * Never Yours - Darakta, 2018 * ''Abin da Ya faru'' - Darakta, 2018 * The Washerman - Darakta, 2018 * ''Akunne'' - Darakta, 2018 * Tailor My Heart - Darakta, 2018 * Matar budurwa - Darakta, 2018 * Ghost da Tout - Darakta, 2018 * ''Har abada da Rana'' - Darakta, 2019 * ''Ma'aurata na Afirka'' (Shirin Talabijin) - Darakta, 2019 * Lucked Up - Darakta, 2019 * The Gentleman - Darakta, 2019 * Entangle - Darakta, 2020 * The Therapist - Darakta, 2020 * ''Sarauniyarsa'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Nkem'' - Darakta, 2020 * ''Labari daga Zazu'' - Darakta, 2020 * Gaskiya hangen nesa - Darakta, 2020 * Sanarwar barin - Darakta, 2021 * Nerve Wreck - Darakta, 2021 * ''[[Charlie Charlie (fim)|Charlie Charlie]]'' - Darakta, 2021 * Ƙananan Abu - Darakta, 2021 * ''Ya ɓace'' - Darakta, 2021 * Blood of Enogie (TV Series) - Darakta, 2021 * A cikin Hanyar Ƙauna - Darakta, 2022 * Neman Soli - Darakta, 2022 * ''Mala'ikan Iblis'' - Darakta, 2022 * Celebrity Crash - Darakta, 2022 * ''Kyakkyawan jahilci'' - Darakta, 2022 * ''Half Brothers'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Thorn - Darakta, 2023 * ''Shi kaɗai ne''- Darakta, 2023 * Mai Tsarki Heist (yana iya zama mutum mai sata) ** - Darakta, 2023 * ''Neman Odera'' - Darakta, 2023 * The Wall Street Boy (Kipkemboi) - Darakta, 2023 == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 48vso9v1sjye7jaiwo0a8clfg70x2pd 0 72153 856676 827469 2026-06-14T09:37:13Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353937630|IK Ogbonna]]" 856676 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ikechukwu Mitchel Ogbonna''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1984), wanda aka fi sani da '''IK Ogbonna''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na fina-finai da talabijin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], samfurin, darektan, kuma ɗan wasan talabijin. Shi Darakta ne, Model da kuma [[murna|Mutumin talabijin]].<ref name="eduprofile2">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin fim din Playing Safe tare da Tonto Dikeh da [[Ini Edo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=11 May 2013 |title=Playing Safe 'Review' |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/05/playing-safe.html |website=Nollywood REinvented}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ik ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Jos, Jihar Plateau, inda ya sami Takardar shaidarsa ta farko da Takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma bi da bi.<ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jos a Jihar Plateau . <ref name="eduprofile" /> Mai wasan kwaikwayo ya sami digiri na Doctorate na Arts a cikin Jagora da Ci gaba daga Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT) - Le Grand Frère |url=https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211093623/https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=legrandfrere.bf/ |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ogbonna ya shiga cikin sauraron shirin talabijin na Amstel Malta Box Office a shekara ta 2005 kuma an zaba shi. Ya kasance abin koyi na dogon lokaci. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare ya lashe lambar yabo ta Milo don Fine Arts <ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ "Education Profile of IK Ogbonna"]. ''PressPayNg Blog''. 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Farkonsa a masana'antar fina-finai ya fara ne a shekarar 2013 lokacin da ya fito a Love Lorn . <ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ "Education Profile of IK Ogbonna"]. ''PressPayNg Blog''. 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A halin yanzu Alkalin ne a ''De9jaspirit Talent Hunt'' show . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2023-07-06 |title=Season 3 De9jaspirit Talent Hunt 2023 returns with 4 Judges, Host of incredible prizes |url=https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140905/https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |archive-date=2023-08-02 |access-date=2023-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogbonna ya gaya wa The Vanguard a cikin 2023 cewa dangantakarsa ta fara ne da abota saboda bai san yadda za a nemi mace ba. Ya taɓa auren Sonia Morales kuma suna da ɗa, Ace Ogbonna. Bugu da ƙari, yana da 'yar mai suna Makayla daga dangantakar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Henry |date=2018-12-30 |title=The Revelation: IK Ogbonna First Child Surface and Trouble Begins Again! |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/the-revelation-ik-ogbonna-first-child-surface-and-trouble-begins-again/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nigeriafilms |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Ajiye Rai (2007) a matsayin Dauda * Abin sha'awa (2012) * ''Lovelorn'' (2012) * Abin sha'awa (2012) * ''Yin wasa lafiya'' (2013) a matsayin Laporsche * ''An sace Gobe'' (2013) * ''A cikin Takalmanta'' (2013) a matsayin Ben * The Wrong Selfie (2014) a matsayin Alex * Hustlers (2014) a matsayin Cliff * Golden Diggin (2014) a matsayin Ik * ''Lines da ba su da tabbas'' (2014) * ''Otal din Honeymoon'' (2014) * ''Abokina Mai arziki'' (2014) * ''Ikogosi'' (2015) a matsayin George * Open Marriage (2015) a matsayin Kelvin * ''Black Bird'' (2015) a matsayin Chuks * A Week to My Wedding (2016) a matsayin Pedro * ''Ghana Dole ne ta tafi'' (2016) * Ɗauki Mutum (2017) a matsayin Benjamin * Fitar da Ƙauna (2017) Gilbert * Kayan aiki da yawa (2017) a matsayin Enyinna * Disguise (2018) a matsayin Belinda/Lambo * The Washerman (2018) a matsayin Boniface * ''SHOWBIZ'' (2019) * The Confessor (2019) a matsayin Rev. Frank * Unroyal (2020) a matsayin Yarima Leonard * Ayyuka masu laushi (2020) a matsayin Dr. J. * ''Hanyar Komawa Gida'' (2021) a matsayin George * ''[[Kirsimeti a Miami]]'' (2021) a matsayin Nite Club PR * Ni Nazzy ne (2022) * ''Kuskuren'' (2022) a matsayin Jasper * The Switch (2023) a matsayin Pablo * Loving Belinda (2023) a matsayin Chucks * ''Babban Ranar Teni'' (2023) a matsayin Benjamin * Ta Dukkanin (2024) a matsayin Nonso * ''Yadda nake son a ƙaunace ni'' (2024) a matsayin Olisa * Dukkanin da ke Haskakawa (2024) a matsayin Chuks * ''[[Move like a Boss|Ka yi tafiya kamar shugaba]]'' (2024) [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fziqav5i50i330tvgi0ck2dajssl81s 0 72443 856109 566331 2026-06-13T15:02:01Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soheir Zaki''' ( {{Lang-ar|سهير زكي}}, an haife ta a Mansoura dake kasar Masar a ranar sha hudu 4 ga watan Janairu, shekar alif dari tara da arba'in da biyar 1945) 'yar wasan rawa ce kuma 'yar wasan Masar. Ta fito a cikin fina-finan Masar sama da 100 daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Soheir Zaki a Mansoura, Misira a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu, 1945. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara tara, iyayenta suka kaura da iyalinta zuwa Alexandria. Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take karama kuma mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure. Mahaifinta daga baya ya zama manajanta. Zaki ta fara koyon yadda ake rawa ta hanyar kallon fina-finai da ke nuna Taheyya Kariokka da Samia Gamal.<ref name=hab>{{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=Francesca|title=Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body|journal=Habibi|date=February 2002|volume=19}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai rawa a Alexandria. Mai gabatar da talabijin Mohammed Salem ya gan ta tana rawa kuma ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da ita a matsayin mai gabatar da talabinjin a gidan talabijin na Masar. Koyaya, ta nuna kwarewa a matsayin mai rawa kuma ta zama sananniya saboda bayyanarta a shirye-shirye kamar ''Adwoua El-Madina.'' Daga nan sai ta koma fitowa a fina-finai na Masar. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a mafi yawan fina-finai, tana mai da hankali kan rawa. A cikin tambayoyin, ta bayyana cewa Nagua Fouad ita ce "mafi girman abokin hamayyarta" a lokacin. Zaki ta kuma yi sau da yawa a cikin gidajen rawa na Masar, musamman a Otal din Nile Hilton a Alkahira.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abaza|first1=Mona|title=Changing Consumer Cultures of Modern Egypt: Cairo's Urban Reshaping|date=2006|publisher=Brill |isbn=9004152776|page=149}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, ta zama mai rawa na ciki na farko don rawa ga kiɗan [[Ummu Kulthum|Umm Kulthum]] lokacin da ta yi rawa ga "Inta Omri". A cikin aikinta, Zaki ta yi rawa ga 'yan siyasa da yawa, ciki har da [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] da Richard Nixon. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1992, kodayake daga baya ta koyar da rawa ta ciki a Kwalejin Masar ta Raqia Hassan ta Gabas a Alkahira.<ref name=pop>{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Andrew|title=Pop Culture Arab World!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1851094490|page=252}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri mai ɗaukar hoto na Masar Mohamed Emara. Sun haifi ɗansu Hamada a shekarar 1987. == Finafinai == * 1963 ''Thaman al Hob'' (Farin Ƙauna) * 1963 ''Aelit Zizi''' (Iyalin Zizi) * 1963 ''Sanawat El Hobb"'' (Shekaru na Ƙauna) * 1964 ''Hekayet Gawaz'' (Labarin Aure) * 1964 ''Daani wal demouh'' (Shi kaɗai tare da hawaye na) * 1964 ''Matloub Zawja Fawran'' (An Intimate Wedding) * 1966 ''[[Cairo 30|Alkahira 30]]'' * 1966 ''Al Abeed'' (The Idiot) * 1969 ''Al-shaitan'' (Shaiɗan) * 1969 ''Al-Rajul Zu Al-Khamsat Wujooh'' (Mutumin da ke da fuskoki biyar) - miniseries na talabijin * 1970 ''Seraa Maa el Mawt'' (Yakin da Mutuwa) * 1970 El ''Maganeen da Talata'' (The Three Lunatics) * 1971 Rejal fil al Misyada (Mutanen da ke cikin tarko) * 1972 ''Melouk al Shar'' (Sarakuna na Mugunta) * 1975 Alo, ana al ghetta (Sannu, Ni ne Cat) * 1978 ''Sultana al Tarab'' * 1978 'Allema Kal Akhira (Maganar Ƙarshe) * 1979 ''Yomhel wala Yohmel'' (Allah Ya jira amma Ba ya manta da shi) * 1982 ''Aroussa Wa Gouz Ersan'' (A Bride da ango biyu) * 1983 ''Enna Rabbaka Labelmersad'' (Ubangiji na Mai Tsaro) * 1983 ''Al Rajel Elle Ba'aa al Shams'' == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] bzxj46u8l2dvmhpsat7wgfjxpm6sloy 856110 856109 2026-06-13T15:02:25Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soheir Zaki''' ( {{Lang-ar|سهير زكي}}, an haife ta a Mansoura dake kasar Masar, a ranar sha hudu 4 ga watan Janairu, shekar alif dari tara da arba'in da biyar 1945) 'yar wasan rawa ce kuma 'yar wasan Masar. Ta fito a cikin fina-finan Masar sama da 100 daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Soheir Zaki a Mansoura, Misira a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu, 1945. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara tara, iyayenta suka kaura da iyalinta zuwa Alexandria. Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take karama kuma mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure. Mahaifinta daga baya ya zama manajanta. Zaki ta fara koyon yadda ake rawa ta hanyar kallon fina-finai da ke nuna Taheyya Kariokka da Samia Gamal.<ref name=hab>{{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=Francesca|title=Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body|journal=Habibi|date=February 2002|volume=19}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai rawa a Alexandria. Mai gabatar da talabijin Mohammed Salem ya gan ta tana rawa kuma ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da ita a matsayin mai gabatar da talabinjin a gidan talabijin na Masar. Koyaya, ta nuna kwarewa a matsayin mai rawa kuma ta zama sananniya saboda bayyanarta a shirye-shirye kamar ''Adwoua El-Madina.'' Daga nan sai ta koma fitowa a fina-finai na Masar. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a mafi yawan fina-finai, tana mai da hankali kan rawa. A cikin tambayoyin, ta bayyana cewa Nagua Fouad ita ce "mafi girman abokin hamayyarta" a lokacin. Zaki ta kuma yi sau da yawa a cikin gidajen rawa na Masar, musamman a Otal din Nile Hilton a Alkahira.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abaza|first1=Mona|title=Changing Consumer Cultures of Modern Egypt: Cairo's Urban Reshaping|date=2006|publisher=Brill |isbn=9004152776|page=149}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, ta zama mai rawa na ciki na farko don rawa ga kiɗan [[Ummu Kulthum|Umm Kulthum]] lokacin da ta yi rawa ga "Inta Omri". A cikin aikinta, Zaki ta yi rawa ga 'yan siyasa da yawa, ciki har da [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] da Richard Nixon. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1992, kodayake daga baya ta koyar da rawa ta ciki a Kwalejin Masar ta Raqia Hassan ta Gabas a Alkahira.<ref name=pop>{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Andrew|title=Pop Culture Arab World!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1851094490|page=252}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri mai ɗaukar hoto na Masar Mohamed Emara. Sun haifi ɗansu Hamada a shekarar 1987. == Finafinai == * 1963 ''Thaman al Hob'' (Farin Ƙauna) * 1963 ''Aelit Zizi''' (Iyalin Zizi) * 1963 ''Sanawat El Hobb"'' (Shekaru na Ƙauna) * 1964 ''Hekayet Gawaz'' (Labarin Aure) * 1964 ''Daani wal demouh'' (Shi kaɗai tare da hawaye na) * 1964 ''Matloub Zawja Fawran'' (An Intimate Wedding) * 1966 ''[[Cairo 30|Alkahira 30]]'' * 1966 ''Al Abeed'' (The Idiot) * 1969 ''Al-shaitan'' (Shaiɗan) * 1969 ''Al-Rajul Zu Al-Khamsat Wujooh'' (Mutumin da ke da fuskoki biyar) - miniseries na talabijin * 1970 ''Seraa Maa el Mawt'' (Yakin da Mutuwa) * 1970 El ''Maganeen da Talata'' (The Three Lunatics) * 1971 Rejal fil al Misyada (Mutanen da ke cikin tarko) * 1972 ''Melouk al Shar'' (Sarakuna na Mugunta) * 1975 Alo, ana al ghetta (Sannu, Ni ne Cat) * 1978 ''Sultana al Tarab'' * 1978 'Allema Kal Akhira (Maganar Ƙarshe) * 1979 ''Yomhel wala Yohmel'' (Allah Ya jira amma Ba ya manta da shi) * 1982 ''Aroussa Wa Gouz Ersan'' (A Bride da ango biyu) * 1983 ''Enna Rabbaka Labelmersad'' (Ubangiji na Mai Tsaro) * 1983 ''Al Rajel Elle Ba'aa al Shams'' == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] b9jz2dq8m8n4hslv19zhetss5eegtah 856111 856110 2026-06-13T15:03:03Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soheir Zaki''' ( {{Lang-ar|سهير زكي}}, an haife ta a Mansoura dake kasar Masar, a ranar sha hudu 4 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1945) 'yar wasan rawa ce kuma 'yar wasan kasarMasar. Ta fito a cikin fina-finan Masar sama da 100 daga shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarar 1980. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Soheir Zaki a Mansoura, Misira a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu, 1945. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara tara, iyayenta suka kaura da iyalinta zuwa Alexandria. Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take karama kuma mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure. Mahaifinta daga baya ya zama manajanta. Zaki ta fara koyon yadda ake rawa ta hanyar kallon fina-finai da ke nuna Taheyya Kariokka da Samia Gamal.<ref name=hab>{{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=Francesca|title=Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body|journal=Habibi|date=February 2002|volume=19}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai rawa a Alexandria. Mai gabatar da talabijin Mohammed Salem ya gan ta tana rawa kuma ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da ita a matsayin mai gabatar da talabinjin a gidan talabijin na Masar. Koyaya, ta nuna kwarewa a matsayin mai rawa kuma ta zama sananniya saboda bayyanarta a shirye-shirye kamar ''Adwoua El-Madina.'' Daga nan sai ta koma fitowa a fina-finai na Masar. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a mafi yawan fina-finai, tana mai da hankali kan rawa. A cikin tambayoyin, ta bayyana cewa Nagua Fouad ita ce "mafi girman abokin hamayyarta" a lokacin. Zaki ta kuma yi sau da yawa a cikin gidajen rawa na Masar, musamman a Otal din Nile Hilton a Alkahira.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abaza|first1=Mona|title=Changing Consumer Cultures of Modern Egypt: Cairo's Urban Reshaping|date=2006|publisher=Brill |isbn=9004152776|page=149}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, ta zama mai rawa na ciki na farko don rawa ga kiɗan [[Ummu Kulthum|Umm Kulthum]] lokacin da ta yi rawa ga "Inta Omri". A cikin aikinta, Zaki ta yi rawa ga 'yan siyasa da yawa, ciki har da [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] da Richard Nixon. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1992, kodayake daga baya ta koyar da rawa ta ciki a Kwalejin Masar ta Raqia Hassan ta Gabas a Alkahira.<ref name=pop>{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Andrew|title=Pop Culture Arab World!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1851094490|page=252}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri mai ɗaukar hoto na Masar Mohamed Emara. Sun haifi ɗansu Hamada a shekarar 1987. == Finafinai == * 1963 ''Thaman al Hob'' (Farin Ƙauna) * 1963 ''Aelit Zizi''' (Iyalin Zizi) * 1963 ''Sanawat El Hobb"'' (Shekaru na Ƙauna) * 1964 ''Hekayet Gawaz'' (Labarin Aure) * 1964 ''Daani wal demouh'' (Shi kaɗai tare da hawaye na) * 1964 ''Matloub Zawja Fawran'' (An Intimate Wedding) * 1966 ''[[Cairo 30|Alkahira 30]]'' * 1966 ''Al Abeed'' (The Idiot) * 1969 ''Al-shaitan'' (Shaiɗan) * 1969 ''Al-Rajul Zu Al-Khamsat Wujooh'' (Mutumin da ke da fuskoki biyar) - miniseries na talabijin * 1970 ''Seraa Maa el Mawt'' (Yakin da Mutuwa) * 1970 El ''Maganeen da Talata'' (The Three Lunatics) * 1971 Rejal fil al Misyada (Mutanen da ke cikin tarko) * 1972 ''Melouk al Shar'' (Sarakuna na Mugunta) * 1975 Alo, ana al ghetta (Sannu, Ni ne Cat) * 1978 ''Sultana al Tarab'' * 1978 'Allema Kal Akhira (Maganar Ƙarshe) * 1979 ''Yomhel wala Yohmel'' (Allah Ya jira amma Ba ya manta da shi) * 1982 ''Aroussa Wa Gouz Ersan'' (A Bride da ango biyu) * 1983 ''Enna Rabbaka Labelmersad'' (Ubangiji na Mai Tsaro) * 1983 ''Al Rajel Elle Ba'aa al Shams'' == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] ii9caxna42xv2j3nt671zdkad381nxy 856112 856111 2026-06-13T15:03:34Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwar farko */ 856112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soheir Zaki''' ( {{Lang-ar|سهير زكي}}, an haife ta a Mansoura dake kasar Masar, a ranar sha hudu 4 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1945) 'yar wasan rawa ce kuma 'yar wasan kasarMasar. Ta fito a cikin fina-finan Masar sama da 100 daga shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarar 1980. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Soheir Zaki a Mansoura dake kasar Misira a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu, 1945. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara tara, iyayenta suka kaura da iyalinta zuwa Alexandria. Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take karama kuma mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure. Mahaifinta daga baya ya zama manajanta. Zaki ta fara koyon yadda ake rawa ta hanyar kallon fina-finai da ke nuna Taheyya Kariokka da Samia Gamal.<ref name=hab>{{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=Francesca|title=Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body|journal=Habibi|date=February 2002|volume=19}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai rawa a Alexandria. Mai gabatar da talabijin Mohammed Salem ya gan ta tana rawa kuma ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da ita a matsayin mai gabatar da talabinjin a gidan talabijin na Masar. Koyaya, ta nuna kwarewa a matsayin mai rawa kuma ta zama sananniya saboda bayyanarta a shirye-shirye kamar ''Adwoua El-Madina.'' Daga nan sai ta koma fitowa a fina-finai na Masar. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a mafi yawan fina-finai, tana mai da hankali kan rawa. A cikin tambayoyin, ta bayyana cewa Nagua Fouad ita ce "mafi girman abokin hamayyarta" a lokacin. Zaki ta kuma yi sau da yawa a cikin gidajen rawa na Masar, musamman a Otal din Nile Hilton a Alkahira.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abaza|first1=Mona|title=Changing Consumer Cultures of Modern Egypt: Cairo's Urban Reshaping|date=2006|publisher=Brill |isbn=9004152776|page=149}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, ta zama mai rawa na ciki na farko don rawa ga kiɗan [[Ummu Kulthum|Umm Kulthum]] lokacin da ta yi rawa ga "Inta Omri". A cikin aikinta, Zaki ta yi rawa ga 'yan siyasa da yawa, ciki har da [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] da Richard Nixon. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1992, kodayake daga baya ta koyar da rawa ta ciki a Kwalejin Masar ta Raqia Hassan ta Gabas a Alkahira.<ref name=pop>{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Andrew|title=Pop Culture Arab World!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1851094490|page=252}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri mai ɗaukar hoto na Masar Mohamed Emara. Sun haifi ɗansu Hamada a shekarar 1987. == Finafinai == * 1963 ''Thaman al Hob'' (Farin Ƙauna) * 1963 ''Aelit Zizi''' (Iyalin Zizi) * 1963 ''Sanawat El Hobb"'' (Shekaru na Ƙauna) * 1964 ''Hekayet Gawaz'' (Labarin Aure) * 1964 ''Daani wal demouh'' (Shi kaɗai tare da hawaye na) * 1964 ''Matloub Zawja Fawran'' (An Intimate Wedding) * 1966 ''[[Cairo 30|Alkahira 30]]'' * 1966 ''Al Abeed'' (The Idiot) * 1969 ''Al-shaitan'' (Shaiɗan) * 1969 ''Al-Rajul Zu Al-Khamsat Wujooh'' (Mutumin da ke da fuskoki biyar) - miniseries na talabijin * 1970 ''Seraa Maa el Mawt'' (Yakin da Mutuwa) * 1970 El ''Maganeen da Talata'' (The Three Lunatics) * 1971 Rejal fil al Misyada (Mutanen da ke cikin tarko) * 1972 ''Melouk al Shar'' (Sarakuna na Mugunta) * 1975 Alo, ana al ghetta (Sannu, Ni ne Cat) * 1978 ''Sultana al Tarab'' * 1978 'Allema Kal Akhira (Maganar Ƙarshe) * 1979 ''Yomhel wala Yohmel'' (Allah Ya jira amma Ba ya manta da shi) * 1982 ''Aroussa Wa Gouz Ersan'' (A Bride da ango biyu) * 1983 ''Enna Rabbaka Labelmersad'' (Ubangiji na Mai Tsaro) * 1983 ''Al Rajel Elle Ba'aa al Shams'' == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] cvsui24bp20q70pbj5wcnhvney9srpz 856113 856112 2026-06-13T15:04:30Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwar farko */ 856113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soheir Zaki''' ( {{Lang-ar|سهير زكي}}, an haife ta a Mansoura dake kasar Masar, a ranar sha hudu 4 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1945) 'yar wasan rawa ce kuma 'yar wasan kasarMasar. Ta fito a cikin fina-finan Masar sama da 100 daga shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarar 1980. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Soheir Zaki a Mansoura dake kasar Misira a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1945. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara tara, iyayenta suka kaura da iyalinta zuwa Alexandria. Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take karama kuma mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure. Mahaifinta daga baya ya zama manajanta. Zaki ta fara koyon yadda ake rawa ta hanyar kallon fina-finai da ke nuna Taheyya Kariokka da Samia Gamal.<ref name=hab>{{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=Francesca|title=Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body|journal=Habibi|date=February 2002|volume=19}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai rawa a Alexandria. Mai gabatar da talabijin Mohammed Salem ya gan ta tana rawa kuma ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da ita a matsayin mai gabatar da talabinjin a gidan talabijin na Masar. Koyaya, ta nuna kwarewa a matsayin mai rawa kuma ta zama sananniya saboda bayyanarta a shirye-shirye kamar ''Adwoua El-Madina.'' Daga nan sai ta koma fitowa a fina-finai na Masar. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a mafi yawan fina-finai, tana mai da hankali kan rawa. A cikin tambayoyin, ta bayyana cewa Nagua Fouad ita ce "mafi girman abokin hamayyarta" a lokacin. Zaki ta kuma yi sau da yawa a cikin gidajen rawa na Masar, musamman a Otal din Nile Hilton a Alkahira.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abaza|first1=Mona|title=Changing Consumer Cultures of Modern Egypt: Cairo's Urban Reshaping|date=2006|publisher=Brill |isbn=9004152776|page=149}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, ta zama mai rawa na ciki na farko don rawa ga kiɗan [[Ummu Kulthum|Umm Kulthum]] lokacin da ta yi rawa ga "Inta Omri". A cikin aikinta, Zaki ta yi rawa ga 'yan siyasa da yawa, ciki har da [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] da Richard Nixon. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1992, kodayake daga baya ta koyar da rawa ta ciki a Kwalejin Masar ta Raqia Hassan ta Gabas a Alkahira.<ref name=pop>{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Andrew|title=Pop Culture Arab World!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1851094490|page=252}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri mai ɗaukar hoto na Masar Mohamed Emara. Sun haifi ɗansu Hamada a shekarar 1987. == Finafinai == * 1963 ''Thaman al Hob'' (Farin Ƙauna) * 1963 ''Aelit Zizi''' (Iyalin Zizi) * 1963 ''Sanawat El Hobb"'' (Shekaru na Ƙauna) * 1964 ''Hekayet Gawaz'' (Labarin Aure) * 1964 ''Daani wal demouh'' (Shi kaɗai tare da hawaye na) * 1964 ''Matloub Zawja Fawran'' (An Intimate Wedding) * 1966 ''[[Cairo 30|Alkahira 30]]'' * 1966 ''Al Abeed'' (The Idiot) * 1969 ''Al-shaitan'' (Shaiɗan) * 1969 ''Al-Rajul Zu Al-Khamsat Wujooh'' (Mutumin da ke da fuskoki biyar) - miniseries na talabijin * 1970 ''Seraa Maa el Mawt'' (Yakin da Mutuwa) * 1970 El ''Maganeen da Talata'' (The Three Lunatics) * 1971 Rejal fil al Misyada (Mutanen da ke cikin tarko) * 1972 ''Melouk al Shar'' (Sarakuna na Mugunta) * 1975 Alo, ana al ghetta (Sannu, Ni ne Cat) * 1978 ''Sultana al Tarab'' * 1978 'Allema Kal Akhira (Maganar Ƙarshe) * 1979 ''Yomhel wala Yohmel'' (Allah Ya jira amma Ba ya manta da shi) * 1982 ''Aroussa Wa Gouz Ersan'' (A Bride da ango biyu) * 1983 ''Enna Rabbaka Labelmersad'' (Ubangiji na Mai Tsaro) * 1983 ''Al Rajel Elle Ba'aa al Shams'' == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] bs8lfb5fzmtfrk843klc48dthzph4lv 0 73549 856930 855930 2026-06-14T11:36:47Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359147613|Chijindu Kelechi Eke]]" 856930 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Chijindu Kelechi Eke'''// i shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya na Amurka, injiniyan software, kuma mai ba da agaji. Shi ne wanda ya kafa bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF), wanda ya kafa Village Arts & Film Festival (VILLAFFEST), kuma mai kirkirar sabis na fina-fakka na Afirka Rootflix.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa bikin African Women Arts & Film Festival (AWAFFEST), wanda ke murna da aikin mata na Afirka a fim.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts & Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}</ref> Ana amfani da fina-finai da ya fitar a jami'o'in da aka sani a duniya kamar [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], a matsayin kayan bincike don Nazarin Afirka da Shige da Fice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Catalog - chijindu kelechi eke - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=chijindu+kelechi+eke&offset=1 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2022, Kelechi Eke ya fara wani aikin da ya kira Operation Light up Amafor don shigar da fitilun hasken rana a cikin al'ummarsa.<ref name=":10" /> A lokacin da aka naɗa shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2023, an naɗa shi sarauta a matsayin "Ichie Ihemba" na farko na Imerienwe a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] ta Najeriya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya yi kira ga hadin kai a cikin al'ummarsa kuma ya ba da damar farfado da bikin ranar Amafor da aka watsar, wanda yawanci ana gudanar da shi a kowace ranar 27 ga Disamba don kiyaye al'adun al'adu. Ya canza shi zuwa carnival, wanda ke nuna alamun tufafin gargajiya, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, da kuma hada sabbin abubuwa kamar gasar wasanni da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau, wanda ya ba da dama ga mata matasa, gami da tallafin karatu.&nbsp; A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya jagoranci kaddamar da [[Odenigbo Cultural Club|Kungiyar Al'adu ta Odenigbo]], kungiyar da ya kafa a [[Dallas]] don yin bikin [[Al'adun Igbo]] da kuma adana [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]] a cikin kasashen waje. Shi da membobin kungiyar suna amfani da wannan dandamali don koyar da yarensu ga 'ya'yansu da aka haifa a kasashen waje da kuma ɗalibai da ke son koyon harshen Igbo. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] in9h3ypd3hszmfsnkwtc2xvwdep4vq5 0 74514 856098 823614 2026-06-13T14:57:14Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta a Janairu 6, 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko - <ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabci na Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 4gf7k13ywrssnal9xkbkfgvq8mwvz2h 856099 856098 2026-06-13T14:57:37Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta a shekarar Janairu 6, 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko - <ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabci na Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 5lkp21lxgjk9at1g3smob7lf6qru2b3 856100 856099 2026-06-13T14:58:18Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko - <ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabci na Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 7n036h5y7i2puj6m8vfidyrkqkztxcn 856101 856100 2026-06-13T14:58:34Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko - <ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabci na Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] nurnfcmwzi5p81tfjlhcz9eg9sgvv13 856102 856101 2026-06-13T14:59:03Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko ,<ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabci na Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 32m0fhmshf2ks0ib8qt7oiwmgp7fhx2 856103 856102 2026-06-13T14:59:20Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko ,<ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a kasar Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabci na Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] ccaqdgrshgipb4szr2ujfao98o3ul8t 856104 856103 2026-06-13T14:59:43Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko ,<ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a kasar Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a kasar Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabci na Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] rxbjp547twqaqlg0pq1ds73osmjtfs6 856105 856104 2026-06-13T15:00:04Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko ,<ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a kasar Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a kasar Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabcin kasar Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 5k571i9tpu78ffw9ohotujvzalm9lyh 856106 856105 2026-06-13T15:00:23Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko ,<ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a kasar Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a kasar Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabcin kasar Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a kasar Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 72gfwaarorzhuq64idkrndilkn28ktv 856107 856106 2026-06-13T15:00:51Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko ,<ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a kasar Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a kasar Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabcin kasar Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a kasar Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na kasar Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] lm6rp45lwv09v7qmbz9zkpiqaq1funp 856108 856107 2026-06-13T15:01:23Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko ,<ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a kasar Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a kasar Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabcin kasar Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a kasar Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na kasar Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo, a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] gxp6efbdikexqdsxraj61xw0jkpv1s8 0 77143 856828 411344 2026-06-14T10:50:31Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282322870|Linda Kasenda]]" 856828 wikitext text/x-wiki   Linda Kasenda 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Malawi wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a tawagar mata ta ƙasar Malawi . [1] [2] [3][4] == Rayuwa == Kasenda yana da dogon aiki a kwallon kafa. Gwamnati ce ta biya kuɗin makarantar ta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FAM eyes to break stereotypes in women football |url=https://www.storyclubfm.com/news/fam-eyes-to-break-stereotypes-in-women-football |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Story Club FM |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2020, ta sanar da ritayar ta daga tawagar kasa bayan shekaru 15.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Linda Kasenda retires from international football |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/linda-kasenda-retires-from-international-football/ |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=Nyasa Times}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da aikinta na inganta ci gaban kwallon kafa na mata a Malawi a matsayin jakada ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Malawi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FAM eyes to break stereotypes in women football |url=https://www.storyclubfm.com/news/fam-eyes-to-break-stereotypes-in-women-football |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Story Club FM |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.storyclubfm.com/news/fam-eyes-to-break-stereotypes-in-women-football "FAM eyes to break stereotypes in women football"]. ''Story Club FM''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manufofin kasa da kasa == {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. | rowspan="8" |5 ga watan Agusta 2019 | rowspan="8" |Filin wasa na Gelvandale, Port Elizabeth, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] | rowspan="8" |{{Fbw|COM}} | align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="8" align="center" |13–0 | rowspan="8" |Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta COSAFA ta 2019 |- |2. | align="center" |5–0 |- |3. | align="center" |6–0 |- |4. | align="center" |8–0 |- |5. | align="center" |10–0 |- |6. | align="center" |11–0 |- |7. | align="center" |12–0 |- |8. | align="center" |13–0 |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 40830vxyezf172c1za1mon3rxaa1m4c 856858 856828 2026-06-14T11:07:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 Gyara 856858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Linda Kasenda 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Malawi wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a tawagar mata ta ƙasar Malawi. == Rayuwa == Kasenda yana da dogon aiki a kwallon kafa. Gwamnati ce ta biya kuɗin makarantar ta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FAM eyes to break stereotypes in women football |url=https://www.storyclubfm.com/news/fam-eyes-to-break-stereotypes-in-women-football |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Story Club FM |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2020, ta sanar da ritayar ta daga tawagar kasa bayan shekaru 15.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Linda Kasenda retires from international football |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/linda-kasenda-retires-from-international-football/ |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=Nyasa Times}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da aikinta na inganta ci gaban kwallon kafa na mata a Malawi a matsayin jakada ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Malawi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FAM eyes to break stereotypes in women football |url=https://www.storyclubfm.com/news/fam-eyes-to-break-stereotypes-in-women-football |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Story Club FM |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.storyclubfm.com/news/fam-eyes-to-break-stereotypes-in-women-football "FAM eyes to break stereotypes in women football"]. ''Story Club FM''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manufofin kasa da kasa == {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. | rowspan="8" |5 ga watan Agusta 2019 | rowspan="8" |Filin wasa na Gelvandale, Port Elizabeth, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] | rowspan="8" |{{Fbw|COM}} | align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="8" align="center" |13–0 | rowspan="8" |Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta COSAFA ta 2019 |- |2. | align="center" |5–0 |- |3. | align="center" |6–0 |- |4. | align="center" |8–0 |- |5. | align="center" |10–0 |- |6. | align="center" |11–0 |- |7. | align="center" |12–0 |- |8. | align="center" |13–0 |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7pu7ye7npq6kco71ho82ivkqw68mezv 0 81416 856811 689769 2026-06-14T10:44:51Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1254566639|Prosopitis]]" 856811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prosopitis''' ( Ancient Greek ), daga baya aka fi sani da '''Gazirat Ibyar''' ( Arabic ) da '''Gazirat Banu Nasr''' ( Arabic ) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=جزيرة بني نصر (عمل) |url=https://areq.net/m/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84).html#cn-4 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=areq.net}}</ref> tsibiri ne da ke yammacin Delta na Nilu, wanda ke tsakanin mashigar Saitic da Sebennytic na Nilu a [[Misra|Masar]] . Sunan ya samo asali ne daga birnin Prosopis ( Ancient Greek ), ainihin wurin da ba a fayyace shi ba, amma wani lokacin ana danganta shi da Nikiou . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TM Places |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/3081 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.trismegistos.org}}</ref> Tsibirin kuma yana da suna kuma 'yan Hermotyb ne ke zaune a ciki ( Ancient Greek ), wani rukuni na mayaka wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewa kawai a yaƙi, a cewar Herodotus. <ref>Herodotus, ''History'' 2, 165: {{Lang|grc|Ἑρμοτυβίων μὲν οἵδε εἰσὶ νομοί, Βουσιρίτης, Σαΐτης, Χεμμίτης, Παπρημίτης, νῆσος ἡ Προσωπῖτις … καὶ τούτων βαναυσίης οὐδεὶς δεδάηκε οὐδέν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀνέωνται ἐς τὸ μάχιμον}} „The Hermotubies are of the provinces of Busiris, Sais, Chemmis, and Papremis, the island called Prosopitis … of these not one has learnt anything of handicraft, but they are given up to war entirely.“</ref> Atarbechis ( Ancient Greek , Ancient Egyptian ), kuma aka sani da Aphrodites ( Ancient Greek ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=TM Places |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/geo/detail.php?tm=745 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.trismegistos.org}}</ref> ita ce babban gari a tsibirin, inda aka gina wani haikali da aka keɓe wa allahiya Aphrodite . <ref>Herodotus, ''History'' 2, 41: {{Lang|grc|οὔνομα τῇ πόλι Ἀτάρβηχις, ἐν δ᾽ αὐτῇ Ἀφροδίτης ἱρὸν ἅγιον ἵδρυται}} „the name of the city is Atarbechis, and in it there is set up a holy temple of Aphrodite."</ref> == Tarihi == Tsibirin shine wurin da aka yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙen [[Athens|Atheniya]] na ƙarshe da Farisawa, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara. A ƙoƙarin tallafawa boren Masar akan Farisawa, Athens ta kewaye [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] amma daga ƙarshe sojojin ƙasar Farisa suka kayar da su a shekara ta 454 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Athens sun kasance a tsibirin tun shekara ta 453 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) kuma an haife su a can ƙarƙashin mulkin janar na Farisa Megabyzus . Nasarar Farisawa ta yiwu ne ta hanyar karkatar da magudanar ruwa, wanda ya haifar da haɗin kan babban yankin ƙasar da tsibirin. Bayan mamaye Masar da Larabawa suka yi, an san Prosopites a matsayin kurah na al-Gazira, wanda daga baya aka sake tsara shi zuwa Gazirat Banu Nasr, tare da babban birni a Ibyar. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=جزيرة بني نصر (عمل) |url=https://areq.net/m/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84).html#cn-4 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=areq.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://areq.net/m/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84).html#cn-4 "جزيرة بني نصر (عمل)"]. ''areq.net''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == su9xvuh1h0eer54ldnxyjce9ah03qbu 856814 856811 2026-06-14T10:45:36Z Engineer014 44591 856814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Prosopitis''' ( Ancient Greek ), daga baya aka fi sani da '''Gazirat Ibyar''' ( Arabic ) da '''Gazirat Banu Nasr''' ( Arabic ) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=جزيرة بني نصر (عمل) |url=https://areq.net/m/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84).html#cn-4 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=areq.net}}</ref> tsibiri ne da ke yammacin Delta na Nilu, wanda ke tsakanin mashigar Saitic da Sebennytic na Nilu a [[Misra|Masar]] . Sunan ya samo asali ne daga birnin Prosopis ( Ancient Greek ), ainihin wurin da ba a fayyace shi ba, amma wani lokacin ana danganta shi da Nikiou . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TM Places |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/3081 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.trismegistos.org}}</ref> Tsibirin kuma yana da suna kuma 'yan Hermotyb ne ke zaune a ciki ( Ancient Greek ), wani rukuni na mayaka wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewa kawai a yaƙi, a cewar Herodotus. <ref>Herodotus, ''History'' 2, 165: {{Lang|grc|Ἑρμοτυβίων μὲν οἵδε εἰσὶ νομοί, Βουσιρίτης, Σαΐτης, Χεμμίτης, Παπρημίτης, νῆσος ἡ Προσωπῖτις … καὶ τούτων βαναυσίης οὐδεὶς δεδάηκε οὐδέν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀνέωνται ἐς τὸ μάχιμον}} „The Hermotubies are of the provinces of Busiris, Sais, Chemmis, and Papremis, the island called Prosopitis … of these not one has learnt anything of handicraft, but they are given up to war entirely.“</ref> Atarbechis ( Ancient Greek , Ancient Egyptian ), kuma aka sani da Aphrodites ( Ancient Greek ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=TM Places |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/geo/detail.php?tm=745 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.trismegistos.org}}</ref> ita ce babban gari a tsibirin, inda aka gina wani haikali da aka keɓe wa allahiya Aphrodite . <ref>Herodotus, ''History'' 2, 41: {{Lang|grc|οὔνομα τῇ πόλι Ἀτάρβηχις, ἐν δ᾽ αὐτῇ Ἀφροδίτης ἱρὸν ἅγιον ἵδρυται}} „the name of the city is Atarbechis, and in it there is set up a holy temple of Aphrodite."</ref> == Tarihi == Tsibirin shine wurin da aka yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙen [[Athens|Atheniya]] na ƙarshe da Farisawa, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara. A ƙoƙarin tallafawa boren Masar akan Farisawa, Athens ta kewaye [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] amma daga ƙarshe sojojin ƙasar Farisa suka kayar da su a shekara ta 454 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Athens sun kasance a tsibirin tun shekara ta 453 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) kuma an haife su a can ƙarƙashin mulkin janar na Farisa Megabyzus . Nasarar Farisawa ta yiwu ne ta hanyar karkatar da magudanar ruwa, wanda ya haifar da haɗin kan babban yankin ƙasar da tsibirin. Bayan mamaye Masar da Larabawa suka yi, an san Prosopites a matsayin kurah na al-Gazira, wanda daga baya aka sake tsara shi zuwa Gazirat Banu Nasr, tare da babban birni a Ibyar. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=جزيرة بني نصر (عمل) |url=https://areq.net/m/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84).html#cn-4 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=areq.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://areq.net/m/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84).html#cn-4 "جزيرة بني نصر (عمل)"]. ''areq.net''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == ff1mvvcw66vcagh4pkpe3gtc5b1889q 0 84688 856303 837946 2026-06-13T17:47:06Z Zahrah0 14848 856303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wale Adebanwi''' (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1969) haifaffen-Najeriya ne, bakin fata na farko da ya zama Rhodes Farfesa a Kwalejin St Antony, Oxford inda ya kasance, har zuwa watan Yuni 2021, Farfesa a fannin Race Relations, kuma Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Makarantar Nazarin Yankin Tsare-tsare da Wakilin Hukumar Mulki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Wale Adebanwi |url=https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/people/wale-adebanwi/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Oxford Martin School |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PROF. WALE ADEBANWI: I Wish I Were Gifted But I’ve Got Good Luck |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/11/17/prof-wale-adebanwi-i-wish-i-were-gifted-but-ive-got-good-luck/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=ThisDay Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-18 |title=First Black African To Be Appointed Rhodes Professor {{!}} Wale Adebanwi |url=http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/first-black-african-to-be-appointed-rhodes-professorwale-adebanwi-biographywale-adebanwi-profile/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Nigerian Monitor |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427143610/http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/first-black-african-to-be-appointed-rhodes-professorwale-adebanwi-biographywale-adebanwi-profile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu shi Farfesa ne na Shugaban Kasa na Penn Compact na Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Pennsylvania.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Wale Adebanwi {{!}} Africana Studies |url=https://africana.sas.upenn.edu/people/wale-adebanwi |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=africana.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref> Binciken Adebanwi ya mayar da hankali ne kan batutuwa da dama da suka shafi sauyin zamantakewa, kishin kasa da kabilanci, dangantakar kabilanci, siyasar ainihi, fitattun mutane da siyasar al'adu, tsarin dimokuradiyya, jaridun jarida da siyasar sararin samaniya a Afirka.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwar ilimi == Wale Adebanwi ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin sadarwa na Mass Communication a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami’ar Lagos]], sannan ya samu digirin digirgir na M.Sc. da kuma Ph.D. a Kimiyyar Siyasa a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]. Yana kuma da MPhil. da kuma Ph.D. a Social Anthropology daga Jami'ar Cambridge.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Naijamotherland|title=Wale Adebanwi: Meet The Nigerian Appointed As First Black African Rhodes Professor At Oxford University|url=http://dailynigerianews.naijamotherland.com/2017/01/18/wale-adebanwi-meet-the-nigerian-appointed-as-first-black-african-rhodes-professor-at-oxford-university/|publisher=Naija Motherland|accessdate=28 February 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118210430/http://dailynigerianews.naijamotherland.com/2017/01/18/wale-adebanwi-meet-the-nigerian-appointed-as-first-black-african-rhodes-professor-at-oxford-university/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wale Adebanwi {{!}} Africana Studies |url=https://africana.sas.upenn.edu/people/wale-adebanwi |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=africana.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref> == Aiki == Adebanwi ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, marubuci, kuma editan jaridu da mujallu da yawa kafin ya shiga Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa na [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Jami’ar Ibadan]] a matsayin malami kuma mai bincike<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bellanaija|title=President Buhari Hails Wale Adebanwi on his Appointment as Rhodes Professor at Oxford University|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/01/president-buhari-hails-wale-adebanwi-on-his-appointment-as-rhodes-professor-at-oxford-university/|publisher=Bella naija.com|date=14 January 2017| accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>. Daga baya aka nada shi mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Nazarin Afirka da Nazarin Afirka na Jami'ar California, Davis, Amurka. Ya zama cikakken farfesa a UC Davis a 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wale Adebanwi |url=https://aas.ucdavis.edu/faculty-and-staff/wale-adebanwi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926235406/https://aas.ucdavis.edu/faculty-and-staff/wale-adebanwi |archive-date=2016-09-26 |website=UC Davis}}</ref> Daga baya aka nada shi mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Nazarin Afirka da Nazarin Afirka na Jami'ar California, Davis, Amurka. Ya zama cikakken farfesa a UC Davis a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wale Adebanwi |url=https://aas.ucdavis.edu/faculty-and-staff/wale-adebanwi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926235406/https://aas.ucdavis.edu/faculty-and-staff/wale-adebanwi |archive-date=2016-09-26 |website=UC Davis}}</ref> An bai wa Adebanwi [https://www.gf.org/fellows/wale-adebanwi/ fellowship na Guggenheim] a shekarar 2024. Shi ne marubucin [https://iupress.org/9780253070364/how-to-become-a-big-man-in-africa/ How to Become a Nigeria Big Man in Africa: Subalternity, Elites, and Ethnic Politics in Contemporary Nigeria] (2024); [https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/african-government-politics-and-policy/yoruba-elites-and-ethnic-politics-nigeria-bafemi-awolowo-and-corporate-agency?format=PB Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency] (2014); [https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781580465557/nation-as-grand-narrative/ Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809143536/https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781580465557/nation-as-grand-narrative/ |date=2024-08-09 }} (2016); da [https://cap-press.com/books/isbn/9781611630237/Authority-Stealing Authority Stealing: Anti-Corruption War and Democratic Politics in Nigeria] (2012). Shi ne editan kuma babban editan littattafai da dama, da suka hada da [https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781847013514/democracy-and-nigerias-fourth-republic/ Democracy and Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Governance, Political Economy, and Party Politics 1999–2023] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725042913/https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781847013514/democracy-and-nigerias-fourth-republic/ |date=2024-07-25 }} (2023); [https://www.ohioswallow.com/9780821424902/everyday-state-and-democracy-in-africa/ Everyday State and Democracy in Africa: Ethnographic Encounters] (2022); Elites and the Politics of Accountability in Africa (2021); The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (2017); Writers and Social Thought in Africa (2016); da Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (2013). Adebanwi ya kasance ga cikin editocin ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute'' da kuma''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Studies Workshop Featuring Wale Adebanwi |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/african-studies-workshop-featuring-wale-adebanwi |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=africa.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukansa da aka buga sun haɗa da: His published works include:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nigeriannation|title=Wale Adebanwi: Meet The Nigerian Appointed As First Black African Rhodes Professor At Oxford University|url=http://newspapers.nigeriannation.news/2017/01/18/wale-adebanwi-meet-the-nigerian-appointed-as-first-black-african-rhodes-professor-at-oxford-university/|publisher=Nageriannation.news|accessdate=28 February 2017|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301013148/http://newspapers.nigeriannation.news/2017/01/18/wale-adebanwi-meet-the-nigerian-appointed-as-first-black-african-rhodes-professor-at-oxford-university/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning'' (University of Rochester Press, 2016) * ''Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * ''Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria'' (Carolina Academic Press, 2012) Bugu da kari, shi ne edita kuma mai tsara wasu littattafai, ciki har da: * ''The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins'' (James Currey Publishers, 2017) * ''Writers and Social Thought in Africa'' (Routledge, 2016) * (co-edited with [[Ebenezer Obadare]]) ''Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) * (co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) ''Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). * (co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) ''Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration'' (Routledge, 2012) * (co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) ''Encountering the Nigerian State'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). == Karramawa == * [https://www.universityherald.com/articles/59728/20170111/oxford-university-first-black-african-rhodes-professor-nigerian-adebanwi.htmFarfesa Rhodes a cikin dangantakar Tsere] a Makarantar Yanki na Oxford da Nazarin Duniya, Jami'ar Oxford, UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian scholar named Rhodes Professor at Oxford University |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/219998-nigerian-scholar-named-rhodes-professor-oxford-university.html |website=www.premiumtimesng.com |publisher=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526053137/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/219998-nigerian-scholar-named-rhodes-professor-oxford-university.html |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |language=en |date=January 10, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> * [https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/two-penn-professors-named-2024-guggenheim-fellows Guggenheim Fellowship](2024) * Gidauniyar MacArthur 'Bincike da Tallafin Rubutu' (2005-2006) * Rockefeller Fellowship (Mazaunin Rubutun Ilimi, Cibiyar Bellagio, Italiya) 2013 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adebanwi, Wale}} [[Category:rayayyun mutane]] [[category:haifaffun 1969]] [[category:maluman Najeriya]] l5tixhihigsu9a8zaa0foknq0ck7q2e 0 87761 856599 575981 2026-06-14T08:09:15Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Joe Schmidt (Pitt).jpg|thumb|Joe Schmidt]] '''Joseph Schmidt''' (1904 - 1942) ɗan Austro-Hungarian ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1904]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1942]] pyw7h08flfdrvvqbqrfe1utk6uwoshc 0 88512 856856 572851 2026-06-14T11:05:37Z NVNkz 45410 856856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[39 (alƙalami)|39]] [[41 (alƙalami)|41]] {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Alƙaluma]] t44cldt9fl4j6tgknuvhgib9i65ixpy 0 97365 856286 604015 2026-06-13T17:32:42Z Zahrah0 14848 856286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Janhvi Kapoor''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta alif 1997) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce ke aiki a fina-finai na [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da [[Talgu|Telugu]] . An haife ta ga 'yar fim din [[Sridevi]] da furodusa Boney Kapoor, ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2018 tare da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Dhadak'', wanda ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci. Sakamakon wasan kwaikwayo na gaba bai yi nasara ba a kasuwanci, amma ta sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Filmfare don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo don yin wasa a cikin Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (2020) da kuma wata mace da ta makale a cikin firiji a ''Mili'' (2022). A cikin shekarar 2024, ta taka rawar gani acikin wasan kwaikwayo na Telugu ''Devara: Sashe na 1'', wanda ya zama mafi girma a cikin aikinta. == Rayuwa ta farko da asali == An haifi Janhvi Kapoor a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta alif 1997. <ref name="bd">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2020 |title=Anshula Kapoor shares a glimpse of Janhvi Kapoor's birthday celebrations. Watch video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/anshula-kapoor-shares-a-glimpse-of-janhvi-kapoor-s-birthday-celebrations-watch-video-1653124-2020-03-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625182810/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/anshula-kapoor-shares-a-glimpse-of-janhvi-kapoor-s-birthday-celebrations-watch-video-1653124-2020-03-06 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Mahaifinta shi ne mai shirya fina-finai Boney Kapoor, ɗan marigayi mai shirya fina'a Surinder Kapoor, kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Sridevi]] . Ita ce 'yar'uwar' yan wasan fim din Anil da Sanjay Kapoor .<ref name="surinder">{{Cite web |last=N |first=Patsy |date=4 May 2009 |title=Sonam is a better actor than Anil |url=http://movies.rediff.com/quote/2009/may/04/surinder-kapoor-on-life-and-times.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102025615/http://movies.rediff.com/quote/2009/may/04/surinder-kapoor-on-life-and-times.htm |archive-date=2 January 2011 |access-date=3 August 2010 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Ƙaramar 'yar'uwarta, Khushi, ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lavanya |title=Sridevi's "Khushi" |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jan193.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208084154/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jan193.asp |archive-date=8 February 2001 |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, Arjun (wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo) da Anshula Kapoor daga auren farko na mahaifinta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2019 |title=Arjun Kapoor, Khushi, Anshula come together for father Boney Kapoor at Maidaan mahurat ceremony. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-khushi-anshula-come-together-for-father-boney-kapoor-at-maidaan-mahurat-ceremony-see-pics/story-HVsAs55MCeRj7j7MC0gKqN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029085536/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-khushi-anshula-come-together-for-father-boney-kapoor-at-maidaan-mahurat-ceremony-see-pics/story-HVsAs55MCeRj7j7MC0gKqN.html |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Kapoor ta rasa mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 20, lokacin da aka same ta mutu daga hatsari a Dubai. Kapoor ta yi karatu a makarantar Ecole Mondiale World School a Mumbai . Kafin ta fara fim dinta, ta dauki karatun wasan kwaikwayo daga Lee Strasberg Theatre da Film Institute a California. == Ayyuka == === Fim na farko da mata suka jagoranci (2018-2022) === [[Fayil:Janhvi_Kapoor_graces_Lux_Golden_Rose_Awards_2018_(01).jpg|left|thumb|Kapoor a wani taron a shekarar 2018]] Kapoor ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2018 tare da littafin soyayya na Shashank Khaitan, tare da Ishaan Khatter kuma an samar da shi a karkashin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Karan Johar Dharma Productions . Wani fim na harshen [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] na fim din [[Marati|Marathi]] na 2016 ''Sairat'', ya nuna ta a matsayin yarinya mai girma wanda rayuwarta ta zama bala'i bayan ta tsere tare da wani yaro mai ƙarancin aji (wanda Khatter ya buga). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |title=Interview: Janhvi Kapoor on 'Dhadak' and dealing with negativity |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/janhvi-kapoor-dhadak/interview-janhvi-kapoor-on-dhadak-and-dealing-with-negativity-idUSKBN1K11IN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212303/https://www.reuters.com/article/janhvi-kapoor-dhadak/interview-janhvi-kapoor-on-dhadak-and-dealing-with-negativity-idUSKBN1K11IN |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Fim din ya sami yawancin bita mara kyau, amma tare da tarin duniya na ₹ 1.1 biliyan, ya zama nasarar kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2018 |title=The Real Winner With Dhadak |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183809/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4133 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2018 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Dhadak |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-dhadak/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802012850/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-dhadak/ |archive-date=2 August 2018 |access-date=5 September 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> A rubuce-rubuce don News18, Rajeev Masand ya soki fim din don cire nassoshi na asali kuma ya dauke shi ƙasa da na asali, amma ya ji Kapoor yana da "raunin da ya sa ta zama mai ƙauna nan take, da kuma halin kirki wanda ya sa ya zama da wuya a cire idanunka a kan allo".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand, Rajeev |date=20 July 2018 |title=Caste Away |url=https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/caste-away-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707094447/https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/caste-away-2/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019 |website=RajeevMasand.com}}</ref> Sabanin haka, Anna M. M. Vetticad na Firstpost ta yi tunanin cewa "ba ta da mutuntaka kuma tana ba da aikin da ba shi da launi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anna M. M. Vetticad |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=20 July 2018 |title=Dhadak movie review: Janhvi-Ishaan are so-so in an insipid Sairat remake that is afraid to discuss caste |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhadak-movie-review-janhvi-ishaan-are-so-so-in-an-insipid-sairat-remake-that-is-afraid-to-discuss-caste-4781021.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914232222/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhadak-movie-review-janhvi-ishaan-are-so-so-in-an-insipid-sairat-remake-that-is-afraid-to-discuss-caste-4781021.html |archive-date=14 September 2019 |access-date=22 September 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Zee Cine don Mafi kyawun Mata. Kasancewar Kapoor ta gaba ta fito ne a shekarar 2020 lokacin da ta fito a cikin ɓangaren Zoya Akhtar a cikin fim din mai ban tsoro na [[Netflix]] Ghost Stories . Shubhra Gupta na The ''Indian Express'' bai son sassan ba amma ya kara da cewa "abin mamaki na gaske kawai ya fito ne daga Janhvi Kapoor a cikin wani abu mai ƙarfi, na ainihi". Daga nan sai ta ɗauki matsayin mai jirgin sama Gunjan Saxena a cikin fim din Gunjan Saxina: The Kargil Girl, wanda saboda annobar COVID-19 ba za a iya fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo ba kuma a maimakon haka ya gudana a kan Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2020 |title=Netflix's Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl to premiere on August 12 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/janhvi-kapoor-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-release-date-6508158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716052020/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/janhvi-kapoor-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-release-date-6508158/ |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> A shirye-shiryen, ta yi aiki tare da Saxena, ta yi horo na jiki, kuma ta koyi yaren jiki na jami'in rundunar sojan sama. Saibal Chatterjee na NDTV ya bayyana aikin Kapoor a matsayin "mai tsayi sosai" yayin da Rahul Desai na Film Companion ya fi godiya ga "aikin sirri mai banƙyama" wanda ya yi la'akari da shi "cikakken".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=10 August 2020 |title=Gunjan Saxena - The Kargil Girl Movie Review: Spry Biopic Flies Light With Passably Steady Janhvi Kapoor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-spry-biopic-flies-light-with-passably-steady-janhvi-kapoor-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2277044 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828094249/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-spry-biopic-flies-light-with-passably-steady-janhvi-kapoor-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2277044 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=10 August 2020 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=10 August 2020 |title=Gunjan Saxena Starring Janhvi Kapoor Is A Potent Biopic That Juxtaposes Passion With Legacy |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/gunjan-saxena-netflix-review-janhvi-kapoor-a-potent-biopic-that-juxtaposes-passion-with-legacy-rahul-desai/ |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Ta sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Filmfare don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau.<ref name="ff21">{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor- Best Actor in Leading Role Female Nominee {{!}} Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084537/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Filmfare}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Kapoor ya taka rawa biyu a gaban Rajkummar Rao a cikin fim mai ban tsoro mai suna ''Roohi'' . An fitar da fim din ne bayan jinkiri da yawa saboda yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19. <ref name="release date">{{Cite web |title=Rajkummar Rao, Janhvi Kapoor, Varun Sharma's horror-comedy renamed Roohi, film to release on March 11 in theatres |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-janhvi-kapoor-varun-sharmas-horror-comedy-renamed-roohi-film-release-march-11-theatres/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215044509/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-janhvi-kapoor-varun-sharmas-horror-comedy-renamed-roohi-film-release-march-11-theatres |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Fim din da aikin Kapoor sun kasance masu sukar, kuma ya yi mummunar aiki a ofishin akwatin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2021 |title=Roohi movie review and release LIVE UPDATES: Janhvi, Rajkummar Rao film fails to impress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/roohi-review-and-release-live-updates-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-varun-sharma-7222457/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311093302/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/roohi-review-and-release-live-updates-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-varun-sharma-7222457/ |archive-date=11 March 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title='Roohi' 4 days box office collection report: Rajkummar Rao-starrer has a good first weekend |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/roohi-4-days-box-office-collection-report-rajkummar-rao-starrer-has-a-good-first-weekend-962265.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182838/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/roohi-4-days-box-office-collection-report-rajkummar-rao-starrer-has-a-good-first-weekend-962265.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Roohi Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/roohi-2/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215062251/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/roohi-2/box-office |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Kapoor ta fito a cikin Good Luck Jerry, wani remake na fim din Tamil na 2018 ''Kolamaavu Kokila'', wanda Aanand L. Rai ya samar. An sake shi a dandalin yawo na Disney + Hotstar . A cikin fim dinta na gaba, ''Mili'', wani remake na fim din Malayalam <nowiki><i id="mw4g">Helen</i></nowiki>, ta taka rawar budurwa da ta makale a cikin firiji, wanda Anna Ben ta buga a cikin asali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title=Mili first look: Janhvi Kapoor is a nurse stuck in freezer in new survival thriller. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mili-first-look-janhvi-kapoor-is-a-nurse-stuck-in-freezer-in-new-survival-thriller-see-pics-101665560413646.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012080002/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mili-first-look-janhvi-kapoor-is-a-nurse-stuck-in-freezer-in-new-survival-thriller-see-pics-101665560413646.html |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Anupama Chopra ta yi godiya ga "al'a da gaskiya" da ta kawo wa bangare amma ta yi la'akari da shi da yawa fiye da aikin Ben. Ya fito ne a matsayin bam na ofishin akwatin. Ta sami wani gabatarwa mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Filmfare . === Canjin aiki (2023-yanzu) === Kapoor ta yi fice a gaban Varun Dhawan a cikin Nitesh Tiwari's ''Bawaal'' (2023), wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya game da ma'aurata masu rikici waɗanda ke koyo game da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] yayin da suke tafiya a Turai. An sake shi ta hanyar dijital a kan Amazon Prime Video . Fim din ya sami martani saboda Rashin amfani da Holocaust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=28 July 2023 |title=Bollywood film 'Bawaal' accused of trivializing Holocaust and demeaning victims |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/28/media/india-bollywood-bawaal-movie-holocaust-controversy-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728102749/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/28/media/india-bollywood-bawaal-movie-holocaust-controversy-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> A rubuce-rubuce ga The New York Times, Beatrice Loayza ta soki rashin ilmin sunadarai tsakanin jagororin biyu kuma ta kori Kapoor a matsayin "marar da kwarewa". Leaf Arbuthnot na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya kuma kaddamar da fim din da sunadarai amma ya nuna godiya ga "har yanzu, aikin da ya manyanta". [[Fayil:Photos-Janhvi-Kapoor-snapped-in-Juhu-2_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Kapoor a cikin 2024]] A cikin 2024, Kapoor ya fitar da fina-finai uku. Ta sake haɗuwa da Rajkummar Rao don wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni ''Mr. &amp;amp; Mrs. Mahi'', game da mutumin da ya cika burinsa na zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar matarsa. Yayinda take yin fim din wasan cricket, Kapoor ta rabu da kafada sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=Janhvi Kapoor Reveals She Dislocated Shoulders Twice While Shooting For Mr And Mrs Mahi |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-reveals-she-dislocated-shoulders-twice-while-shooting-for-mr-and-mrs-mahi-6354415.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924075424/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-reveals-she-dislocated-shoulders-twice-while-shooting-for-mr-and-mrs-mahi-6354415.html |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[CNN-News18|News18]]}}</ref> Shilajit Mishra na The ''Hindu'' ya yi tunanin cewa har yanzu ba ta cimma "daidaitaccen sauƙi a cikin aiki" duk da bayyana a fina-finai tara. Ta biyo bayan wannan tare da nuna wani matashi jami'in harkokin waje na Indiya wanda ake zargi da rashin amincewa da gwamnati a cikin fim din siyasa ''Ulajh'' . Kapoor ta yarda da jin "mahimmanci" game da fim din saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin tsarin kirkirar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Janhvi Kapoor on 'Ulajh': Never been so obsessive or sensitive about a film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/janhvi-kapoor-on-ulajh-never-been-so-obsessive-or-sensitive-about-a-film-2571785-2024-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803000051/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/janhvi-kapoor-on-ulajh-never-been-so-obsessive-or-sensitive-about-a-film-2571785-2024-07-25 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> A cikin bita mai ban sha'awa game da fim din, Pratikshya Mishra na Quint ya nuna godiya ga yadda Kapoor ya yi amfani da "al'amuran da ke da sha'awa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2024-08-02 |title=‘Ulajh’ Review: Janhvi Kapoor-Starrer Is Engaging Despite Its Missteps |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ulajh-janhvi-kapoor-full-movie-review-new-film-spy-thriller-roshan-mathew-chang-movie-gulshan-devaiah |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802123729/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ulajh-janhvi-kapoor-full-movie-review-new-film-spy-thriller-roshan-mathew-chang-movie-gulshan-devaiah |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> Kamar yadda aka sake fitowa a wasan kwaikwayo na baya, duka ''Mr. & Mrs. Mahi'' da ''Ulajh'' ba su yi nasara ba a kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-04 |title=Gulshan Devaiah opens up about underperformance of Janhvi Kapoor-starrer Ulajh: ‘The ones who don’t embrace the struggle…’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gulshan-devaiah-opens-up-about-underperformance-of-janhvi-kapoor-starrer-ulajh-the-ones-who-dont-embrace-the-struggle-9494280/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807132512/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gulshan-devaiah-opens-up-about-underperformance-of-janhvi-kapoor-starrer-ulajh-the-ones-who-dont-embrace-the-struggle-9494280/ |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor Hit Movies List |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/jhanvi-kapoor/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906180124/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/jhanvi-kapoor/box-office/ |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2024, Kapoor ya fadada zuwa fina-finai na Telugu ta hanyar taka rawar gani a gaban N. T. Rama Rao Jr a cikin fim din Devara: Sashe na 1 daga Koratala Siva . Sukanya Verma ta Rediff.com ta watsar da rawar da ta taka a cikin wani aikin androcentric mai ban sha'awa, ta rubuta cewa "tana nuna kawai bayan lokaci don yin amfani da shi kuma yana kusa da machismo na NTR" Tare da jimlar sama da ₹5 biliyan miliyan), Devara: Sashe na 1 ya fito ne a matsayin nasarar kasuwanci ta farko ta Kapoor tun lokacin Dhadak, da kuma mafi girman kudade na aikinta. Kapoor za ta ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Dharma Productions a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari'', a gaban Dhawan, kuma an saita tauraruwa a gaban Ram Charan a cikin fim din Telugu mai suna ''RC16'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Janhvi Kapoor decks up in green saree at Telugu film RC 16's grand launch with Ram Charan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rc-16-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoor-green-saree-telugu-film-launch-pooja-ceremony-video-101710915564061.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324112732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rc-16-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoor-green-saree-telugu-film-launch-pooja-ceremony-video-101710915564061.html |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Dulhania 3? Karan Johar announces Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari; Janhvi Kapoor replaces Alia opposite Varun Dhawan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dulhania-3-sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumari-janhvi-kapoor-replaces-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-101708582532228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222073427/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dulhania-3-sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumari-janhvi-kapoor-replaces-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-101708582532228.html |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a gaban Sidharth Malhotra a cikin soyayya ''Param Sundari'' . == Hoton kafofin watsa labarai == [[Fayil:Janhvi_Kapoor_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Kapoor tana inganta <nowiki><i id="mwAXY">Mili</i></nowiki> a cikin 2022]] An sanya Kapoor a cikin jerin "Mafi kyawun 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo" na Rediff.com a cikin 2020 da 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020's 10 BEST ACTRESSES |url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/special/-2020s-10-best-actresses-yearend/20201231.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912063450/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/special/-2020s-10-best-actresses-yearend/20201231.htm |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=22 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Women We Loved In 2022 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-women-we-loved-in-2022/20221226.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912063450/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/the-women-we-loved-in-2022/20221226.htm |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Ita ce mai ba da tallafi ga nau'ikan da kayayyaki da yawa, kamar su Nykaa, Drools da Aldo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Janhvi Kapoor roped in as a brand ambassador of Nykaa cosmetics! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/breaking-janhvi-kapoor-roped-brand-ambassador-nykaa-cosmetics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912063450/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/breaking-janhvi-kapoor-roped-brand-ambassador-nykaa-cosmetics/ |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=12 September 2018 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drools ropes in Janhvi Kapoor as brand ambassador |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/marketing-news/drools-ropes-in-janhvi-kapoor-as-brand-ambassador-125000.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307211411/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/marketing-news/drools-ropes-in-janhvi-kapoor-as-brand-ambassador-125000.html |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor signs up as brand ambassador for Aldo India |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/marketing/janhvi-kapoor-signs-up-as-brand-ambassador-for-aldo-india/94381782 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307211411/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/marketing/janhvi-kapoor-signs-up-as-brand-ambassador-for-aldo-india/94381782 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=Economic Times}}</ref> Kapoor ta fito akai-akai a cikin jerin sunayen mata masu kyau na Times of India, matsayi na 28 a cikin 2018, 24 a cikin 2019, da 18 a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disha Patani tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2019 list |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/disha-patani-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2019-list20200829103342/?amp=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929192050/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/disha-patani-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2019-list20200829103342/?amp=1 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=ANI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Rhea Chakraborty tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2020 list |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/rhea-chakraborty-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2020-list/673211/?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307211410/https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/rhea-chakraborty-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2020-list/673211/?amp |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Theprint}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Eastern Eye ya nuna ta a cikin jerin sunayen shekaru goma. == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi (s) ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Tabbacin. |- |2018 | scope="row" |''Dhadak'' |Parthavi Singh Rathore | | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | scope="row" |''Labaran Ghost'' |Sameera |Sashe na Zoya Akhtar | |- | scope="row" |''Gunjan Saxena: Yarinyar Kargil'' |Gunjan Saxena | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2020 |title=Janhvi Kapoor Starrer Gunjan Saxena The Kargil Girl to Release on Netflix |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-starrer-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-to-release-on-netflix-2660485.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820100254/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-starrer-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-to-release-on-netflix-2660485.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> |- |2021 | scope="row" |''Roohi'' |Roohi Arora / Afzana Bedi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | scope="row" |''Sa'a Mai Kyau Jerry'' |Jaya "Jerry" Kumari | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2021 |title=Janhvi Kapoor announces Good Luck Jerry's wrap with aesthetic pictures from the set |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/janhvi-kapoor-announces-good-luck-jerrys-wrap-aesthetic-pictures-set/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320060855/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/janhvi-kapoor-announces-good-luck-jerrys-wrap-aesthetic-pictures-set/ |archive-date=20 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''Mili'' |Mili Naudiyal | | |- | rowspan="2&quot;" |2023 | scope="row" |''Bawaal'' |Nisha Dixit | | |- | scope="row" |''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'' |Ba a ambaci sunansa ba |Bayyanawa ta musamman a cikin waƙar "Heart Throb" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan joins Ananya Panday, Janhvi Kapoor, and Sara Ali Khan in the Ranveer Singh – Alia Bhatt starrer Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-varun-dhawan-joins-ananya-panday-janhvi-kapoor-sara-ali-khan-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-starrer-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708035226/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-varun-dhawan-joins-ananya-panday-janhvi-kapoor-sara-ali-khan-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-starrer-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/ |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2024 | scope="row" |''Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya'' |Jiah |Bayyanawa ta Musamman |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=REVEALED: Janhvi Kapoor has a special appearance in Shahid Kapoor-Kriti Sanon starrer Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-janhvi-kapoor-special-appearance-shahid-kapoor-kriti-sanon-starrer-teri-baaton-mein-aisa-uljha-jiya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209022532/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-janhvi-kapoor-special-appearance-shahid-kapoor-kriti-sanon-starrer-teri-baaton-mein-aisa-uljha-jiya/ |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''Mr. &amp;amp; Mrs. Mahi'' |Mahima "Mahi" Aggarwal | | |- | scope="row" |''Ulajh'' |Suhana Bhatia | | |- | scope="row" |''Devara: Sashe na 1'' |Thangam |Fim din Telugu |<ref name="devara">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2023 |title='RRR' Star NTR Jr's 30th Film Title Confirmed As 'Devara'; First Look Revealed |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-star-ntr-jr-n-t-rama-rao-jr-devara-first-look-1235373127/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519213622/https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-star-ntr-jr-n-t-rama-rao-jr-devara-first-look-1235373127/ |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2025 | scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari'' † |Tulsi Kumari |Fim |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-04 |title=Varun Dhawan-Janhvi Kapoor Begin Shoot Of Next Film Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari; Shares Pic |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/varun-dhawan-janhvi-kapoor-begin-shoot-of-next-film-sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumari-shares-pic-8877632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008071637/https://www.news18.com/movies/varun-dhawan-janhvi-kapoor-begin-shoot-of-next-film-sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumari-shares-pic-8877632.html |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Param Sundari'' † |Sundari |Fim | |- | scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''RC16'' † |TBA |Fim din Telugu; fim | |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Masu wasan kwaikwayo ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |2020 |"Kudi Nu Nachne De" |Vishal Dadlani, Sachin-Jigar |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2020 |title=Angrezi Medium Song Kudi Nu Nachne De: Alia Bhatt, Katrina Kaif And Anushka Sharma Will Set Your Mood For The Week |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/angrezi-medium-song-kudi-nu-nachne-de-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharma-will-set-your-mood--2189862 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134048/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/angrezi-medium-song-kudi-nu-nachne-de-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharma-will-set-your-mood--2189862 |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- |2018 |Kyautar Lokmat Stylish |Mai farawa na shekara|{{N/a}}|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2018 |title=Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2018: Ranveer-Sara burn the stage; Rajkummar and Janhvi emerge winners |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2018-ranveer-singh-sara-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-5502109/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223155013/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2018-ranveer-singh-sara-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-5502109/lite/ |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |Kyautar Filmfare |Mafi Kyawun Mata na Farko | rowspan="3" |''Dhadak''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards - 2019 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/filmfare-awards-2019?type=0&id=1555819018622 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084538/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/filmfare-awards-2019?type=0&id=1555819018622 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Jio Cinema |language=en}}</ref> |- |Kyautar IIFA |Star Farko na Shekara - Mata|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2019 |title=Inside IIFA 2019: Everything that happened at the awards night |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2019-inside-photos-videos-everything-that-happened-6008793/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084536/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2019-inside-photos-videos-everything-that-happened-6008793/ |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Zee Cinema |Mafi Kyawun Mata na Farko|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2019 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2019: Ranbir Kapoor and Deepika Padukone win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2019-winners-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-alia-bhatt-photos-5635146/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084535/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2019-winners-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-alia-bhatt-photos-5635146/ |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |Kyautar Filmfare |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Gunjan Saxena: Yarinyar Kargil''|{{Nom}} |<ref name="ff21">{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor- Best Actor in Leading Role Female Nominee {{!}} Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084537/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Filmfare}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor "Janhvi Kapoor- Best Actor in Leading Role Female Nominee | Filmfare Awards"]. ''Filmfare''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084537/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor Archived] from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2022 |Kyautar Pinkvilla Style Icons |Super Stylish Youth Idol - Mata|{{N/a}}|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Winners List: Find out who won what at the starry night |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089%3famp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218082350/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089?amp |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2023 | rowspan="2" |Hotunan salon Hungama na Bollywood |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Stylish Iconic - Mata|{{N/a}}|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=BH Style Icons 2023: From Anushka Sharma to Alia Bhatt, here are the nominations for Most Stylish Iconic Performer (Female) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-anushka-sharma-alia-bhatt-nominations-stylish-iconic-performer-female/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321151023/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-anushka-sharma-alia-bhatt-nominations-stylish-iconic-performer-female/ |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> |- |Hoton Matasa na Stylish - Mata|{{N/a}}|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=BH Style Icons 2023: Janhvi Kapoor wins 'Most Stylish Youth Icon (Female); speaks about being on "an endless journey" of style and fashion |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-janhvi-kapoor-wins-stylish-youth-icon-female-speaks-endless-journey-style-fashion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170555/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-janhvi-kapoor-wins-stylish-youth-icon-female-speaks-endless-journey-style-fashion/ |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Pinkvilla Style Icons |Style Icon na Shekara - Zaɓin Mai Karatu|{{N/a}}|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2023 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170556/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865?amp |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Filmfare |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Mili''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2023: Check Full list of Winners, Best Film, Best Actor, Actress, Songs and more |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-zee-cine-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-best-film-best-actor-best-actress-songs-and-more-226531/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319132636/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-zee-cine-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-best-film-best-actor-best-actress-songs-and-more-226531/amp |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023 |website=Zeebiz}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Zee Cinema |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (Masu sukar) |{{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Filmfare OTT |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (Fim na asali na yanar gizo) | rowspan="2" |''Bawaal''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2023 |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110000751/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/ |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Filmfare}}</ref> |- |2024 |Pinkvilla Screen da Style Icons Awards |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (OTT) - Shahararren Zaɓin|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320123412/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dpuzf5fppo5f1xtlljb2dstcmqfv0cn 856288 856286 2026-06-13T17:32:47Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 856288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Janhvi Kapoor''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta alif 1997) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce ke aiki a fina-finai na [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da [[Talgu|Telugu]] . An haife ta ga 'yar fim din [[Sridevi]] da furodusa Boney Kapoor, ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2018 tare da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Dhadak'', wanda ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci. Sakamakon wasan kwaikwayo na gaba bai yi nasara ba a kasuwanci, amma ta sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Filmfare don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo don yin wasa a cikin Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (2020) da kuma wata mace da ta makale a cikin firiji a ''Mili'' (2022). A cikin shekarar 2024, ta taka rawar gani acikin wasan kwaikwayo na Telugu ''Devara: Sashe na 1'', wanda ya zama mafi girma a cikin aikinta. == Rayuwa ta farko da asali == An haifi Janhvi Kapoor a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta alif 1997. <ref name="bd">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2020 |title=Anshula Kapoor shares a glimpse of Janhvi Kapoor's birthday celebrations. Watch video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/anshula-kapoor-shares-a-glimpse-of-janhvi-kapoor-s-birthday-celebrations-watch-video-1653124-2020-03-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625182810/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/anshula-kapoor-shares-a-glimpse-of-janhvi-kapoor-s-birthday-celebrations-watch-video-1653124-2020-03-06 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Mahaifinta shi ne mai shirya fina-finai Boney Kapoor, ɗan marigayi mai shirya fina'a Surinder Kapoor, kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Sridevi]] . Ita ce 'yar'uwar' yan wasan fim din Anil da Sanjay Kapoor .<ref name="surinder">{{Cite web |last=N |first=Patsy |date=4 May 2009 |title=Sonam is a better actor than Anil |url=http://movies.rediff.com/quote/2009/may/04/surinder-kapoor-on-life-and-times.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102025615/http://movies.rediff.com/quote/2009/may/04/surinder-kapoor-on-life-and-times.htm |archive-date=2 January 2011 |access-date=3 August 2010 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Ƙaramar 'yar'uwarta, Khushi, ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lavanya |title=Sridevi's "Khushi" |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jan193.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208084154/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jan193.asp |archive-date=8 February 2001 |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, Arjun (wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo) da Anshula Kapoor daga auren farko na mahaifinta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2019 |title=Arjun Kapoor, Khushi, Anshula come together for father Boney Kapoor at Maidaan mahurat ceremony. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-khushi-anshula-come-together-for-father-boney-kapoor-at-maidaan-mahurat-ceremony-see-pics/story-HVsAs55MCeRj7j7MC0gKqN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029085536/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-khushi-anshula-come-together-for-father-boney-kapoor-at-maidaan-mahurat-ceremony-see-pics/story-HVsAs55MCeRj7j7MC0gKqN.html |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Kapoor ta rasa mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 20, lokacin da aka same ta mutu daga hatsari a Dubai. Kapoor ta yi karatu a makarantar Ecole Mondiale World School a Mumbai . Kafin ta fara fim dinta, ta dauki karatun wasan kwaikwayo daga Lee Strasberg Theatre da Film Institute a California. == Ayyuka == === Fim na farko da mata suka jagoranci (2018-2022) === [[Fayil:Janhvi_Kapoor_graces_Lux_Golden_Rose_Awards_2018_(01).jpg|left|thumb|Kapoor a wani taron a shekarar 2018]] Kapoor ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2018 tare da littafin soyayya na Shashank Khaitan, tare da Ishaan Khatter kuma an samar da shi a karkashin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Karan Johar Dharma Productions . Wani fim na harshen [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] na fim din [[Marati|Marathi]] na 2016 ''Sairat'', ya nuna ta a matsayin yarinya mai girma wanda rayuwarta ta zama bala'i bayan ta tsere tare da wani yaro mai ƙarancin aji (wanda Khatter ya buga). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |title=Interview: Janhvi Kapoor on 'Dhadak' and dealing with negativity |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/janhvi-kapoor-dhadak/interview-janhvi-kapoor-on-dhadak-and-dealing-with-negativity-idUSKBN1K11IN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212303/https://www.reuters.com/article/janhvi-kapoor-dhadak/interview-janhvi-kapoor-on-dhadak-and-dealing-with-negativity-idUSKBN1K11IN |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Fim din ya sami yawancin bita mara kyau, amma tare da tarin duniya na ₹ 1.1 biliyan, ya zama nasarar kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2018 |title=The Real Winner With Dhadak |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183809/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4133 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2018 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Dhadak |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-dhadak/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802012850/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-dhadak/ |archive-date=2 August 2018 |access-date=5 September 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> A rubuce-rubuce don News18, Rajeev Masand ya soki fim din don cire nassoshi na asali kuma ya dauke shi ƙasa da na asali, amma ya ji Kapoor yana da "raunin da ya sa ta zama mai ƙauna nan take, da kuma halin kirki wanda ya sa ya zama da wuya a cire idanunka a kan allo".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand, Rajeev |date=20 July 2018 |title=Caste Away |url=https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/caste-away-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707094447/https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/caste-away-2/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019 |website=RajeevMasand.com}}</ref> Sabanin haka, Anna M. M. Vetticad na Firstpost ta yi tunanin cewa "ba ta da mutuntaka kuma tana ba da aikin da ba shi da launi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anna M. M. Vetticad |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=20 July 2018 |title=Dhadak movie review: Janhvi-Ishaan are so-so in an insipid Sairat remake that is afraid to discuss caste |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhadak-movie-review-janhvi-ishaan-are-so-so-in-an-insipid-sairat-remake-that-is-afraid-to-discuss-caste-4781021.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914232222/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhadak-movie-review-janhvi-ishaan-are-so-so-in-an-insipid-sairat-remake-that-is-afraid-to-discuss-caste-4781021.html |archive-date=14 September 2019 |access-date=22 September 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Zee Cine don Mafi kyawun Mata. Kasancewar Kapoor ta gaba ta fito ne a shekarar 2020 lokacin da ta fito a cikin ɓangaren Zoya Akhtar a cikin fim din mai ban tsoro na [[Netflix]] Ghost Stories . Shubhra Gupta na The ''Indian Express'' bai son sassan ba amma ya kara da cewa "abin mamaki na gaske kawai ya fito ne daga Janhvi Kapoor a cikin wani abu mai ƙarfi, na ainihi". Daga nan sai ta ɗauki matsayin mai jirgin sama Gunjan Saxena a cikin fim din Gunjan Saxina: The Kargil Girl, wanda saboda annobar COVID-19 ba za a iya fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo ba kuma a maimakon haka ya gudana a kan Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2020 |title=Netflix's Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl to premiere on August 12 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/janhvi-kapoor-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-release-date-6508158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716052020/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/janhvi-kapoor-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-release-date-6508158/ |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> A shirye-shiryen, ta yi aiki tare da Saxena, ta yi horo na jiki, kuma ta koyi yaren jiki na jami'in rundunar sojan sama. Saibal Chatterjee na NDTV ya bayyana aikin Kapoor a matsayin "mai tsayi sosai" yayin da Rahul Desai na Film Companion ya fi godiya ga "aikin sirri mai banƙyama" wanda ya yi la'akari da shi "cikakken".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=10 August 2020 |title=Gunjan Saxena - The Kargil Girl Movie Review: Spry Biopic Flies Light With Passably Steady Janhvi Kapoor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-spry-biopic-flies-light-with-passably-steady-janhvi-kapoor-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2277044 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828094249/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-spry-biopic-flies-light-with-passably-steady-janhvi-kapoor-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2277044 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=10 August 2020 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=10 August 2020 |title=Gunjan Saxena Starring Janhvi Kapoor Is A Potent Biopic That Juxtaposes Passion With Legacy |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/gunjan-saxena-netflix-review-janhvi-kapoor-a-potent-biopic-that-juxtaposes-passion-with-legacy-rahul-desai/ |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Ta sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Filmfare don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau.<ref name="ff21">{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor- Best Actor in Leading Role Female Nominee {{!}} Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084537/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Filmfare}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Kapoor ya taka rawa biyu a gaban Rajkummar Rao a cikin fim mai ban tsoro mai suna ''Roohi'' . An fitar da fim din ne bayan jinkiri da yawa saboda yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19. <ref name="release date">{{Cite web |title=Rajkummar Rao, Janhvi Kapoor, Varun Sharma's horror-comedy renamed Roohi, film to release on March 11 in theatres |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-janhvi-kapoor-varun-sharmas-horror-comedy-renamed-roohi-film-release-march-11-theatres/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215044509/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-janhvi-kapoor-varun-sharmas-horror-comedy-renamed-roohi-film-release-march-11-theatres |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Fim din da aikin Kapoor sun kasance masu sukar, kuma ya yi mummunar aiki a ofishin akwatin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2021 |title=Roohi movie review and release LIVE UPDATES: Janhvi, Rajkummar Rao film fails to impress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/roohi-review-and-release-live-updates-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-varun-sharma-7222457/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311093302/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/roohi-review-and-release-live-updates-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-varun-sharma-7222457/ |archive-date=11 March 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title='Roohi' 4 days box office collection report: Rajkummar Rao-starrer has a good first weekend |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/roohi-4-days-box-office-collection-report-rajkummar-rao-starrer-has-a-good-first-weekend-962265.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182838/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/roohi-4-days-box-office-collection-report-rajkummar-rao-starrer-has-a-good-first-weekend-962265.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Roohi Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/roohi-2/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215062251/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/roohi-2/box-office |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Kapoor ta fito a cikin Good Luck Jerry, wani remake na fim din Tamil na 2018 ''Kolamaavu Kokila'', wanda Aanand L. Rai ya samar. An sake shi a dandalin yawo na Disney + Hotstar . A cikin fim dinta na gaba, ''Mili'', wani remake na fim din Malayalam <nowiki><i id="mw4g">Helen</i></nowiki>, ta taka rawar budurwa da ta makale a cikin firiji, wanda Anna Ben ta buga a cikin asali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title=Mili first look: Janhvi Kapoor is a nurse stuck in freezer in new survival thriller. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mili-first-look-janhvi-kapoor-is-a-nurse-stuck-in-freezer-in-new-survival-thriller-see-pics-101665560413646.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012080002/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mili-first-look-janhvi-kapoor-is-a-nurse-stuck-in-freezer-in-new-survival-thriller-see-pics-101665560413646.html |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Anupama Chopra ta yi godiya ga "al'a da gaskiya" da ta kawo wa bangare amma ta yi la'akari da shi da yawa fiye da aikin Ben. Ya fito ne a matsayin bam na ofishin akwatin. Ta sami wani gabatarwa mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Filmfare . === Canjin aiki (2023-yanzu) === Kapoor ta yi fice a gaban Varun Dhawan a cikin Nitesh Tiwari's ''Bawaal'' (2023), wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya game da ma'aurata masu rikici waɗanda ke koyo game da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] yayin da suke tafiya a Turai. An sake shi ta hanyar dijital a kan Amazon Prime Video . Fim din ya sami martani saboda Rashin amfani da Holocaust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=28 July 2023 |title=Bollywood film 'Bawaal' accused of trivializing Holocaust and demeaning victims |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/28/media/india-bollywood-bawaal-movie-holocaust-controversy-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728102749/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/28/media/india-bollywood-bawaal-movie-holocaust-controversy-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> A rubuce-rubuce ga The New York Times, Beatrice Loayza ta soki rashin ilmin sunadarai tsakanin jagororin biyu kuma ta kori Kapoor a matsayin "marar da kwarewa". Leaf Arbuthnot na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya kuma kaddamar da fim din da sunadarai amma ya nuna godiya ga "har yanzu, aikin da ya manyanta". [[Fayil:Photos-Janhvi-Kapoor-snapped-in-Juhu-2_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Kapoor a cikin 2024]] A cikin 2024, Kapoor ya fitar da fina-finai uku. Ta sake haɗuwa da Rajkummar Rao don wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni ''Mr. &amp;amp; Mrs. Mahi'', game da mutumin da ya cika burinsa na zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar matarsa. Yayinda take yin fim din wasan cricket, Kapoor ta rabu da kafada sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=Janhvi Kapoor Reveals She Dislocated Shoulders Twice While Shooting For Mr And Mrs Mahi |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-reveals-she-dislocated-shoulders-twice-while-shooting-for-mr-and-mrs-mahi-6354415.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924075424/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-reveals-she-dislocated-shoulders-twice-while-shooting-for-mr-and-mrs-mahi-6354415.html |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[CNN-News18|News18]]}}</ref> Shilajit Mishra na The ''Hindu'' ya yi tunanin cewa har yanzu ba ta cimma "daidaitaccen sauƙi a cikin aiki" duk da bayyana a fina-finai tara. Ta biyo bayan wannan tare da nuna wani matashi jami'in harkokin waje na Indiya wanda ake zargi da rashin amincewa da gwamnati a cikin fim din siyasa ''Ulajh'' . Kapoor ta yarda da jin "mahimmanci" game da fim din saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin tsarin kirkirar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Janhvi Kapoor on 'Ulajh': Never been so obsessive or sensitive about a film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/janhvi-kapoor-on-ulajh-never-been-so-obsessive-or-sensitive-about-a-film-2571785-2024-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803000051/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/janhvi-kapoor-on-ulajh-never-been-so-obsessive-or-sensitive-about-a-film-2571785-2024-07-25 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> A cikin bita mai ban sha'awa game da fim din, Pratikshya Mishra na Quint ya nuna godiya ga yadda Kapoor ya yi amfani da "al'amuran da ke da sha'awa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2024-08-02 |title=‘Ulajh’ Review: Janhvi Kapoor-Starrer Is Engaging Despite Its Missteps |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ulajh-janhvi-kapoor-full-movie-review-new-film-spy-thriller-roshan-mathew-chang-movie-gulshan-devaiah |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802123729/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ulajh-janhvi-kapoor-full-movie-review-new-film-spy-thriller-roshan-mathew-chang-movie-gulshan-devaiah |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> Kamar yadda aka sake fitowa a wasan kwaikwayo na baya, duka ''Mr. & Mrs. Mahi'' da ''Ulajh'' ba su yi nasara ba a kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-04 |title=Gulshan Devaiah opens up about underperformance of Janhvi Kapoor-starrer Ulajh: ‘The ones who don’t embrace the struggle…’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gulshan-devaiah-opens-up-about-underperformance-of-janhvi-kapoor-starrer-ulajh-the-ones-who-dont-embrace-the-struggle-9494280/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807132512/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gulshan-devaiah-opens-up-about-underperformance-of-janhvi-kapoor-starrer-ulajh-the-ones-who-dont-embrace-the-struggle-9494280/ |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor Hit Movies List |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/jhanvi-kapoor/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906180124/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/jhanvi-kapoor/box-office/ |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2024, Kapoor ya fadada zuwa fina-finai na Telugu ta hanyar taka rawar gani a gaban N. T. Rama Rao Jr a cikin fim din Devara: Sashe na 1 daga Koratala Siva . Sukanya Verma ta Rediff.com ta watsar da rawar da ta taka a cikin wani aikin androcentric mai ban sha'awa, ta rubuta cewa "tana nuna kawai bayan lokaci don yin amfani da shi kuma yana kusa da machismo na NTR" Tare da jimlar sama da ₹5 biliyan miliyan), Devara: Sashe na 1 ya fito ne a matsayin nasarar kasuwanci ta farko ta Kapoor tun lokacin Dhadak, da kuma mafi girman kudade na aikinta. Kapoor za ta ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Dharma Productions a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari'', a gaban Dhawan, kuma an saita tauraruwa a gaban Ram Charan a cikin fim din Telugu mai suna ''RC16'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Janhvi Kapoor decks up in green saree at Telugu film RC 16's grand launch with Ram Charan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rc-16-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoor-green-saree-telugu-film-launch-pooja-ceremony-video-101710915564061.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324112732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rc-16-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoor-green-saree-telugu-film-launch-pooja-ceremony-video-101710915564061.html |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Dulhania 3? Karan Johar announces Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari; Janhvi Kapoor replaces Alia opposite Varun Dhawan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dulhania-3-sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumari-janhvi-kapoor-replaces-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-101708582532228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222073427/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dulhania-3-sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumari-janhvi-kapoor-replaces-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-101708582532228.html |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a gaban Sidharth Malhotra a cikin soyayya ''Param Sundari'' . == Hoton kafofin watsa labarai == [[Fayil:Janhvi_Kapoor_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Kapoor tana inganta <nowiki><i id="mwAXY">Mili</i></nowiki> a cikin 2022]] An sanya Kapoor a cikin jerin "Mafi kyawun 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo" na Rediff.com a cikin 2020 da 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020's 10 BEST ACTRESSES |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/-2020s-10-best-actresses-yearend/20201231.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912063450/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/special/-2020s-10-best-actresses-yearend/20201231.htm |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=22 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Women We Loved In 2022 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-women-we-loved-in-2022/20221226.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912063450/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/the-women-we-loved-in-2022/20221226.htm |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Ita ce mai ba da tallafi ga nau'ikan da kayayyaki da yawa, kamar su Nykaa, Drools da Aldo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Janhvi Kapoor roped in as a brand ambassador of Nykaa cosmetics! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-janhvi-kapoor-roped-brand-ambassador-nykaa-cosmetics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912063450/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/breaking-janhvi-kapoor-roped-brand-ambassador-nykaa-cosmetics/ |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=12 September 2018 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drools ropes in Janhvi Kapoor as brand ambassador |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/marketing-news/drools-ropes-in-janhvi-kapoor-as-brand-ambassador-125000.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307211411/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/marketing-news/drools-ropes-in-janhvi-kapoor-as-brand-ambassador-125000.html |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor signs up as brand ambassador for Aldo India |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/janhvi-kapoor-signs-up-as-brand-ambassador-for-aldo-india/94381782 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307211411/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/marketing/janhvi-kapoor-signs-up-as-brand-ambassador-for-aldo-india/94381782 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=Economic Times}}</ref> Kapoor ta fito akai-akai a cikin jerin sunayen mata masu kyau na Times of India, matsayi na 28 a cikin 2018, 24 a cikin 2019, da 18 a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disha Patani tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2019 list |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/disha-patani-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2019-list20200829103342/?amp=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929192050/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/disha-patani-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2019-list20200829103342/?amp=1 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=ANI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Rhea Chakraborty tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2020 list |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/rhea-chakraborty-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2020-list/673211/?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307211410/https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/rhea-chakraborty-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2020-list/673211/?amp |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Theprint}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Eastern Eye ya nuna ta a cikin jerin sunayen shekaru goma. == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi (s) ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Tabbacin. |- |2018 | scope="row" |''Dhadak'' |Parthavi Singh Rathore | | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | scope="row" |''Labaran Ghost'' |Sameera |Sashe na Zoya Akhtar | |- | scope="row" |''Gunjan Saxena: Yarinyar Kargil'' |Gunjan Saxena | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2020 |title=Janhvi Kapoor Starrer Gunjan Saxena The Kargil Girl to Release on Netflix |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-starrer-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-to-release-on-netflix-2660485.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820100254/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-starrer-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-to-release-on-netflix-2660485.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> |- |2021 | scope="row" |''Roohi'' |Roohi Arora / Afzana Bedi | | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | scope="row" |''Sa'a Mai Kyau Jerry'' |Jaya "Jerry" Kumari | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2021 |title=Janhvi Kapoor announces Good Luck Jerry's wrap with aesthetic pictures from the set |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/janhvi-kapoor-announces-good-luck-jerrys-wrap-aesthetic-pictures-set/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320060855/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/janhvi-kapoor-announces-good-luck-jerrys-wrap-aesthetic-pictures-set/ |archive-date=20 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''Mili'' |Mili Naudiyal | | |- | rowspan="2&quot;" |2023 | scope="row" |''Bawaal'' |Nisha Dixit | | |- | scope="row" |''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'' |Ba a ambaci sunansa ba |Bayyanawa ta musamman a cikin waƙar "Heart Throb" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan joins Ananya Panday, Janhvi Kapoor, and Sara Ali Khan in the Ranveer Singh – Alia Bhatt starrer Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-varun-dhawan-joins-ananya-panday-janhvi-kapoor-sara-ali-khan-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-starrer-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708035226/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-varun-dhawan-joins-ananya-panday-janhvi-kapoor-sara-ali-khan-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-starrer-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/ |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2024 | scope="row" |''Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya'' |Jiah |Bayyanawa ta Musamman |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=REVEALED: Janhvi Kapoor has a special appearance in Shahid Kapoor-Kriti Sanon starrer Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-janhvi-kapoor-special-appearance-shahid-kapoor-kriti-sanon-starrer-teri-baaton-mein-aisa-uljha-jiya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209022532/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-janhvi-kapoor-special-appearance-shahid-kapoor-kriti-sanon-starrer-teri-baaton-mein-aisa-uljha-jiya/ |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''Mr. &amp;amp; Mrs. Mahi'' |Mahima "Mahi" Aggarwal | | |- | scope="row" |''Ulajh'' |Suhana Bhatia | | |- | scope="row" |''Devara: Sashe na 1'' |Thangam |Fim din Telugu |<ref name="devara">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2023 |title='RRR' Star NTR Jr's 30th Film Title Confirmed As 'Devara'; First Look Revealed |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-star-ntr-jr-n-t-rama-rao-jr-devara-first-look-1235373127/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519213622/https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-star-ntr-jr-n-t-rama-rao-jr-devara-first-look-1235373127/ |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2025 | scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari'' † |Tulsi Kumari |Fim |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-04 |title=Varun Dhawan-Janhvi Kapoor Begin Shoot Of Next Film Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari; Shares Pic |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/varun-dhawan-janhvi-kapoor-begin-shoot-of-next-film-sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumari-shares-pic-8877632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008071637/https://www.news18.com/movies/varun-dhawan-janhvi-kapoor-begin-shoot-of-next-film-sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumari-shares-pic-8877632.html |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Param Sundari'' † |Sundari |Fim | |- | scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''RC16'' † |TBA |Fim din Telugu; fim | |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Masu wasan kwaikwayo ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |2020 |"Kudi Nu Nachne De" |Vishal Dadlani, Sachin-Jigar |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2020 |title=Angrezi Medium Song Kudi Nu Nachne De: Alia Bhatt, Katrina Kaif And Anushka Sharma Will Set Your Mood For The Week |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/angrezi-medium-song-kudi-nu-nachne-de-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharma-will-set-your-mood--2189862 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134048/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/angrezi-medium-song-kudi-nu-nachne-de-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharma-will-set-your-mood--2189862 |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- |2018 |Kyautar Lokmat Stylish |Mai farawa na shekara|{{N/a}}|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2018 |title=Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2018: Ranveer-Sara burn the stage; Rajkummar and Janhvi emerge winners |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2018-ranveer-singh-sara-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-5502109/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223155013/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2018-ranveer-singh-sara-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-5502109/lite/ |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |Kyautar Filmfare |Mafi Kyawun Mata na Farko | rowspan="3" |''Dhadak''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards - 2019 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/filmfare-awards-2019?type=0&id=1555819018622 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084538/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/filmfare-awards-2019?type=0&id=1555819018622 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Jio Cinema |language=en}}</ref> |- |Kyautar IIFA |Star Farko na Shekara - Mata|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2019 |title=Inside IIFA 2019: Everything that happened at the awards night |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2019-inside-photos-videos-everything-that-happened-6008793/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084536/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2019-inside-photos-videos-everything-that-happened-6008793/ |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Zee Cinema |Mafi Kyawun Mata na Farko|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2019 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2019: Ranbir Kapoor and Deepika Padukone win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2019-winners-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-alia-bhatt-photos-5635146/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084535/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2019-winners-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-alia-bhatt-photos-5635146/ |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |Kyautar Filmfare |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Gunjan Saxena: Yarinyar Kargil''|{{Nom}} |<ref name="ff21">{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor- Best Actor in Leading Role Female Nominee {{!}} Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084537/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Filmfare}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor "Janhvi Kapoor- Best Actor in Leading Role Female Nominee | Filmfare Awards"]. ''Filmfare''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211119084537/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2021/nominations/best-actor-female/janhvi-kapoor Archived] from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2022 |Kyautar Pinkvilla Style Icons |Super Stylish Youth Idol - Mata|{{N/a}}|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Winners List: Find out who won what at the starry night |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089%3famp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218082350/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089?amp |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2023 | rowspan="2" |Hotunan salon Hungama na Bollywood |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Stylish Iconic - Mata|{{N/a}}|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=BH Style Icons 2023: From Anushka Sharma to Alia Bhatt, here are the nominations for Most Stylish Iconic Performer (Female) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-anushka-sharma-alia-bhatt-nominations-stylish-iconic-performer-female/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321151023/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-anushka-sharma-alia-bhatt-nominations-stylish-iconic-performer-female/ |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> |- |Hoton Matasa na Stylish - Mata|{{N/a}}|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=BH Style Icons 2023: Janhvi Kapoor wins 'Most Stylish Youth Icon (Female); speaks about being on "an endless journey" of style and fashion |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-janhvi-kapoor-wins-stylish-youth-icon-female-speaks-endless-journey-style-fashion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170555/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-janhvi-kapoor-wins-stylish-youth-icon-female-speaks-endless-journey-style-fashion/ |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Pinkvilla Style Icons |Style Icon na Shekara - Zaɓin Mai Karatu|{{N/a}}|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2023 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170556/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865?amp |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Filmfare |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Mili''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2023: Check Full list of Winners, Best Film, Best Actor, Actress, Songs and more |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-zee-cine-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-best-film-best-actor-best-actress-songs-and-more-226531/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319132636/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-zee-cine-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-best-film-best-actor-best-actress-songs-and-more-226531/amp |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023 |website=Zeebiz}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Zee Cinema |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (Masu sukar) |{{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Filmfare OTT |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (Fim na asali na yanar gizo) | rowspan="2" |''Bawaal''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2023 |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110000751/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/ |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Filmfare}}</ref> |- |2024 |Pinkvilla Screen da Style Icons Awards |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (OTT) - Shahararren Zaɓin|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320123412/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ouqyxurqpe85pmih1i57a6rembaf52x 0 99656 856118 719986 2026-06-13T16:16:27Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6 kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] p9iqu098eujivy94gf55gz0otlrsne3 856119 856118 2026-06-13T16:19:57Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6 kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] 26fs9jal745ymuhgd2akarj6f68b9zj 856120 856119 2026-06-13T16:20:12Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6 kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] 5x253f1eu47ay9ts6j57mk16guu5200 856121 856120 2026-06-13T16:20:27Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6 kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] 2mj26rlod7l09ke8uebhq8gith9h5cb 856123 856121 2026-06-13T16:21:02Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6 kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] hz0n4f2r79dd0u73ipzzgv5g9w8cr0l 856125 856123 2026-06-13T16:23:23Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kashewa */ 856125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6 kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] jd3nppbjiuxr7ftcd050wwq5pb18kwl 856134 856125 2026-06-13T16:33:28Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kashewa */ 856134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6 kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] k4t5fevjhn19rwb0r78vus7cs7779un 856135 856134 2026-06-13T16:33:43Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kashewa */ 856135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6 kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] au7q0sf3pllef2z79e2iqow762sw9z3 856137 856135 2026-06-13T16:33:59Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kashewa */ 856137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] 03yv690jeamonndugmhraqp0xg4751x 856142 856137 2026-06-13T16:36:11Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Bincike */ 856142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] lnbq46df6mi63e47dw2rthufdpwax0t 856144 856142 2026-06-13T16:36:27Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Bincike */ 856144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] hsm4wbbpnlmr9gdvriyqxsj71z2wi4o 856145 856144 2026-06-13T16:37:06Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Bincike */ 856145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] fzi61avcizd68fuj3q86b83y9xpq1r9 856146 856145 2026-06-13T16:37:09Z Shafa Hassan 45932 856146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kuma kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] j7pd1nudd2n1znts3bwt40jztkpweme 0 101083 856729 624052 2026-06-14T10:04:17Z Zahrah0 14848 856729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ayuba Suleiman Diallo''' (1701-1773), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ayuba Ben Solomon''', sanannen yarima ne na [[Musulmi]] [[Fulani]] daga [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda aka sace shi kuma aka yi fataucin shi zuwa [[Amurka]] a lokacin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]], bayan da ya mallaki kuma ya sayar da bayi da kansa. An haife shi a Bundu, [[Senegal]] ( [[Afirka ta Yamma]] ), an buga abubuwan tunawa da Ayuba a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin labarun bawa na farko, a cikin Thomas Bluett ''Wasu Tunawa da Rayuwar Ayuba, Ɗan Sulemanu Babban Firist na Boonda a Afirka; Wanda aka bautar kusan Shekaru biyu a Maryland; daga baya kuma aka kawo shi Ingila, aka sake shi, aka aika zuwa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a shekara ta alif 1734'' . Koyaya, wannan sigar ba asusun mutum na farko bane. Ana iya samun cikakken bayanin kama Ayuba da komawa gida a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Francis Moore ''zuwa sassan Afirka ta Tsakiya'' . == Rayuwa ta farko == Ayuba Suleiman Ibrahima Diallo an haife shi a shekara ta a Bondu, a jihar Futa Tooro .{{Efn|Also spelled Bundu<ref name= "ODNB"/>}} Iyalinsa sanannun shugabannin addinai ne na Musulmi [[Fulani|Fulbe]] - kakan Diallo, Malik Sy, ya kafa Bondu, kuma mahaifinsa, Suleiman Diallo, ya kasance shugaban addini da siyasa.{{Efn|Also spelled Solomon or Soliman Dgiallo<ref name= "ODNB"/>}} An kafa Bundu a lokacin daya daga cikin farkon Jihads na Fulani a kan mutanen Mande. Don haka, yawancin mutanen Mande na yankin sun zama bayi ga sarakunan Fulani na Bundu, kamar mahaifin Ayuba Suleiman Diallo. Yayinda yake yaro, Ayuba ya saba da Sambo, yarima na Futa, kuma biyun sun yi nazarin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da [[Larabci]]. Ayuba ya auri mata biyu wadanda a baya sun kasance bayinsa kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya da yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1720. == Kamawa da bautar == Diallo ya yi tafiya zuwa gabar teku a cikin 1730, yana da niyyar siyan kayayyaki, kamar takarda, da sayar da bayi biyu na Mande (ko Mandinka) mallakar mahaifinsa ga wani abu da ke aiki ga Kamfanin Royal African. Yayinda yake kan tafiya, Diallo da Loumein Ndiaye, mai fassara, Mandinka ya kama su a matsayin fansa kuma ya sayar da su cikin bautar.{{Efn|Also known as Loumein Yoas.<ref name= "ODNB"/>}}{{Sfn|Turner|1997}}{{Sfn|Austin|1997}} Mandinkas sun aske kawunan Diallo da Loumein don su bayyana a matsayin fursunonin yaki, kuma ta haka ne ake zaton suna da halattaccen bautar, sabanin ainihin yanayin mutanen da aka kama a wani hari na satar mutane don takamaiman manufar sayar da bayi don riba ta kudi. An sayar da maza biyu ga masu kula da Kamfanin Royal African. Ayuba daga baya ya shawo kan kyaftin din jirgin bawa, mai suna Pike, cewa sun taba haduwa lokacin da Ayuba da kansa ke sayar da bayi. Ya shawo kan Pike game da matsayinsa na zamantakewa kuma ya bayyana cewa mahaifinsa yana iya biyan fansa. Pike ya ba Ayuba izini don aikawa da kalma ga dangin Ayuba. An aika manzo, amma bai dawo a kan lokaci ba. A kan umarnin shugaban Pike, Kyaftin Henry Hunt, an tura fursunoni biyu (Ayuba da Loumein) a fadin Tekun Atlantika zuwa Annapolis, Maryland ba tare da bata lokaci ba. A nan, an ba da Diallo ga wani abu, Vachell Denton . A wannan lokacin, an canza sunansa kuma Diallo ya zama sananne da Ayuba Ben Solomon, wanda shine fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki na sunansa na asali.{{Sfn|Curtis|2009}} == A Amurka == Daga nan ne Mista Tolsey na Kent Island, [[Maryland]] ya sayi Ayuba. Ayuba da farko an sanya shi aiki a gonakin taba; duk da haka, bayan an same shi bai dace da irin wannan aikin ba, an sanya shi mai kula da shanu. Yayinda yake cikin bauta, Ayuba ya saba zuwa cikin dazuzzuka don yin addu'a. Koyaya, bayan wani yaro ya wulakanta shi yayin addu'a, Ayuba ya gudu a 1731 kuma an kama shi kuma an ɗaure shi a Kotun Kotun Kent County.{{Sfn|Curtis|2009}} Abin takaici, ba a fahimci dalilin da Ayuba ya yi na tserewa ba har sai an sami mai fassara na Afirka. Da yake yana iya sadarwa da bukatun sa, mai shi Ayuba ya ware wani yanki don yin addu'a ba tare da damuwa ba a lokacin da bawan ya dawo.{{Sfn|Curtis|2009}} A kotun ne lauya da firist na Anglican, Thomas Bluett na Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, ya gano shi, yana tafiya ta hanyar kasuwanci. Lauyan ya burge da ikon Ayuba na rubutu a [[Larabci]]. A cikin labarin, Bluett ya rubuta wadannan:<blockquote>A kan Magana da yin a gare shi, ya rubuta Layin ko biyu a gabanmu, kuma lokacin da ya karanta shi, ya furta Kalmomin Allah da [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]; ta hanyar abin da, da ƙin gilashin ruwan inabi da muka ba shi, mun fahimci cewa shi Muhammadu ne, amma ba za mu iya tunanin wane Kasar da yake ba, ko kuma yadda ya samu can; domin ta hanyar jigilarsa mai kyau, da sauƙin kwanciyar hankali, za mu iya fahimtar cewa ba bawa ne na kowa ba.</blockquote>Lokacin da wani dan Afirka wanda ke magana da [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], yaren wata kabila ta Afirka makwabta, ya iya fassara masa, sai aka gano cewa yana da jinin aristocratic. Da yake halin da ake ciki ya karfafa shi, Tolsey ya ba Ayuba damar rubuta wasika a Larabci zuwa Afirka don aikawa ga mahaifinsa. A ƙarshe, wasikar ta kai ofishin James Oglethorpe, Darakta na Kamfanin Royal African. Bayan da John Gagnier, Shugaban Laudian na Larabci a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ya tabbatar da wasikar, Oglethorpe ya sayi Ayuba don £ 45. == A Ingila == A cewar nasa labarin, Oglethorpe ya motsa da jin dadi bayan ya ji wahalar da Ayuba ta jimre. Oglethorpe ya sayi Ayuba kuma ya tura shi ofishin Royal African Company a London. Bluett da Ayuba sun yi tafiya zuwa [[Ingila]] a 1733. A lokacin tafiya Ayuba ya koyi sadarwa a [[Turanci]]. Duk da haka ya damu da wasikunsa sun yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne, Oglethorpe bai kasance mai hankali ba don barin umarni tare da ofishin RAC na London game da abin da zai yi da Ayuba a ƙarshen Afrilu 1733. Kyaftin Henry Hunt (ko watakila ɗan'uwansa, William Hunt), ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke kula da bautar Ayuba, ya shirya don zama a lardin ƙasar. Duk da haka Ayuba ya ji jita-jita cewa Hunt yana shirin sayar da shi ga 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin za su kawo shi gida. Ayuba, yana tsoron karin yaudara, ya tuntubi Bluett da sauran mutanen da ya sadu da su a kan hanyar zuwa London. Bluett ya ɗauki Ayuba zuwa gidansa a Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, kuma ya yi alkawarin ba zai sayar da shi ba tare da ya sanar da shi ba. RAC, biyo bayan umarnin Oglethorpe, wanda aka yi a wani bangare ta hanyar buƙatun da aka yi daga maza masu sha'awar a London, daga baya sun biya duk kuɗin da aka kashe da kuma farashin sayen jinginar Ayuba. Ayuba ya sake roƙon Bluett, yana bayanin cewa babu wani daga cikin waɗannan da ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai sake zama bautar ba. A cewar Bluett, duk mutanen da suka dace sun yi alkawarin cewa ba za su sayar da Ayuba cikin bautar ba, don haka, kodayake Ayuba ba ta cikin wata barazana ba, Bluett da sauran masu tausayi sun biya "filan hamsin da tara, shillings shida, da penny goma sha ɗaya rabin dinari" kawai don sauƙaƙa damuwar Ayuba. Mutanen Ingila a Landan da lardunan da ke kewaye da su waɗanda suka sadu da Ayuba sun tattara kuɗi don "yancinsa a cikin tsari," hatimi na takardar hukuma da RAC ta yi kuma ta rufe shi. Bluett ya bayyana cewa, "Tunanin Ayuba yanzu yana da sauƙin gaske," zai iya yin zumunci da ƙwararrun mutanen London, yana samun kyaututtuka da yawa da sabbin abota, yayin da yake aiki ga Hans Sloane ta hanyar sabon iyawarsa na fassara Larabci zuwa Turanci. Ayyukansa ga Hans Sloane sun haɗa da shirya tarin rubutun Larabci a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. Yayinda yake Ingila, Ayuba yana cikin ƙungiyar wasu fitattun mutane da yawa, gami da dangin sarauta da John Montagu, Duke na biyu na Montagu da matarsa, Mary, Duchess na Montagu, wanda ya kai shi ga shigar da shi cikin Spalding Gentlemen's Society. Ko da yake a Ingila, Ayuba ya ci gaba da yin addu'a a kai a kai kuma yana kiyaye imanin Islama. An ce ya kwafe, da hannu, [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] sau uku daga ƙwaƙwalwa. Abokansa sun yi ƙoƙari su juyar da shi zuwa Kiristanci, duk da haka, suna ba shi fassarar Larabci na [[Sabon Alkawari]]. Ayuba ya riga ya saba da tsarin imani na Kirista, ya yarda da rawar da Yesu ya taka a matsayin annabi, amma ya karyata ra'ayin Triniti mai tsarki. Ya yi la'akari da ra'ayinsa na allahntaka ɗaya game da addini ya dace da imanin Kirista a cikin "mahaifin," "ɗan," da "ruhu mai tsarki. " Ya sami kalmar "trinity" ba a ambaci ta a Sabon Alkawari ba. Ya kuma ba da shawara game da sanya siffofin mutum ga sunan Allah, kuma saboda wannan dalili, ya nuna wani ƙyama ga [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin halayensa na bautar gumaka.{{Sfn|Curtis|2009}} A watan Yulin 1734, Ayuba ya koma [[Gambiya]] kuma daga baya ya koma ƙasarsa. Daga cikin wannan, Bluett ya sake maimaitawa:<blockquote>Game da ƙarshen Yuli da ya gabata ya shiga cikin jirgi ɗaya daga cikin Jirgin Kamfanin Afirka, wanda ke kan hanyar zuwa Gambiya, inda muke fatan ya isa lafiya, ga babban Farin Ciki na Abokansa, da Darajar Ƙasar Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Bluett. Some Memoirs of the Life of Job, the Son of Solomon the Highest Priest of Boonda in Africa ... |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bluett/bluett.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011205826/https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bluett/bluett.html |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |access-date=2019-05-08 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}}</ref></blockquote>Koyaya, Ayuba ya gano cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin matansa, yana zaton Ayuba ta mutu, ya sake yin aure. Yaƙi ya lalata ƙasarsa, amma kasancewar mutum ne mai wadata, ya sami damar dawo da tsohuwar rayuwarsa - gami da bautar 'yan Afirka. Bluett ne ya buga tarihinsa a Turanci da [[Faransanci]]. Ayuba ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai a cikin cinikin bayi. Saboda iliminsa da ƙarfin kuɗi, ya sami damar tserewa bisa doka daga wahalar bautar kuma ya koma gida zuwa Afirka. Ayuba, duk da haka, ta fuskanci wahala daga baya. A watan Yunin 1736, Faransanci sun daure shi ko kuma sun tsare shi a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Wataƙila Faransanci ne suka yi niyya da Ayuba saboda kawancen da yake da shi da Birtaniya. Faransanci sun tsare shi watakila na shekara guda, lokacin da 'yan ƙasar Ayuba suka sami sakin sa. Daga baya ya aika da wasiƙu zuwa ga RAC na London don a ba shi izinin ziyartar London, amma an ƙi wannan buƙatar. Ayuba ya ci gaba da matsawa sanannunsa a Landan don 'yancin Loumein.{{Sfn|Austin|1997}} Saboda sadaukarwar Ayuba da taimakon Bluett, an saki Loumein daga bautar kuma ya koma yankin Gambiya a shekara ta 1738. {{Sfn|Austin|1997}} An rubuta mutuwar Ayuba a cikin minti na Spalding Gentlemen's Society a cikin 1773. {{Sfn|Austin|1997}} ==Hoton Fuska== Hoton Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (wanda ake kuma kira Job ben Solomon),<ref>{{NPG name|245|Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (Job ben Solomon)}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230609225154/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp122558/ayuba-suleiman-diallo?search=sas&sText=Ayuba+Suleiman+Diallo+&OConly=true Archive])</ref> yana sanye da kayan gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka, wanda William Hoare na Bath ya zana a shekarar 1733. Yawanci bayi ana tilasta musu karɓar Kiristanci. Amma Diallo, wani malamin addinin Musulunci mai asalin sarauta, ya ci gaba da rike addininsa. A hoton, yana sanye da Alkur'ani a wuyansa kuma yana da alamar salla a goshinsa — alamar tsantsar ibada.<ref>Casely-Hayford, Gus. ''A Portrait of Humanity: The Compelling Story of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo.'' Heni Talks. An duba a watan Mayu 2025.</ref> A da, hoton yana samuwa ne kawai a bugun hoto, sai dai asalin zanen an siya shi ne daga Qatar Museums Authority (QMA) a kasuwar Christie's a watan Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Yuli 2010 |title=Gallery launches slave portrait appeal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10540146 |access-date=8 Mayu 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta saka takunkumin wucin gadi na hana fitar da zanen saboda muhimmancinsa ga tarihin da al'adun kasar. Gidan Hoton Fuskoki na Ƙasa (National Portrait Gallery) ya kaddamar da gangamin tara kuɗi domin hana fitar da zanen, inda suka bukaci fam 554,937. Mafi yawan wannan kuɗi ya fito ne daga Heritage Lottery Fund da Art Fund, sannan gidan ya buƙaci taimakon jama’a don tara sauran fam 100,000.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220127154627/https://www.npg.org.uk/about/press-old/ayuba-suleiman-diallo-display Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Appeal], gidan yanar gizon National Portrait Gallery; da BBC News (12 Agusta 2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20211026094829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8906000/8906571.stm 'Gida yana fafutukar ceto wani hoton tarihi']</ref> An samu nasarar tara kuɗin don siyan hoton, amma QMA ta yarda za ta bayar da aron zanen maimakon siyar da shi.<ref>{{cite news |title=An ceci hoton bawa daga fita ƙasar waje |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12238237 |access-date=3 Fabrairu 2021 |work=BBC News |date=20 Janairu 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030045925/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12238237 |archive-date=30 Oktoba 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == * {{cite book|first=Allan D.|last=Austin|title=African Muslims in Antebellum America: transatlantic stories and spiritual struggles|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=9780415912693|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ7N7b55XfEC}} * {{cite book | last =Turner | first = Richard Brent | title = Islam in the African-American Experience | publisher = Indiana University Press | year = 1997 | url = https://archive.org/details/islaminafricanam0000turn | url-access = registration | location = Bloomington|isbn=9780253343239}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsinamerica00curt|title=Muslims in America: a short history|last=Curtis|first=Edward E.|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195367560|oclc=268957395}} * {{cite book|last=Diouf|first=Sylviane Anna|title=Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas|location=New York City|publisher=New York University Press|year=1998}} * {{cite book|last=Painter|first=Nell|title=Creating Black Americans: African-American History and its Meanings, 1619 to Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-513755-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83teYXulg5kC}} * {{cite book|last=Grant|first=Douglas|title=The Fortunate Slave: An Illustration of African Slavery in the Early Eighteenth Century|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1968|isbn=978-0-19-215634-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHe4AAAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Judy|first=Ronald A. T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfeTNUk3PwcC&q=%22James+Oglethorpe%22+%22Royal+African+company%22&pg=PA150|title=(Dis)forming the American Canon: African-Arabic Slave Narratives and the Vernacular|date=1993|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-0144-2|language=en}} * {{cite journal|last=Weaver|first=Jace|title=The Red Atlantic: Transoceanic Cultural Exchanges|journal=The American Indian Quarterly|issue=3|year=2011|volume=35|pages=418–463|doi=10.5250/amerindiquar.35.3.0418|s2cid=162829945}} ; Primary sources * Bluett, Thomas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221011205826/https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bluett/bluett.html ''Some Memories of the Life of Job, the Son of the Solomon High Priest of Boonda in Africa; Who was a Slave about two Years in Maryland; and afterwards being brought to England, was set free, and sent to his native Land in the Year 1734'']. London: Richard Ford, 1734. * Moore, Francis. ''[https://www.loc.gov/item/05014443 Travels into the Inland parts of Africa: containing a description of the several nations for the space of Six Hundred Miles up the River Gambia; their Trade, Habits, Customs, Language, Manners, Religion and Government; the Power, Disposition and Characters of some Negro Princes; with a particular Account of Job Ben Solomon, a Pholey, who was in England in the Year 1733, and known by the Name of the African. To which is added, Capt. Stibbs's voyage up the Gambia in the Year 1723, to make Discoveries; with an accurate map of that River taken on the Spot: And many other Copper Plates. Also extracts from the Nubian's Geography, Leo the African, and other authors antient and modern, concerning the Niger-Nile, or Gambia, and Observations thereon.] By Francis Moore, Factor several Years to the Royal African Company of England.'' London: Printed by Edward Cave, at St. John's Gate, for the author, and sold by J. Stagg, in Westminster Hall; and at St. John's Gate aforesaid, 1738, 216, 202, and 213–124. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Afirka da suka mallaki bayi]] d8z38dmz4ul9ct2h69x07eg3dwk0e5n 856733 856729 2026-06-14T10:05:31Z Zahrah0 14848 856733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ayuba Suleiman Diallo''' (1701-1773), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ayuba Ben Solomon''', sanannen yarima ne na [[Musulmi]] [[Fulani]] daga [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda aka sace shi kuma aka yi fataucin shi zuwa [[Amurka]] a lokacin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]], bayan da ya mallaki kuma ya sayar da bayi da kansa. An haife shi a Bundu, [[Senegal]] ( [[Afirka ta Yamma]] ), an buga abubuwan tunawa da Ayuba a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin labarun bawa na farko, a cikin Thomas Bluett ''Wasu Tunawa da Rayuwar Ayuba, Ɗan Sulemanu Babban Firist na Boonda a Afirka; Wanda aka bautar kusan Shekaru biyu a Maryland; daga baya kuma aka kawo shi Ingila, aka sake shi, aka aika zuwa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a shekara ta alif 1734'' . Koyaya, wannan sigar ba asusun mutum na farko bane. Ana iya samun cikakken bayanin kama Ayuba da komawa gida a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Francis Moore ''zuwa sassan Afirka ta Tsakiya'' . == Rayuwa ta farko == Ayuba Suleiman Ibrahima Diallo an haife shi a shekara ta a Bondu, a jihar Futa Tooro .{{Efn|Also spelled Bundu<ref name= "ODNB"/>}} Iyalinsa sanannun shugabannin addinai ne na Musulmi [[Fulani|Fulbe]] - kakan Diallo, Malik Sy, ya kafa Bondu, kuma mahaifinsa, Suleiman Diallo, ya kasance shugaban addini da siyasa.{{Efn|Also spelled Solomon or Soliman Dgiallo<ref name= "ODNB"/>}} An kafa Bundu a lokacin daya daga cikin farkon Jihads na Fulani a kan mutanen Mande. Don haka, yawancin mutanen Mande na yankin sun zama bayi ga sarakunan Fulani na Bundu, kamar mahaifin Ayuba Suleiman Diallo. Yayinda yake yaro, Ayuba ya saba da Sambo, yarima na Futa, kuma biyun sun yi nazarin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da [[Larabci]]. Ayuba ya auri mata biyu wadanda a baya sun kasance bayinsa kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya da yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1720. == Kamawa da bautar == Diallo ya yi tafiya zuwa gabar teku a cikin 1730, yana da niyyar siyan kayayyaki, kamar takarda, da sayar da bayi biyu na Mande (ko Mandinka) mallakar mahaifinsa ga wani abu da ke aiki ga Kamfanin Royal African. Yayinda yake kan tafiya, Diallo da Loumein Ndiaye, mai fassara, Mandinka ya kama su a matsayin fansa kuma ya sayar da su cikin bautar.{{Efn|Also known as Loumein Yoas.<ref name= "ODNB"/>}}{{Sfn|Turner|1997}}{{Sfn|Austin|1997}} Mandinkas sun aske kawunan Diallo da Loumein don su bayyana a matsayin fursunonin yaki, kuma ta haka ne ake zaton suna da halattaccen bautar, sabanin ainihin yanayin mutanen da aka kama a wani hari na satar mutane don takamaiman manufar sayar da bayi don riba ta kudi. An sayar da maza biyu ga masu kula da Kamfanin Royal African. Ayuba daga baya ya shawo kan kyaftin din jirgin bawa, mai suna Pike, cewa sun taba haduwa lokacin da Ayuba da kansa ke sayar da bayi. Ya shawo kan Pike game da matsayinsa na zamantakewa kuma ya bayyana cewa mahaifinsa yana iya biyan fansa. Pike ya ba Ayuba izini don aikawa da kalma ga dangin Ayuba. An aika manzo, amma bai dawo a kan lokaci ba. A kan umarnin shugaban Pike, Kyaftin Henry Hunt, an tura fursunoni biyu (Ayuba da Loumein) a fadin Tekun Atlantika zuwa Annapolis, Maryland ba tare da bata lokaci ba. A nan, an ba da Diallo ga wani abu, Vachell Denton . A wannan lokacin, an canza sunansa kuma Diallo ya zama sananne da Ayuba Ben Solomon, wanda shine fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki na sunansa na asali.{{Sfn|Curtis|2009}} == A Amurka == Daga nan ne Mista Tolsey na Kent Island, [[Maryland]] ya sayi Ayuba. Ayuba da farko an sanya shi aiki a gonakin taba; duk da haka, bayan an same shi bai dace da irin wannan aikin ba, an sanya shi mai kula da shanu. Yayinda yake cikin bauta, Ayuba ya saba zuwa cikin dazuzzuka don yin addu'a. Koyaya, bayan wani yaro ya wulakanta shi yayin addu'a, Ayuba ya gudu a 1731 kuma an kama shi kuma an ɗaure shi a Kotun Kotun Kent County.{{Sfn|Curtis|2009}} Abin takaici, ba a fahimci dalilin da Ayuba ya yi na tserewa ba har sai an sami mai fassara na Afirka. Da yake yana iya sadarwa da bukatun sa, mai shi Ayuba ya ware wani yanki don yin addu'a ba tare da damuwa ba a lokacin da bawan ya dawo.{{Sfn|Curtis|2009}} A kotun ne lauya da firist na Anglican, Thomas Bluett na Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, ya gano shi, yana tafiya ta hanyar kasuwanci. Lauyan ya burge da ikon Ayuba na rubutu a [[Larabci]]. A cikin labarin, Bluett ya rubuta wadannan:<blockquote>A kan Magana da yin a gare shi, ya rubuta Layin ko biyu a gabanmu, kuma lokacin da ya karanta shi, ya furta Kalmomin Allah da [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]; ta hanyar abin da, da ƙin gilashin ruwan inabi da muka ba shi, mun fahimci cewa shi Muhammadu ne, amma ba za mu iya tunanin wane Kasar da yake ba, ko kuma yadda ya samu can; domin ta hanyar jigilarsa mai kyau, da sauƙin kwanciyar hankali, za mu iya fahimtar cewa ba bawa ne na kowa ba.</blockquote>Lokacin da wani dan Afirka wanda ke magana da [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], yaren wata kabila ta Afirka makwabta, ya iya fassara masa, sai aka gano cewa yana da jinin aristocratic. Da yake halin da ake ciki ya karfafa shi, Tolsey ya ba Ayuba damar rubuta wasika a Larabci zuwa Afirka don aikawa ga mahaifinsa. A ƙarshe, wasikar ta kai ofishin James Oglethorpe, Darakta na Kamfanin Royal African. Bayan da John Gagnier, Shugaban Laudian na Larabci a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ya tabbatar da wasikar, Oglethorpe ya sayi Ayuba don £ 45. == A Ingila == A cewar nasa labarin, Oglethorpe ya motsa da jin dadi bayan ya ji wahalar da Ayuba ta jimre. Oglethorpe ya sayi Ayuba kuma ya tura shi ofishin Royal African Company a London. Bluett da Ayuba sun yi tafiya zuwa [[Ingila]] a 1733. A lokacin tafiya Ayuba ya koyi sadarwa a [[Turanci]]. Duk da haka ya damu da wasikunsa sun yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne, Oglethorpe bai kasance mai hankali ba don barin umarni tare da ofishin RAC na London game da abin da zai yi da Ayuba a ƙarshen Afrilu 1733. Kyaftin Henry Hunt (ko watakila ɗan'uwansa, William Hunt), ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke kula da bautar Ayuba, ya shirya don zama a lardin ƙasar. Duk da haka Ayuba ya ji jita-jita cewa Hunt yana shirin sayar da shi ga 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin za su kawo shi gida. Ayuba, yana tsoron karin yaudara, ya tuntubi Bluett da sauran mutanen da ya sadu da su a kan hanyar zuwa London. Bluett ya ɗauki Ayuba zuwa gidansa a Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, kuma ya yi alkawarin ba zai sayar da shi ba tare da ya sanar da shi ba. RAC, biyo bayan umarnin Oglethorpe, wanda aka yi a wani bangare ta hanyar buƙatun da aka yi daga maza masu sha'awar a London, daga baya sun biya duk kuɗin da aka kashe da kuma farashin sayen jinginar Ayuba. Ayuba ya sake roƙon Bluett, yana bayanin cewa babu wani daga cikin waɗannan da ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai sake zama bautar ba. A cewar Bluett, duk mutanen da suka dace sun yi alkawarin cewa ba za su sayar da Ayuba cikin bautar ba, don haka, kodayake Ayuba ba ta cikin wata barazana ba, Bluett da sauran masu tausayi sun biya "filan hamsin da tara, shillings shida, da penny goma sha ɗaya rabin dinari" kawai don sauƙaƙa damuwar Ayuba. Mutanen Ingila a Landan da lardunan da ke kewaye da su waɗanda suka sadu da Ayuba sun tattara kuɗi don "yancinsa a cikin tsari," hatimi na takardar hukuma da RAC ta yi kuma ta rufe shi. Bluett ya bayyana cewa, "Tunanin Ayuba yanzu yana da sauƙin gaske," zai iya yin zumunci da ƙwararrun mutanen London, yana samun kyaututtuka da yawa da sabbin abota, yayin da yake aiki ga Hans Sloane ta hanyar sabon iyawarsa na fassara Larabci zuwa Turanci. Ayyukansa ga Hans Sloane sun haɗa da shirya tarin rubutun Larabci a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. Yayinda yake Ingila, Ayuba yana cikin ƙungiyar wasu fitattun mutane da yawa, gami da dangin sarauta da John Montagu, Duke na biyu na Montagu da matarsa, Mary, Duchess na Montagu, wanda ya kai shi ga shigar da shi cikin Spalding Gentlemen's Society. Ko da yake a Ingila, Ayuba ya ci gaba da yin addu'a a kai a kai kuma yana kiyaye imanin Islama. An ce ya kwafe, da hannu, [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] sau uku daga ƙwaƙwalwa. Abokansa sun yi ƙoƙari su juyar da shi zuwa Kiristanci, duk da haka, suna ba shi fassarar Larabci na [[Sabon Alkawari]]. Ayuba ya riga ya saba da tsarin imani na Kirista, ya yarda da rawar da Yesu ya taka a matsayin annabi, amma ya karyata ra'ayin Triniti mai tsarki. Ya yi la'akari da ra'ayinsa na allahntaka ɗaya game da addini ya dace da imanin Kirista a cikin "mahaifin," "ɗan," da "ruhu mai tsarki. " Ya sami kalmar "trinity" ba a ambaci ta a Sabon Alkawari ba. Ya kuma ba da shawara game da sanya siffofin mutum ga sunan Allah, kuma saboda wannan dalili, ya nuna wani ƙyama ga [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin halayensa na bautar gumaka.{{Sfn|Curtis|2009}} A watan Yulin 1734, Ayuba ya koma [[Gambiya]] kuma daga baya ya koma ƙasarsa. Daga cikin wannan, Bluett ya sake maimaitawa:<blockquote>Game da ƙarshen Yuli da ya gabata ya shiga cikin jirgi ɗaya daga cikin Jirgin Kamfanin Afirka, wanda ke kan hanyar zuwa Gambiya, inda muke fatan ya isa lafiya, ga babban Farin Ciki na Abokansa, da Darajar Ƙasar Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Bluett. Some Memoirs of the Life of Job, the Son of Solomon the Highest Priest of Boonda in Africa ... |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bluett/bluett.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011205826/https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bluett/bluett.html |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |access-date=2019-05-08 |website=docsouth.unc.edu}}</ref></blockquote>Koyaya, Ayuba ya gano cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin matansa, yana zaton Ayuba ta mutu, ya sake yin aure. Yaƙi ya lalata ƙasarsa, amma kasancewar mutum ne mai wadata, ya sami damar dawo da tsohuwar rayuwarsa - gami da bautar 'yan Afirka. Bluett ne ya buga tarihinsa a Turanci da [[Faransanci]]. Ayuba ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai a cikin cinikin bayi. Saboda iliminsa da ƙarfin kuɗi, ya sami damar tserewa bisa doka daga wahalar bautar kuma ya koma gida zuwa Afirka. Ayuba, duk da haka, ta fuskanci wahala daga baya. A watan Yunin 1736, Faransanci sun daure shi ko kuma sun tsare shi a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Wataƙila Faransanci ne suka yi niyya da Ayuba saboda kawancen da yake da shi da Birtaniya. Faransanci sun tsare shi watakila na shekara guda, lokacin da 'yan ƙasar Ayuba suka sami sakin sa. Daga baya ya aika da wasiƙu zuwa ga RAC na London don a ba shi izinin ziyartar London, amma an ƙi wannan buƙa tar. Ayuba ya ci gaba da matsawa sanannunsa a Landan don 'yancin Loumein.{{Sfn|Austin|1997}} Saboda sadaukarwar Ayuba da taimakon Bluett, an saki Loumein daga bautar kuma ya koma yankin Gambiya a shekara ta 1738. {{Sfn|Austin|1997}} An rubuta mutuwar Ayuba a cikin minti na Spalding Gentlemen's Society a cikin 1alif773. {{Sfn|Austin|1997}} ==Hoton Fuska== Hoton Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (wanda ake kuma kira Job ben Solomon),<ref>{{NPG name|245|Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (Job ben Solomon)}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230609225154/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp122558/ayuba-suleiman-diallo?search=sas&sText=Ayuba+Suleiman+Diallo+&OConly=true Archive])</ref> yana sanye da kayan gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka, wanda William Hoare na Bath ya zana a shekarar alif 1733. Yawanci bayi ana tilasta musu karɓar Kiristanci. Amma Diallo, wani malamin addinin Musulunci mai asalin sarauta, ya ci gaba da rike addininsa. A hoton, yana sanye da Alkur'ani a wuyansa kuma yana da alamar salla a goshinsa — alamar tsantsar ibada.<ref>Casely-Hayford, Gus. ''A Portrait of Humanity: The Compelling Story of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo.'' Heni Talks. An duba a watan Mayu 2025.</ref> A da, hoton yana samuwa ne kawai a bugun hoto, sai dai asalin zanen an siya shi ne daga Qatar Museums Authority (QMA) a kasuwar Christie's a watan Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Yuli 2010 |title=Gallery launches slave portrait appeal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10540146 |access-date=8 Mayu 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta saka takunkumin wucin gadi na hana fitar da zanen saboda muhimmancinsa ga tarihin da al'adun kasar. Gidan Hoton Fuskoki na Ƙasa (National Portrait Gallery) ya kaddamar da gangamin tara kuɗi domin hana fitar da zanen, inda suka bukaci fam 554,937. Mafi yawan wannan kuɗi ya fito ne daga Heritage Lottery Fund da Art Fund, sannan gidan ya buƙaci taimakon jama’a don tara sauran fam 100,000.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220127154627/https://www.npg.org.uk/about/press-old/ayuba-suleiman-diallo-display Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Appeal], gidan yanar gizon National Portrait Gallery; da BBC News (12 Agusta 2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20211026094829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8906000/8906571.stm 'Gida yana fafutukar ceto wani hoton tarihi']</ref> An samu nasarar tara kuɗin don siyan hoton, amma QMA ta yarda za ta bayar da aron zanen maimakon siyar da shi.<ref>{{cite news |title=An ceci hoton bawa daga fita ƙasar waje |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12238237 |access-date=3 Fabrairu 2021 |work=BBC News |date=20 Janairu 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030045925/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12238237 |archive-date=30 Oktoba 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == * {{cite book|first=Allan D.|last=Austin|title=African Muslims in Antebellum America: transatlantic stories and spiritual struggles|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=9780415912693|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ7N7b55XfEC}} * {{cite book | last =Turner | first = Richard Brent | title = Islam in the African-American Experience | publisher = Indiana University Press | year = 1997 | url = https://archive.org/details/islaminafricanam0000turn | url-access = registration | location = Bloomington|isbn=9780253343239}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsinamerica00curt|title=Muslims in America: a short history|last=Curtis|first=Edward E.|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195367560|oclc=268957395}} * {{cite book|last=Diouf|first=Sylviane Anna|title=Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas|location=New York City|publisher=New York University Press|year=1998}} * {{cite book|last=Painter|first=Nell|title=Creating Black Americans: African-American History and its Meanings, 1619 to Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-513755-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83teYXulg5kC}} * {{cite book|last=Grant|first=Douglas|title=The Fortunate Slave: An Illustration of African Slavery in the Early Eighteenth Century|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1968|isbn=978-0-19-215634-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHe4AAAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Judy|first=Ronald A. T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfeTNUk3PwcC&q=%22James+Oglethorpe%22+%22Royal+African+company%22&pg=PA150|title=(Dis)forming the American Canon: African-Arabic Slave Narratives and the Vernacular|date=1993|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-0144-2|language=en}} * {{cite journal|last=Weaver|first=Jace|title=The Red Atlantic: Transoceanic Cultural Exchanges|journal=The American Indian Quarterly|issue=3|year=2011|volume=35|pages=418–463|doi=10.5250/amerindiquar.35.3.0418|s2cid=162829945}} ; Primary sources * Bluett, Thomas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221011205826/https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bluett/bluett.html ''Some Memories of the Life of Job, the Son of the Solomon High Priest of Boonda in Africa; Who was a Slave about two Years in Maryland; and afterwards being brought to England, was set free, and sent to his native Land in the Year 1734'']. London: Richard Ford, 1734. * Moore, Francis. ''[https://www.loc.gov/item/05014443 Travels into the Inland parts of Africa: containing a description of the several nations for the space of Six Hundred Miles up the River Gambia; their Trade, Habits, Customs, Language, Manners, Religion and Government; the Power, Disposition and Characters of some Negro Princes; with a particular Account of Job Ben Solomon, a Pholey, who was in England in the Year 1733, and known by the Name of the African. To which is added, Capt. Stibbs's voyage up the Gambia in the Year 1723, to make Discoveries; with an accurate map of that River taken on the Spot: And many other Copper Plates. Also extracts from the Nubian's Geography, Leo the African, and other authors antient and modern, concerning the Niger-Nile, or Gambia, and Observations thereon.] By Francis Moore, Factor several Years to the Royal African Company of England.'' London: Printed by Edward Cave, at St. John's Gate, for the author, and sold by J. Stagg, in Westminster Hall; and at St. John's Gate aforesaid, 1738, 216, 202, and 213–124. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Afirka da suka mallaki bayi]] mmhlx7ru6t14iyyzheszfdl1df6nswm 0 101648 856696 627494 2026-06-14T09:49:52Z Zahrah0 14848 /* Tarihin Rayuwa */ 856696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke''' ɗan siyasan Somaliya ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya.<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.304.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Sharmarke ga ƙabilar Osman Mahamoud na babban Majeerteen.<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.304.</ref> Shi ne jagora kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar matasan Somaliya (SYL, wanda aka kafa a shekarar alif 1943), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko ta [[Somaliya|Somalia]].<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.304.</ref> Da yake kuma sun taka rawa wajen samar da kungiyar, Sharmarke da sauran ’yan kishin ƙasa na farko na SYL sun sami tasiri sosai daga Darawiish na Diiriye Guure da Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (“Mad Mullah”), Sarkin Diiriye Guure.<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.304.</ref> Sharmarke ya rasu a watan Yuni shekara ta alif 1947. <ref name="Lewisapd" /> == Duba kuma == * Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf * Kungiyar matasan Somaliya * Mohammed Abdullahi Hassan == Manazarta == fjlbjf2nuhfeaoefp9vaawz9ohob3i7 0 103559 856773 649871 2026-06-14T10:22:17Z Ammarpad 4826 ingantawa 856773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdullah Maute''' (wanda aka fi sani da Abdullah Mikullah ko kuma da laƙabin Sheikh Al-Mujahid Abu Al-Hassan) ya kasance ɗan tawaye kuma ɗan ta'addan ƙasar Philippines wanda ya haɗa gwiwa wajen kafa da kuma jagorantar ƙungiyar Maute (wacce aka fi sani da Dawlah Islamiyah), wata ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke da alaƙa da kungiyar Daular Musulunci (IS) da ke yankin Mindanao na ƙasar Filifins. Shi da ɗan uwansa Omar Maute sun kasance manyan jiga-jigai a rikicin yankin tsakanin shekarun 2013 zuwa 2017, wanda ya kai ga kazamin Yaƙin Marawi da dakarun gwamnatin ƙasar. A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2017, Rundunar Sojin Filifins(AFP) ta sanar da cewa an kashe Maute a wani hari ta jirgin sama da aka kai a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2017, lokacin da ake fafata yaƙin Marawi. Bayan nan, wasu shafukan Telegram na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun tabbatar da mutuwarsa inda suka ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi "shahada". Daga baya a watan Disamba na shekarar 2017, Janar Carlito Galvez Jr., shugaban rundunar sojin yankin yammacin Mindanao, ya sake tabbatar da mutuwarsa da ta sauran 'yan tawaye da dama. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Siblings Omar da Abdullah Maute sun fito daga cikin jarumawan Maranao da ke gangarawa a cikin Butig, Lanao Del, birni inda aka haife su kuma suka kashe ƙuruciyarsu. An haife su zuwa Cayamora da Farhana Maute. 'Yan'uwan sun yi aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya kamar yadda ma'aikatan ketare Filipino. Yayinda yake aiki don makarantun mutane a Siriya da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, 'yan uwan ​​suka yi nazarin tauhidin Musulunci. Abdullah an bayar da gwargwadon ilimi a cikin Jordan.<ref>"Little known Maute militants becoming formidable force in the Philippines". </ref> == mukamai == Mil Jihar sojojin Philippine ta bayyana cewa Uban 'yan'uwa, Cayam Maute, wani babban jami'in' yan wasan kwaikwayo na Mabiya na Musulunci ya fara gani (Milf). Bayan da Milf ya fara shiga cikin tattaunawar sulhu da gwamnatin Philippine, 'yan uwan ​​sun soki shugabanci na Milf kuma ya yi alkawarin amincewa da Isis. Group Group Mautoci, a cewar danginsu, daga baya ya kafa hadin kan Ameril Umbra Kato, Majalisar Musulunci An ruwaito 'yan uwan' yan uwan ​​da suka aika da wakilan zuwa Kato bayan shugaban kungiyar tilver ya sha wahala wanda ya sanya hannun hagu na jikinsa shanyayyakin. Bayan gafartawa da Kato, Mainute ta kafa kungiyar Mainta. Wasu 'yan'uwa biyar sun kuma zama cikin kungiyar bisa ga sojojin Philippine. Yaƙin Marawi da Mutuwa A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2017, yayin rikicin Marawi, sojojin Philippine sun kashe 'yan uwan ​​maza na Weep, ko da yake basu da cikakkun bayanai. [10] A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2017, sojojin da aka ce sun mutu cewa Abdullah aka kashe a cikin 7 ga Agusta, 2017, a cikin iska. Sun kawo sunayen masu juyayin hankali suna shelanta mutuwarsa a matsayin aikin shahada a kan sakonnin yanar gizo na Telagram. An kira shi a matsayin "Sheik Al Miyahad Abu Al Hassan Abu", sunan da aka san shi ya yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta ISIL. A watan Satumbar 2017, Sojojin sun bayyana cewa Omar kadara a cikin 'yan bishara maza bakwai da suka rage, kamar sauran shida aka kashe a cikin yaƙin. Shugaban umarnin AFP Weseanao shugaban Lt. Gen. Carlita Galvez Jr. ya tabbatar a watan Disamba 2017 wanda sojojin Philippine suka kashe 'yan'uwan Philippine.<ref>7 Maute brothers confirmed dead".</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Mahaifiyarsa, Ominta Ratomo Mai Nege, kuma ana kiranta Farrana Maute, wasu kamfanoni ne aka bayyana shi a matsayin masu kudi ta ayyukan da ke da kudade da kuma daukar nauyin dabaru. An kama ta ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2017, a Lanao del. Mijinta, Cayam Maute, an kama ranar da ta gabata a cikin garin Davano. Cayamora Maute ta mutu a watan Agusta 2017 a kan hanyar zuwa Taguig-Gundumar Baluig-Palasos Gundumar bayan fuskantar wahalar numfashi. ipegnhdhb7fcd0fswurb5qxo80est83 856776 856773 2026-06-14T10:22:36Z Ammarpad 4826 Ammarpad moved page [[Abdullah maute]] to [[Abdullah Maute]]: gyara suna 856773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdullah Maute''' (wanda aka fi sani da Abdullah Mikullah ko kuma da laƙabin Sheikh Al-Mujahid Abu Al-Hassan) ya kasance ɗan tawaye kuma ɗan ta'addan ƙasar Philippines wanda ya haɗa gwiwa wajen kafa da kuma jagorantar ƙungiyar Maute (wacce aka fi sani da Dawlah Islamiyah), wata ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke da alaƙa da kungiyar Daular Musulunci (IS) da ke yankin Mindanao na ƙasar Filifins. Shi da ɗan uwansa Omar Maute sun kasance manyan jiga-jigai a rikicin yankin tsakanin shekarun 2013 zuwa 2017, wanda ya kai ga kazamin Yaƙin Marawi da dakarun gwamnatin ƙasar. A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2017, Rundunar Sojin Filifins(AFP) ta sanar da cewa an kashe Maute a wani hari ta jirgin sama da aka kai a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2017, lokacin da ake fafata yaƙin Marawi. Bayan nan, wasu shafukan Telegram na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun tabbatar da mutuwarsa inda suka ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi "shahada". Daga baya a watan Disamba na shekarar 2017, Janar Carlito Galvez Jr., shugaban rundunar sojin yankin yammacin Mindanao, ya sake tabbatar da mutuwarsa da ta sauran 'yan tawaye da dama. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Siblings Omar da Abdullah Maute sun fito daga cikin jarumawan Maranao da ke gangarawa a cikin Butig, Lanao Del, birni inda aka haife su kuma suka kashe ƙuruciyarsu. An haife su zuwa Cayamora da Farhana Maute. 'Yan'uwan sun yi aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya kamar yadda ma'aikatan ketare Filipino. Yayinda yake aiki don makarantun mutane a Siriya da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, 'yan uwan ​​suka yi nazarin tauhidin Musulunci. Abdullah an bayar da gwargwadon ilimi a cikin Jordan.<ref>"Little known Maute militants becoming formidable force in the Philippines". </ref> == mukamai == Mil Jihar sojojin Philippine ta bayyana cewa Uban 'yan'uwa, Cayam Maute, wani babban jami'in' yan wasan kwaikwayo na Mabiya na Musulunci ya fara gani (Milf). Bayan da Milf ya fara shiga cikin tattaunawar sulhu da gwamnatin Philippine, 'yan uwan ​​sun soki shugabanci na Milf kuma ya yi alkawarin amincewa da Isis. Group Group Mautoci, a cewar danginsu, daga baya ya kafa hadin kan Ameril Umbra Kato, Majalisar Musulunci An ruwaito 'yan uwan' yan uwan ​​da suka aika da wakilan zuwa Kato bayan shugaban kungiyar tilver ya sha wahala wanda ya sanya hannun hagu na jikinsa shanyayyakin. Bayan gafartawa da Kato, Mainute ta kafa kungiyar Mainta. Wasu 'yan'uwa biyar sun kuma zama cikin kungiyar bisa ga sojojin Philippine. Yaƙin Marawi da Mutuwa A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2017, yayin rikicin Marawi, sojojin Philippine sun kashe 'yan uwan ​​maza na Weep, ko da yake basu da cikakkun bayanai. [10] A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2017, sojojin da aka ce sun mutu cewa Abdullah aka kashe a cikin 7 ga Agusta, 2017, a cikin iska. Sun kawo sunayen masu juyayin hankali suna shelanta mutuwarsa a matsayin aikin shahada a kan sakonnin yanar gizo na Telagram. An kira shi a matsayin "Sheik Al Miyahad Abu Al Hassan Abu", sunan da aka san shi ya yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta ISIL. A watan Satumbar 2017, Sojojin sun bayyana cewa Omar kadara a cikin 'yan bishara maza bakwai da suka rage, kamar sauran shida aka kashe a cikin yaƙin. Shugaban umarnin AFP Weseanao shugaban Lt. Gen. Carlita Galvez Jr. ya tabbatar a watan Disamba 2017 wanda sojojin Philippine suka kashe 'yan'uwan Philippine.<ref>7 Maute brothers confirmed dead".</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Mahaifiyarsa, Ominta Ratomo Mai Nege, kuma ana kiranta Farrana Maute, wasu kamfanoni ne aka bayyana shi a matsayin masu kudi ta ayyukan da ke da kudade da kuma daukar nauyin dabaru. An kama ta ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2017, a Lanao del. Mijinta, Cayam Maute, an kama ranar da ta gabata a cikin garin Davano. Cayamora Maute ta mutu a watan Agusta 2017 a kan hanyar zuwa Taguig-Gundumar Baluig-Palasos Gundumar bayan fuskantar wahalar numfashi. ipegnhdhb7fcd0fswurb5qxo80est83 856778 856776 2026-06-14T10:22:58Z Ammarpad 4826 /* mukamai */ 856778 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdullah Maute''' (wanda aka fi sani da Abdullah Mikullah ko kuma da laƙabin Sheikh Al-Mujahid Abu Al-Hassan) ya kasance ɗan tawaye kuma ɗan ta'addan ƙasar Philippines wanda ya haɗa gwiwa wajen kafa da kuma jagorantar ƙungiyar Maute (wacce aka fi sani da Dawlah Islamiyah), wata ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke da alaƙa da kungiyar Daular Musulunci (IS) da ke yankin Mindanao na ƙasar Filifins. Shi da ɗan uwansa Omar Maute sun kasance manyan jiga-jigai a rikicin yankin tsakanin shekarun 2013 zuwa 2017, wanda ya kai ga kazamin Yaƙin Marawi da dakarun gwamnatin ƙasar. A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2017, Rundunar Sojin Filifins(AFP) ta sanar da cewa an kashe Maute a wani hari ta jirgin sama da aka kai a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2017, lokacin da ake fafata yaƙin Marawi. Bayan nan, wasu shafukan Telegram na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun tabbatar da mutuwarsa inda suka ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi "shahada". Daga baya a watan Disamba na shekarar 2017, Janar Carlito Galvez Jr., shugaban rundunar sojin yankin yammacin Mindanao, ya sake tabbatar da mutuwarsa da ta sauran 'yan tawaye da dama. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Siblings Omar da Abdullah Maute sun fito daga cikin jarumawan Maranao da ke gangarawa a cikin Butig, Lanao Del, birni inda aka haife su kuma suka kashe ƙuruciyarsu. An haife su zuwa Cayamora da Farhana Maute. 'Yan'uwan sun yi aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya kamar yadda ma'aikatan ketare Filipino. Yayinda yake aiki don makarantun mutane a Siriya da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, 'yan uwan ​​suka yi nazarin tauhidin Musulunci. Abdullah an bayar da gwargwadon ilimi a cikin Jordan.<ref>"Little known Maute militants becoming formidable force in the Philippines". </ref> == Mukamai == Mil Jihar sojojin Philippine ta bayyana cewa Uban 'yan'uwa, Cayam Maute, wani babban jami'in' yan wasan kwaikwayo na Mabiya na Musulunci ya fara gani (Milf). Bayan da Milf ya fara shiga cikin tattaunawar sulhu da gwamnatin Philippine, 'yan uwan ​​sun soki shugabanci na Milf kuma ya yi alkawarin amincewa da Isis. Group Group Mautoci, a cewar danginsu, daga baya ya kafa hadin kan Ameril Umbra Kato, Majalisar Musulunci An ruwaito 'yan uwan' yan uwan ​​da suka aika da wakilan zuwa Kato bayan shugaban kungiyar tilver ya sha wahala wanda ya sanya hannun hagu na jikinsa shanyayyakin. Bayan gafartawa da Kato, Mainute ta kafa kungiyar Mainta. Wasu 'yan'uwa biyar sun kuma zama cikin kungiyar bisa ga sojojin Philippine. Yaƙin Marawi da Mutuwa A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2017, yayin rikicin Marawi, sojojin Philippine sun kashe 'yan uwan ​​maza na Weep, ko da yake basu da cikakkun bayanai. [10] A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2017, sojojin da aka ce sun mutu cewa Abdullah aka kashe a cikin 7 ga Agusta, 2017, a cikin iska. Sun kawo sunayen masu juyayin hankali suna shelanta mutuwarsa a matsayin aikin shahada a kan sakonnin yanar gizo na Telagram. An kira shi a matsayin "Sheik Al Miyahad Abu Al Hassan Abu", sunan da aka san shi ya yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta ISIL. A watan Satumbar 2017, Sojojin sun bayyana cewa Omar kadara a cikin 'yan bishara maza bakwai da suka rage, kamar sauran shida aka kashe a cikin yaƙin. Shugaban umarnin AFP Weseanao shugaban Lt. Gen. Carlita Galvez Jr. ya tabbatar a watan Disamba 2017 wanda sojojin Philippine suka kashe 'yan'uwan Philippine.<ref>7 Maute brothers confirmed dead".</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Mahaifiyarsa, Ominta Ratomo Mai Nege, kuma ana kiranta Farrana Maute, wasu kamfanoni ne aka bayyana shi a matsayin masu kudi ta ayyukan da ke da kudade da kuma daukar nauyin dabaru. An kama ta ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2017, a Lanao del. Mijinta, Cayam Maute, an kama ranar da ta gabata a cikin garin Davano. Cayamora Maute ta mutu a watan Agusta 2017 a kan hanyar zuwa Taguig-Gundumar Baluig-Palasos Gundumar bayan fuskantar wahalar numfashi. a4yj4eu9fgt96qq3807mc2dv363tl94 856788 856778 2026-06-14T10:31:38Z Ammarpad 4826 sanya databox 856788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdullah Maute''' (wanda aka fi sani da Abdullah Mikullah ko kuma da laƙabin Sheikh Al-Mujahid Abu Al-Hassan) ya kasance ɗan tawaye kuma ɗan ta'addan ƙasar Philippines wanda ya haɗa gwiwa wajen kafa da kuma jagorantar ƙungiyar Maute (wacce aka fi sani da Dawlah Islamiyah), wata ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke da alaƙa da kungiyar Daular Musulunci (IS) da ke yankin Mindanao na ƙasar Filifins. Shi da ɗan uwansa Omar Maute sun kasance manyan jiga-jigai a rikicin yankin tsakanin shekarun 2013 zuwa 2017, wanda ya kai ga kazamin Yaƙin Marawi da dakarun gwamnatin ƙasar. A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2017, Rundunar Sojin Filifins(AFP) ta sanar da cewa an kashe Maute a wani hari ta jirgin sama da aka kai a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2017, lokacin da ake fafata yaƙin Marawi. Bayan nan, wasu shafukan Telegram na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun tabbatar da mutuwarsa inda suka ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi "shahada". Daga baya a watan Disamba na shekarar 2017, Janar Carlito Galvez Jr., shugaban rundunar sojin yankin yammacin Mindanao, ya sake tabbatar da mutuwarsa da ta sauran 'yan tawaye da dama. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Siblings Omar da Abdullah Maute sun fito daga cikin jarumawan Maranao da ke gangarawa a cikin Butig, Lanao Del, birni inda aka haife su kuma suka kashe ƙuruciyarsu. An haife su zuwa Cayamora da Farhana Maute. 'Yan'uwan sun yi aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya kamar yadda ma'aikatan ketare Filipino. Yayinda yake aiki don makarantun mutane a Siriya da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, 'yan uwan ​​suka yi nazarin tauhidin Musulunci. Abdullah an bayar da gwargwadon ilimi a cikin Jordan.<ref>"Little known Maute militants becoming formidable force in the Philippines". </ref> == Mukamai == Mil Jihar sojojin Philippine ta bayyana cewa Uban 'yan'uwa, Cayam Maute, wani babban jami'in' yan wasan kwaikwayo na Mabiya na Musulunci ya fara gani (Milf). Bayan da Milf ya fara shiga cikin tattaunawar sulhu da gwamnatin Philippine, 'yan uwan ​​sun soki shugabanci na Milf kuma ya yi alkawarin amincewa da Isis. Group Group Mautoci, a cewar danginsu, daga baya ya kafa hadin kan Ameril Umbra Kato, Majalisar Musulunci An ruwaito 'yan uwan' yan uwan ​​da suka aika da wakilan zuwa Kato bayan shugaban kungiyar tilver ya sha wahala wanda ya sanya hannun hagu na jikinsa shanyayyakin. Bayan gafartawa da Kato, Mainute ta kafa kungiyar Mainta. Wasu 'yan'uwa biyar sun kuma zama cikin kungiyar bisa ga sojojin Philippine. Yaƙin Marawi da Mutuwa A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2017, yayin rikicin Marawi, sojojin Philippine sun kashe 'yan uwan ​​maza na Weep, ko da yake basu da cikakkun bayanai. [10] A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2017, sojojin da aka ce sun mutu cewa Abdullah aka kashe a cikin 7 ga Agusta, 2017, a cikin iska. Sun kawo sunayen masu juyayin hankali suna shelanta mutuwarsa a matsayin aikin shahada a kan sakonnin yanar gizo na Telagram. An kira shi a matsayin "Sheik Al Miyahad Abu Al Hassan Abu", sunan da aka san shi ya yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta ISIL. A watan Satumbar 2017, Sojojin sun bayyana cewa Omar kadara a cikin 'yan bishara maza bakwai da suka rage, kamar sauran shida aka kashe a cikin yaƙin. Shugaban umarnin AFP Weseanao shugaban Lt. Gen. Carlita Galvez Jr. ya tabbatar a watan Disamba 2017 wanda sojojin Philippine suka kashe 'yan'uwan Philippine.<ref>7 Maute brothers confirmed dead".</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Mahaifiyarsa, Ominta Ratomo Mai Nege, kuma ana kiranta Farrana Maute, wasu kamfanoni ne aka bayyana shi a matsayin masu kudi ta ayyukan da ke da kudade da kuma daukar nauyin dabaru. An kama ta ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2017, a Lanao del. Mijinta, Cayam Maute, an kama ranar da ta gabata a cikin garin Davano. Cayamora Maute ta mutu a watan Agusta 2017 a kan hanyar zuwa Taguig-Gundumar Baluig-Palasos Gundumar bayan fuskantar wahalar numfashi. owrhdiww6b374q9yqx0roozoenze2n5 0 104463 856801 654092 2026-06-14T10:38:51Z Zahrah0 14848 856801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tukur Idris Nadabo''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne daga jihar Katsina, an haife shi a watan Agusta shekara ta alif 1932. Ya wakilci mazabar tarayya ta Bakori/Danja a majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa, ya zama ɗan jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) daga shekarar alif 1990 zuwa shekara ta 2003 da Kuma shekarar 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2007 a majalisar wakilai.<ref>"The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria". 2007-12-21. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 2025-01-08</ref><ref>"House of Representatives Member | Honourable Idris Nadabo". 2007-10-20. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 2025-01-08</ref><ref>Citizen Science Nigeria". citizensciencenigeria.org. Retrieved 2025-01-08</ref> == Manazarta == lw5tdfju05gteiwgbmuwx1luvkge8px 0 104625 856598 667963 2026-06-14T08:08:05Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:The Farm credit club grapevine (IA CAT11083488068).pdf|thumb|Mary Ngalo]] '''Mary Nonyembezi Ngalo''' ( ''née'' '''Plaatjie''' ) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar kwato 'yancin mata. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mary Nonyembezi Margaret Ngalo (nee Plaatjie) a Cradock, Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. Ita ce 'yar Tom Cetywayo da Lillian Fihliwe "Leah" Plaatjie. Ta haɗu kuma ta auri Zezile Ngalo a Cradock.<ref name="Sechaba3.3">{{cite journal |publisher=African National Congress |location=Dar es Salaam |journal=Sechaba |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=1973 |via=Digital Imaging South Africa (DISA) |url=http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.0037.0509.007.003.mar1973_normal.pdf |title=Aluka |access-date=2025-07-06 |archive-date=2022-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704210744/http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.0037.0509.007.003.mar1973_normal.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mg.c_60Ic">{{Cite web | title = 60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (41-50) | author = | work = The M&G Online | date = 25 August 2016 | accessdate = 2017-10-21 | url = https://mg.co.za/article/2016-08-25-60-iconic-women-the-people-behind-the-1956-womens-march-to-pretoria-41-50/ | quote = }}</ref> == Aiki == Ngalo ta fara shiga siyasa tun tana ƙarama. Ta shiga jam'iyyar ANC Youth League. A matsayinta na shugabar mata a Cradock, an zaɓe ta a matsayin sakatariyar reshen ƙungiyar mata ta ANC. Ta riƙe muƙaminta har sai da ta gudu daga Cradock a shekarar 1961. Ngalo ta tara ɗaruruwan mata domin shiga ƙungiyar matan Afirka ta Kudu wacce ba ta da ƙabilanci ta matan da suka yi gwagwarmaya da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ƙungiyar Mata ta ANC ta kaddamar da [[Ƙauracewa Beer Hall|ƙauracewa taron Beer Hall]] a Cradock. Ngalo ta ƙarfafa maza su yi amfani da kuɗin da suka samu a kan iyalansu maimakon wuraren shan giya. An kama ta a shekarar 1957 a lokacin ƙauracewa ɗanta. Sun shafe wata guda a gidan yari.<ref name="sahi_Wome">{{Cite web | title = Women's resistance in the 1960s - Sharpeville and its aftermath | author = | work = South African History Online | date = 8 August 2017 | accessdate = 2017-10-21 | url = http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/womens-resistance-1960s-sharpeville-and-its-aftermath | language = | quote = }}</ref><ref name="Trust2004">{{cite book|author=South African Democracy Education Trust|title=The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1960-1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvROZAvpW-QC|year=2004|publisher=Zebra|isbn=978-1-86872-906-7|page=470}}</ref> A lokacin dokar ta ɓaci na 1960, an tilasta mata ta ɓoye a [[Port Elizabeth]]. Mijinta da sauran mayakan ANC daga Cradock ciki har da Eric Vora da Lennon Melane an tsare su a [[Port Elizabeth]] a cikin shekarar 1960s. Daga baya Ngalo ta tsere daga Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙungiyar mata ta ANC ta shirya mata guduwa tare da ‘ya’yanta 3 saboda tsananta wa ‘yan sanda. Ta haɗu da mijinta a Tanzaniya inda ya kasance jami'i.<ref name="HSRC">{{cite book|title=Women Marching Into the 21st Century: Wathint' Abafazi, Wathint' Imbokodo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgzGqNhLY1UC|year=2000|publisher=HSRC Press|isbn=978-0-7969-1966-3|pages=36–37}}</ref> A Tanzaniya, an zaɓe ta a matsayin sakatariyar ofishin sashen mata na jam'iyyar ANC a Tanzaniya, wani ɓangaren waje na kungiyar mata ta ANC. Ta yi aiki tare da Ruth Mompati, [[Edna Mgabaza]] da Florence Mophosho. Mary da Zenzile Ngalo ne jam'iyyar ANC ta tura su [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar.<ref name="sahi_Wome"/><ref name="Trust2004"/> A cikin shekarar 1968 an naɗa Mary Ngalo a Ofishin Mata na Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'ar Afro-Asiya (AAPSO). Ta halarci taron AAPSO karo na 5 a birnin Alkahira a watan Janairun 1972 da kuma bikin cika shekaru 10 na taron mata na Afirka duka a [[Dar es Salaam|Dar-es-Salaam]] a shekarar 1972. Ta taka rawar gani a wannan kungiya har zuwa rasuwarta kwatsam a Alkahira a ranar 16 ga watan Maris 1973. Mahaifiyarta har yanzu tana zaune a Cradock a mutuwarta.<ref name="HSRC"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] p0oja7wo8opugqb9ixm0fhw9v9ugv71 0 109041 856348 680927 2026-06-13T19:55:00Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 856348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:20200207193241_IMG_7285.jpg|thumb|Seswaa and bogobe]] '''Abincin Botswana''' na musamman ne amma yana raba wasu halaye tare da sauran abinci na [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Misalin abincin na [[Harshen Tswana|Setswana]] sun haɗa da ''pap'', ''samp'', ''[[magwinya]]'', ''bogobe'' da mophane worms . Abincin na musamman ne ga [[Botswana]] shine ''seswaa'', nama da aka hada masa gishiri. == Dubawa == An yi imanin cewa kankana ta samo asali ne daga Botswana. {{Sfn|Hughes|2013}} Sauran abincin sun hada da ''morogo wa dinawa'', ''madila'' da ''dikgobe'' . Batswana na sayo naman sa, naman akuya, tumaki, kajin tswana, tsutsotsin Mophane da kifi a gida. Batswana kuma tana yin abubuwan sha masu sanyaya rai a gida ta hanyar amfani da kankana, [[Danya|marula]] da garin ginger. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Travel Guide - Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.aluxurytravelblog.com/botswana-travel-guide/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=A Luxury Travel Blog}}</ref> A wajen bukukuwan aure, ana dafa abincin dawa ana hadawa da kankana ana kiran wannan cakuduwar ''bogobe jwa lerotse'' . Yawancin lokaci ana shirya guna tare da madara mai tsami kuma a adana shi don amfani dashi a duk lokacin da ake bukata. Batswana kuma suna da kyau wajen adana abinci . Daga cikin hanyoyin, suna adana nama ta hanyar yanke shi zuwa ƙananan tsayi kamar igiya, sannan a bushe shi. Idan nama ya kasance haka, ana kiransa ''digwapa'' . Suna kuma dafa ganyen wake da bushewa. Hakanan ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Batswana don yin ''mageu'' daga ragowar porridge ko pap. Wasu kabilu kuma suna adana naman da ya lalace ko ruɓe ta hanyar shanya shi don a yi amfani da shi don jin daɗi na dogon lokaci. Irin wannan naman ana kiransa ''mokungwana'' . Sauran abincin da ake shiryawa a lokacin daurin aure ana hadawa da wake ko dafa shi ba tare da wake ba a ci da naman daka mai suna ''seswaa'' . == Sinadaran == Kasuwannin Botswana suna cike da abinci iri-iri. <ref> name="official">{{Cite web |title=BW Lifestyles |url=http://www.botsofficialbw.org/lifestyles/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=BotsOfficial BW}}</ref> Wasu ana noman su ne a cikin gida ta hanyar amfani da ban ruwa, wasu kuma ana shigo da su daga kasashe makwabta. Ana kiwon naman sa mai yawan gaske a Botswana. Rago, naman rago, kaji da sauran [[nama]] suma suna da yawa. Naman sa shine naman da ya fi shahara, sai naman akuya. Kifin kogin kuma yana cikin abincin Botswana. <ref name="official" /> [[Dawa]] da [[masara]] sune manyan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a Botswana. Alkama da [[shinkafa]] da sauran nau'in [[Siril|hatsi]] da ba a noma a cikin gida ake shigo da su. Ana noman wake iri-iri iri-iri da suka hada da saniya, ''ditloo'', da ''letlhodi'' ( mung wake ). Ana kuma noman gyada ( ''manoko'' ). Ana shuka kayan lambu da yawa, irin su alayyahu, [[karas]], kabeji, [[albasa]], [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], [[tumatir]], [[Dankali|dankalin turawa]] da latas . Akwai wasu kayan lambu da suke girma a cikin daji waɗanda ake samun su lokaci-lokaci ciki har da ''thepe'' da ''delele'' (okra). Busasshen ganyen wake sanannen abincin Setswana ne. Akwai 'ya'yan itatuwa da yawa a cikin gida, ciki har da ''[[Danya|marula]]'' . kankana, wanda aka yi imanin ya fito ne daga Botswana, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Food and Drink in Botswana |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/botswana/food-and-drink |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225013002/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/botswana/food-and-drink |archive-date=2017-02-25 |access-date=13 November 2016 |website=World Travel Guide}}</ref> <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=BW Lifestyles |url=http://www.botsofficialbw.org/lifestyles/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=BotsOfficial BW}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.botsofficialbw.org/lifestyles/ "BW Lifestyles"]. ''BotsOfficial BW''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> suna da yawa a cikin yanayi. Wani nau'in kankana, wanda ake kira ''lerotse'' ko ''lekatane'', kuma ana girma. Akwai nau'ikan guna na daji da ake samu a yankunan hamada mai yashi wadanda muhimmin abinci ne da ruwa ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan. Yawancin kayan lambu na yanayi ne kuma galibi ana busar da su ko gishiri don adanawa. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na dafa busasshen kayan lambu. == Shahararrun jita-jita == [[Fayil:Vetkoek_with_mince-001.jpg|thumb|''Vetkoek'', irin kek tare da mince wanda ya samo asali a Afirka ta Kudu]] ''Seswaa'', ''tshotlho'' ko ''leswao'' (naman sa fala) sanannen abincin nama ne na gargajiya wanda aka yi don yawancin lokuta na musamman. Yawancin lokaci maza suna shirya shi, ana dafa shi a cikin tukunyar ƙarfe mai ƙafa uku, a dafa shi har sai da gishiri kawai, man girki da ruwa. Yawancin lokaci ana shirya shi ta hanyar amfani da naman akuya ko naman sa kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin abincin da ke da alaƙa da lokutan gargajiya kamar jana'izar da bikin aure. {{Sfn|Molefhe|2007}} Wani nau'in shine ''serobe'', wanda ake dafa hanji da sauran kayan akuya, tumaki ko saniya har sai da taushi. Kafin dafa abinci, ana wanke hanji sosai. Idan dabbar tumaki ne ko akuya, an haɗa trotters . Domin wannan abincin ya zama serobe, ana amfani da almakashi da ake yanka nama don yanke hanji kanana. Sauran nau'in naman kaza ne. An yi la'akari da kajin da aka girma a al'ada ( kyauta ) ya fi kajin da ake nomawa daɗi. Ta hanyar dafa kajin da aka shuka a gargajiyance ga baƙo, mai masaukin baki yana nuna karimci na musamman. Dafa kaza a cikin tukunyar ƙarfe mai ƙafafu uku akan buɗe wuta yana ba ta dandano mafi kyau. Ana cin naman kaji da dumplings ko pap. Ana yin ''Bogobe'' ne ta hanyar zuba dawa, masara ko garin [[gero]] a cikin ruwan tafasasshen ruwa, a rika murza shi da laushi, sannan a rika dafa shi a hankali. Wani lokaci dawa ko masara sai a daka shi kafin a dafa shi na wasu kwanaki domin ya yi tsami. Ana kiran wannan tasa ''ting'' . Ana iya dafa wannan ɗanɗano mai tsami a ci da nama ko madara da sukari. Ba tare da madara da sukari ba, ''ting'' Wata hanyar yin ''bogobe'' ita ce ƙara madara mai tsami da kankana dafa abinci ( ''lerotse'' ). Kabilar Kalanga ke kiran wannan tasa ''tophi'' . Garin biredi baya cikin tsarin abinci na asali, amma an kwashe shekaru ana shigo da shi daga kasashen waje, don haka akwai girke-girke na biredi iri-iri da suka zama bangaren abinci na kasa. Mafi yawan su ne dumplings ( matlebelekwane ko madombi) da waina ( diphatha ) da wainar mai mai ( magwinya ). Don wadannan, ana yin fulawa a cikin kullu wanda ake dafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar tafasa da nama, dafa da mai mai zafi ko a kan garwashi mai zafi a sa a kan gubar tukunya. [[Fayil:Mopane_Worm_by_Arne_Larsen.jpg|thumb|A mopane tsutsa]] Shahararrun abinci a wurare masu nisa sun hada da morama wake, katon tuber karkashin kasa, da naman gwari mai cin abinci . Mopane tsutsotsi, caterpillar asu Gonimbrasia belina, ana dafa shi a cikin toka mai zafi, tafasa, ko bushe kuma a soya shi. == Abin sha == Ana samar da abubuwan sha masu laushi da na giya da yawa a masana'antu a Botswana, ciki har da [[Fanta]] da [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] . Alamar gida sune Castle da kuma [[giya]] na zaki. Ana samun madarar [[madara]] don yin ''madila'' ( madara mai tsami ) wacce ake ci da kanta ko kuma a zuba a cikin tanda . Abin sha na gida wanda ba na giya ba shine ginger ginger . Ana amfani da wannan abin sha a lokuta na musamman kamar bukukuwan aure da bukukuwa. Ana shirya shi da tafasasshen garin ginger a cikin ruwa, a zuba sukari, tartaric acid da kirim na tartar sannan a bar shi ya huce a yi taki har kwana daya. Akwai shaye-shaye iri-iri da aka saba kerawa. ''Bojalwa ja Setswana'' (giyar Botswana) ana yin ta ne daga tsaban dawa da aka haɗe. Sauran kabilu, kamar Bakalanga, suna amfani da ''lebelebele'' ( [[gero]] ). Giyar da ake samarwa da kuma kunnshi na kasuwanci, Chibuku, wadda aka yi daga [[masara]] ko [[dawa]], abin sha ne da aka fi so musamman a ƙauyuka, garuruwa, da kuma a wasu sassan birnin. Ana kuma noman Chibuku a wasu kasashe makwabta kamar [[Malawi]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ( Umqombothi ), [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]] . ''Khadi'', wacce ake hadawa daga sinadarai daban-daban, wanda mafi koshin lafiya daga cikin su shine berries na daji, kuma abin sha ne da ake sha a tsakanin masu karamin karfi musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Food and Selected Dishes |url=http://www.botswanaembassy.or.jp/culture/index5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911141148/http://www.botswanaembassy.or.jp/culture/index5.html |archive-date=2013-09-11 |access-date=2014-02-28 |publisher=Botswana Embassy}}</ref> Akwai sauran abubuwan sha kamar mints da ake kira kgomodimetsing da longman. Waɗannan ganye ne waɗanda galibi ana haɗa su da shayi don dandano mai daɗi. == Duba kuma ==   * [[Jerin abincin Afirka|Jerin kayan abinci na Afirka]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aifpc56265f92b4vyrvr9zzy5zk6iu9 0 113539 856927 855638 2026-06-14T11:36:27Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357650960|Catatonic depression]]" 856927 wikitext text/x-wiki Ana siffanta '''ɓacin rai na Catatonic''' a matsayin [[Rashin rikice-rikice|nau'in]] rikice-rikicen yanayi kuma ana bambanta shi da haɗuwar catatonia da [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin jin daɗi]] (MDD). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Alamomin Catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan rashin daidaituwar motsi da rikice-rikicen ɗabi'a, kamar su gurguwa, rashin motsi, rashin daidaituwa, rashin jituwa, matsayi, tauri, da kuma motsi mai maimaitawa ko mara manufa. <ref name=":0" /> Mutanen da ke fama da ɓacin rai na Catatonic sau da yawa suna nuna raguwar ƙarfinsu na shiga cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata. <ref name=":0" /> Waɗannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun sosai kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a. <ref name=":0" /> Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin ɓacin rai na catatonic ba sosai. <ref name=":0" /> Duk da haka, ana kyautata zaton yana tasowa ne daga haɗakar abubuwa masu rikitarwa na [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]], [[Biochemistry|sinadarai masu rai]], da muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin masu neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka alamun catatonic. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa masu damuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtuka na likita na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Gano ɓacin rai na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa daga ƙwararren masanin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman sharuɗɗa don gano alamun catatonic da ke da alaƙa da ɓacin rai. <ref name=":1" /> Sau da yawa ana magance matsalar damuwa ta Catatonic ta amfani da hanyoyin da yawa. Ana iya rubuta magungunan rage damuwa, masu daidaita yanayi, da magungunan antipsychotics don magance alamun damuwa da rashin daidaituwar neurotransmitter. Maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) ya kuma nuna tasiri wajen magance matsalar damuwa ta catatonic, musamman a lokuta inda ake buƙatar gaggawar shiga tsakani idan wasu hanyoyin ba su yi nasara ba. <ref name=":1" /> Mutane za su iya amfana daga maganin psychotherapy mai goyan baya, maganin fahimta-halayyar ɗan adam (CBT), da magungunan psychosocial don magance alamun da kuma ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa don rashin lafiyarsu. <ref name=":1" /> Cutar damuwa ta Catatonic yanayi ne mai rauni kuma mai ɗorewa wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri don samun ingantaccen magani. Mutanen da ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta catatonic na iya amfana daga magani da tallafi mai dacewa, wanda ke haifar da rage alamun da inganta rayuwar gabaɗaya. <ref name=":0" /> Neman taimako da tallafi na ƙwararru yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ingantaccen ganewar asali da magani na majiyyaci. <ref name=":1" /> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Damuwa ta Catatonic cuta ce mai rikitarwa ta tabin hankali wacce ta shafi babban rashin damuwa da kuma catatonia. Damuwa ta Catatonic tana da alaƙa da gaurayen alamu da alamu waɗanda suka yi daidai da babban rashin damuwa da kuma catatonia. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wauta da rashin jituwa su ne alamomi guda biyu da suka fi yawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Duk da cewa alamun ɓacin rai na catatonic na iya bambanta ga mutum ɗaya, alamun da aka saba gani na catatonia sun haɗa da fuska (yin fuska da ciwo), rashin jituwa, yanayin jiki, tauri, da kuma sassaucin jiki . <ref name=":0" /> Manyan alamomin damuwa suma suna faruwa ne ga mutumin da ke fama da baƙin ciki mai tsanani. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan alamomin na iya haɗawa da rashin bege, rashin jin daɗi, rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗin ayyukan yau da kullun, matsalolin barci ( rashin barci ko barci mai yawa), gajiya, damuwa, jinkirin motsin rai, jin rashin amfani, wahalar mai da hankali, wahalar tunawa da abubuwa, da tunanin kashe kansa. <ref name=":0" /> == Tsarin ilimin halittar jiki == Ba a fahimci yanayin cututtukan da ke haifar da ɓacin rai a halin yanzu sosai ba kuma galibi an ɓoye shi cikin sirri, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa akwai yiwuwar ilimin cututtuka da ke bayyana babban ciwon damuwa tare da fasalulluka na ɓacin rai. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gamma-Aminobuttersäure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg|thumb|Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), wani muhimmin abu mai aiki a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya wanda aka sani yana hana watsawar jijiyoyi.]] === Rage aikin gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) === Ana nuna cewa kunna GABA-A (GABA type A) mai karɓar rakiyar a cikin cortex na gefen dama na orbitofrontal da na baya na dama na baya shine babban dalilin da ke haifar da matsalar rashin lafiyar catatonia, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana alamun motsi da motsin rai da aka gani a cikin mutanen da ke da catatonic. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Rage yawan masu karɓar GABA-A yana samuwa akan hoton a cikin yankunan cortical kamar cortex na sensorimotor na hagu, wanda ke nuna rashin aiki na siginar GABA-A a cikin catatonia. <ref name=":2" /> === Matsalar Dopamine === [[Fayil:Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg|thumb|Dopamine, wani neurotransmitter wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin motsin rai da daidaita motsi a cikin kwakwalwa.]] Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa toshewar dopamine D2 receptor ya haifar da raguwar haɗarin ƙara yawan catatonia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin cutar neuroleptic malignant syndrome, wacce ke da alamun kama da catatonia. Wata ra'ayi daban ta nuna cewa tsarin mesostriatal da mesocorticolimbic, da kuma hypothalamus suna buƙatar kiyaye daidaito tsakanin GABA-A da [[dopamine]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Activated_NMDAR.svg|thumb|Zane-zane yana nuna kunna mai karɓar NMDA lokacin da aka haɗa shi da mai karɓar neurotransmitter mai motsawa, glutamate.]] === Matsalar Glutamate === An lura da rashin daidaituwar glutamate a cikin basal ganglia (gungun neurones da ke cikin yankin subcortical ) kamar yadda irin waɗannan masu karɓar N-methyl-D-aspartate masu excitatory glutamatergic (NMDARs) a cikin wannan yankin kwakwalwa suna da alaƙa da catatonia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana tsammanin alamun Catatonic suna faruwa ne sakamakon yawan glutamate. Akwai babban alaƙa tsakanin catatonia da NMDAR [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|encephalitis]] . (Ana shigar da NMDARs cikin ƙwayoyin halitta yayin wannan tsarin kumburi, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan mai karɓar.) <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> === Matsalolin da ke faruwa a kwakwalwa da kuma hanyar da ke kan tushen kwakwalwa === Ana kyautata zaton cewa rushewar hanyoyin mota guda uku masu zuwa yana da alaƙa da catatonia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Hanya ta farko ta ƙunshi babban tsarin motsa jiki (M1), putamen, palladium na ciki da na waje da thalamus . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Hanya ta biyu tana gudana tsakanin M1, thalamus, cerebellum, da pontine nuclei . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Hanya ta uku ta ƙunshi M1, yankin motsa jiki na ƙarin (SMA), cortex na baya, da kuma cortex na gaba na medial . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> An nuna cewa mutanen da ke da cutar catatonia suna da kwararar jini zuwa M1 da SMA fiye da waɗanda ba su da cutar catatonia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Wannan yana nufin alaƙa tsakanin ɓacin rai na catatonic da haɓakar aikin jijiyoyi a cikin M1 da SMA. === Cututtukan garkuwar jiki === Catatonia kuma tana da alaƙa da cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtukan autoimmune encephalopathies waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na anti-neuronal (suna aiki akan neurones akan ƙwayoyin cuta). <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna shiga cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi kuma suna haifar da rashin aiki, wanda ke haifar da alamun cutar catatonic. == Dalilai == An yi matuƙar goyon bayan yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar hawan jini ga mutum idan ya kamu da manyan cututtukan damuwa. A shekarar 2023, nazarin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta (GWAS) ya gano wurare 178 na haɗarin kwayoyin halitta tare da kwayoyin halitta sama da 200. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flint |first=Jonathan |date=26 January 2023 |title=The genetic basis of major depressive disorder |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |language=en |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=2254–2265 |doi=10.1038/s41380-023-01957-9 |issn=1359-4184 |pmc=10611584 |pmid=36702864}}</ref> Dangane da ka'idar damuwa ta diathesis, mutanen da ke da tarihin rashin lafiyar yanayi a cikin iyali sun fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da baƙin ciki saboda abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa masu wahala. Duk da haka, babban rashin lafiyar damuwa ba ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan kwayoyin halitta kuma wasu abubuwa suna shafar shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai kashi 27% na yiwuwar majiyyaci ya kamu da alamun cutar catatonic idan wani dangi na farko yana da wannan cuta. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Catatonia ita ma gado ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Wata kwayar halitta da ke da alaƙa da gadon catatonia ita ce CNP, wadda ke tsara enzyme cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, wanda ya zama dole don aikin myelination da oligodendrocyte . <ref name=":2" /> Rage wannan kwayar halitta yana sa beraye da abin ya shafa su kamu da matsalar catatonic depression. <ref name=":2" /> === Abubuwan Muhalli === [[Raunin kwakwalwa|Abubuwan da suka faru na rauni]] da kuma [[Matsalar tunani|tsananin damuwa]] abubuwa ne da aka rubuta da kyau waɗanda ke haifar da manyan cututtukan damuwa. Raunin rayuwar farko yana da alaƙa sosai da farawar yanayin yanayi kamar baƙin ciki da kuma tsananin da tsawon lokacin da cutar ke ɗauka. Duk da haka, mutanen da ke da irin wannan ƙwarewa na iya kamuwa da baƙin ciki ko kuma ba za su iya kamuwa da shi ba, yayin da waɗanda ba su da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa masu tasiri suma na iya kamuwa da babban rashin jin daɗi. Ana iya bayanin wannan ta hanyar [[Hadin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli|hulɗar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli]] wanda ke shafar tasirin abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa akan ci gaban wata cuta. An gano cewa wani aiki na polymorphism na yankin mai haɓaka kwayar halittar serotonin (5-HTT) yana daidaita tasirin abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa masu wahala akan baƙin ciki. <ref name=":5" /> === Babban tsoro === Ana iya danganta ɓacin rai na Catatonic da tsoro mai tsanani. Catatonia na iya zama martanin ƙarshe ga motsin zuciyar da ke tafe wanda ya samo asali daga gogewar farko da masu farauta waɗanda tunanin harinsu ya mayar da hankali kan motsi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2020 kan tsofaffi ya gano cewa yawan aiki da tsoro sun fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya masu cutar catatonic. <ref name=":2" /> == Ganewar Ganewa == Domin gano alamun cutar catatonic a cikin mutanen da ke fama da babban rashin jin daɗi, cikakken kimantawa ta jiki da ta hankali wani ɓangare ne na tantancewar cutar catatonic depression. Sau da yawa, mutanen da ke fama da cutar catatonic depression ba za su iya amsa tambayoyin da za a iya tambayar waɗanda ke rufe da mutumin ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Kimantawar asibiti === Yana da mahimmanci ga likita ya yi hukunci kan wasu cututtuka da ke kama da alamun ɓacin rai na catatonic. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Likitan zai iya ɗaukar tarihin lafiyar majiyyaci, gami da cikakkun bayanai game da alamun da magunguna na yanzu, ya yi cikakken bincike na jiki ta hanyar lura da yanayin jikin majiyyaci da motsinsa, ya yi gwajin jijiyoyi, sannan ya yi odar electroencephalogram (EEG) ko hoton maganadisu (MRI) don kawar da wasu cututtukan jijiyoyi . <ref name=":0" /> === Ka'idojin DCM da ICD === Ana amfani da Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Ƙungiyar Masu Ciwon Hauka ta Amurka (DSM-5) tare da Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya (ICD-11) gabaɗaya don gano ɓacin rai na catatonic. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2020-10-30 |title=Diagnosis |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/mental-health/research/catatonia/diagnosis |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=UCL Institute of Mental Health |language=en}}</ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ana muhawara kan ƙa'idodin ganewar asali na ɓacin rai na catatonic, rarrabuwar biyu sun yi daidai da ganewar ɓacin rai na catatonic. <ref name=":6" /> === Rarraba DCM-5 da ICD-11 === Don gano ɓacin rai na catatonic, yana buƙatar kasancewar alamomi 3 daga cikin waɗannan 12 na asibiti, waɗanda suka haɗa da '''suma''' (rashin amsawa da rashin motsi da magana ke nunawa), '''catalepsy''' (rashin amsawa ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki na waje saboda taurin tsoka ), '''sassauci mai kaifi''' (juriya ga sake sanyawa bayan an motsa shi), '''murtukewa''' (rashin iyawa ko rashin son magana), '''rashin yarda''' (juriya ga shawarwari ko umarni), '''tsayawa''' (riƙe matsayi mara kyau na tsawon lokaci), '''halaye (''' sun haɗa da wata hanya ta musamman, ƙari, ko ta musamman ta yin aiki na yau da kullun kamar motsi ko magana), '''yanayin tunani''' (waɗannan halaye sun haɗa da motsi da magana mai maimaitawa, ba tare da manufa ba, dagula aiki na yau da kullun), '''tashin hankali na psychomotor''' (ƙarin motsi, rashin natsuwa, da fushi tare da haɓaka amsawa ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki na ciki da na waje), '''fuska''' (yin fuska da ciwo), '''echolalia''' (kwaikwayon jawabin wani) da '''echopraxia''' (kwaikwayon motsin wani ko halayensa ba tare da dalili ba). === Kuskuren ganewar asali === Ana iya yin watsi da cutar babban damuwa mai tsanani (Major depressive disorder subtype catatonia) cikin sauƙi wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar asali kuma ta haka ya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin majiyyaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jhawer |first=Harry |last2=Sidhu |first2=Meesha |last3=Patel |first3=Rikinkumar |date=2019-02-02 |title=Missed Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder with Catatonia Features |journal=Brain Sciences |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/brainsci9020031 |issn=2076-3425 |pmc=6406932 |pmid=30717321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, likitoci ya kamata su yi taka tsantsan lokacin da suke gano cutar babban damuwa kuma su yi la'akari da yiwuwar nau'ikan. == Gudanarwa == [[Fayil:3_boites_de_lorazépam_2,5.jpg|thumb|Lorazepam, yana cikin rukunin magunguna masu suna benzodiazepines. Magani ne da aka saba amfani da shi don magance matsalolin damuwa.]] Ciwon damuwa na Catatonic wani nau'in ciwon damuwa ne mai tsanani amma ana iya sarrafa shi. Ana amfani da Benzodiazepines, kamar lorazepam, a matsayin maganin farko ga catatonia. Waɗannan magunguna suna ɗauke da halayen rage damuwa da kuma kwantar da hankali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Hadin maganin === Ana iya haɗa magungunan hana tabin hankali tare da benzodiazepines don magance ɓacin rai na catatonic. Maganin haɗin gwiwa na iya taimakawa wajen rage alamun cutar da haɓaka aikin gabaɗaya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Idan magani kaɗai bai yi tasiri ba, ana ba da shawarar amfani da maganin electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) . ECT shine amfani da kwararar lantarki don haifar da farfadiya yayin da ake ƙarƙashin maganin sa barci na gabaɗaya . Ana tsammanin yana sake saita sinadaran kwakwalwa kuma yana iya zama da amfani wajen magance cututtukan kwakwalwa masu tsanani, gami da catatonia. <ref name=":0" /> === salon rayuwa === Ana ba da shawarar a ƙirƙiri tsarin yau da kullun wanda ya haɗa da barci mai kyau, abinci, da ayyukan da za su iya samar da kwanciyar hankali da kuma sarrafa alamun cutar da kyau. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Haka kuma ana ba da shawarar a yi motsa jiki akai-akai, kamar tafiya, yoga, ko iyo, domin an nuna cewa motsa jiki yana ɗaga yanayi da rage alamun baƙin ciki. <ref name=":2" /> === Ilimin halin dan Adam === Maganin tallafi na iya zama mai tasiri wajen magance baƙin ciki da kuma taimaka wa marasa lafiya wajen jure wa alamun. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mutumin da ke fama da baƙin ciki mai tsanani yana buƙatar kulawar tabin hankali mai tsanani, wanda ya haɗa da tuntuɓar cibiyar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta asibiti ko neman taimakon gaggawa don tabbatar da cewa mutumin ya sami magani da wuri-wuri. <ref name=":0" /> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ba a gano cutar damuwa ta Catatonic ba sosai kuma tana iya shafar har zuwa kashi 38% na marasa lafiya masu fama da tabin hankali, domin tana haifar da takamaiman alamu kamar yadda aka nuna a sama kuma tana buƙatar takamaiman hanyar magani tare da mai da hankali kan magunguna don rage alamun. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Catatonia tana shafar sama da kashi 10% na duk mutanen da aka kwantar a asibiti zuwa cibiyoyin kula da tabin hankali. Catatonia na iya alaƙa da baƙin ciki, kodayake yana shafar kusan kashi 20% na mutanen da ke fama da matsalar autism, kuma har zuwa kashi 50% na lamuran catatonia suna faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin lafiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFP2015">P, Ellul (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 "Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''6''': 182. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182|10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 4689858]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26733892 26733892].</cite></ref> Ana danganta ɓacin rai da wasu cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, ciki har da [[cutar bipolar]], [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], [[Babban rashin damuwa|babbar matsalar damuwa]], matsalolin yanayi, matsalolin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7a1mz4hxff9rxjmpwhwp5gfmq9132mw 856935 856927 2026-06-14T11:37:11Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana siffanta '''ɓacin rai na Catatonic''' a matsayin [[Rashin rikice-rikice|nau'in]] rikice-rikicen yanayi kuma ana bambanta shi da haɗuwar catatonia da [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin jin daɗi]] (MDD). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Alamomin Catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan rashin daidaituwar motsi da rikice-rikicen ɗabi'a, kamar su gurguwa, rashin motsi, rashin daidaituwa, rashin jituwa, matsayi, tauri, da kuma motsi mai maimaitawa ko mara manufa. <ref name=":0" /> Mutanen da ke fama da ɓacin rai na Catatonic sau da yawa suna nuna raguwar ƙarfinsu na shiga cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata. <ref name=":0" /> Waɗannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun sosai kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a. <ref name=":0" /> Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin ɓacin rai na catatonic ba sosai. <ref name=":0" /> Duk da haka, ana kyautata zaton yana tasowa ne daga haɗakar abubuwa masu rikitarwa na [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]], [[Biochemistry|sinadarai masu rai]], da muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin masu neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka alamun catatonic. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa masu damuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtuka na likita na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Gano ɓacin rai na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa daga ƙwararren masanin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman sharuɗɗa don gano alamun catatonic da ke da alaƙa da ɓacin rai. <ref name=":1" /> Sau da yawa ana magance matsalar damuwa ta Catatonic ta amfani da hanyoyin da yawa. Ana iya rubuta magungunan rage damuwa, masu daidaita yanayi, da magungunan antipsychotics don magance alamun damuwa da rashin daidaituwar neurotransmitter. Maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) ya kuma nuna tasiri wajen magance matsalar damuwa ta catatonic, musamman a lokuta inda ake buƙatar gaggawar shiga tsakani idan wasu hanyoyin ba su yi nasara ba. <ref name=":1" /> Mutane za su iya amfana daga maganin psychotherapy mai goyan baya, maganin fahimta-halayyar ɗan adam (CBT), da magungunan psychosocial don magance alamun da kuma ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa don rashin lafiyarsu. <ref name=":1" /> Cutar damuwa ta Catatonic yanayi ne mai rauni kuma mai ɗorewa wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri don samun ingantaccen magani. Mutanen da ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta catatonic na iya amfana daga magani da tallafi mai dacewa, wanda ke haifar da rage alamun da inganta rayuwar gabaɗaya. <ref name=":0" /> Neman taimako da tallafi na ƙwararru yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ingantaccen ganewar asali da magani na majiyyaci. <ref name=":1" /> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Damuwa ta Catatonic cuta ce mai rikitarwa ta tabin hankali wacce ta shafi babban rashin damuwa da kuma catatonia. Damuwa ta Catatonic tana da alaƙa da gaurayen alamu da alamu waɗanda suka yi daidai da babban rashin damuwa da kuma catatonia. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wauta da rashin jituwa su ne alamomi guda biyu da suka fi yawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Duk da cewa alamun ɓacin rai na catatonic na iya bambanta ga mutum ɗaya, alamun da aka saba gani na catatonia sun haɗa da fuska (yin fuska da ciwo), rashin jituwa, yanayin jiki, tauri, da kuma sassaucin jiki . <ref name=":0" /> Manyan alamomin damuwa suma suna faruwa ne ga mutumin da ke fama da baƙin ciki mai tsanani. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan alamomin na iya haɗawa da rashin bege, rashin jin daɗi, rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗin ayyukan yau da kullun, matsalolin barci ( rashin barci ko barci mai yawa), gajiya, damuwa, jinkirin motsin rai, jin rashin amfani, wahalar mai da hankali, wahalar tunawa da abubuwa, da tunanin kashe kansa. <ref name=":0" /> == Tsarin ilimin halittar jiki == Ba a fahimci yanayin cututtukan da ke haifar da ɓacin rai a halin yanzu sosai ba kuma galibi an ɓoye shi cikin sirri, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa akwai yiwuwar ilimin cututtuka da ke bayyana babban ciwon damuwa tare da fasalulluka na ɓacin rai. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gamma-Aminobuttersäure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg|thumb|Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), wani muhimmin abu mai aiki a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya wanda aka sani yana hana watsawar jijiyoyi.]] === Rage aikin gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) === Ana nuna cewa kunna GABA-A (GABA type A) mai karɓar rakiyar a cikin cortex na gefen dama na orbitofrontal da na baya na dama na baya shine babban dalilin da ke haifar da matsalar rashin lafiyar catatonia, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana alamun motsi da motsin rai da aka gani a cikin mutanen da ke da catatonic. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Rage yawan masu karɓar GABA-A yana samuwa akan hoton a cikin yankunan cortical kamar cortex na sensorimotor na hagu, wanda ke nuna rashin aiki na siginar GABA-A a cikin catatonia. <ref name=":2" /> === Matsalar Dopamine === [[Fayil:Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg|thumb|Dopamine, wani neurotransmitter wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin motsin rai da daidaita motsi a cikin kwakwalwa.]] Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa toshewar dopamine D2 receptor ya haifar da raguwar haɗarin ƙara yawan catatonia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin cutar neuroleptic malignant syndrome, wacce ke da alamun kama da catatonia. Wata ra'ayi daban ta nuna cewa tsarin mesostriatal da mesocorticolimbic, da kuma hypothalamus suna buƙatar kiyaye daidaito tsakanin GABA-A da [[dopamine]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Activated_NMDAR.svg|thumb|Zane-zane yana nuna kunna mai karɓar NMDA lokacin da aka haɗa shi da mai karɓar neurotransmitter mai motsawa, glutamate.]] === Matsalar Glutamate === An lura da rashin daidaituwar glutamate a cikin basal ganglia (gungun neurones da ke cikin yankin subcortical ) kamar yadda irin waɗannan masu karɓar N-methyl-D-aspartate masu excitatory glutamatergic (NMDARs) a cikin wannan yankin kwakwalwa suna da alaƙa da catatonia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana tsammanin alamun Catatonic suna faruwa ne sakamakon yawan glutamate. Akwai babban alaƙa tsakanin catatonia da NMDAR [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|encephalitis]] . (Ana shigar da NMDARs cikin ƙwayoyin halitta yayin wannan tsarin kumburi, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan mai karɓar.) <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> === Matsalolin da ke faruwa a kwakwalwa da kuma hanyar da ke kan tushen kwakwalwa === Ana kyautata zaton cewa rushewar hanyoyin mota guda uku masu zuwa yana da alaƙa da catatonia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Hanya ta farko ta ƙunshi babban tsarin motsa jiki (M1), putamen, palladium na ciki da na waje da thalamus . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Hanya ta biyu tana gudana tsakanin M1, thalamus, cerebellum, da pontine nuclei . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Hanya ta uku ta ƙunshi M1, yankin motsa jiki na ƙarin (SMA), cortex na baya, da kuma cortex na gaba na medial . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> An nuna cewa mutanen da ke da cutar catatonia suna da kwararar jini zuwa M1 da SMA fiye da waɗanda ba su da cutar catatonia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Wannan yana nufin alaƙa tsakanin ɓacin rai na catatonic da haɓakar aikin jijiyoyi a cikin M1 da SMA. === Cututtukan garkuwar jiki === Catatonia kuma tana da alaƙa da cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtukan autoimmune encephalopathies waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na anti-neuronal (suna aiki akan neurones akan ƙwayoyin cuta). <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna shiga cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi kuma suna haifar da rashin aiki, wanda ke haifar da alamun cutar catatonic. == Dalilai == An yi matuƙar goyon bayan yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar hawan jini ga mutum idan ya kamu da manyan cututtukan damuwa. A shekarar 2023, nazarin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta (GWAS) ya gano wurare 178 na haɗarin kwayoyin halitta tare da kwayoyin halitta sama da 200. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flint |first=Jonathan |date=26 January 2023 |title=The genetic basis of major depressive disorder |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |language=en |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=2254–2265 |doi=10.1038/s41380-023-01957-9 |issn=1359-4184 |pmc=10611584 |pmid=36702864}}</ref> Dangane da ka'idar damuwa ta diathesis, mutanen da ke da tarihin rashin lafiyar yanayi a cikin iyali sun fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da baƙin ciki saboda abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa masu wahala. Duk da haka, babban rashin lafiyar damuwa ba ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan kwayoyin halitta kuma wasu abubuwa suna shafar shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai kashi 27% na yiwuwar majiyyaci ya kamu da alamun cutar catatonic idan wani dangi na farko yana da wannan cuta. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Catatonia ita ma gado ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Wata kwayar halitta da ke da alaƙa da gadon catatonia ita ce CNP, wadda ke tsara enzyme cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, wanda ya zama dole don aikin myelination da oligodendrocyte . <ref name=":2" /> Rage wannan kwayar halitta yana sa beraye da abin ya shafa su kamu da matsalar catatonic depression. <ref name=":2" /> === Abubuwan Muhalli === [[Raunin kwakwalwa|Abubuwan da suka faru na rauni]] da kuma [[Matsalar tunani|tsananin damuwa]] abubuwa ne da aka rubuta da kyau waɗanda ke haifar da manyan cututtukan damuwa. Raunin rayuwar farko yana da alaƙa sosai da farawar yanayin yanayi kamar baƙin ciki da kuma tsananin da tsawon lokacin da cutar ke ɗauka. Duk da haka, mutanen da ke da irin wannan ƙwarewa na iya kamuwa da baƙin ciki ko kuma ba za su iya kamuwa da shi ba, yayin da waɗanda ba su da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa masu tasiri suma na iya kamuwa da babban rashin jin daɗi. Ana iya bayanin wannan ta hanyar [[Hadin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli|hulɗar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli]] wanda ke shafar tasirin abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa akan ci gaban wata cuta. An gano cewa wani aiki na polymorphism na yankin mai haɓaka kwayar halittar serotonin (5-HTT) yana daidaita tasirin abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa masu wahala akan baƙin ciki. <ref name=":5" /> === Babban tsoro === Ana iya danganta ɓacin rai na Catatonic da tsoro mai tsanani. Catatonia na iya zama martanin ƙarshe ga motsin zuciyar da ke tafe wanda ya samo asali daga gogewar farko da masu farauta waɗanda tunanin harinsu ya mayar da hankali kan motsi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2020 kan tsofaffi ya gano cewa yawan aiki da tsoro sun fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya masu cutar catatonic. <ref name=":2" /> == Ganewar Ganewa == Domin gano alamun cutar catatonic a cikin mutanen da ke fama da babban rashin jin daɗi, cikakken kimantawa ta jiki da ta hankali wani ɓangare ne na tantancewar cutar catatonic depression. Sau da yawa, mutanen da ke fama da cutar catatonic depression ba za su iya amsa tambayoyin da za a iya tambayar waɗanda ke rufe da mutumin ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Kimantawar asibiti === Yana da mahimmanci ga likita ya yi hukunci kan wasu cututtuka da ke kama da alamun ɓacin rai na catatonic. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Likitan zai iya ɗaukar tarihin lafiyar majiyyaci, gami da cikakkun bayanai game da alamun da magunguna na yanzu, ya yi cikakken bincike na jiki ta hanyar lura da yanayin jikin majiyyaci da motsinsa, ya yi gwajin jijiyoyi, sannan ya yi odar electroencephalogram (EEG) ko hoton maganadisu (MRI) don kawar da wasu cututtukan jijiyoyi . <ref name=":0" /> === Ka'idojin DCM da ICD === Ana amfani da Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Ƙungiyar Masu Ciwon Hauka ta Amurka (DSM-5) tare da Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya (ICD-11) gabaɗaya don gano ɓacin rai na catatonic. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2020-10-30 |title=Diagnosis |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/mental-health/research/catatonia/diagnosis |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=UCL Institute of Mental Health |language=en}}</ref> Duk da cewa har yanzu ana muhawara kan ƙa'idodin ganewar asali na ɓacin rai na catatonic, rarrabuwar biyu sun yi daidai da ganewar ɓacin rai na catatonic. <ref name=":6" /> === Rarraba DCM-5 da ICD-11 === Don gano ɓacin rai na catatonic, yana buƙatar kasancewar alamomi 3 daga cikin waɗannan 12 na asibiti, waɗanda suka haɗa da '''suma''' (rashin amsawa da rashin motsi da magana ke nunawa), '''catalepsy''' (rashin amsawa ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki na waje saboda taurin tsoka ), '''sassauci mai kaifi''' (juriya ga sake sanyawa bayan an motsa shi), '''murtukewa''' (rashin iyawa ko rashin son magana), '''rashin yarda''' (juriya ga shawarwari ko umarni), '''tsayawa''' (riƙe matsayi mara kyau na tsawon lokaci), '''halaye (''' sun haɗa da wata hanya ta musamman, ƙari, ko ta musamman ta yin aiki na yau da kullun kamar motsi ko magana), '''yanayin tunani''' (waɗannan halaye sun haɗa da motsi da magana mai maimaitawa, ba tare da manufa ba, dagula aiki na yau da kullun), '''tashin hankali na psychomotor''' (ƙarin motsi, rashin natsuwa, da fushi tare da haɓaka amsawa ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki na ciki da na waje), '''fuska''' (yin fuska da ciwo), '''echolalia''' (kwaikwayon jawabin wani) da '''echopraxia''' (kwaikwayon motsin wani ko halayensa ba tare da dalili ba). === Kuskuren ganewar asali === Ana iya yin watsi da cutar babban damuwa mai tsanani (Major depressive disorder subtype catatonia) cikin sauƙi wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar asali kuma ta haka ya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin majiyyaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jhawer |first=Harry |last2=Sidhu |first2=Meesha |last3=Patel |first3=Rikinkumar |date=2019-02-02 |title=Missed Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder with Catatonia Features |journal=Brain Sciences |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/brainsci9020031 |issn=2076-3425 |pmc=6406932 |pmid=30717321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, likitoci ya kamata su yi taka tsantsan lokacin da suke gano cutar babban damuwa kuma su yi la'akari da yiwuwar nau'ikan. == Gudanarwa == [[Fayil:3_boites_de_lorazépam_2,5.jpg|thumb|Lorazepam, yana cikin rukunin magunguna masu suna benzodiazepines. Magani ne da aka saba amfani da shi don magance matsalolin damuwa.]] Ciwon damuwa na Catatonic wani nau'in ciwon damuwa ne mai tsanani amma ana iya sarrafa shi. Ana amfani da Benzodiazepines, kamar lorazepam, a matsayin maganin farko ga catatonia. Waɗannan magunguna suna ɗauke da halayen rage damuwa da kuma kwantar da hankali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Hadin maganin === Ana iya haɗa magungunan hana tabin hankali tare da benzodiazepines don magance ɓacin rai na catatonic. Maganin haɗin gwiwa na iya taimakawa wajen rage alamun cutar da haɓaka aikin gabaɗaya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Idan magani kaɗai bai yi tasiri ba, ana ba da shawarar amfani da maganin electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) . ECT shine amfani da kwararar lantarki don haifar da farfadiya yayin da ake ƙarƙashin maganin sa barci na gabaɗaya . Ana tsammanin yana sake saita sinadaran kwakwalwa kuma yana iya zama da amfani wajen magance cututtukan kwakwalwa masu tsanani, gami da catatonia. <ref name=":0" /> === salon rayuwa === Ana ba da shawarar a ƙirƙiri tsarin yau da kullun wanda ya haɗa da barci mai kyau, abinci, da ayyukan da za su iya samar da kwanciyar hankali da kuma sarrafa alamun cutar da kyau. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Haka kuma ana ba da shawarar a yi motsa jiki akai-akai, kamar tafiya, yoga, ko iyo, domin an nuna cewa motsa jiki yana ɗaga yanayi da rage alamun baƙin ciki. <ref name=":2" /> === Ilimin halin dan Adam === Maganin tallafi na iya zama mai tasiri wajen magance baƙin ciki da kuma taimaka wa marasa lafiya wajen jure wa alamun. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mutumin da ke fama da baƙin ciki mai tsanani yana buƙatar kulawar tabin hankali mai tsanani, wanda ya haɗa da tuntuɓar cibiyar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta asibiti ko neman taimakon gaggawa don tabbatar da cewa mutumin ya sami magani da wuri-wuri. <ref name=":0" /> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ba a gano cutar damuwa ta Catatonic ba sosai kuma tana iya shafar har zuwa kashi 38% na marasa lafiya masu fama da tabin hankali, domin tana haifar da takamaiman alamu kamar yadda aka nuna a sama kuma tana buƙatar takamaiman hanyar magani tare da mai da hankali kan magunguna don rage alamun. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Catatonia tana shafar sama da kashi 10% na duk mutanen da aka kwantar a asibiti zuwa cibiyoyin kula da tabin hankali. Catatonia na iya alaƙa da baƙin ciki, kodayake yana shafar kusan kashi 20% na mutanen da ke fama da matsalar autism, kuma har zuwa kashi 50% na lamuran catatonia suna faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin lafiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFP2015">P, Ellul (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 "Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''6''': 182. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182|10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 4689858]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26733892 26733892].</cite></ref> Ana danganta ɓacin rai da wasu cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, ciki har da [[cutar bipolar]], [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], [[Babban rashin damuwa|babbar matsalar damuwa]], matsalolin yanayi, matsalolin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 577q7m7bz9ezlhpmh6dl0bbuyrh7ywa 0 114100 856618 730565 2026-06-14T08:47:40Z Uncle Bash007 9891 #1Lib1RefNG #1lib1ref 856618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya shine wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin jihohi, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Duk waɗannan cibiyoyi suna ba da gudummawar ayyuka da rai iri-iri game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya shafi batutuwa ciki har da tilastawa, sa ido, da kuma sukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya. Babu wata hukuma guda da ta shafi dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, saboda irin wannan yanki mai ɗimbin yawa da yaɗuwa yana buƙatar cibiyoyi da yawa don sa ido sosai kan ɗimbin abubuwan da suka faɗo ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan adam. A tarihi an sha suka da yawa game da yancin ɗan adam a Asiya, amma sabbin yarjejeniyoyin da yarjejeniyoyin yau da kullun suna ƙoƙarin cimma matakin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda aka san su a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kungiyoyi da yawa (na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu) ne ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, wasu ƴan misalan su ne Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta ASEAN (AICHR) da Human Rights Watch. Haƙurin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, tare da shirye-shiryen gwamnatocin sa kai (watau ASEAN) galibi suna ganin ƙarin haɗin kai na jihohi fiye da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na tsaka tsaki waɗanda galibi za su karɓa. Yawan sukar da ake yi wa kasashen Asiya ya karu matuka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama ke yin kira da a kara nuna gaskiya da kuma matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kan kasashen Asiya da su guji duk wani tauye hakkin dan Adam. Kiraye-kirayen da aka ambata na matsin lamba na kasa da kasa sun kasa amsa, duk da haka, yayin da mafi yawan kasashen duniya ke ganin yana da wuya a kalubalanci ayyukan manyan kasashen Asiya masu tasowa: musamman kasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lau |first=Mimi |date=2017-07-09 |title=How China buys the silence of the world's human rights critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/09/how-china-buys-the-silence-of-the-worlds-human-rights-critics.html |access-date=2018-02-16 |work=CNBC}}</ref> Yayin da jihohi suka gabatar da korafe-korafe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da "suna da kunya" Jihohin da suka nuna kansu da laifin take hakkin bil'adama. == Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya == === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya === [[Fayil:Southeast-Asia-map.PNG|thumb|220x220px|Yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya]] Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a tarihi ba ta yi amfani da ma'anar 'yancin ɗan adam da za a iya samu a ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ko Arewacin Amirka ba. Alamar farko ta amincewa da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ta zo ne ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar. Wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, ba ta dauri don haka ba a aiwatar da ita ba. UDHR tana da jihohi 51 ne kawai a duk duniya suka tabbatar da wanzuwarta (waɗanda ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya); da yawa daga cikin kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba su sami memba ba tukuna. Wannan babban ra'ayi na yancin ɗan adam da ya samo asali daga yammacin duniya bai taɓa shiga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba; maimakon haka, kishiyar akida ta haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam gaskiya ce: babu wani tsammanin samun daidaito dangane da yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, addini, da dai sauransu. '''[[Filipin|Philippines]]''', al'umma ta farko a Asiya da ta kafa jamhuriya, ta fuskanci dogon gwagwarmaya don kafa manufofin dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta yi hamayya da mulkin kama-karya na Ferdinand Marcos, wanda daga ƙarshe aka kore shi ta hanyar juyin juya halin ikon jama'a ba tare da jini ba a shekarar 1986. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da haƙƙin ɗan adam sun sha wahala a ƙarƙashin gwamnati, kuma a cikin 1983, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko na kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ake kira Majalisar Yankin kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta tsara sanarwar yanki ta farko game da haƙƙin dan adam da ake kira Sanarwar Ayyuka na Mutanen ASEAN da Gwamnatoci. Kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta kunshi lauyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya karkashin jagorancin mahaifin dancin dan adam na Philippines Sanata Jose W. Diokno, wanda shine wanda ya kafa babbar kamfanin kare hakkin dan Adam da ake kira Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG). An sanya hannu kan sanarwar a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1983, a Manila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones, Sidney |year=1995 |title=Regional Institutions for Protecting Human Rights in Asia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25658967 |journal=Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law) |volume=89 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1017/S0272503700085074 |jstor=25658967 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Declarations in Asia-Pacific |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/#Declarations |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, kasar tana fuskantar yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a karkashin Shugaba na 16 Rodrigo Duterte, wanda ya yi barazanar ayyana dokar soja, kamar Ferdinand Marcos. Mutumin Lokaci na Shekara Maria Ressa na Rappler daga baya aka tuhume ta da tsegumi saboda rahotonta game da gwamnatin Duterte. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Yen Nee |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Conviction of Philippine journalist points to 'orchestrated attempt' to silence Duterte critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/16/maria-ressas-conviction-attempts-to-silence-duterte-critics-expert-says.html |website=CNBC}}</ref> A cikin '''[[Singafora|Singapore]]''', wasu ƴancin yanci har yanzu ana iyakance su kamar 'yancin yin taro. Har yanzu ana tsara tsarin tarurrukan kowane iri, suna buƙatar izinin 'yan sanda don taron mutum 1 ko fiye. Gwamnatin Singapore ta ƙara taƙaita taron jama'a na kowane dalili, tare da rufe yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin kwanan nan a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Dokar odar Jama'a'. Har ila yau, Singapore tana yin watsi da aikace-aikacen izinin 'yan sanda don taruwa don taro "wanda ke nufin kawo ƙarshen siyasa". Singapore ta riƙe kuma ta yi amfani da hukuncin kisa sau da yawa a cikin tarihi, musamman a cikin laifuka masu alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sau da yawa ana aiwatar da kisa da sauri bayan yanke hukunci kuma kusan ba su da wani gaskiya. Al'ummar LGBTQ ta Singapore ta ga ƙuntatawa mai tsanani a cikin tarihi, kamar manufofin da suka daɗe na aikata laifuka ga dangantakar jinsi ɗaya - manufofin da ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 2022. '''[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]''' tana da dogon tarihi na aikata laifuka masu yawa na kare hakkin dan adam waɗanda ba a hukunta su ba. An sami mambobi da yawa na jami'an tsaro na Indonesia da ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da fyade, duka, tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba, da dai sauransu amma ba a gabatar da su a gaban shari'a ba. Kafofin yada labarai na Indonesia, yayin da aka yi la'akari da su a hukumance a matsayin 'yan jarida masu 'yanci', suna fama da dabarun tsoratar da gwamnati mai iko ko 'yan kasuwa suka yi amfani da su. An daure 'yan jarida da yawa a karkashin zargin keta dokokin aikata laifuka da na farar hula. 'Yanci na addini ya kasance batun Indonesia na shekaru da yawa, duk da kundin tsarin mulkinsa wanda ke nuna cikakken' yancin addini / haƙuri. Ƙuntatawa ta doka a kan kowane addini sai dai addinan jihohi 6 da aka ba da izini sun wanzu a Indonesia tsawon shekaru kuma ba a sa ran za a ɗaga su ba da daɗewa ba.<ref name=":15" /> Dokokin aiki a Indonesia suna ci gaba da zama masu tsauri, tare da daruruwan dubban 'yan mata a Indonesia da ke fuskantar aiki ba tare da son rai ba. Wadannan yara galibi ana hana su barin wuraren aikinsu kuma galibi ana cin zarafinsu a jiki, a hankali, da kuma jima'i. Human Rights Watch a farkon Mayu 2020 ya bukaci Gwamnatin Indonesia da ta saki akalla 'yan gwagwarmayar Papuan da Moluccan 70 nan da nan. An kama su a lokacin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da gwamnati. HRW ta kuma nemi gwamnati ta tabbatar da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] a lardin gabashin Indonesia daidai da hukuncin kotun 2018. === Asiya ta Tsakiya === Hakkokin dan Adam a tsakiyar Asiya ba su samu kulawa daga kafafen yada labarai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan bayan barkewar rikici da kasashen yammacin Turai fiye da shekarun da suka gabata, amma hakan ba yana nufin cewa kungiyoyin gwamnatoci ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi watsi da su gaba daya a fagen kasa da kasa. Har ila yau sha'awar cikin gida na karɓowa da kuma kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance kaɗan, yayin da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin duniya (IGOs) da aka gabatar da su kamar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Asiya ta Tsakiya (CAU) suka zaɓi su mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar tsaro, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da ci gaban al'adu. [[Fayil:Central_Asia_-_political_map_2008.svg|thumb|220x220px|Asiya ta Tsakiya]] Asiya ta tsakiya tana da batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama da ke addabar rayuwar al'ummarta. Misali, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara rahotanni da dama da nufin jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa Afganistan na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rikici, ganin yawan mutuwar 'yan kasar ko dai ya yi yawa ko kuma sannu a hankali; tsaron lafiyar jama'a gabaɗaya wani rashin tabbas ne a Afganistan, tare da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da azabtarwa, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauransu daga gwamnati da sauran ƙungiyoyi kuma ba a magance su ba.[1] Waɗannan tauye haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun kasance a Afghanistan cikin tarihin baya-bayan nan kuma suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun lokuta da yawa na cin zarafi a cikin Afghanistan amma sau da yawa suna samun kulawa kaɗan (idan akwai) daga gwamnati;[2] a zahiri, akasin haka gaskiya ne: gwamnatin Afghanistan sau da yawa tana ba da umarnin aiwatar da "duba budurcin budurci" a kan mata wanda da gaske ya haɗa da cin zarafi ko cin mutuncin gwamnati. Da yake duban musamman a '''[[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]''', Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton wasu sauye-sauye da aka samu a shekarar 2017 a cikin jihar, inda gwamnati ta amince da batutuwa irin su azabtarwa a matsayin lamari amma ba ta yi wani abu ba don yakar su. Ana ɗaukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar azabtarwa a matsayin kayan aikin bincike na gaskiya kuma ana iya ɗaukar su daga gwamnati da jami'an 'yan sanda. Hukumomi a Kyrgyzstan sun yi rajistar korafe-korafe 199 na azabtarwa a cikin 2015, tare da shari'o'in 34 kawai da aka taɓa bincika. Sauran ayyukan Kyrgyzstan da ke da tambaya sun haɗa da shawarar tsakiyar watan Yuni na dakatar da kafofin watsa labaru na waje don kauce wa mummunan labaran duniya; 'Yan jaridu na cikin gida da na waje sun yi Allah wadai da wadannan gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref name=":0" /> '''[[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]''' wata ƙasa ce ta Asiya ta Tsakiya wacce ke da matsala a cikin tarihin kwanan nan tare da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Human Rights Watch ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Kazakhstan saboda tsare da kuma tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a cikin 2016, tare da wasu keta doka kamar ƙuntata motsi da azabtarwa ana zargin su bayan tsare. zanga-zangar da ake yi a kan ƙasar suna da yawa a ƙarshen, tare da zanga-zambe na zaman lafiya wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin masu fafutuka da sojojin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Kazakhstan ta tabbatar da cewa tashin hankali ya faru ta hanyar nuna dokokin cikin gida da ke nuna 'yancin tarayya da taruwa daga' yancin 'yancin' yancin' yan ƙasa, amma ta ce soke haƙƙin ya fuskanci zargi mai tsanani daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Tarayyar Turai]], da Human Rights Watch. Sauran kasashen tsakiyar Asiya suna da irin wannan yanayi dangane da take hakkin dan Adam da kuma rashin motsi don gyara wannan ta'addanci. === Kudancin Asiya === [[Fayil:India_map_mod.png|thumb|238x238px|Yankin Kudancin Asiya]] Kudancin Asiya ya haɗa da Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indiya, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, da Sri Lanka - kowace jiha tana da matakai daban-daban na ingantattun manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam da/ko. Wannan yanki na Asiya ya sami sauye-sauye masu ban mamaki game da yancin ɗan adam a cikin shekarun da suka gabata amma har yanzu yana da damar ingantawa, musamman a nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar 'yancin yara ko 'yancin mata. Wasu gyare-gyare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun haɗa da wasu yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da shela don yaƙi da adadin auren yara mafi girma a duniya a Bangladesh. Yawancin shari'o'i na leƙen asiri, cin zarafi, da fyade sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Bangladesh a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma adadin da aka ruwaito yana ci gaba da karuwa a kowace shekara. Daidaiton jima'i da jinsi ya samu ci gaba a kudancin Asiya a 'yan kwanakin nan, ganin amincewa da jinsi na uku a hukumance ya fara aiki; manufofin game da wannan jinsi na uku, dangantakar ɗan luwaɗi, da dai sauransu ta ɗan tsaya cik duk da haka, ganin jinkirin aiwatar da manufofin da ake da su da kuma tafiyar hawainiya na dokoki ko ƙa'idodi masu zuwa. Bacewar tilastawa ko bacewar ba da gangan ba har ila yau yana ci gaba da zama batu a Kudancin Asiya, inda ake ci gaba da musanta buƙatun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gudanar da bincike da kuma yin watsi da kalaman Human Rights Watch. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun batutuwa masu tsawo na Kudancin Asiya, musamman '''[[Bangladesh]]''', shine matsalar arsenic a cikin ruwan sha. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta bayyana cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 40 ne suka kamu da guba a Bangladesh kadai kuma kananan hukumomi sun dauki matakai kaɗan (idan akwai) don gyara matsalar. Ana zaton arsenic ya fito ne daga tace ruwa ta hanyar duwatsu masu wadata da arsenic da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na gida; ƙarshen dalilan yana da wuyar nunawa, duk da haka, saboda kin amincewar Bangladesh don ba da izini ga kowane irin bincike game da lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenic in drinking water |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119180918/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |access-date=2018-03-19 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[Fayil:Bt-map.png|thumb|Bhutan]] '''[[Bhutan]]''' na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin, suna karɓar manufofi da ƙa'idodi masu yawa na haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Bhutan ta himmatu ga "murna da dukkan haƙƙin ɗan adam" kuma ta nuna ci gaba a cikin tarihin kwanan nan ta hanyar ƙimar farin ciki na ƙasa (GNH). Matsayin GNH sikelin ne wanda yawancin masana ke ganin yana da mahimmanci ga kimanta nasarar a cikin ƙasa da farin cikin ɗan ƙasa gaba ɗaya. GNH ta maye gurbin ma'auni na yau da kullun, babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP), kuma kasashe masu tasowa da yawa sun yi la'akari da karɓar ta ciki har da Kanada da Japan.<ref name=":2" /> Duk da yake Bhutan ta dauki matakai don gyara rarrabuwar tarihi a cikin yawan jama'ar kasar, rashin daidaito na siyasa ya kasance a Bhutan, yana sa wasu 'yan ƙasa ba za su iya yin amfani da hakkoki na asali kamar' yancin motsi ko' yancin tarayya ba. '''[[Indiya]]''' ta sami kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ikon tattalin arziki na yankin, amma har yanzu tana fama da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da yawa da keta doka. Indiya ta sami batutuwa da yawa game da fyade da cin zarafin jima'i a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, musamman ga mata da yara. Gwamnati ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan ayyukan amma ta dauki matakai kaɗan don magance batutuwan da aka ambata kuma a sakamakon haka, har yanzu suna da yawa a cikin al'ummar Indiya a yau. Duk da manufofi da aka yi niyyar taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade ko cin zarafin jima'i, wadanda aka yi musu fyade har yanzu suna fuskantar kunya sosai a asibitoci ko ofisoshin 'yan sanda; ana zaton cewa yayin da yawan shari'o'in ya riga ya yi yawa, akwai wasu lokuta da ba a bayar da rahoton su ba saboda yiwuwar wulakanci. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na tashin hankali na addini a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> '''[[Pakistan]]''' na iya zama ƙasa mafi rikitarwa a Kudancin Asiya, ganin hare-haren ta'addanci da aka yi niyya da 'yan ƙasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen launin fata ko siyasa ya haifar da yawan fararen hula. Bayan bayyanar kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] da Lashkar-e-Omar, bama-bamai a asibitoci, wuraren ilimi, gine-ginen gwamnati, da dai sauransu sun zama abubuwan da suka faru, kowane hari yana da'awar yawan rayukan farar hula. An yi amfani da bacewar tilastawa da kuma yin amfani da yara kanana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wadanda dukkansu sun sha Allah wadai da su. Gwamnati ta ɗauki matakai kaɗan don gyara yawancin waɗannan lamuran haƙƙin ɗan adam, duka biyun saboda ƙarancin kuzari da ƙarancin kayan aiki. Cin zarafin mata ya kasance babban batu ga Pakistan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ganin yadda fyade, cin zarafi, auren dole, da dai sauransu ya zama ruwan dare a duk fadin kasar. 'Yan tsiraru na addini a Pakistan sun ci gaba da shan wahala sosai daga kungiyoyin ta'addanci da ita kanta gwamnati, suna fadawa kan manufofin addini musamman da nufin kawar da 'yan tsirarun al'adu/addini da kuma mummunar tashin hankali daga kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da sojojin gwamnati. Mummunan fada a kasar ya haifar da samar da miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira; mafi yawansu har yanzu ba su zauna na dindindin ba saboda rashin zaman lafiyar yankin.<ref name=":3" /> === Arewacin Asiya === [[Fayil:Russia-Subdivisions.png|thumb|Yankin Turai da Asiya na Rasha]] Rahotanni da yawa sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Siberia da Gabashin Gabashin Rasha suna ƙarƙashin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban daga hukumomin Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 4, 2023 |title=Observations on the State of Indigenous Rights in the Russian Federation Prepared for the 44th Session of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/Russia_UPR_2023_Final_2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Russian North: Main Challenges and Prospects for Future Development |url=https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/center/documents/hrbrief-vol-23-articles-garipov/ |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=New Report Highlights Indigenous Rights Violations in Russia |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/new-report-highlights-indigenous-rights-violations-russia}}</ref> === Gabashin Asiya === Gabashin Asiya na da kasashe da dama da suka mamaye hankalin al'ummar duniya a 'yan shekarun nan. Sharuɗɗan 'yancin ɗan adam a yawancin ƙasashen gabashin Asiya sun kasance batutuwan mahawara da yawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka yi la'akari da fitattun 'yan wasan duniya waɗanda ake bincika (watau China, Japan, da sauransu). Mabambantan gwamnatocin da aka samu a Gabashin Asiya sun yi tasiri a kan gaskiyar kasashensu game da hakkin dan Adam; Bugu da kari, wadannan kasashen gabashin Asiya suna da matakai daban-daban na hakkokin bil'adama, inda wasu jihohin suka zabi tabbatar da tsauraran batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama yayin da wasu ke sanya takunkumi da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama. [[Fayil:Map_of_China_en_names.svg|thumb|China]] In '''[[Sin|China]]''' being such a significant economic and political power on the international stage, naturally their human rights record has been called into question by the international community and numerous non-governmental organizations. After [[Xi Jinping]] became general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012, [['Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin|human rights in China]] have worsened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Human rights in China under Xi Jinping 'worst since Tiananmen crackdown': Amnesty |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2120318/human-rights-china-under-xi-jinping-worst-tiananmen |website=[[Amnesty International]] |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> China has historically been harsh with its critics and this trend has continued in recent history, and enforced disappearances remain a widespread occurrence across China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/china/report-china/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> China has also held the title for the most annual executions in recent years; while official statistics remain state secrets, China still has 46 crimes punishable by death.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} The Chinese government has claimed that the number of executions has fallen by 60%, seeing only a few thousand executed every year, but there is no credible way to verify these statistics. General living conditions have improved in recent years, with China successfully lifting millions of people out of poverty and allowing them to meet their basic needs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Documents |url=https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/35/26/Add.2 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=ap.ohchr.org}}</ref> Women's rights remain somewhat basic in China but the international community has pushed the Chinese government to adopt improved rights, especially regarding women's rights within the Chinese judiciary system which as of 2013, was slated on the Chinese legislative agenda for the first time as point of discussion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review |url=https://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/outcome_report_of_the_working_group_on_upr.pdf |access-date=2020-11-24}}</ref> China also received international criticism for Xinjiang internment camps and other human rights abuses against [[Mutanen Hui|Hui people]] and other ethnic and religious minority groups. While there has historically been suspicion of torture in China, the general attitude towards torture has shifted in recent years; the Chinese government now openly opposes torture and punishes those who partake in it.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<sp needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Regarding the suspicion of torture carried out by the government itself, there have been no official admissions of torture in recent years but the international community has continued to pressure China to adopt various anti-torture laws and ensure that confessions obtained via torture are not considered admissible in the judiciary system.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> '''[[Japan]]''' ta riƙe [['Yancin Dan Adam a Japan|rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam]] a matsayi mai girma, tana kiyaye 'yanci na asali kamar' yancin taro, ƙungiya, da faɗar albarkacin baki. 'Yan ƙasa na cikin gida a cikin tarihin kwanan nan an kare su da tsauraran ka'idojin aiki a Japan kuma suna jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da' yanci iri-iri don tabbatar da aminci da yanayin aiki mai kyau. Haka kuma, duk da haka, ba za a iya faɗi ga ma'aikatan ƙaura daga China da Koriya ba; waɗannan ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje a tarihi ba su da wata doka ta ainihi da ke kare yanayin aikinsu kuma galibi suna fuskantar mummunan yanayin aiki da ƙananan albashi. Ma'aikatan baƙi kuma suna fama da wasu keta haƙƙoƙi, gami da rigakafin motsi kyauta, haramtacciyar sadarwa kyauta (watau ta hanyar wayar salula, wayar salula da sauransu), da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview: Human Rights in Japan – hurights1 |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/english/hurights1/human-rights-in-japan.html |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.hurights.or.jp}}</ref> Japan a tarihi ba ta da wata doka ta nuna bambanci saboda rashin shaidar nuna bambanci a cikin ƙasar; wannan, duk da haka, ya canza a cikin 2017 tare da karɓar dokar maganganun adawa da ƙiyayya biyo bayan samar da shaidar da ke nuna karuwar ra'ayi na Koriya a cikin Japan. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Japan a cikin shekarun da suka gabata shine samar da [[mata masu ta'aziyya]] don ayyukansu na soja, wato kafin da lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. Yawancin waɗannan mata masu ta'aziyya ba 'yan ƙasar Japan ba ne, amma a zahiri fursunonin Koriya ko Sinawa da aka kama a yaƙi ko aka saya a kasuwar baƙar fata. Wadannan mata sun sha wahala da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i da fyade; wani abu da gwamnatin Japan ta yi alkawarin sulhunta da kuma samun adalci ga mata. A cikin 2017, Japan ta fara daukar matakai don sulhu ta hanyar ba da gafara ga mata masu yawa da kuma ba da gudummawar yen biliyan 1 (kimanin dala miliyan 10) ga Gidauniyar Koriya don sulhu da warkarwa. Japan ta ci gaba da amfani da hukuncin kisa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kashe fursunoni 2 a cikin 2017 ta hanyar ratayewa bayan hukuncin da aka yanke musu.<ref name=":7" /> [[Fayil:South-Korea_blank.png|thumb|Koriya ta Kudu]] '''[[Koriya ta Kudu]]''' tana da yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa iri ɗaya kamar Japan, yana jin daɗin al'umma mai fa'ida kuma mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An sha samun wasu lokuta da gwamnati ta yi amfani da tsofaffin dokoki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsare wadanda ke sukar gwamnati, amma wadannan lokuta ba su da yawa. Koriya ta Kudu ba ta da juriya ga al'ummar LGBTQ kuma ta ga yawancin lokuta na nuna wariya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a fagage da yawa, kama daga tsarin shari'a har zuwa dakunan gudanarwa na kamfanoni. Mata a Koriya ta Kudu ba sa jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam irin na mata a cikin jihohin Turai ko Arewacin Amurka, maimakon haka abokan aikinsu sun tura su zama uwargidan gargajiya da na riko. Haka kuma an ci tarar mata har miliyan biyu da aka ci tarar da aka samu sun zubar da cikin ba tare da izinin mijinsu ba. Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma bar manufofinta game da Koriya ta Arewa aiki, ma'ana duk wani dan kasa da aka samu yana yada farfagandar Koriya ta Arewa za a iya daure shi har tsawon shekara guda.. [[Fayil:North_Korea_CIA_WFB.png|thumb|237x237px|Koriya ta Arewa]] '''[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]''' ta sha fama da mummunan tarihin yancin ɗan adam a tsawon tarihi, inda aka ga lokuta da dama na azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga bangaren gwamnati da daidaikun mutane. Mongoliya ta soke hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2017, amma tun daga nan aka ba da shawarar sake shigar da hukuncin kisa a cikin tsarin shari'a da sabon shugaban da aka zaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/mongolia/report-mongolia/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Kasar Mongoliya ta kuma ga yawan laifukan cin zarafin gida a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ba ta dau mataki na gaske don gyara lamarin. Mongoliya kuma gida ce ga yawan ma'aikatan bakin haure; Har yanzu gwamnatin Mongolian ba ta amince da wadannan ma'aikata a hukumance ba saboda haka ba a ba su wani hakki a hukumance ba. '''[[Koriya ta Arewa]]''' ta kasance kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Rahotanni da yawa da ke tattare da mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam sun tattara ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira na Koriya ta Arewa, a waje da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauransu. An zargi Koriya ta Kudu da keta haƙƙin bil'adama da yawa ciki har da hallaka, kisan kai, bautar, azabtarwa, ɗaurewa, fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i, da zubar da ciki. Koriya ta Arewa ta kuma ƙuntata duk 'yanci na farar hula da na siyasa ga' yan ƙasa, gami da kowane irin' yancin motsi ko ƙungiya yayin da ba ta samar da forums don shigar siyasa ba. Mata a Koriya ta Arewa suna ci gaba da fuskantar cin zarafi da yawa ciki har da fyade na aure, auren tilas, da azabtar da jima'i; waɗannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne daga gwamnati da sauran dangin (yawanci maza, iyaye, da sauransu). Gidan kurkuku na Koriya ta Arewa ya kuma samar da wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin rayuwa a duniya, mai yiwuwa shine dalilin mutuwar daruruwan dubban mutane a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wadannan sansanonin kurkuku galibi suna da fursunonin siyasa kuma yawanci suna haifar da aiki mai tsanani (idan ba kisa ba), azabtarwa na yau da kullun, cin zarafin jima'i da / ko fyade, da sauran cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Korea {{!}} Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/north-korea/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Koriya ta Arewa ta fada cikin mummunan zargi daga al'ummomin duniya na tsawon shekaru kuma bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam masu banƙyama sun kasance batun tattaunawa na yau da kullun a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin yiwuwar barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya. == Kulawa da cibiyoyin sarrafawa == Kamar yadda yankin Asiya ya kasance gida ga ɗimbin jahohi kowannensu yana da mabambanta ma'auni na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ɗabi'u ko al'adu daban-daban, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Asiya ba ta da hurumi ɗaya ta tsakiya dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam. === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya === [[Fayil:The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] Yayin da wasu ƙasashe da dama a cikin babban yankin Asiya a yau ba su cikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a lokacin da ta zartar da Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, akasarin waɗanda aka zaɓa su kada kuri'ar amincewa da ita (wato Afghanistan, Pakistan, India). Wannan sanarwar tana da labarai 30 da suka shafi bangarori daban-daban na haƙƙin ɗan adam; misali: * '''Mataki na 1:''' Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da' yanci kuma suna da daidaito da hakkoki. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.un.org |language=en}}</ref> * '''Mataki na 9:''' Babu wanda za a kama shi, tsare shi ko kuma gudun hijira.<ref name=":8" /> * '''Mataki na 19:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki; wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da' yancin riƙe ra'ayoyi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da rarraba bayanai da ra'ayoyin ta hanyar kowane kafofin watsa labarai kuma ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba.<ref name=":8" /> An ƙirƙiri UDHR ne da fatan kafa matsayin rayuwa ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya, tabbatar da yanayin ɗan adam ga mutane ba tare da la'akari da jiharsu ba. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar UDHR a matsayin babbar hukuma game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, kodayake ba ta da iko akan jihohi don haka har yanzu jihohi da yawa suna yin watsi da su a kai a kai lokacin da hanyoyin da za su dace da muradun jiha. === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN === Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, za a iya la'akari da Ƙungiyar Al'umman Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) a matsayin ƙungiyar yanki mafi yawan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Asiya. ASEAN tana aiki ne kawai a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, tare da kasashe membobin da suka hada da Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei, da Laos. Duk da yake ASEAN da farko ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kwanan nan ta fara fadada aikinta zuwa wasu yankuna na al'ummar kudu maso gabobin Asiya (watau haƙƙin ɗan adam). A shekarar 2009, ASEAN ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam ta ASEAN da fatan za ta taimaka wajen ingantawa da tsara yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin. Hukumar ta kirkiro kuma daga baya ta amince da sabuwar [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN]] a watan Nuwamba na 2012 wanda ya yi kira ga' yanci na asali da na asali ga dukkan' yan ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sanarwar tana da labarai 40 wadanda suka hada da: * '''Mataki na 3:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin amincewa a ko'ina a matsayin mutum a gaban doka. Kowane mutum daidai ne a gaban doka. Kowane mutum yana da damar samun daidaitattun kariya daga doka ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. * '''Mataki na 11:''' Kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin rayuwa wanda doka za ta kare shi. Babu wani mutum da za a hana rai sai dai bisa ga doka.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 22:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini. Dukkanin nau'ikan rashin haƙuri, nuna bambanci da kuma tayar da ƙiyayya bisa ga addini da imani za a kawar da su.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 33:''' Ya kamata kasashe membobin ASEAN su dauki matakai, kowannensu kuma ta hanyar taimakon yanki da na kasa da kasa da hadin kai, musamman tattalin arziki da fasaha, zuwa iyakar albarkatun da ke akwai, tare da hangen nesa don cimma cikakkiyar fahimtar haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da aka amince da su a cikin wannan Sanarwar.<ref name=":9" /> Yayin da dukkan kasashe mambobin kungiyar ASEAN suka amince da sanarwar kare hakin dan Adam, har yanzu akwai alamun keta hakkin bil'adama a yankin duk da kayyadaddun dokokin da suka sabawa ayyukan da ake yi. Kasancewar wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, yana nuna ci gaba game da amincewa da ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin da a al'adance ba ya nuna sha'awar amincewa da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Human rights violations endemic in South Asia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> === Cibiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Jama'a === Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a (CESR) tana mai da hankali kan tarin haƙƙoƙi, gami da haƙƙin siyasa, haƙƙin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin zamantakewa, da dai sauransu. CESR tana aiki a duk faɗin Asiya, sau da yawa tana ba da hadin kai tare da Taron Asiya Pacific (APF) yayin aiki don inganta yanayin haƙƙofo a yankunan da CESR ba ta da kafawa. CESR ta zaɓi inganta yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ka'idoji a duk faɗin Asiya ta hanyar tallafawa [[Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa|Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa]] (NHRIs). Maimakon ƙoƙarin aiwatar da canji a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, CESR da APF suna ba da sabis da zaɓuɓɓukan tallafi iri-iri ga NHRIs a duk faɗin Asiya a ƙarƙashin da'awar cewa waɗannan Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na cikin gida za su iya turawa don canji da kyau fiye da ƙungiyar ƙasa.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=National Human Rights Institutions {{!}} CESR |url=http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.cesr.org |language=en}}</ref> Wasu fa'idodi ga Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa sun hada da: * NHRIs suna da alaƙa da aka ayyana bisa doka tare da jihar, wanda ke ba su ikon saka idanu kan bin ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=National Human Rights Institutions {{!}} CESR |url=http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.cesr.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions "National Human Rights Institutions | CESR"]. ''www.cesr.org''. 2015-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * NHRIs sun dogara da kayan aikin bayar da shawarwari fiye da kungiyoyin shari'a ko na jama'a da kuma ƙwarewar shari'a don karɓar korafe-korafe da bincika doka da aiki; suna ba da shawara, taimako da haɓaka iyawa ga gwamnati <ref name=":10" /> * Matsayi na musamman tsakanin gwamnati, jama'a da tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, NHRIs na iya hadawa da 'yan wasan gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba <ref name=":10" /> * A matsayin cibiyoyin dindindin, NHRIs suna iya bin diddigin batutuwan da suka faru a tsawon lokaci don gano abubuwan da ke faruwa a matakin cika haƙƙoƙi <ref name=":10" /> === Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya === [[Fayil:Logo-ahrca-en).jpg|right|220x220px]] The Association for Human Rights in Central Asia (AHRCA) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 2006. Wannan ƙungiya ta fi mayar da hankali kan sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, bayar da rahoto game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa ciki har da azabtarwa, mummunan yanayin aiki, ƙuntatawa LGBTQ, danniya na kafofin watsa labaru, da dai sauransu. Maimakon aiwatar da canjin da kansu, AHRCA ta dogara sosai kan hanyoyin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo canji a tsakiyar Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association for Human Rights in Central Asia |url=https://ahrca.eu/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb}}</ref> AHRCA yana mai da hankali ya haɗa da amma ba a iyakance shi ba: * Tsaro daga azabtarwa * Taimako ga fursunonin siyasa * Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira * 'Yanci na Addini Shirye-shiryen masu fafutuka na baya-bayan nan sun hada da AHRCA na yin kira da a kaurace wa audugar Uzbek ta kasa da kasa saboda ta dogara kacokan kan aikin dole yara idan aka girbe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AHRCA |title=Key human rights concerns in Uzbekistan |url=https://ahrca.eu/publications/report/985-key-human-rights-concerns-in-uzbekistan |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331040241/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |archive-date=2018-03-31 |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=lib.ohchr.org}}</ref> === Human Rights Watch (HRW) === [[Fayil:Hrw_logo.svg|right|220x220px]] Ana ɗaukar Human Rights Watch (HRW) a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama masu zaman kansu mafi aminci a duniya. An kafa kungiyar ta HRW a shekara ta 1978 kuma tana sa ido kan kasashe a duniya, tana buga rahotanni sama da 100 na shekara-shekara tare da samar da yada labaran karya game da take hakkin dan Adam. Bugu da kari, HRW na ganawa akai-akai tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da kungiyoyin gwamnatoci (wato Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Tarayyar Afirka, da dai sauransu) don ba da shawarwari kan manufofi, bayanai, da dai sauransu. Baya ga dimbin sa ido da HRW ke bugawa duk shekara, kungiyar ta kuma mai da hankali sosai kan samar da sauyi a yankunan da suke aiki a ciki. Misali, HRW ta himmatu wajen shiryawa da kuma daukar nauyin zanga-zangar ko masu fafutuka a kan batutuwa iri-iri (watau kona shara a Lebanon). HRW ta shafe shekaru da dama tana shiga cikin yankin Asiya, tana fitar da rahotanni daban-daban da suka a kowace kasa ta Asiya. Wadannan rahotanni sun mayar da hankali ne kan batutuwa da dama da suka hada da ‘yancin walwala, ‘yancin mata, aikin yara da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> === Tarayyar Turai === [[Fayil:Flag_of_Europe.svg|alt=European Union flag, dark blue background with a circle of gold stars in the center.|thumb|Fadar Tarayyar Turai]] Baya ga cibiyoyin gwamnatocin yankin da aka ambata a baya da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ke ba da gudummawar ka'idoji da sa ido a gabashin Asiya, Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta taka rawar gani a 'yan shekarun nan. Duk da cewa a baya ba a sa ran EU za ta tsoma baki a cikin tambayoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kudurin da cibiyar ta yi kan Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya ta fadada ikon EU don rufe take hakkin bil'adama a duniya, gami da wadanda ke faruwa a gabashin Asiya. Rubutun farko na wannan tsarin ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2019. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Majalisar Turai ta kafa Yarjejeniyar. Tsarin ya himmatu musamman don "haɓaka sabon tsarin takunkumin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU a kwance don magance manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafi a duk duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU adopts a global human rights sanctions regime |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/07/eu-adopts-a-global-human-rights-sanctions-regime/ |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar ta EU ta shafe shekaru da dama tana sa ido kan ci gaban kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kamar yadda fitar da wasu bayanai da aka yi a bainar jama'a da suka yi Allah wadai da kasashen da suka aikata laifuka. Daya daga cikin bayanan farko ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 2009 lokacin da kungiyar EU ta yi wa gwamnatin kasar Sin bincike a bainar jama'a kan hukuncin kisa kan 'yan kasar Kirista guda tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union regarding the recent executions of nine persons in Xinjiang |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/111098.pdf |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Duk da sabon salo na yin aiki tare da sa ido kan hakkin dan Adam na gabashin Asiya, za a iya gane gagarumin kokarin da kungiyar EU ta yi dangane da tashe-tashen hankula da ke faruwa a lardin Xinjiang na kasar Sin. A watan Fabrairun 2020, EU ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana mai cewa Chen Mingguo na kasar Sin ne ke da alhakin "kare ba bisa ka'ida ba da wulakanci da ake yi wa 'yan kabilar Uighur da mutanen wasu tsiraru musulmi, da kuma keta hakkinsu na addini ko akida". Baya ga waɗannan zarge-zarge, Tarayyar Turai ta shirya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da kuma daskarewa a cikin iyakokin aiki na Xinjiang, don haka yana nuna aiwatar da takunkumi na manufofi a fuskar take hakkin dan adam na Gabashin Asiya. == Muhimman keta haƙƙin ɗan adam == === 2005 tashin hankali na Andijan === [[Fayil:Chapel_in_Andijan_01.JPG|thumb|220x220px|Cocin Andijan]] Rikicin kare hakkin dan adam na Andijan na 2005 ya faru ne a Uzbekistan kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi munin kisan farar hula a tarihin baya-bayan nan, ganin mutuwar farar hula da aka kiyasta tsakanin 200 da sama da 1500. Wannan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga rashin son gwamnati ta saki 'yan kasuwa 23 na cikin gida waɗanda aka tuhume su da tsattsauran ra'ayi, tsattsa ra'ayi da rabuwa. Wani karamin rukuni na 'yan bindiga ya taru a waje da kurkuku inda ake tsare da wadannan' yan kasuwa kuma ya fitar da su da sassafe, ya kashe masu tsaron kurkuku da yawa kuma ya kama jami'an gwamnati daban-daban. 'Yan ƙasa na Uzbek sun tafi kan tituna don tallafawa wannan hutun kurkuku, suna mamaye Babar Square don nuna rashin amincewa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, tsarin shari'a mara adalci, da sauransu. Sojojin gwamnati sun toshe dukkan hanyoyi zuwa filin da fatan za su iya shawo kan zanga-zangar, amma da yawa sun wuce sojojin da ƙafa kuma sun shiga zanga-zambe. Akwai rahotanni na farko na musayar bindiga tsakanin fararen hula da sojoji, amma masu zanga-zangar a Babar Square ba su hana su ba kuma sun kasance a wuri ɗaya. Tsakanin karfe 5 na yamma zuwa 6 na yamma, gwamnati ta fara babban hari a kan Babar Square ba tare da wani gargadi ba. Sojojin Uzbek sun yi amfani da bindigogi, bindigogi masu kai hari, da masu dauke da makamai (APCs) a kan fararen hula masu zanga-zangar, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a kan maza, mata, da yara.<ref name=":11" /> Daga baya an samu rahotanni game da sojoji da ke kashe fararen hula da suka ji rauni da kuma motsa daruruwan gawawwakin cikin kaburbura. Duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta dauki mataki ne kawai a kan kungiyoyin ta'addanci da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin zanga-zangar, Uzbekistan ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani na kasa da kasa bayan kisan kiyashi na Andijan. === Kisan kare dangi na Khmer Rouge === 'Yan gurguzu na Cambodia ne suka aiwatar da kisan kiyashi na Khmer Rouge tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1979. Wannan kungiya ta siyasa ta kasance tana kara yawan al'ummarta sannu a hankali yayin da kungiyoyi irin su Viet Cong da sojojin Arewacin Vietnam ke rike da makamai a lokaci guda. Bayan nasarar Khmer Rouge a yakin basasar Cambodia a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ta fara kisan gilla da zai addabi kasashen na tsawon rabin shekaru masu zuwa. An yi kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu a rikicin Khmer Rouge ya kai tsakanin miliyan 1.5 zuwa 3, inda a kalla rabin wadannan kisa na da alaka da siyasa. Wadanda ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na siyasa ba sun mutu ko dai daga mummunan yanayin aiki ko azabtarwa ta hanyar kisa. Gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta aiwatar da manufofinta na injiniyan zamantakewa sosai, yawancinsu sun mai da hankali kan nishaɗin al'ummar noma. Wannan mayar da hankali ya haifar da korar jama'ar garuruwan Cambodia da yawa daga baya kuma an tilastawa jama'ar birane yin tattaki zuwa yankunan karkara domin yin aikin noma (yawanci shinkafa). Bugu da ƙari, Khmer Rouge ya sa ran samar da shinkafa a kowace hekta zuwa sau uku daga ton 1 zuwa 3; Wannan tsammanin bai yi la'akari da babban rashin aiki da aka haifar ba ta hanyar sanya jama'ar gari cikin ayyukan yi na karkara.<ref name=":12" /> Yawan jama'ar birni ba su da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don cimma burin Khmer Rouge kuma an kashe da yawa a matsayin masu zagon ƙasa na tattalin arziki (wanda aka lakafta shi saboda yawan samar da su). An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da farko da bindigogi, amma sakamakon karancin albarusai, matasan Cambodia suna dauke da manyan makamai da kuma tilasta musu aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan makiya Khmer Rouge. An gano kimanin kaburbura 20,000 tun bayan faduwar Khmer Rouge a shekarar 1979. A shekarar 2014, shugabannin Khmer Rouge Nuon Chea da Khieu Samphan sun fuskanci hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. === Kisan kiyashi na Daoxian === [[Fayil:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Mao Zedong]], shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, ganawa da Richard Nixon, Shugaban Amurka]] Kisan Daoxian ya faru ne a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu na kasar Sin, wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki 66 tsakanin ranekun 13 ga watan Agusta zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1967. Wadanda aka yi wa kisan kiyashi ana zargin makiya ne na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP). Yawanci, jami'an CCP na gida da masu goyon bayan juyin juya hali sun aiwatar da kame ba bisa ka'ida ba; Wadanda aka kama kuma daga baya wasu jami'an CCP na gida ko kuma 'yan bindiga suka kashe su sun sami ɗan gajeren shari'a, rashin adalci inda waɗanda ke yanke hukunci su ne mutanen da suka ba da umarnin kama su da kansu. An kashe wadanda aka kashe ta hanyoyi da dama, da suka hada da harbe-harbe, duka, da yanke kawunansu. Kungiyoyin da ke da alhakin kashe-kashen sun samu karin albashi da kuma inganta rayuwar su. Yayin da CCP ba ta amince da su a hukumance ba, ba ta dauki wani matakin dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba har sai da korafe-korafe da dama daga wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Daoxian ya kai matakin gwamnati. An kawo karshen kashe-kashen ne biyo bayan tura runduna ta 47 ta Soji amma ba a taba hukunta wadanda suka aikata kisan ba. === Cin zarafin kisan kiyashi a Bangladesh === Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh na 1971 ya ga mambobin Sojojin Pakistan da masu goyon bayansu sun yi wa mata da 'yan mata 200,000 da 400,000 fyade a cikin yunkurin kashe kabilanci. Shugabannin soji na Pakistan sun ayyana mayakan 'yanci na Bengali a matsayin "Hindu" kuma cewa matansu kawai ganimar yaki ce ga sojoji su yi amfani da su kamar yadda suka ga ya dace. An tsare mata a sansanoni na musamman inda aka yi musu fyade akai-akai ta hanyar juyawa na sojojin Pakistan; waɗannan mata za su iya tserewa daga sansanonin ne kawai ta hanyar rataye kansu da gashin kansu - aikin da ya haifar da sojoji su aske kawunan dukkan fursunonin sansanin. Wadanda ba a yi musu fyade ba za a yi musu fyaɗe, a kashe su, kuma a yi musu bulala a cikin al'aura. Yayinda sojojin Pakistan suka yi ƙoƙari su hana waɗannan fyade na tsari daga kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa sun buga rahotanni ko labaru game da wannan fyade na kisan kare dangi; Pakistan daga baya ta sami babban zargi na duniya, suna tsawata musu saboda ayyukansu. Duk da yake sojojin Pakistan suna jayayya cewa babu fiye da 'yan daruruwan shari'o'in fyade, wadanda kawai ayyukan sojoji ne masu karkatarwa, mai yiwuwa ne cewa sojoji sun karɓi manufofin da za su iya kashe mutanen Bengali.<ref name=":13" /> == Dubi kuma == * Rikicin Jama'a na Andijan 2005 * Darajar Asiya * Dimokuradiyya a Asiya * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Ostiraliya]] * [[Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya|'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya]] * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Gabashin Asiya == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://humanrightsinasean.info/ 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin ASEAN 'Yancin dan Adam a cikin dandalin yanar gizo na ASEAN] * [http://www.asiapacificforum.net/ Zuwa yankin da kowa ke jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asia Pacific Forum] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/politics/prodemocracy-groups-are-harassed-in-central-asia.html Kungiyoyin Demokradiyya suna fuskantar matsin lamba a Asiya ta Tsakiya] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ Rashin bin 'yancin dan adam a Kudancin Asiya] * [https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/bhutans-human-rights-record-defies-happiness-claim/ Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na Bhutan ya kalubalanci 'Farin Ciki'] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h8znwuw3uxi75z53zgnmhy0rassmi7g 856619 856618 2026-06-14T08:48:26Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya */ #1Lib1RefNG #1lib1ref 856619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya shine wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin jihohi, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Duk waɗannan cibiyoyi suna ba da gudummawar ayyuka da rai iri-iri game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya shafi batutuwa ciki har da tilastawa, sa ido, da kuma sukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya. Babu wata hukuma guda da ta shafi dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, saboda irin wannan yanki mai ɗimbin yawa da yaɗuwa yana buƙatar cibiyoyi da yawa don sa ido sosai kan ɗimbin abubuwan da suka faɗo ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan adam. A tarihi an sha suka da yawa game da yancin ɗan adam a Asiya, amma sabbin yarjejeniyoyin da yarjejeniyoyin yau da kullun suna ƙoƙarin cimma matakin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda aka san su a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kungiyoyi da yawa (na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu) ne ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, wasu ƴan misalan su ne Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta ASEAN (AICHR) da Human Rights Watch. Haƙurin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, tare da shirye-shiryen gwamnatocin sa kai (watau ASEAN) galibi suna ganin ƙarin haɗin kai na jihohi fiye da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na tsaka tsaki waɗanda galibi za su karɓa. Yawan sukar da ake yi wa kasashen Asiya ya karu matuka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama ke yin kira da a kara nuna gaskiya da kuma matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kan kasashen Asiya da su guji duk wani tauye hakkin dan Adam. Kiraye-kirayen da aka ambata na matsin lamba na kasa da kasa sun kasa amsa, duk da haka, yayin da mafi yawan kasashen duniya ke ganin yana da wuya a kalubalanci ayyukan manyan kasashen Asiya masu tasowa: musamman kasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lau |first=Mimi |date=2017-07-09 |title=How China buys the silence of the world's human rights critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/09/how-china-buys-the-silence-of-the-worlds-human-rights-critics.html |access-date=2018-02-16 |work=CNBC}}</ref> Yayin da jihohi suka gabatar da korafe-korafe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da "suna da kunya" Jihohin da suka nuna kansu da laifin take hakkin bil'adama. == Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya == === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya === [[Fayil:Southeast-Asia-map.PNG|thumb|220x220px|Yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya]] Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a tarihi ba ta yi amfani da ma'anar 'yancin ɗan adam da za a iya samu a ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ko Arewacin Amirka ba. Alamar farko ta amincewa da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ta zo ne ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar. Wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, ba ta dauri don haka ba a aiwatar da ita ba. UDHR tana da jihohi 51 ne kawai a duk duniya suka tabbatar da wanzuwarta (waɗanda ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya); da yawa daga cikin kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba su sami memba ba tukuna. Wannan babban ra'ayi na yancin ɗan adam da ya samo asali daga yammacin duniya bai taɓa shiga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba; maimakon haka, kishiyar akida ta haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam gaskiya ce: babu wani tsammanin samun daidaito dangane da yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, addini, da dai sauransu.<ref>Bell, Daniel A. (2000). ''East meets West : human rights and democracy in East Asia'' ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 344.</ref> '''[[Filipin|Philippines]]''', al'umma ta farko a Asiya da ta kafa jamhuriya, ta fuskanci dogon gwagwarmaya don kafa manufofin dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta yi hamayya da mulkin kama-karya na Ferdinand Marcos, wanda daga ƙarshe aka kore shi ta hanyar juyin juya halin ikon jama'a ba tare da jini ba a shekarar 1986. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da haƙƙin ɗan adam sun sha wahala a ƙarƙashin gwamnati, kuma a cikin 1983, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko na kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ake kira Majalisar Yankin kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta tsara sanarwar yanki ta farko game da haƙƙin dan adam da ake kira Sanarwar Ayyuka na Mutanen ASEAN da Gwamnatoci. Kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta kunshi lauyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya karkashin jagorancin mahaifin dancin dan adam na Philippines Sanata Jose W. Diokno, wanda shine wanda ya kafa babbar kamfanin kare hakkin dan Adam da ake kira Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG). An sanya hannu kan sanarwar a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1983, a Manila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones, Sidney |year=1995 |title=Regional Institutions for Protecting Human Rights in Asia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25658967 |journal=Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law) |volume=89 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1017/S0272503700085074 |jstor=25658967 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Declarations in Asia-Pacific |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/#Declarations |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, kasar tana fuskantar yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a karkashin Shugaba na 16 Rodrigo Duterte, wanda ya yi barazanar ayyana dokar soja, kamar Ferdinand Marcos. Mutumin Lokaci na Shekara Maria Ressa na Rappler daga baya aka tuhume ta da tsegumi saboda rahotonta game da gwamnatin Duterte. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Yen Nee |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Conviction of Philippine journalist points to 'orchestrated attempt' to silence Duterte critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/16/maria-ressas-conviction-attempts-to-silence-duterte-critics-expert-says.html |website=CNBC}}</ref> A cikin '''[[Singafora|Singapore]]''', wasu ƴancin yanci har yanzu ana iyakance su kamar 'yancin yin taro. Har yanzu ana tsara tsarin tarurrukan kowane iri, suna buƙatar izinin 'yan sanda don taron mutum 1 ko fiye. Gwamnatin Singapore ta ƙara taƙaita taron jama'a na kowane dalili, tare da rufe yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin kwanan nan a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Dokar odar Jama'a'. Har ila yau, Singapore tana yin watsi da aikace-aikacen izinin 'yan sanda don taruwa don taro "wanda ke nufin kawo ƙarshen siyasa". Singapore ta riƙe kuma ta yi amfani da hukuncin kisa sau da yawa a cikin tarihi, musamman a cikin laifuka masu alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sau da yawa ana aiwatar da kisa da sauri bayan yanke hukunci kuma kusan ba su da wani gaskiya. Al'ummar LGBTQ ta Singapore ta ga ƙuntatawa mai tsanani a cikin tarihi, kamar manufofin da suka daɗe na aikata laifuka ga dangantakar jinsi ɗaya - manufofin da ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 2022. '''[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]''' tana da dogon tarihi na aikata laifuka masu yawa na kare hakkin dan adam waɗanda ba a hukunta su ba. An sami mambobi da yawa na jami'an tsaro na Indonesia da ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da fyade, duka, tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba, da dai sauransu amma ba a gabatar da su a gaban shari'a ba. Kafofin yada labarai na Indonesia, yayin da aka yi la'akari da su a hukumance a matsayin 'yan jarida masu 'yanci', suna fama da dabarun tsoratar da gwamnati mai iko ko 'yan kasuwa suka yi amfani da su. An daure 'yan jarida da yawa a karkashin zargin keta dokokin aikata laifuka da na farar hula. 'Yanci na addini ya kasance batun Indonesia na shekaru da yawa, duk da kundin tsarin mulkinsa wanda ke nuna cikakken' yancin addini / haƙuri. Ƙuntatawa ta doka a kan kowane addini sai dai addinan jihohi 6 da aka ba da izini sun wanzu a Indonesia tsawon shekaru kuma ba a sa ran za a ɗaga su ba da daɗewa ba.<ref name=":15" /> Dokokin aiki a Indonesia suna ci gaba da zama masu tsauri, tare da daruruwan dubban 'yan mata a Indonesia da ke fuskantar aiki ba tare da son rai ba. Wadannan yara galibi ana hana su barin wuraren aikinsu kuma galibi ana cin zarafinsu a jiki, a hankali, da kuma jima'i. Human Rights Watch a farkon Mayu 2020 ya bukaci Gwamnatin Indonesia da ta saki akalla 'yan gwagwarmayar Papuan da Moluccan 70 nan da nan. An kama su a lokacin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da gwamnati. HRW ta kuma nemi gwamnati ta tabbatar da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] a lardin gabashin Indonesia daidai da hukuncin kotun 2018. === Asiya ta Tsakiya === Hakkokin dan Adam a tsakiyar Asiya ba su samu kulawa daga kafafen yada labarai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan bayan barkewar rikici da kasashen yammacin Turai fiye da shekarun da suka gabata, amma hakan ba yana nufin cewa kungiyoyin gwamnatoci ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi watsi da su gaba daya a fagen kasa da kasa. Har ila yau sha'awar cikin gida na karɓowa da kuma kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance kaɗan, yayin da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin duniya (IGOs) da aka gabatar da su kamar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Asiya ta Tsakiya (CAU) suka zaɓi su mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar tsaro, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da ci gaban al'adu. [[Fayil:Central_Asia_-_political_map_2008.svg|thumb|220x220px|Asiya ta Tsakiya]] Asiya ta tsakiya tana da batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama da ke addabar rayuwar al'ummarta. Misali, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara rahotanni da dama da nufin jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa Afganistan na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rikici, ganin yawan mutuwar 'yan kasar ko dai ya yi yawa ko kuma sannu a hankali; tsaron lafiyar jama'a gabaɗaya wani rashin tabbas ne a Afganistan, tare da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da azabtarwa, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauransu daga gwamnati da sauran ƙungiyoyi kuma ba a magance su ba.[1] Waɗannan tauye haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun kasance a Afghanistan cikin tarihin baya-bayan nan kuma suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun lokuta da yawa na cin zarafi a cikin Afghanistan amma sau da yawa suna samun kulawa kaɗan (idan akwai) daga gwamnati;[2] a zahiri, akasin haka gaskiya ne: gwamnatin Afghanistan sau da yawa tana ba da umarnin aiwatar da "duba budurcin budurci" a kan mata wanda da gaske ya haɗa da cin zarafi ko cin mutuncin gwamnati. Da yake duban musamman a '''[[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]''', Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton wasu sauye-sauye da aka samu a shekarar 2017 a cikin jihar, inda gwamnati ta amince da batutuwa irin su azabtarwa a matsayin lamari amma ba ta yi wani abu ba don yakar su. Ana ɗaukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar azabtarwa a matsayin kayan aikin bincike na gaskiya kuma ana iya ɗaukar su daga gwamnati da jami'an 'yan sanda. Hukumomi a Kyrgyzstan sun yi rajistar korafe-korafe 199 na azabtarwa a cikin 2015, tare da shari'o'in 34 kawai da aka taɓa bincika. Sauran ayyukan Kyrgyzstan da ke da tambaya sun haɗa da shawarar tsakiyar watan Yuni na dakatar da kafofin watsa labaru na waje don kauce wa mummunan labaran duniya; 'Yan jaridu na cikin gida da na waje sun yi Allah wadai da wadannan gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref name=":0" /> '''[[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]''' wata ƙasa ce ta Asiya ta Tsakiya wacce ke da matsala a cikin tarihin kwanan nan tare da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Human Rights Watch ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Kazakhstan saboda tsare da kuma tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a cikin 2016, tare da wasu keta doka kamar ƙuntata motsi da azabtarwa ana zargin su bayan tsare. zanga-zangar da ake yi a kan ƙasar suna da yawa a ƙarshen, tare da zanga-zambe na zaman lafiya wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin masu fafutuka da sojojin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Kazakhstan ta tabbatar da cewa tashin hankali ya faru ta hanyar nuna dokokin cikin gida da ke nuna 'yancin tarayya da taruwa daga' yancin 'yancin' yancin' yan ƙasa, amma ta ce soke haƙƙin ya fuskanci zargi mai tsanani daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Tarayyar Turai]], da Human Rights Watch. Sauran kasashen tsakiyar Asiya suna da irin wannan yanayi dangane da take hakkin dan Adam da kuma rashin motsi don gyara wannan ta'addanci. === Kudancin Asiya === [[Fayil:India_map_mod.png|thumb|238x238px|Yankin Kudancin Asiya]] Kudancin Asiya ya haɗa da Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indiya, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, da Sri Lanka - kowace jiha tana da matakai daban-daban na ingantattun manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam da/ko. Wannan yanki na Asiya ya sami sauye-sauye masu ban mamaki game da yancin ɗan adam a cikin shekarun da suka gabata amma har yanzu yana da damar ingantawa, musamman a nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar 'yancin yara ko 'yancin mata. Wasu gyare-gyare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun haɗa da wasu yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da shela don yaƙi da adadin auren yara mafi girma a duniya a Bangladesh. Yawancin shari'o'i na leƙen asiri, cin zarafi, da fyade sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Bangladesh a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma adadin da aka ruwaito yana ci gaba da karuwa a kowace shekara. Daidaiton jima'i da jinsi ya samu ci gaba a kudancin Asiya a 'yan kwanakin nan, ganin amincewa da jinsi na uku a hukumance ya fara aiki; manufofin game da wannan jinsi na uku, dangantakar ɗan luwaɗi, da dai sauransu ta ɗan tsaya cik duk da haka, ganin jinkirin aiwatar da manufofin da ake da su da kuma tafiyar hawainiya na dokoki ko ƙa'idodi masu zuwa. Bacewar tilastawa ko bacewar ba da gangan ba har ila yau yana ci gaba da zama batu a Kudancin Asiya, inda ake ci gaba da musanta buƙatun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gudanar da bincike da kuma yin watsi da kalaman Human Rights Watch. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun batutuwa masu tsawo na Kudancin Asiya, musamman '''[[Bangladesh]]''', shine matsalar arsenic a cikin ruwan sha. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta bayyana cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 40 ne suka kamu da guba a Bangladesh kadai kuma kananan hukumomi sun dauki matakai kaɗan (idan akwai) don gyara matsalar. Ana zaton arsenic ya fito ne daga tace ruwa ta hanyar duwatsu masu wadata da arsenic da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na gida; ƙarshen dalilan yana da wuyar nunawa, duk da haka, saboda kin amincewar Bangladesh don ba da izini ga kowane irin bincike game da lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenic in drinking water |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119180918/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |access-date=2018-03-19 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[Fayil:Bt-map.png|thumb|Bhutan]] '''[[Bhutan]]''' na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin, suna karɓar manufofi da ƙa'idodi masu yawa na haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Bhutan ta himmatu ga "murna da dukkan haƙƙin ɗan adam" kuma ta nuna ci gaba a cikin tarihin kwanan nan ta hanyar ƙimar farin ciki na ƙasa (GNH). Matsayin GNH sikelin ne wanda yawancin masana ke ganin yana da mahimmanci ga kimanta nasarar a cikin ƙasa da farin cikin ɗan ƙasa gaba ɗaya. GNH ta maye gurbin ma'auni na yau da kullun, babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP), kuma kasashe masu tasowa da yawa sun yi la'akari da karɓar ta ciki har da Kanada da Japan.<ref name=":2" /> Duk da yake Bhutan ta dauki matakai don gyara rarrabuwar tarihi a cikin yawan jama'ar kasar, rashin daidaito na siyasa ya kasance a Bhutan, yana sa wasu 'yan ƙasa ba za su iya yin amfani da hakkoki na asali kamar' yancin motsi ko' yancin tarayya ba. '''[[Indiya]]''' ta sami kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ikon tattalin arziki na yankin, amma har yanzu tana fama da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da yawa da keta doka. Indiya ta sami batutuwa da yawa game da fyade da cin zarafin jima'i a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, musamman ga mata da yara. Gwamnati ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan ayyukan amma ta dauki matakai kaɗan don magance batutuwan da aka ambata kuma a sakamakon haka, har yanzu suna da yawa a cikin al'ummar Indiya a yau. Duk da manufofi da aka yi niyyar taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade ko cin zarafin jima'i, wadanda aka yi musu fyade har yanzu suna fuskantar kunya sosai a asibitoci ko ofisoshin 'yan sanda; ana zaton cewa yayin da yawan shari'o'in ya riga ya yi yawa, akwai wasu lokuta da ba a bayar da rahoton su ba saboda yiwuwar wulakanci. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na tashin hankali na addini a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> '''[[Pakistan]]''' na iya zama ƙasa mafi rikitarwa a Kudancin Asiya, ganin hare-haren ta'addanci da aka yi niyya da 'yan ƙasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen launin fata ko siyasa ya haifar da yawan fararen hula. Bayan bayyanar kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] da Lashkar-e-Omar, bama-bamai a asibitoci, wuraren ilimi, gine-ginen gwamnati, da dai sauransu sun zama abubuwan da suka faru, kowane hari yana da'awar yawan rayukan farar hula. An yi amfani da bacewar tilastawa da kuma yin amfani da yara kanana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wadanda dukkansu sun sha Allah wadai da su. Gwamnati ta ɗauki matakai kaɗan don gyara yawancin waɗannan lamuran haƙƙin ɗan adam, duka biyun saboda ƙarancin kuzari da ƙarancin kayan aiki. Cin zarafin mata ya kasance babban batu ga Pakistan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ganin yadda fyade, cin zarafi, auren dole, da dai sauransu ya zama ruwan dare a duk fadin kasar. 'Yan tsiraru na addini a Pakistan sun ci gaba da shan wahala sosai daga kungiyoyin ta'addanci da ita kanta gwamnati, suna fadawa kan manufofin addini musamman da nufin kawar da 'yan tsirarun al'adu/addini da kuma mummunar tashin hankali daga kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da sojojin gwamnati. Mummunan fada a kasar ya haifar da samar da miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira; mafi yawansu har yanzu ba su zauna na dindindin ba saboda rashin zaman lafiyar yankin.<ref name=":3" /> === Arewacin Asiya === [[Fayil:Russia-Subdivisions.png|thumb|Yankin Turai da Asiya na Rasha]] Rahotanni da yawa sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Siberia da Gabashin Gabashin Rasha suna ƙarƙashin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban daga hukumomin Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 4, 2023 |title=Observations on the State of Indigenous Rights in the Russian Federation Prepared for the 44th Session of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/Russia_UPR_2023_Final_2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Russian North: Main Challenges and Prospects for Future Development |url=https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/center/documents/hrbrief-vol-23-articles-garipov/ |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=New Report Highlights Indigenous Rights Violations in Russia |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/new-report-highlights-indigenous-rights-violations-russia}}</ref> === Gabashin Asiya === Gabashin Asiya na da kasashe da dama da suka mamaye hankalin al'ummar duniya a 'yan shekarun nan. Sharuɗɗan 'yancin ɗan adam a yawancin ƙasashen gabashin Asiya sun kasance batutuwan mahawara da yawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka yi la'akari da fitattun 'yan wasan duniya waɗanda ake bincika (watau China, Japan, da sauransu). Mabambantan gwamnatocin da aka samu a Gabashin Asiya sun yi tasiri a kan gaskiyar kasashensu game da hakkin dan Adam; Bugu da kari, wadannan kasashen gabashin Asiya suna da matakai daban-daban na hakkokin bil'adama, inda wasu jihohin suka zabi tabbatar da tsauraran batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama yayin da wasu ke sanya takunkumi da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama. [[Fayil:Map_of_China_en_names.svg|thumb|China]] In '''[[Sin|China]]''' being such a significant economic and political power on the international stage, naturally their human rights record has been called into question by the international community and numerous non-governmental organizations. After [[Xi Jinping]] became general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012, [['Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin|human rights in China]] have worsened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Human rights in China under Xi Jinping 'worst since Tiananmen crackdown': Amnesty |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2120318/human-rights-china-under-xi-jinping-worst-tiananmen |website=[[Amnesty International]] |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> China has historically been harsh with its critics and this trend has continued in recent history, and enforced disappearances remain a widespread occurrence across China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/china/report-china/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> China has also held the title for the most annual executions in recent years; while official statistics remain state secrets, China still has 46 crimes punishable by death.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} The Chinese government has claimed that the number of executions has fallen by 60%, seeing only a few thousand executed every year, but there is no credible way to verify these statistics. General living conditions have improved in recent years, with China successfully lifting millions of people out of poverty and allowing them to meet their basic needs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Documents |url=https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/35/26/Add.2 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=ap.ohchr.org}}</ref> Women's rights remain somewhat basic in China but the international community has pushed the Chinese government to adopt improved rights, especially regarding women's rights within the Chinese judiciary system which as of 2013, was slated on the Chinese legislative agenda for the first time as point of discussion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review |url=https://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/outcome_report_of_the_working_group_on_upr.pdf |access-date=2020-11-24}}</ref> China also received international criticism for Xinjiang internment camps and other human rights abuses against [[Mutanen Hui|Hui people]] and other ethnic and religious minority groups. While there has historically been suspicion of torture in China, the general attitude towards torture has shifted in recent years; the Chinese government now openly opposes torture and punishes those who partake in it.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<sp needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Regarding the suspicion of torture carried out by the government itself, there have been no official admissions of torture in recent years but the international community has continued to pressure China to adopt various anti-torture laws and ensure that confessions obtained via torture are not considered admissible in the judiciary system.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> '''[[Japan]]''' ta riƙe [['Yancin Dan Adam a Japan|rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam]] a matsayi mai girma, tana kiyaye 'yanci na asali kamar' yancin taro, ƙungiya, da faɗar albarkacin baki. 'Yan ƙasa na cikin gida a cikin tarihin kwanan nan an kare su da tsauraran ka'idojin aiki a Japan kuma suna jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da' yanci iri-iri don tabbatar da aminci da yanayin aiki mai kyau. Haka kuma, duk da haka, ba za a iya faɗi ga ma'aikatan ƙaura daga China da Koriya ba; waɗannan ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje a tarihi ba su da wata doka ta ainihi da ke kare yanayin aikinsu kuma galibi suna fuskantar mummunan yanayin aiki da ƙananan albashi. Ma'aikatan baƙi kuma suna fama da wasu keta haƙƙoƙi, gami da rigakafin motsi kyauta, haramtacciyar sadarwa kyauta (watau ta hanyar wayar salula, wayar salula da sauransu), da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview: Human Rights in Japan – hurights1 |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/english/hurights1/human-rights-in-japan.html |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.hurights.or.jp}}</ref> Japan a tarihi ba ta da wata doka ta nuna bambanci saboda rashin shaidar nuna bambanci a cikin ƙasar; wannan, duk da haka, ya canza a cikin 2017 tare da karɓar dokar maganganun adawa da ƙiyayya biyo bayan samar da shaidar da ke nuna karuwar ra'ayi na Koriya a cikin Japan. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Japan a cikin shekarun da suka gabata shine samar da [[mata masu ta'aziyya]] don ayyukansu na soja, wato kafin da lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. Yawancin waɗannan mata masu ta'aziyya ba 'yan ƙasar Japan ba ne, amma a zahiri fursunonin Koriya ko Sinawa da aka kama a yaƙi ko aka saya a kasuwar baƙar fata. Wadannan mata sun sha wahala da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i da fyade; wani abu da gwamnatin Japan ta yi alkawarin sulhunta da kuma samun adalci ga mata. A cikin 2017, Japan ta fara daukar matakai don sulhu ta hanyar ba da gafara ga mata masu yawa da kuma ba da gudummawar yen biliyan 1 (kimanin dala miliyan 10) ga Gidauniyar Koriya don sulhu da warkarwa. Japan ta ci gaba da amfani da hukuncin kisa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kashe fursunoni 2 a cikin 2017 ta hanyar ratayewa bayan hukuncin da aka yanke musu.<ref name=":7" /> [[Fayil:South-Korea_blank.png|thumb|Koriya ta Kudu]] '''[[Koriya ta Kudu]]''' tana da yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa iri ɗaya kamar Japan, yana jin daɗin al'umma mai fa'ida kuma mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An sha samun wasu lokuta da gwamnati ta yi amfani da tsofaffin dokoki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsare wadanda ke sukar gwamnati, amma wadannan lokuta ba su da yawa. Koriya ta Kudu ba ta da juriya ga al'ummar LGBTQ kuma ta ga yawancin lokuta na nuna wariya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a fagage da yawa, kama daga tsarin shari'a har zuwa dakunan gudanarwa na kamfanoni. Mata a Koriya ta Kudu ba sa jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam irin na mata a cikin jihohin Turai ko Arewacin Amurka, maimakon haka abokan aikinsu sun tura su zama uwargidan gargajiya da na riko. Haka kuma an ci tarar mata har miliyan biyu da aka ci tarar da aka samu sun zubar da cikin ba tare da izinin mijinsu ba. Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma bar manufofinta game da Koriya ta Arewa aiki, ma'ana duk wani dan kasa da aka samu yana yada farfagandar Koriya ta Arewa za a iya daure shi har tsawon shekara guda.. [[Fayil:North_Korea_CIA_WFB.png|thumb|237x237px|Koriya ta Arewa]] '''[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]''' ta sha fama da mummunan tarihin yancin ɗan adam a tsawon tarihi, inda aka ga lokuta da dama na azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga bangaren gwamnati da daidaikun mutane. Mongoliya ta soke hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2017, amma tun daga nan aka ba da shawarar sake shigar da hukuncin kisa a cikin tsarin shari'a da sabon shugaban da aka zaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/mongolia/report-mongolia/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Kasar Mongoliya ta kuma ga yawan laifukan cin zarafin gida a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ba ta dau mataki na gaske don gyara lamarin. Mongoliya kuma gida ce ga yawan ma'aikatan bakin haure; Har yanzu gwamnatin Mongolian ba ta amince da wadannan ma'aikata a hukumance ba saboda haka ba a ba su wani hakki a hukumance ba. '''[[Koriya ta Arewa]]''' ta kasance kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Rahotanni da yawa da ke tattare da mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam sun tattara ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira na Koriya ta Arewa, a waje da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauransu. An zargi Koriya ta Kudu da keta haƙƙin bil'adama da yawa ciki har da hallaka, kisan kai, bautar, azabtarwa, ɗaurewa, fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i, da zubar da ciki. Koriya ta Arewa ta kuma ƙuntata duk 'yanci na farar hula da na siyasa ga' yan ƙasa, gami da kowane irin' yancin motsi ko ƙungiya yayin da ba ta samar da forums don shigar siyasa ba. Mata a Koriya ta Arewa suna ci gaba da fuskantar cin zarafi da yawa ciki har da fyade na aure, auren tilas, da azabtar da jima'i; waɗannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne daga gwamnati da sauran dangin (yawanci maza, iyaye, da sauransu). Gidan kurkuku na Koriya ta Arewa ya kuma samar da wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin rayuwa a duniya, mai yiwuwa shine dalilin mutuwar daruruwan dubban mutane a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wadannan sansanonin kurkuku galibi suna da fursunonin siyasa kuma yawanci suna haifar da aiki mai tsanani (idan ba kisa ba), azabtarwa na yau da kullun, cin zarafin jima'i da / ko fyade, da sauran cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Korea {{!}} Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/north-korea/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Koriya ta Arewa ta fada cikin mummunan zargi daga al'ummomin duniya na tsawon shekaru kuma bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam masu banƙyama sun kasance batun tattaunawa na yau da kullun a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin yiwuwar barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya. == Kulawa da cibiyoyin sarrafawa == Kamar yadda yankin Asiya ya kasance gida ga ɗimbin jahohi kowannensu yana da mabambanta ma'auni na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ɗabi'u ko al'adu daban-daban, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Asiya ba ta da hurumi ɗaya ta tsakiya dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam. === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya === [[Fayil:The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] Yayin da wasu ƙasashe da dama a cikin babban yankin Asiya a yau ba su cikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a lokacin da ta zartar da Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, akasarin waɗanda aka zaɓa su kada kuri'ar amincewa da ita (wato Afghanistan, Pakistan, India). Wannan sanarwar tana da labarai 30 da suka shafi bangarori daban-daban na haƙƙin ɗan adam; misali: * '''Mataki na 1:''' Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da' yanci kuma suna da daidaito da hakkoki. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.un.org |language=en}}</ref> * '''Mataki na 9:''' Babu wanda za a kama shi, tsare shi ko kuma gudun hijira.<ref name=":8" /> * '''Mataki na 19:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki; wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da' yancin riƙe ra'ayoyi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da rarraba bayanai da ra'ayoyin ta hanyar kowane kafofin watsa labarai kuma ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba.<ref name=":8" /> An ƙirƙiri UDHR ne da fatan kafa matsayin rayuwa ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya, tabbatar da yanayin ɗan adam ga mutane ba tare da la'akari da jiharsu ba. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar UDHR a matsayin babbar hukuma game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, kodayake ba ta da iko akan jihohi don haka har yanzu jihohi da yawa suna yin watsi da su a kai a kai lokacin da hanyoyin da za su dace da muradun jiha. === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN === Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, za a iya la'akari da Ƙungiyar Al'umman Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) a matsayin ƙungiyar yanki mafi yawan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Asiya. ASEAN tana aiki ne kawai a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, tare da kasashe membobin da suka hada da Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei, da Laos. Duk da yake ASEAN da farko ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kwanan nan ta fara fadada aikinta zuwa wasu yankuna na al'ummar kudu maso gabobin Asiya (watau haƙƙin ɗan adam). A shekarar 2009, ASEAN ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam ta ASEAN da fatan za ta taimaka wajen ingantawa da tsara yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin. Hukumar ta kirkiro kuma daga baya ta amince da sabuwar [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN]] a watan Nuwamba na 2012 wanda ya yi kira ga' yanci na asali da na asali ga dukkan' yan ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sanarwar tana da labarai 40 wadanda suka hada da: * '''Mataki na 3:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin amincewa a ko'ina a matsayin mutum a gaban doka. Kowane mutum daidai ne a gaban doka. Kowane mutum yana da damar samun daidaitattun kariya daga doka ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. * '''Mataki na 11:''' Kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin rayuwa wanda doka za ta kare shi. Babu wani mutum da za a hana rai sai dai bisa ga doka.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 22:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini. Dukkanin nau'ikan rashin haƙuri, nuna bambanci da kuma tayar da ƙiyayya bisa ga addini da imani za a kawar da su.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 33:''' Ya kamata kasashe membobin ASEAN su dauki matakai, kowannensu kuma ta hanyar taimakon yanki da na kasa da kasa da hadin kai, musamman tattalin arziki da fasaha, zuwa iyakar albarkatun da ke akwai, tare da hangen nesa don cimma cikakkiyar fahimtar haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da aka amince da su a cikin wannan Sanarwar.<ref name=":9" /> Yayin da dukkan kasashe mambobin kungiyar ASEAN suka amince da sanarwar kare hakin dan Adam, har yanzu akwai alamun keta hakkin bil'adama a yankin duk da kayyadaddun dokokin da suka sabawa ayyukan da ake yi. Kasancewar wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, yana nuna ci gaba game da amincewa da ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin da a al'adance ba ya nuna sha'awar amincewa da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Human rights violations endemic in South Asia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> === Cibiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Jama'a === Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a (CESR) tana mai da hankali kan tarin haƙƙoƙi, gami da haƙƙin siyasa, haƙƙin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin zamantakewa, da dai sauransu. CESR tana aiki a duk faɗin Asiya, sau da yawa tana ba da hadin kai tare da Taron Asiya Pacific (APF) yayin aiki don inganta yanayin haƙƙofo a yankunan da CESR ba ta da kafawa. CESR ta zaɓi inganta yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ka'idoji a duk faɗin Asiya ta hanyar tallafawa [[Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa|Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa]] (NHRIs). Maimakon ƙoƙarin aiwatar da canji a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, CESR da APF suna ba da sabis da zaɓuɓɓukan tallafi iri-iri ga NHRIs a duk faɗin Asiya a ƙarƙashin da'awar cewa waɗannan Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na cikin gida za su iya turawa don canji da kyau fiye da ƙungiyar ƙasa.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=National Human Rights Institutions {{!}} CESR |url=http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.cesr.org |language=en}}</ref> Wasu fa'idodi ga Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa sun hada da: * NHRIs suna da alaƙa da aka ayyana bisa doka tare da jihar, wanda ke ba su ikon saka idanu kan bin ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=National Human Rights Institutions {{!}} CESR |url=http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.cesr.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions "National Human Rights Institutions | CESR"]. ''www.cesr.org''. 2015-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * NHRIs sun dogara da kayan aikin bayar da shawarwari fiye da kungiyoyin shari'a ko na jama'a da kuma ƙwarewar shari'a don karɓar korafe-korafe da bincika doka da aiki; suna ba da shawara, taimako da haɓaka iyawa ga gwamnati <ref name=":10" /> * Matsayi na musamman tsakanin gwamnati, jama'a da tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, NHRIs na iya hadawa da 'yan wasan gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba <ref name=":10" /> * A matsayin cibiyoyin dindindin, NHRIs suna iya bin diddigin batutuwan da suka faru a tsawon lokaci don gano abubuwan da ke faruwa a matakin cika haƙƙoƙi <ref name=":10" /> === Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya === [[Fayil:Logo-ahrca-en).jpg|right|220x220px]] The Association for Human Rights in Central Asia (AHRCA) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 2006. Wannan ƙungiya ta fi mayar da hankali kan sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, bayar da rahoto game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa ciki har da azabtarwa, mummunan yanayin aiki, ƙuntatawa LGBTQ, danniya na kafofin watsa labaru, da dai sauransu. Maimakon aiwatar da canjin da kansu, AHRCA ta dogara sosai kan hanyoyin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo canji a tsakiyar Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association for Human Rights in Central Asia |url=https://ahrca.eu/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb}}</ref> AHRCA yana mai da hankali ya haɗa da amma ba a iyakance shi ba: * Tsaro daga azabtarwa * Taimako ga fursunonin siyasa * Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira * 'Yanci na Addini Shirye-shiryen masu fafutuka na baya-bayan nan sun hada da AHRCA na yin kira da a kaurace wa audugar Uzbek ta kasa da kasa saboda ta dogara kacokan kan aikin dole yara idan aka girbe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AHRCA |title=Key human rights concerns in Uzbekistan |url=https://ahrca.eu/publications/report/985-key-human-rights-concerns-in-uzbekistan |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331040241/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |archive-date=2018-03-31 |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=lib.ohchr.org}}</ref> === Human Rights Watch (HRW) === [[Fayil:Hrw_logo.svg|right|220x220px]] Ana ɗaukar Human Rights Watch (HRW) a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama masu zaman kansu mafi aminci a duniya. An kafa kungiyar ta HRW a shekara ta 1978 kuma tana sa ido kan kasashe a duniya, tana buga rahotanni sama da 100 na shekara-shekara tare da samar da yada labaran karya game da take hakkin dan Adam. Bugu da kari, HRW na ganawa akai-akai tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da kungiyoyin gwamnatoci (wato Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Tarayyar Afirka, da dai sauransu) don ba da shawarwari kan manufofi, bayanai, da dai sauransu. Baya ga dimbin sa ido da HRW ke bugawa duk shekara, kungiyar ta kuma mai da hankali sosai kan samar da sauyi a yankunan da suke aiki a ciki. Misali, HRW ta himmatu wajen shiryawa da kuma daukar nauyin zanga-zangar ko masu fafutuka a kan batutuwa iri-iri (watau kona shara a Lebanon). HRW ta shafe shekaru da dama tana shiga cikin yankin Asiya, tana fitar da rahotanni daban-daban da suka a kowace kasa ta Asiya. Wadannan rahotanni sun mayar da hankali ne kan batutuwa da dama da suka hada da ‘yancin walwala, ‘yancin mata, aikin yara da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> === Tarayyar Turai === [[Fayil:Flag_of_Europe.svg|alt=European Union flag, dark blue background with a circle of gold stars in the center.|thumb|Fadar Tarayyar Turai]] Baya ga cibiyoyin gwamnatocin yankin da aka ambata a baya da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ke ba da gudummawar ka'idoji da sa ido a gabashin Asiya, Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta taka rawar gani a 'yan shekarun nan. Duk da cewa a baya ba a sa ran EU za ta tsoma baki a cikin tambayoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kudurin da cibiyar ta yi kan Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya ta fadada ikon EU don rufe take hakkin bil'adama a duniya, gami da wadanda ke faruwa a gabashin Asiya. Rubutun farko na wannan tsarin ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2019. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Majalisar Turai ta kafa Yarjejeniyar. Tsarin ya himmatu musamman don "haɓaka sabon tsarin takunkumin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU a kwance don magance manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafi a duk duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU adopts a global human rights sanctions regime |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/07/eu-adopts-a-global-human-rights-sanctions-regime/ |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar ta EU ta shafe shekaru da dama tana sa ido kan ci gaban kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kamar yadda fitar da wasu bayanai da aka yi a bainar jama'a da suka yi Allah wadai da kasashen da suka aikata laifuka. Daya daga cikin bayanan farko ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 2009 lokacin da kungiyar EU ta yi wa gwamnatin kasar Sin bincike a bainar jama'a kan hukuncin kisa kan 'yan kasar Kirista guda tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union regarding the recent executions of nine persons in Xinjiang |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/111098.pdf |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Duk da sabon salo na yin aiki tare da sa ido kan hakkin dan Adam na gabashin Asiya, za a iya gane gagarumin kokarin da kungiyar EU ta yi dangane da tashe-tashen hankula da ke faruwa a lardin Xinjiang na kasar Sin. A watan Fabrairun 2020, EU ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana mai cewa Chen Mingguo na kasar Sin ne ke da alhakin "kare ba bisa ka'ida ba da wulakanci da ake yi wa 'yan kabilar Uighur da mutanen wasu tsiraru musulmi, da kuma keta hakkinsu na addini ko akida". Baya ga waɗannan zarge-zarge, Tarayyar Turai ta shirya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da kuma daskarewa a cikin iyakokin aiki na Xinjiang, don haka yana nuna aiwatar da takunkumi na manufofi a fuskar take hakkin dan adam na Gabashin Asiya. == Muhimman keta haƙƙin ɗan adam == === 2005 tashin hankali na Andijan === [[Fayil:Chapel_in_Andijan_01.JPG|thumb|220x220px|Cocin Andijan]] Rikicin kare hakkin dan adam na Andijan na 2005 ya faru ne a Uzbekistan kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi munin kisan farar hula a tarihin baya-bayan nan, ganin mutuwar farar hula da aka kiyasta tsakanin 200 da sama da 1500. Wannan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga rashin son gwamnati ta saki 'yan kasuwa 23 na cikin gida waɗanda aka tuhume su da tsattsauran ra'ayi, tsattsa ra'ayi da rabuwa. Wani karamin rukuni na 'yan bindiga ya taru a waje da kurkuku inda ake tsare da wadannan' yan kasuwa kuma ya fitar da su da sassafe, ya kashe masu tsaron kurkuku da yawa kuma ya kama jami'an gwamnati daban-daban. 'Yan ƙasa na Uzbek sun tafi kan tituna don tallafawa wannan hutun kurkuku, suna mamaye Babar Square don nuna rashin amincewa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, tsarin shari'a mara adalci, da sauransu. Sojojin gwamnati sun toshe dukkan hanyoyi zuwa filin da fatan za su iya shawo kan zanga-zangar, amma da yawa sun wuce sojojin da ƙafa kuma sun shiga zanga-zambe. Akwai rahotanni na farko na musayar bindiga tsakanin fararen hula da sojoji, amma masu zanga-zangar a Babar Square ba su hana su ba kuma sun kasance a wuri ɗaya. Tsakanin karfe 5 na yamma zuwa 6 na yamma, gwamnati ta fara babban hari a kan Babar Square ba tare da wani gargadi ba. Sojojin Uzbek sun yi amfani da bindigogi, bindigogi masu kai hari, da masu dauke da makamai (APCs) a kan fararen hula masu zanga-zangar, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a kan maza, mata, da yara.<ref name=":11" /> Daga baya an samu rahotanni game da sojoji da ke kashe fararen hula da suka ji rauni da kuma motsa daruruwan gawawwakin cikin kaburbura. Duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta dauki mataki ne kawai a kan kungiyoyin ta'addanci da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin zanga-zangar, Uzbekistan ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani na kasa da kasa bayan kisan kiyashi na Andijan. === Kisan kare dangi na Khmer Rouge === 'Yan gurguzu na Cambodia ne suka aiwatar da kisan kiyashi na Khmer Rouge tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1979. Wannan kungiya ta siyasa ta kasance tana kara yawan al'ummarta sannu a hankali yayin da kungiyoyi irin su Viet Cong da sojojin Arewacin Vietnam ke rike da makamai a lokaci guda. Bayan nasarar Khmer Rouge a yakin basasar Cambodia a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ta fara kisan gilla da zai addabi kasashen na tsawon rabin shekaru masu zuwa. An yi kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu a rikicin Khmer Rouge ya kai tsakanin miliyan 1.5 zuwa 3, inda a kalla rabin wadannan kisa na da alaka da siyasa. Wadanda ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na siyasa ba sun mutu ko dai daga mummunan yanayin aiki ko azabtarwa ta hanyar kisa. Gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta aiwatar da manufofinta na injiniyan zamantakewa sosai, yawancinsu sun mai da hankali kan nishaɗin al'ummar noma. Wannan mayar da hankali ya haifar da korar jama'ar garuruwan Cambodia da yawa daga baya kuma an tilastawa jama'ar birane yin tattaki zuwa yankunan karkara domin yin aikin noma (yawanci shinkafa). Bugu da ƙari, Khmer Rouge ya sa ran samar da shinkafa a kowace hekta zuwa sau uku daga ton 1 zuwa 3; Wannan tsammanin bai yi la'akari da babban rashin aiki da aka haifar ba ta hanyar sanya jama'ar gari cikin ayyukan yi na karkara.<ref name=":12" /> Yawan jama'ar birni ba su da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don cimma burin Khmer Rouge kuma an kashe da yawa a matsayin masu zagon ƙasa na tattalin arziki (wanda aka lakafta shi saboda yawan samar da su). An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da farko da bindigogi, amma sakamakon karancin albarusai, matasan Cambodia suna dauke da manyan makamai da kuma tilasta musu aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan makiya Khmer Rouge. An gano kimanin kaburbura 20,000 tun bayan faduwar Khmer Rouge a shekarar 1979. A shekarar 2014, shugabannin Khmer Rouge Nuon Chea da Khieu Samphan sun fuskanci hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. === Kisan kiyashi na Daoxian === [[Fayil:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Mao Zedong]], shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, ganawa da Richard Nixon, Shugaban Amurka]] Kisan Daoxian ya faru ne a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu na kasar Sin, wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki 66 tsakanin ranekun 13 ga watan Agusta zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1967. Wadanda aka yi wa kisan kiyashi ana zargin makiya ne na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP). Yawanci, jami'an CCP na gida da masu goyon bayan juyin juya hali sun aiwatar da kame ba bisa ka'ida ba; Wadanda aka kama kuma daga baya wasu jami'an CCP na gida ko kuma 'yan bindiga suka kashe su sun sami ɗan gajeren shari'a, rashin adalci inda waɗanda ke yanke hukunci su ne mutanen da suka ba da umarnin kama su da kansu. An kashe wadanda aka kashe ta hanyoyi da dama, da suka hada da harbe-harbe, duka, da yanke kawunansu. Kungiyoyin da ke da alhakin kashe-kashen sun samu karin albashi da kuma inganta rayuwar su. Yayin da CCP ba ta amince da su a hukumance ba, ba ta dauki wani matakin dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba har sai da korafe-korafe da dama daga wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Daoxian ya kai matakin gwamnati. An kawo karshen kashe-kashen ne biyo bayan tura runduna ta 47 ta Soji amma ba a taba hukunta wadanda suka aikata kisan ba. === Cin zarafin kisan kiyashi a Bangladesh === Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh na 1971 ya ga mambobin Sojojin Pakistan da masu goyon bayansu sun yi wa mata da 'yan mata 200,000 da 400,000 fyade a cikin yunkurin kashe kabilanci. Shugabannin soji na Pakistan sun ayyana mayakan 'yanci na Bengali a matsayin "Hindu" kuma cewa matansu kawai ganimar yaki ce ga sojoji su yi amfani da su kamar yadda suka ga ya dace. An tsare mata a sansanoni na musamman inda aka yi musu fyade akai-akai ta hanyar juyawa na sojojin Pakistan; waɗannan mata za su iya tserewa daga sansanonin ne kawai ta hanyar rataye kansu da gashin kansu - aikin da ya haifar da sojoji su aske kawunan dukkan fursunonin sansanin. Wadanda ba a yi musu fyade ba za a yi musu fyaɗe, a kashe su, kuma a yi musu bulala a cikin al'aura. Yayinda sojojin Pakistan suka yi ƙoƙari su hana waɗannan fyade na tsari daga kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa sun buga rahotanni ko labaru game da wannan fyade na kisan kare dangi; Pakistan daga baya ta sami babban zargi na duniya, suna tsawata musu saboda ayyukansu. Duk da yake sojojin Pakistan suna jayayya cewa babu fiye da 'yan daruruwan shari'o'in fyade, wadanda kawai ayyukan sojoji ne masu karkatarwa, mai yiwuwa ne cewa sojoji sun karɓi manufofin da za su iya kashe mutanen Bengali.<ref name=":13" /> == Dubi kuma == * Rikicin Jama'a na Andijan 2005 * Darajar Asiya * Dimokuradiyya a Asiya * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Ostiraliya]] * [[Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya|'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya]] * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Gabashin Asiya == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://humanrightsinasean.info/ 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin ASEAN 'Yancin dan Adam a cikin dandalin yanar gizo na ASEAN] * [http://www.asiapacificforum.net/ Zuwa yankin da kowa ke jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asia Pacific Forum] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/politics/prodemocracy-groups-are-harassed-in-central-asia.html Kungiyoyin Demokradiyya suna fuskantar matsin lamba a Asiya ta Tsakiya] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ Rashin bin 'yancin dan adam a Kudancin Asiya] * [https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/bhutans-human-rights-record-defies-happiness-claim/ Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na Bhutan ya kalubalanci 'Farin Ciki'] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tuoo20xmrwaxspbsynrse6r93snfvl7 856620 856619 2026-06-14T08:48:54Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Kudu maso gabashin Asiya */ #1Lib1RefNG #1lib1ref 856620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya shine wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin jihohi, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Duk waɗannan cibiyoyi suna ba da gudummawar ayyuka da rai iri-iri game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya shafi batutuwa ciki har da tilastawa, sa ido, da kuma sukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya. Babu wata hukuma guda da ta shafi dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, saboda irin wannan yanki mai ɗimbin yawa da yaɗuwa yana buƙatar cibiyoyi da yawa don sa ido sosai kan ɗimbin abubuwan da suka faɗo ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan adam. A tarihi an sha suka da yawa game da yancin ɗan adam a Asiya, amma sabbin yarjejeniyoyin da yarjejeniyoyin yau da kullun suna ƙoƙarin cimma matakin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda aka san su a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kungiyoyi da yawa (na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu) ne ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, wasu ƴan misalan su ne Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta ASEAN (AICHR) da Human Rights Watch. Haƙurin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, tare da shirye-shiryen gwamnatocin sa kai (watau ASEAN) galibi suna ganin ƙarin haɗin kai na jihohi fiye da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na tsaka tsaki waɗanda galibi za su karɓa. Yawan sukar da ake yi wa kasashen Asiya ya karu matuka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama ke yin kira da a kara nuna gaskiya da kuma matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kan kasashen Asiya da su guji duk wani tauye hakkin dan Adam. Kiraye-kirayen da aka ambata na matsin lamba na kasa da kasa sun kasa amsa, duk da haka, yayin da mafi yawan kasashen duniya ke ganin yana da wuya a kalubalanci ayyukan manyan kasashen Asiya masu tasowa: musamman kasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lau |first=Mimi |date=2017-07-09 |title=How China buys the silence of the world's human rights critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/09/how-china-buys-the-silence-of-the-worlds-human-rights-critics.html |access-date=2018-02-16 |work=CNBC}}</ref> Yayin da jihohi suka gabatar da korafe-korafe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da "suna da kunya" Jihohin da suka nuna kansu da laifin take hakkin bil'adama. == Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya == === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya === [[Fayil:Southeast-Asia-map.PNG|thumb|220x220px|Yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya]] Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a tarihi ba ta yi amfani da ma'anar 'yancin ɗan adam da za a iya samu a ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ko Arewacin Amirka ba. Alamar farko ta amincewa da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ta zo ne ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar. Wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, ba ta dauri don haka ba a aiwatar da ita ba. UDHR tana da jihohi 51 ne kawai a duk duniya suka tabbatar da wanzuwarta (waɗanda ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya); da yawa daga cikin kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba su sami memba ba tukuna. Wannan babban ra'ayi na yancin ɗan adam da ya samo asali daga yammacin duniya bai taɓa shiga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba; maimakon haka, kishiyar akida ta haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam gaskiya ce: babu wani tsammanin samun daidaito dangane da yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, addini, da dai sauransu.<ref>Bell, Daniel A. (2000). ''East meets West : human rights and democracy in East Asia'' ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 344.</ref> '''[[Filipin|Philippines]]''', al'umma ta farko a Asiya da ta kafa jamhuriya, ta fuskanci dogon gwagwarmaya don kafa manufofin dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta yi hamayya da mulkin kama-karya na Ferdinand Marcos, wanda daga ƙarshe aka kore shi ta hanyar juyin juya halin ikon jama'a ba tare da jini ba a shekarar 1986.<ref name="Gandhi">{{Citation|last=Kumar|first=Ravindra|title=Mahatma Gandhi at the Close of Twentieth Century|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-261-1736-9|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTNpstqGlAMC&q=EDSA+Revolution&pg=PA168|access-date=December 2, 2007|year=2004}}.</ref> Mutane da yawa da ke fama da haƙƙin ɗan adam sun sha wahala a ƙarƙashin gwamnati, kuma a cikin 1983, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko na kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ake kira Majalisar Yankin kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta tsara sanarwar yanki ta farko game da haƙƙin dan adam da ake kira Sanarwar Ayyuka na Mutanen ASEAN da Gwamnatoci. Kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta kunshi lauyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya karkashin jagorancin mahaifin dancin dan adam na Philippines Sanata Jose W. Diokno, wanda shine wanda ya kafa babbar kamfanin kare hakkin dan Adam da ake kira Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG). An sanya hannu kan sanarwar a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1983, a Manila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones, Sidney |year=1995 |title=Regional Institutions for Protecting Human Rights in Asia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25658967 |journal=Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law) |volume=89 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1017/S0272503700085074 |jstor=25658967 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Declarations in Asia-Pacific |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/#Declarations |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, kasar tana fuskantar yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a karkashin Shugaba na 16 Rodrigo Duterte, wanda ya yi barazanar ayyana dokar soja, kamar Ferdinand Marcos. Mutumin Lokaci na Shekara Maria Ressa na Rappler daga baya aka tuhume ta da tsegumi saboda rahotonta game da gwamnatin Duterte. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Yen Nee |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Conviction of Philippine journalist points to 'orchestrated attempt' to silence Duterte critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/16/maria-ressas-conviction-attempts-to-silence-duterte-critics-expert-says.html |website=CNBC}}</ref> A cikin '''[[Singafora|Singapore]]''', wasu ƴancin yanci har yanzu ana iyakance su kamar 'yancin yin taro. Har yanzu ana tsara tsarin tarurrukan kowane iri, suna buƙatar izinin 'yan sanda don taron mutum 1 ko fiye. Gwamnatin Singapore ta ƙara taƙaita taron jama'a na kowane dalili, tare da rufe yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin kwanan nan a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Dokar odar Jama'a'. Har ila yau, Singapore tana yin watsi da aikace-aikacen izinin 'yan sanda don taruwa don taro "wanda ke nufin kawo ƙarshen siyasa". Singapore ta riƙe kuma ta yi amfani da hukuncin kisa sau da yawa a cikin tarihi, musamman a cikin laifuka masu alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sau da yawa ana aiwatar da kisa da sauri bayan yanke hukunci kuma kusan ba su da wani gaskiya. Al'ummar LGBTQ ta Singapore ta ga ƙuntatawa mai tsanani a cikin tarihi, kamar manufofin da suka daɗe na aikata laifuka ga dangantakar jinsi ɗaya - manufofin da ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 2022. '''[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]''' tana da dogon tarihi na aikata laifuka masu yawa na kare hakkin dan adam waɗanda ba a hukunta su ba. An sami mambobi da yawa na jami'an tsaro na Indonesia da ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da fyade, duka, tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba, da dai sauransu amma ba a gabatar da su a gaban shari'a ba. Kafofin yada labarai na Indonesia, yayin da aka yi la'akari da su a hukumance a matsayin 'yan jarida masu 'yanci', suna fama da dabarun tsoratar da gwamnati mai iko ko 'yan kasuwa suka yi amfani da su. An daure 'yan jarida da yawa a karkashin zargin keta dokokin aikata laifuka da na farar hula. 'Yanci na addini ya kasance batun Indonesia na shekaru da yawa, duk da kundin tsarin mulkinsa wanda ke nuna cikakken' yancin addini / haƙuri. Ƙuntatawa ta doka a kan kowane addini sai dai addinan jihohi 6 da aka ba da izini sun wanzu a Indonesia tsawon shekaru kuma ba a sa ran za a ɗaga su ba da daɗewa ba.<ref name=":15" /> Dokokin aiki a Indonesia suna ci gaba da zama masu tsauri, tare da daruruwan dubban 'yan mata a Indonesia da ke fuskantar aiki ba tare da son rai ba. Wadannan yara galibi ana hana su barin wuraren aikinsu kuma galibi ana cin zarafinsu a jiki, a hankali, da kuma jima'i. Human Rights Watch a farkon Mayu 2020 ya bukaci Gwamnatin Indonesia da ta saki akalla 'yan gwagwarmayar Papuan da Moluccan 70 nan da nan. An kama su a lokacin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da gwamnati. HRW ta kuma nemi gwamnati ta tabbatar da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] a lardin gabashin Indonesia daidai da hukuncin kotun 2018. === Asiya ta Tsakiya === Hakkokin dan Adam a tsakiyar Asiya ba su samu kulawa daga kafafen yada labarai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan bayan barkewar rikici da kasashen yammacin Turai fiye da shekarun da suka gabata, amma hakan ba yana nufin cewa kungiyoyin gwamnatoci ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi watsi da su gaba daya a fagen kasa da kasa. Har ila yau sha'awar cikin gida na karɓowa da kuma kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance kaɗan, yayin da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin duniya (IGOs) da aka gabatar da su kamar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Asiya ta Tsakiya (CAU) suka zaɓi su mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar tsaro, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da ci gaban al'adu. [[Fayil:Central_Asia_-_political_map_2008.svg|thumb|220x220px|Asiya ta Tsakiya]] Asiya ta tsakiya tana da batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama da ke addabar rayuwar al'ummarta. Misali, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara rahotanni da dama da nufin jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa Afganistan na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rikici, ganin yawan mutuwar 'yan kasar ko dai ya yi yawa ko kuma sannu a hankali; tsaron lafiyar jama'a gabaɗaya wani rashin tabbas ne a Afganistan, tare da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da azabtarwa, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauransu daga gwamnati da sauran ƙungiyoyi kuma ba a magance su ba.[1] Waɗannan tauye haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun kasance a Afghanistan cikin tarihin baya-bayan nan kuma suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun lokuta da yawa na cin zarafi a cikin Afghanistan amma sau da yawa suna samun kulawa kaɗan (idan akwai) daga gwamnati;[2] a zahiri, akasin haka gaskiya ne: gwamnatin Afghanistan sau da yawa tana ba da umarnin aiwatar da "duba budurcin budurci" a kan mata wanda da gaske ya haɗa da cin zarafi ko cin mutuncin gwamnati. Da yake duban musamman a '''[[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]''', Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton wasu sauye-sauye da aka samu a shekarar 2017 a cikin jihar, inda gwamnati ta amince da batutuwa irin su azabtarwa a matsayin lamari amma ba ta yi wani abu ba don yakar su. Ana ɗaukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar azabtarwa a matsayin kayan aikin bincike na gaskiya kuma ana iya ɗaukar su daga gwamnati da jami'an 'yan sanda. Hukumomi a Kyrgyzstan sun yi rajistar korafe-korafe 199 na azabtarwa a cikin 2015, tare da shari'o'in 34 kawai da aka taɓa bincika. Sauran ayyukan Kyrgyzstan da ke da tambaya sun haɗa da shawarar tsakiyar watan Yuni na dakatar da kafofin watsa labaru na waje don kauce wa mummunan labaran duniya; 'Yan jaridu na cikin gida da na waje sun yi Allah wadai da wadannan gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref name=":0" /> '''[[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]''' wata ƙasa ce ta Asiya ta Tsakiya wacce ke da matsala a cikin tarihin kwanan nan tare da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Human Rights Watch ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Kazakhstan saboda tsare da kuma tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a cikin 2016, tare da wasu keta doka kamar ƙuntata motsi da azabtarwa ana zargin su bayan tsare. zanga-zangar da ake yi a kan ƙasar suna da yawa a ƙarshen, tare da zanga-zambe na zaman lafiya wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin masu fafutuka da sojojin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Kazakhstan ta tabbatar da cewa tashin hankali ya faru ta hanyar nuna dokokin cikin gida da ke nuna 'yancin tarayya da taruwa daga' yancin 'yancin' yancin' yan ƙasa, amma ta ce soke haƙƙin ya fuskanci zargi mai tsanani daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Tarayyar Turai]], da Human Rights Watch. Sauran kasashen tsakiyar Asiya suna da irin wannan yanayi dangane da take hakkin dan Adam da kuma rashin motsi don gyara wannan ta'addanci. === Kudancin Asiya === [[Fayil:India_map_mod.png|thumb|238x238px|Yankin Kudancin Asiya]] Kudancin Asiya ya haɗa da Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indiya, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, da Sri Lanka - kowace jiha tana da matakai daban-daban na ingantattun manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam da/ko. Wannan yanki na Asiya ya sami sauye-sauye masu ban mamaki game da yancin ɗan adam a cikin shekarun da suka gabata amma har yanzu yana da damar ingantawa, musamman a nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar 'yancin yara ko 'yancin mata. Wasu gyare-gyare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun haɗa da wasu yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da shela don yaƙi da adadin auren yara mafi girma a duniya a Bangladesh. Yawancin shari'o'i na leƙen asiri, cin zarafi, da fyade sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Bangladesh a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma adadin da aka ruwaito yana ci gaba da karuwa a kowace shekara. Daidaiton jima'i da jinsi ya samu ci gaba a kudancin Asiya a 'yan kwanakin nan, ganin amincewa da jinsi na uku a hukumance ya fara aiki; manufofin game da wannan jinsi na uku, dangantakar ɗan luwaɗi, da dai sauransu ta ɗan tsaya cik duk da haka, ganin jinkirin aiwatar da manufofin da ake da su da kuma tafiyar hawainiya na dokoki ko ƙa'idodi masu zuwa. Bacewar tilastawa ko bacewar ba da gangan ba har ila yau yana ci gaba da zama batu a Kudancin Asiya, inda ake ci gaba da musanta buƙatun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gudanar da bincike da kuma yin watsi da kalaman Human Rights Watch. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun batutuwa masu tsawo na Kudancin Asiya, musamman '''[[Bangladesh]]''', shine matsalar arsenic a cikin ruwan sha. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta bayyana cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 40 ne suka kamu da guba a Bangladesh kadai kuma kananan hukumomi sun dauki matakai kaɗan (idan akwai) don gyara matsalar. Ana zaton arsenic ya fito ne daga tace ruwa ta hanyar duwatsu masu wadata da arsenic da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na gida; ƙarshen dalilan yana da wuyar nunawa, duk da haka, saboda kin amincewar Bangladesh don ba da izini ga kowane irin bincike game da lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenic in drinking water |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119180918/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |access-date=2018-03-19 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[Fayil:Bt-map.png|thumb|Bhutan]] '''[[Bhutan]]''' na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin, suna karɓar manufofi da ƙa'idodi masu yawa na haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Bhutan ta himmatu ga "murna da dukkan haƙƙin ɗan adam" kuma ta nuna ci gaba a cikin tarihin kwanan nan ta hanyar ƙimar farin ciki na ƙasa (GNH). Matsayin GNH sikelin ne wanda yawancin masana ke ganin yana da mahimmanci ga kimanta nasarar a cikin ƙasa da farin cikin ɗan ƙasa gaba ɗaya. GNH ta maye gurbin ma'auni na yau da kullun, babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP), kuma kasashe masu tasowa da yawa sun yi la'akari da karɓar ta ciki har da Kanada da Japan.<ref name=":2" /> Duk da yake Bhutan ta dauki matakai don gyara rarrabuwar tarihi a cikin yawan jama'ar kasar, rashin daidaito na siyasa ya kasance a Bhutan, yana sa wasu 'yan ƙasa ba za su iya yin amfani da hakkoki na asali kamar' yancin motsi ko' yancin tarayya ba. '''[[Indiya]]''' ta sami kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ikon tattalin arziki na yankin, amma har yanzu tana fama da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da yawa da keta doka. Indiya ta sami batutuwa da yawa game da fyade da cin zarafin jima'i a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, musamman ga mata da yara. Gwamnati ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan ayyukan amma ta dauki matakai kaɗan don magance batutuwan da aka ambata kuma a sakamakon haka, har yanzu suna da yawa a cikin al'ummar Indiya a yau. Duk da manufofi da aka yi niyyar taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade ko cin zarafin jima'i, wadanda aka yi musu fyade har yanzu suna fuskantar kunya sosai a asibitoci ko ofisoshin 'yan sanda; ana zaton cewa yayin da yawan shari'o'in ya riga ya yi yawa, akwai wasu lokuta da ba a bayar da rahoton su ba saboda yiwuwar wulakanci. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na tashin hankali na addini a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> '''[[Pakistan]]''' na iya zama ƙasa mafi rikitarwa a Kudancin Asiya, ganin hare-haren ta'addanci da aka yi niyya da 'yan ƙasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen launin fata ko siyasa ya haifar da yawan fararen hula. Bayan bayyanar kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] da Lashkar-e-Omar, bama-bamai a asibitoci, wuraren ilimi, gine-ginen gwamnati, da dai sauransu sun zama abubuwan da suka faru, kowane hari yana da'awar yawan rayukan farar hula. An yi amfani da bacewar tilastawa da kuma yin amfani da yara kanana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wadanda dukkansu sun sha Allah wadai da su. Gwamnati ta ɗauki matakai kaɗan don gyara yawancin waɗannan lamuran haƙƙin ɗan adam, duka biyun saboda ƙarancin kuzari da ƙarancin kayan aiki. Cin zarafin mata ya kasance babban batu ga Pakistan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ganin yadda fyade, cin zarafi, auren dole, da dai sauransu ya zama ruwan dare a duk fadin kasar. 'Yan tsiraru na addini a Pakistan sun ci gaba da shan wahala sosai daga kungiyoyin ta'addanci da ita kanta gwamnati, suna fadawa kan manufofin addini musamman da nufin kawar da 'yan tsirarun al'adu/addini da kuma mummunar tashin hankali daga kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da sojojin gwamnati. Mummunan fada a kasar ya haifar da samar da miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira; mafi yawansu har yanzu ba su zauna na dindindin ba saboda rashin zaman lafiyar yankin.<ref name=":3" /> === Arewacin Asiya === [[Fayil:Russia-Subdivisions.png|thumb|Yankin Turai da Asiya na Rasha]] Rahotanni da yawa sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Siberia da Gabashin Gabashin Rasha suna ƙarƙashin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban daga hukumomin Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 4, 2023 |title=Observations on the State of Indigenous Rights in the Russian Federation Prepared for the 44th Session of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/Russia_UPR_2023_Final_2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Russian North: Main Challenges and Prospects for Future Development |url=https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/center/documents/hrbrief-vol-23-articles-garipov/ |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=New Report Highlights Indigenous Rights Violations in Russia |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/new-report-highlights-indigenous-rights-violations-russia}}</ref> === Gabashin Asiya === Gabashin Asiya na da kasashe da dama da suka mamaye hankalin al'ummar duniya a 'yan shekarun nan. Sharuɗɗan 'yancin ɗan adam a yawancin ƙasashen gabashin Asiya sun kasance batutuwan mahawara da yawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka yi la'akari da fitattun 'yan wasan duniya waɗanda ake bincika (watau China, Japan, da sauransu). Mabambantan gwamnatocin da aka samu a Gabashin Asiya sun yi tasiri a kan gaskiyar kasashensu game da hakkin dan Adam; Bugu da kari, wadannan kasashen gabashin Asiya suna da matakai daban-daban na hakkokin bil'adama, inda wasu jihohin suka zabi tabbatar da tsauraran batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama yayin da wasu ke sanya takunkumi da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama. [[Fayil:Map_of_China_en_names.svg|thumb|China]] In '''[[Sin|China]]''' being such a significant economic and political power on the international stage, naturally their human rights record has been called into question by the international community and numerous non-governmental organizations. After [[Xi Jinping]] became general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012, [['Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin|human rights in China]] have worsened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Human rights in China under Xi Jinping 'worst since Tiananmen crackdown': Amnesty |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2120318/human-rights-china-under-xi-jinping-worst-tiananmen |website=[[Amnesty International]] |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> China has historically been harsh with its critics and this trend has continued in recent history, and enforced disappearances remain a widespread occurrence across China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/china/report-china/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> China has also held the title for the most annual executions in recent years; while official statistics remain state secrets, China still has 46 crimes punishable by death.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} The Chinese government has claimed that the number of executions has fallen by 60%, seeing only a few thousand executed every year, but there is no credible way to verify these statistics. General living conditions have improved in recent years, with China successfully lifting millions of people out of poverty and allowing them to meet their basic needs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Documents |url=https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/35/26/Add.2 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=ap.ohchr.org}}</ref> Women's rights remain somewhat basic in China but the international community has pushed the Chinese government to adopt improved rights, especially regarding women's rights within the Chinese judiciary system which as of 2013, was slated on the Chinese legislative agenda for the first time as point of discussion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review |url=https://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/outcome_report_of_the_working_group_on_upr.pdf |access-date=2020-11-24}}</ref> China also received international criticism for Xinjiang internment camps and other human rights abuses against [[Mutanen Hui|Hui people]] and other ethnic and religious minority groups. While there has historically been suspicion of torture in China, the general attitude towards torture has shifted in recent years; the Chinese government now openly opposes torture and punishes those who partake in it.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<sp needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Regarding the suspicion of torture carried out by the government itself, there have been no official admissions of torture in recent years but the international community has continued to pressure China to adopt various anti-torture laws and ensure that confessions obtained via torture are not considered admissible in the judiciary system.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> '''[[Japan]]''' ta riƙe [['Yancin Dan Adam a Japan|rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam]] a matsayi mai girma, tana kiyaye 'yanci na asali kamar' yancin taro, ƙungiya, da faɗar albarkacin baki. 'Yan ƙasa na cikin gida a cikin tarihin kwanan nan an kare su da tsauraran ka'idojin aiki a Japan kuma suna jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da' yanci iri-iri don tabbatar da aminci da yanayin aiki mai kyau. Haka kuma, duk da haka, ba za a iya faɗi ga ma'aikatan ƙaura daga China da Koriya ba; waɗannan ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje a tarihi ba su da wata doka ta ainihi da ke kare yanayin aikinsu kuma galibi suna fuskantar mummunan yanayin aiki da ƙananan albashi. Ma'aikatan baƙi kuma suna fama da wasu keta haƙƙoƙi, gami da rigakafin motsi kyauta, haramtacciyar sadarwa kyauta (watau ta hanyar wayar salula, wayar salula da sauransu), da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview: Human Rights in Japan – hurights1 |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/english/hurights1/human-rights-in-japan.html |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.hurights.or.jp}}</ref> Japan a tarihi ba ta da wata doka ta nuna bambanci saboda rashin shaidar nuna bambanci a cikin ƙasar; wannan, duk da haka, ya canza a cikin 2017 tare da karɓar dokar maganganun adawa da ƙiyayya biyo bayan samar da shaidar da ke nuna karuwar ra'ayi na Koriya a cikin Japan. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Japan a cikin shekarun da suka gabata shine samar da [[mata masu ta'aziyya]] don ayyukansu na soja, wato kafin da lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. Yawancin waɗannan mata masu ta'aziyya ba 'yan ƙasar Japan ba ne, amma a zahiri fursunonin Koriya ko Sinawa da aka kama a yaƙi ko aka saya a kasuwar baƙar fata. Wadannan mata sun sha wahala da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i da fyade; wani abu da gwamnatin Japan ta yi alkawarin sulhunta da kuma samun adalci ga mata. A cikin 2017, Japan ta fara daukar matakai don sulhu ta hanyar ba da gafara ga mata masu yawa da kuma ba da gudummawar yen biliyan 1 (kimanin dala miliyan 10) ga Gidauniyar Koriya don sulhu da warkarwa. Japan ta ci gaba da amfani da hukuncin kisa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kashe fursunoni 2 a cikin 2017 ta hanyar ratayewa bayan hukuncin da aka yanke musu.<ref name=":7" /> [[Fayil:South-Korea_blank.png|thumb|Koriya ta Kudu]] '''[[Koriya ta Kudu]]''' tana da yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa iri ɗaya kamar Japan, yana jin daɗin al'umma mai fa'ida kuma mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An sha samun wasu lokuta da gwamnati ta yi amfani da tsofaffin dokoki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsare wadanda ke sukar gwamnati, amma wadannan lokuta ba su da yawa. Koriya ta Kudu ba ta da juriya ga al'ummar LGBTQ kuma ta ga yawancin lokuta na nuna wariya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a fagage da yawa, kama daga tsarin shari'a har zuwa dakunan gudanarwa na kamfanoni. Mata a Koriya ta Kudu ba sa jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam irin na mata a cikin jihohin Turai ko Arewacin Amurka, maimakon haka abokan aikinsu sun tura su zama uwargidan gargajiya da na riko. Haka kuma an ci tarar mata har miliyan biyu da aka ci tarar da aka samu sun zubar da cikin ba tare da izinin mijinsu ba. Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma bar manufofinta game da Koriya ta Arewa aiki, ma'ana duk wani dan kasa da aka samu yana yada farfagandar Koriya ta Arewa za a iya daure shi har tsawon shekara guda.. [[Fayil:North_Korea_CIA_WFB.png|thumb|237x237px|Koriya ta Arewa]] '''[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]''' ta sha fama da mummunan tarihin yancin ɗan adam a tsawon tarihi, inda aka ga lokuta da dama na azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga bangaren gwamnati da daidaikun mutane. Mongoliya ta soke hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2017, amma tun daga nan aka ba da shawarar sake shigar da hukuncin kisa a cikin tsarin shari'a da sabon shugaban da aka zaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/mongolia/report-mongolia/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Kasar Mongoliya ta kuma ga yawan laifukan cin zarafin gida a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ba ta dau mataki na gaske don gyara lamarin. Mongoliya kuma gida ce ga yawan ma'aikatan bakin haure; Har yanzu gwamnatin Mongolian ba ta amince da wadannan ma'aikata a hukumance ba saboda haka ba a ba su wani hakki a hukumance ba. '''[[Koriya ta Arewa]]''' ta kasance kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Rahotanni da yawa da ke tattare da mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam sun tattara ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira na Koriya ta Arewa, a waje da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauransu. An zargi Koriya ta Kudu da keta haƙƙin bil'adama da yawa ciki har da hallaka, kisan kai, bautar, azabtarwa, ɗaurewa, fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i, da zubar da ciki. Koriya ta Arewa ta kuma ƙuntata duk 'yanci na farar hula da na siyasa ga' yan ƙasa, gami da kowane irin' yancin motsi ko ƙungiya yayin da ba ta samar da forums don shigar siyasa ba. Mata a Koriya ta Arewa suna ci gaba da fuskantar cin zarafi da yawa ciki har da fyade na aure, auren tilas, da azabtar da jima'i; waɗannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne daga gwamnati da sauran dangin (yawanci maza, iyaye, da sauransu). Gidan kurkuku na Koriya ta Arewa ya kuma samar da wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin rayuwa a duniya, mai yiwuwa shine dalilin mutuwar daruruwan dubban mutane a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wadannan sansanonin kurkuku galibi suna da fursunonin siyasa kuma yawanci suna haifar da aiki mai tsanani (idan ba kisa ba), azabtarwa na yau da kullun, cin zarafin jima'i da / ko fyade, da sauran cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Korea {{!}} Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/north-korea/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Koriya ta Arewa ta fada cikin mummunan zargi daga al'ummomin duniya na tsawon shekaru kuma bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam masu banƙyama sun kasance batun tattaunawa na yau da kullun a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin yiwuwar barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya. == Kulawa da cibiyoyin sarrafawa == Kamar yadda yankin Asiya ya kasance gida ga ɗimbin jahohi kowannensu yana da mabambanta ma'auni na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ɗabi'u ko al'adu daban-daban, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Asiya ba ta da hurumi ɗaya ta tsakiya dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam. === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya === [[Fayil:The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] Yayin da wasu ƙasashe da dama a cikin babban yankin Asiya a yau ba su cikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a lokacin da ta zartar da Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, akasarin waɗanda aka zaɓa su kada kuri'ar amincewa da ita (wato Afghanistan, Pakistan, India). Wannan sanarwar tana da labarai 30 da suka shafi bangarori daban-daban na haƙƙin ɗan adam; misali: * '''Mataki na 1:''' Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da' yanci kuma suna da daidaito da hakkoki. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.un.org |language=en}}</ref> * '''Mataki na 9:''' Babu wanda za a kama shi, tsare shi ko kuma gudun hijira.<ref name=":8" /> * '''Mataki na 19:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki; wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da' yancin riƙe ra'ayoyi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da rarraba bayanai da ra'ayoyin ta hanyar kowane kafofin watsa labarai kuma ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba.<ref name=":8" /> An ƙirƙiri UDHR ne da fatan kafa matsayin rayuwa ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya, tabbatar da yanayin ɗan adam ga mutane ba tare da la'akari da jiharsu ba. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar UDHR a matsayin babbar hukuma game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, kodayake ba ta da iko akan jihohi don haka har yanzu jihohi da yawa suna yin watsi da su a kai a kai lokacin da hanyoyin da za su dace da muradun jiha. === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN === Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, za a iya la'akari da Ƙungiyar Al'umman Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) a matsayin ƙungiyar yanki mafi yawan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Asiya. ASEAN tana aiki ne kawai a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, tare da kasashe membobin da suka hada da Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei, da Laos. Duk da yake ASEAN da farko ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kwanan nan ta fara fadada aikinta zuwa wasu yankuna na al'ummar kudu maso gabobin Asiya (watau haƙƙin ɗan adam). A shekarar 2009, ASEAN ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam ta ASEAN da fatan za ta taimaka wajen ingantawa da tsara yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin. Hukumar ta kirkiro kuma daga baya ta amince da sabuwar [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN]] a watan Nuwamba na 2012 wanda ya yi kira ga' yanci na asali da na asali ga dukkan' yan ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sanarwar tana da labarai 40 wadanda suka hada da: * '''Mataki na 3:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin amincewa a ko'ina a matsayin mutum a gaban doka. Kowane mutum daidai ne a gaban doka. Kowane mutum yana da damar samun daidaitattun kariya daga doka ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. * '''Mataki na 11:''' Kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin rayuwa wanda doka za ta kare shi. Babu wani mutum da za a hana rai sai dai bisa ga doka.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 22:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini. Dukkanin nau'ikan rashin haƙuri, nuna bambanci da kuma tayar da ƙiyayya bisa ga addini da imani za a kawar da su.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 33:''' Ya kamata kasashe membobin ASEAN su dauki matakai, kowannensu kuma ta hanyar taimakon yanki da na kasa da kasa da hadin kai, musamman tattalin arziki da fasaha, zuwa iyakar albarkatun da ke akwai, tare da hangen nesa don cimma cikakkiyar fahimtar haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da aka amince da su a cikin wannan Sanarwar.<ref name=":9" /> Yayin da dukkan kasashe mambobin kungiyar ASEAN suka amince da sanarwar kare hakin dan Adam, har yanzu akwai alamun keta hakkin bil'adama a yankin duk da kayyadaddun dokokin da suka sabawa ayyukan da ake yi. Kasancewar wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, yana nuna ci gaba game da amincewa da ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin da a al'adance ba ya nuna sha'awar amincewa da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Human rights violations endemic in South Asia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> === Cibiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Jama'a === Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a (CESR) tana mai da hankali kan tarin haƙƙoƙi, gami da haƙƙin siyasa, haƙƙin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin zamantakewa, da dai sauransu. CESR tana aiki a duk faɗin Asiya, sau da yawa tana ba da hadin kai tare da Taron Asiya Pacific (APF) yayin aiki don inganta yanayin haƙƙofo a yankunan da CESR ba ta da kafawa. CESR ta zaɓi inganta yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ka'idoji a duk faɗin Asiya ta hanyar tallafawa [[Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa|Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa]] (NHRIs). Maimakon ƙoƙarin aiwatar da canji a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, CESR da APF suna ba da sabis da zaɓuɓɓukan tallafi iri-iri ga NHRIs a duk faɗin Asiya a ƙarƙashin da'awar cewa waɗannan Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na cikin gida za su iya turawa don canji da kyau fiye da ƙungiyar ƙasa.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=National Human Rights Institutions {{!}} CESR |url=http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.cesr.org |language=en}}</ref> Wasu fa'idodi ga Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa sun hada da: * NHRIs suna da alaƙa da aka ayyana bisa doka tare da jihar, wanda ke ba su ikon saka idanu kan bin ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=National Human Rights Institutions {{!}} CESR |url=http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.cesr.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions "National Human Rights Institutions | CESR"]. ''www.cesr.org''. 2015-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * NHRIs sun dogara da kayan aikin bayar da shawarwari fiye da kungiyoyin shari'a ko na jama'a da kuma ƙwarewar shari'a don karɓar korafe-korafe da bincika doka da aiki; suna ba da shawara, taimako da haɓaka iyawa ga gwamnati <ref name=":10" /> * Matsayi na musamman tsakanin gwamnati, jama'a da tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, NHRIs na iya hadawa da 'yan wasan gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba <ref name=":10" /> * A matsayin cibiyoyin dindindin, NHRIs suna iya bin diddigin batutuwan da suka faru a tsawon lokaci don gano abubuwan da ke faruwa a matakin cika haƙƙoƙi <ref name=":10" /> === Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya === [[Fayil:Logo-ahrca-en).jpg|right|220x220px]] The Association for Human Rights in Central Asia (AHRCA) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 2006. Wannan ƙungiya ta fi mayar da hankali kan sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, bayar da rahoto game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa ciki har da azabtarwa, mummunan yanayin aiki, ƙuntatawa LGBTQ, danniya na kafofin watsa labaru, da dai sauransu. Maimakon aiwatar da canjin da kansu, AHRCA ta dogara sosai kan hanyoyin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo canji a tsakiyar Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association for Human Rights in Central Asia |url=https://ahrca.eu/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb}}</ref> AHRCA yana mai da hankali ya haɗa da amma ba a iyakance shi ba: * Tsaro daga azabtarwa * Taimako ga fursunonin siyasa * Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira * 'Yanci na Addini Shirye-shiryen masu fafutuka na baya-bayan nan sun hada da AHRCA na yin kira da a kaurace wa audugar Uzbek ta kasa da kasa saboda ta dogara kacokan kan aikin dole yara idan aka girbe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AHRCA |title=Key human rights concerns in Uzbekistan |url=https://ahrca.eu/publications/report/985-key-human-rights-concerns-in-uzbekistan |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331040241/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |archive-date=2018-03-31 |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=lib.ohchr.org}}</ref> === Human Rights Watch (HRW) === [[Fayil:Hrw_logo.svg|right|220x220px]] Ana ɗaukar Human Rights Watch (HRW) a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama masu zaman kansu mafi aminci a duniya. An kafa kungiyar ta HRW a shekara ta 1978 kuma tana sa ido kan kasashe a duniya, tana buga rahotanni sama da 100 na shekara-shekara tare da samar da yada labaran karya game da take hakkin dan Adam. Bugu da kari, HRW na ganawa akai-akai tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da kungiyoyin gwamnatoci (wato Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Tarayyar Afirka, da dai sauransu) don ba da shawarwari kan manufofi, bayanai, da dai sauransu. Baya ga dimbin sa ido da HRW ke bugawa duk shekara, kungiyar ta kuma mai da hankali sosai kan samar da sauyi a yankunan da suke aiki a ciki. Misali, HRW ta himmatu wajen shiryawa da kuma daukar nauyin zanga-zangar ko masu fafutuka a kan batutuwa iri-iri (watau kona shara a Lebanon). HRW ta shafe shekaru da dama tana shiga cikin yankin Asiya, tana fitar da rahotanni daban-daban da suka a kowace kasa ta Asiya. Wadannan rahotanni sun mayar da hankali ne kan batutuwa da dama da suka hada da ‘yancin walwala, ‘yancin mata, aikin yara da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> === Tarayyar Turai === [[Fayil:Flag_of_Europe.svg|alt=European Union flag, dark blue background with a circle of gold stars in the center.|thumb|Fadar Tarayyar Turai]] Baya ga cibiyoyin gwamnatocin yankin da aka ambata a baya da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ke ba da gudummawar ka'idoji da sa ido a gabashin Asiya, Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta taka rawar gani a 'yan shekarun nan. Duk da cewa a baya ba a sa ran EU za ta tsoma baki a cikin tambayoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kudurin da cibiyar ta yi kan Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya ta fadada ikon EU don rufe take hakkin bil'adama a duniya, gami da wadanda ke faruwa a gabashin Asiya. Rubutun farko na wannan tsarin ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2019. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Majalisar Turai ta kafa Yarjejeniyar. Tsarin ya himmatu musamman don "haɓaka sabon tsarin takunkumin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU a kwance don magance manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafi a duk duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU adopts a global human rights sanctions regime |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/07/eu-adopts-a-global-human-rights-sanctions-regime/ |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar ta EU ta shafe shekaru da dama tana sa ido kan ci gaban kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kamar yadda fitar da wasu bayanai da aka yi a bainar jama'a da suka yi Allah wadai da kasashen da suka aikata laifuka. Daya daga cikin bayanan farko ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 2009 lokacin da kungiyar EU ta yi wa gwamnatin kasar Sin bincike a bainar jama'a kan hukuncin kisa kan 'yan kasar Kirista guda tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union regarding the recent executions of nine persons in Xinjiang |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/111098.pdf |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Duk da sabon salo na yin aiki tare da sa ido kan hakkin dan Adam na gabashin Asiya, za a iya gane gagarumin kokarin da kungiyar EU ta yi dangane da tashe-tashen hankula da ke faruwa a lardin Xinjiang na kasar Sin. A watan Fabrairun 2020, EU ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana mai cewa Chen Mingguo na kasar Sin ne ke da alhakin "kare ba bisa ka'ida ba da wulakanci da ake yi wa 'yan kabilar Uighur da mutanen wasu tsiraru musulmi, da kuma keta hakkinsu na addini ko akida". Baya ga waɗannan zarge-zarge, Tarayyar Turai ta shirya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da kuma daskarewa a cikin iyakokin aiki na Xinjiang, don haka yana nuna aiwatar da takunkumi na manufofi a fuskar take hakkin dan adam na Gabashin Asiya. == Muhimman keta haƙƙin ɗan adam == === 2005 tashin hankali na Andijan === [[Fayil:Chapel_in_Andijan_01.JPG|thumb|220x220px|Cocin Andijan]] Rikicin kare hakkin dan adam na Andijan na 2005 ya faru ne a Uzbekistan kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi munin kisan farar hula a tarihin baya-bayan nan, ganin mutuwar farar hula da aka kiyasta tsakanin 200 da sama da 1500. Wannan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga rashin son gwamnati ta saki 'yan kasuwa 23 na cikin gida waɗanda aka tuhume su da tsattsauran ra'ayi, tsattsa ra'ayi da rabuwa. Wani karamin rukuni na 'yan bindiga ya taru a waje da kurkuku inda ake tsare da wadannan' yan kasuwa kuma ya fitar da su da sassafe, ya kashe masu tsaron kurkuku da yawa kuma ya kama jami'an gwamnati daban-daban. 'Yan ƙasa na Uzbek sun tafi kan tituna don tallafawa wannan hutun kurkuku, suna mamaye Babar Square don nuna rashin amincewa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, tsarin shari'a mara adalci, da sauransu. Sojojin gwamnati sun toshe dukkan hanyoyi zuwa filin da fatan za su iya shawo kan zanga-zangar, amma da yawa sun wuce sojojin da ƙafa kuma sun shiga zanga-zambe. Akwai rahotanni na farko na musayar bindiga tsakanin fararen hula da sojoji, amma masu zanga-zangar a Babar Square ba su hana su ba kuma sun kasance a wuri ɗaya. Tsakanin karfe 5 na yamma zuwa 6 na yamma, gwamnati ta fara babban hari a kan Babar Square ba tare da wani gargadi ba. Sojojin Uzbek sun yi amfani da bindigogi, bindigogi masu kai hari, da masu dauke da makamai (APCs) a kan fararen hula masu zanga-zangar, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a kan maza, mata, da yara.<ref name=":11" /> Daga baya an samu rahotanni game da sojoji da ke kashe fararen hula da suka ji rauni da kuma motsa daruruwan gawawwakin cikin kaburbura. Duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta dauki mataki ne kawai a kan kungiyoyin ta'addanci da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin zanga-zangar, Uzbekistan ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani na kasa da kasa bayan kisan kiyashi na Andijan. === Kisan kare dangi na Khmer Rouge === 'Yan gurguzu na Cambodia ne suka aiwatar da kisan kiyashi na Khmer Rouge tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1979. Wannan kungiya ta siyasa ta kasance tana kara yawan al'ummarta sannu a hankali yayin da kungiyoyi irin su Viet Cong da sojojin Arewacin Vietnam ke rike da makamai a lokaci guda. Bayan nasarar Khmer Rouge a yakin basasar Cambodia a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ta fara kisan gilla da zai addabi kasashen na tsawon rabin shekaru masu zuwa. An yi kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu a rikicin Khmer Rouge ya kai tsakanin miliyan 1.5 zuwa 3, inda a kalla rabin wadannan kisa na da alaka da siyasa. Wadanda ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na siyasa ba sun mutu ko dai daga mummunan yanayin aiki ko azabtarwa ta hanyar kisa. Gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta aiwatar da manufofinta na injiniyan zamantakewa sosai, yawancinsu sun mai da hankali kan nishaɗin al'ummar noma. Wannan mayar da hankali ya haifar da korar jama'ar garuruwan Cambodia da yawa daga baya kuma an tilastawa jama'ar birane yin tattaki zuwa yankunan karkara domin yin aikin noma (yawanci shinkafa). Bugu da ƙari, Khmer Rouge ya sa ran samar da shinkafa a kowace hekta zuwa sau uku daga ton 1 zuwa 3; Wannan tsammanin bai yi la'akari da babban rashin aiki da aka haifar ba ta hanyar sanya jama'ar gari cikin ayyukan yi na karkara.<ref name=":12" /> Yawan jama'ar birni ba su da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don cimma burin Khmer Rouge kuma an kashe da yawa a matsayin masu zagon ƙasa na tattalin arziki (wanda aka lakafta shi saboda yawan samar da su). An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da farko da bindigogi, amma sakamakon karancin albarusai, matasan Cambodia suna dauke da manyan makamai da kuma tilasta musu aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan makiya Khmer Rouge. An gano kimanin kaburbura 20,000 tun bayan faduwar Khmer Rouge a shekarar 1979. A shekarar 2014, shugabannin Khmer Rouge Nuon Chea da Khieu Samphan sun fuskanci hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. === Kisan kiyashi na Daoxian === [[Fayil:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Mao Zedong]], shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, ganawa da Richard Nixon, Shugaban Amurka]] Kisan Daoxian ya faru ne a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu na kasar Sin, wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki 66 tsakanin ranekun 13 ga watan Agusta zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1967. Wadanda aka yi wa kisan kiyashi ana zargin makiya ne na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP). Yawanci, jami'an CCP na gida da masu goyon bayan juyin juya hali sun aiwatar da kame ba bisa ka'ida ba; Wadanda aka kama kuma daga baya wasu jami'an CCP na gida ko kuma 'yan bindiga suka kashe su sun sami ɗan gajeren shari'a, rashin adalci inda waɗanda ke yanke hukunci su ne mutanen da suka ba da umarnin kama su da kansu. An kashe wadanda aka kashe ta hanyoyi da dama, da suka hada da harbe-harbe, duka, da yanke kawunansu. Kungiyoyin da ke da alhakin kashe-kashen sun samu karin albashi da kuma inganta rayuwar su. Yayin da CCP ba ta amince da su a hukumance ba, ba ta dauki wani matakin dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba har sai da korafe-korafe da dama daga wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Daoxian ya kai matakin gwamnati. An kawo karshen kashe-kashen ne biyo bayan tura runduna ta 47 ta Soji amma ba a taba hukunta wadanda suka aikata kisan ba. === Cin zarafin kisan kiyashi a Bangladesh === Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh na 1971 ya ga mambobin Sojojin Pakistan da masu goyon bayansu sun yi wa mata da 'yan mata 200,000 da 400,000 fyade a cikin yunkurin kashe kabilanci. Shugabannin soji na Pakistan sun ayyana mayakan 'yanci na Bengali a matsayin "Hindu" kuma cewa matansu kawai ganimar yaki ce ga sojoji su yi amfani da su kamar yadda suka ga ya dace. An tsare mata a sansanoni na musamman inda aka yi musu fyade akai-akai ta hanyar juyawa na sojojin Pakistan; waɗannan mata za su iya tserewa daga sansanonin ne kawai ta hanyar rataye kansu da gashin kansu - aikin da ya haifar da sojoji su aske kawunan dukkan fursunonin sansanin. Wadanda ba a yi musu fyade ba za a yi musu fyaɗe, a kashe su, kuma a yi musu bulala a cikin al'aura. Yayinda sojojin Pakistan suka yi ƙoƙari su hana waɗannan fyade na tsari daga kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa sun buga rahotanni ko labaru game da wannan fyade na kisan kare dangi; Pakistan daga baya ta sami babban zargi na duniya, suna tsawata musu saboda ayyukansu. Duk da yake sojojin Pakistan suna jayayya cewa babu fiye da 'yan daruruwan shari'o'in fyade, wadanda kawai ayyukan sojoji ne masu karkatarwa, mai yiwuwa ne cewa sojoji sun karɓi manufofin da za su iya kashe mutanen Bengali.<ref name=":13" /> == Dubi kuma == * Rikicin Jama'a na Andijan 2005 * Darajar Asiya * Dimokuradiyya a Asiya * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Ostiraliya]] * [[Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya|'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya]] * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Gabashin Asiya == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://humanrightsinasean.info/ 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin ASEAN 'Yancin dan Adam a cikin dandalin yanar gizo na ASEAN] * [http://www.asiapacificforum.net/ Zuwa yankin da kowa ke jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asia Pacific Forum] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/politics/prodemocracy-groups-are-harassed-in-central-asia.html Kungiyoyin Demokradiyya suna fuskantar matsin lamba a Asiya ta Tsakiya] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ Rashin bin 'yancin dan adam a Kudancin Asiya] * [https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/bhutans-human-rights-record-defies-happiness-claim/ Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na Bhutan ya kalubalanci 'Farin Ciki'] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k8toga36ywopvlycvif3tft87nwwxmi 856621 856620 2026-06-14T08:49:24Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya */ #1Lib1RefNG #1lib1ref 856621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya shine wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin jihohi, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Duk waɗannan cibiyoyi suna ba da gudummawar ayyuka da rai iri-iri game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya shafi batutuwa ciki har da tilastawa, sa ido, da kuma sukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya. Babu wata hukuma guda da ta shafi dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, saboda irin wannan yanki mai ɗimbin yawa da yaɗuwa yana buƙatar cibiyoyi da yawa don sa ido sosai kan ɗimbin abubuwan da suka faɗo ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan adam. A tarihi an sha suka da yawa game da yancin ɗan adam a Asiya, amma sabbin yarjejeniyoyin da yarjejeniyoyin yau da kullun suna ƙoƙarin cimma matakin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda aka san su a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kungiyoyi da yawa (na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu) ne ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, wasu ƴan misalan su ne Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta ASEAN (AICHR) da Human Rights Watch. Haƙurin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, tare da shirye-shiryen gwamnatocin sa kai (watau ASEAN) galibi suna ganin ƙarin haɗin kai na jihohi fiye da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na tsaka tsaki waɗanda galibi za su karɓa. Yawan sukar da ake yi wa kasashen Asiya ya karu matuka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama ke yin kira da a kara nuna gaskiya da kuma matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kan kasashen Asiya da su guji duk wani tauye hakkin dan Adam. Kiraye-kirayen da aka ambata na matsin lamba na kasa da kasa sun kasa amsa, duk da haka, yayin da mafi yawan kasashen duniya ke ganin yana da wuya a kalubalanci ayyukan manyan kasashen Asiya masu tasowa: musamman kasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lau |first=Mimi |date=2017-07-09 |title=How China buys the silence of the world's human rights critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/09/how-china-buys-the-silence-of-the-worlds-human-rights-critics.html |access-date=2018-02-16 |work=CNBC}}</ref> Yayin da jihohi suka gabatar da korafe-korafe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da "suna da kunya" Jihohin da suka nuna kansu da laifin take hakkin bil'adama. == Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya == === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya === [[Fayil:Southeast-Asia-map.PNG|thumb|220x220px|Yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya]] Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a tarihi ba ta yi amfani da ma'anar 'yancin ɗan adam da za a iya samu a ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ko Arewacin Amirka ba. Alamar farko ta amincewa da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ta zo ne ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar. Wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, ba ta dauri don haka ba a aiwatar da ita ba. UDHR tana da jihohi 51 ne kawai a duk duniya suka tabbatar da wanzuwarta (waɗanda ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya); da yawa daga cikin kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba su sami memba ba tukuna. Wannan babban ra'ayi na yancin ɗan adam da ya samo asali daga yammacin duniya bai taɓa shiga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba; maimakon haka, kishiyar akida ta haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam gaskiya ce: babu wani tsammanin samun daidaito dangane da yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, addini, da dai sauransu.<ref>Bell, Daniel A. (2000). ''East meets West : human rights and democracy in East Asia'' ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 344.</ref> '''[[Filipin|Philippines]]''', al'umma ta farko a Asiya da ta kafa jamhuriya, ta fuskanci dogon gwagwarmaya don kafa manufofin dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta yi hamayya da mulkin kama-karya na Ferdinand Marcos, wanda daga ƙarshe aka kore shi ta hanyar juyin juya halin ikon jama'a ba tare da jini ba a shekarar 1986.<ref name="Gandhi">{{Citation|last=Kumar|first=Ravindra|title=Mahatma Gandhi at the Close of Twentieth Century|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-261-1736-9|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTNpstqGlAMC&q=EDSA+Revolution&pg=PA168|access-date=December 2, 2007|year=2004}}.</ref> Mutane da yawa da ke fama da haƙƙin ɗan adam sun sha wahala a ƙarƙashin gwamnati, kuma a cikin 1983, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko na kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ake kira Majalisar Yankin kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta tsara sanarwar yanki ta farko game da haƙƙin dan adam da ake kira Sanarwar Ayyuka na Mutanen ASEAN da Gwamnatoci. Kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta kunshi lauyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya karkashin jagorancin mahaifin dancin dan adam na Philippines Sanata Jose W. Diokno, wanda shine wanda ya kafa babbar kamfanin kare hakkin dan Adam da ake kira Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG). An sanya hannu kan sanarwar a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1983, a Manila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones, Sidney |year=1995 |title=Regional Institutions for Protecting Human Rights in Asia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25658967 |journal=Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law) |volume=89 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1017/S0272503700085074 |jstor=25658967 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Declarations in Asia-Pacific |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/#Declarations |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, kasar tana fuskantar yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a karkashin Shugaba na 16 Rodrigo Duterte, wanda ya yi barazanar ayyana dokar soja, kamar Ferdinand Marcos. Mutumin Lokaci na Shekara Maria Ressa na Rappler daga baya aka tuhume ta da tsegumi saboda rahotonta game da gwamnatin Duterte. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Yen Nee |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Conviction of Philippine journalist points to 'orchestrated attempt' to silence Duterte critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/16/maria-ressas-conviction-attempts-to-silence-duterte-critics-expert-says.html |website=CNBC}}</ref> A cikin '''[[Singafora|Singapore]]''', wasu ƴancin yanci har yanzu ana iyakance su kamar 'yancin yin taro. Har yanzu ana tsara tsarin tarurrukan kowane iri, suna buƙatar izinin 'yan sanda don taron mutum 1 ko fiye. Gwamnatin Singapore ta ƙara taƙaita taron jama'a na kowane dalili, tare da rufe yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin kwanan nan a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Dokar odar Jama'a'. Har ila yau, Singapore tana yin watsi da aikace-aikacen izinin 'yan sanda don taruwa don taro "wanda ke nufin kawo ƙarshen siyasa".<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-20 |title=World Report 2018: Rights Trends in Singapore |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/singapore |access-date=2018-03-30 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Singapore ta riƙe kuma ta yi amfani da hukuncin kisa sau da yawa a cikin tarihi, musamman a cikin laifuka masu alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sau da yawa ana aiwatar da kisa da sauri bayan yanke hukunci kuma kusan ba su da wani gaskiya. Al'ummar LGBTQ ta Singapore ta ga ƙuntatawa mai tsanani a cikin tarihi, kamar manufofin da suka daɗe na aikata laifuka ga dangantakar jinsi ɗaya - manufofin da ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 2022. '''[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]''' tana da dogon tarihi na aikata laifuka masu yawa na kare hakkin dan adam waɗanda ba a hukunta su ba. An sami mambobi da yawa na jami'an tsaro na Indonesia da ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da fyade, duka, tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba, da dai sauransu amma ba a gabatar da su a gaban shari'a ba. Kafofin yada labarai na Indonesia, yayin da aka yi la'akari da su a hukumance a matsayin 'yan jarida masu 'yanci', suna fama da dabarun tsoratar da gwamnati mai iko ko 'yan kasuwa suka yi amfani da su. An daure 'yan jarida da yawa a karkashin zargin keta dokokin aikata laifuka da na farar hula. 'Yanci na addini ya kasance batun Indonesia na shekaru da yawa, duk da kundin tsarin mulkinsa wanda ke nuna cikakken' yancin addini / haƙuri. Ƙuntatawa ta doka a kan kowane addini sai dai addinan jihohi 6 da aka ba da izini sun wanzu a Indonesia tsawon shekaru kuma ba a sa ran za a ɗaga su ba da daɗewa ba.<ref name=":15" /> Dokokin aiki a Indonesia suna ci gaba da zama masu tsauri, tare da daruruwan dubban 'yan mata a Indonesia da ke fuskantar aiki ba tare da son rai ba. Wadannan yara galibi ana hana su barin wuraren aikinsu kuma galibi ana cin zarafinsu a jiki, a hankali, da kuma jima'i. Human Rights Watch a farkon Mayu 2020 ya bukaci Gwamnatin Indonesia da ta saki akalla 'yan gwagwarmayar Papuan da Moluccan 70 nan da nan. An kama su a lokacin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da gwamnati. HRW ta kuma nemi gwamnati ta tabbatar da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] a lardin gabashin Indonesia daidai da hukuncin kotun 2018. === Asiya ta Tsakiya === Hakkokin dan Adam a tsakiyar Asiya ba su samu kulawa daga kafafen yada labarai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan bayan barkewar rikici da kasashen yammacin Turai fiye da shekarun da suka gabata, amma hakan ba yana nufin cewa kungiyoyin gwamnatoci ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi watsi da su gaba daya a fagen kasa da kasa. Har ila yau sha'awar cikin gida na karɓowa da kuma kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance kaɗan, yayin da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin duniya (IGOs) da aka gabatar da su kamar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Asiya ta Tsakiya (CAU) suka zaɓi su mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar tsaro, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da ci gaban al'adu. [[Fayil:Central_Asia_-_political_map_2008.svg|thumb|220x220px|Asiya ta Tsakiya]] Asiya ta tsakiya tana da batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama da ke addabar rayuwar al'ummarta. Misali, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara rahotanni da dama da nufin jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa Afganistan na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rikici, ganin yawan mutuwar 'yan kasar ko dai ya yi yawa ko kuma sannu a hankali; tsaron lafiyar jama'a gabaɗaya wani rashin tabbas ne a Afganistan, tare da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da azabtarwa, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauransu daga gwamnati da sauran ƙungiyoyi kuma ba a magance su ba.[1] Waɗannan tauye haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun kasance a Afghanistan cikin tarihin baya-bayan nan kuma suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun lokuta da yawa na cin zarafi a cikin Afghanistan amma sau da yawa suna samun kulawa kaɗan (idan akwai) daga gwamnati;[2] a zahiri, akasin haka gaskiya ne: gwamnatin Afghanistan sau da yawa tana ba da umarnin aiwatar da "duba budurcin budurci" a kan mata wanda da gaske ya haɗa da cin zarafi ko cin mutuncin gwamnati. Da yake duban musamman a '''[[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]''', Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton wasu sauye-sauye da aka samu a shekarar 2017 a cikin jihar, inda gwamnati ta amince da batutuwa irin su azabtarwa a matsayin lamari amma ba ta yi wani abu ba don yakar su. Ana ɗaukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar azabtarwa a matsayin kayan aikin bincike na gaskiya kuma ana iya ɗaukar su daga gwamnati da jami'an 'yan sanda. Hukumomi a Kyrgyzstan sun yi rajistar korafe-korafe 199 na azabtarwa a cikin 2015, tare da shari'o'in 34 kawai da aka taɓa bincika. Sauran ayyukan Kyrgyzstan da ke da tambaya sun haɗa da shawarar tsakiyar watan Yuni na dakatar da kafofin watsa labaru na waje don kauce wa mummunan labaran duniya; 'Yan jaridu na cikin gida da na waje sun yi Allah wadai da wadannan gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref name=":0" /> '''[[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]''' wata ƙasa ce ta Asiya ta Tsakiya wacce ke da matsala a cikin tarihin kwanan nan tare da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Human Rights Watch ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Kazakhstan saboda tsare da kuma tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a cikin 2016, tare da wasu keta doka kamar ƙuntata motsi da azabtarwa ana zargin su bayan tsare. zanga-zangar da ake yi a kan ƙasar suna da yawa a ƙarshen, tare da zanga-zambe na zaman lafiya wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin masu fafutuka da sojojin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Kazakhstan ta tabbatar da cewa tashin hankali ya faru ta hanyar nuna dokokin cikin gida da ke nuna 'yancin tarayya da taruwa daga' yancin 'yancin' yancin' yan ƙasa, amma ta ce soke haƙƙin ya fuskanci zargi mai tsanani daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Tarayyar Turai]], da Human Rights Watch. Sauran kasashen tsakiyar Asiya suna da irin wannan yanayi dangane da take hakkin dan Adam da kuma rashin motsi don gyara wannan ta'addanci. === Kudancin Asiya === [[Fayil:India_map_mod.png|thumb|238x238px|Yankin Kudancin Asiya]] Kudancin Asiya ya haɗa da Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indiya, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, da Sri Lanka - kowace jiha tana da matakai daban-daban na ingantattun manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam da/ko. Wannan yanki na Asiya ya sami sauye-sauye masu ban mamaki game da yancin ɗan adam a cikin shekarun da suka gabata amma har yanzu yana da damar ingantawa, musamman a nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar 'yancin yara ko 'yancin mata. Wasu gyare-gyare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun haɗa da wasu yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da shela don yaƙi da adadin auren yara mafi girma a duniya a Bangladesh. Yawancin shari'o'i na leƙen asiri, cin zarafi, da fyade sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Bangladesh a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma adadin da aka ruwaito yana ci gaba da karuwa a kowace shekara. Daidaiton jima'i da jinsi ya samu ci gaba a kudancin Asiya a 'yan kwanakin nan, ganin amincewa da jinsi na uku a hukumance ya fara aiki; manufofin game da wannan jinsi na uku, dangantakar ɗan luwaɗi, da dai sauransu ta ɗan tsaya cik duk da haka, ganin jinkirin aiwatar da manufofin da ake da su da kuma tafiyar hawainiya na dokoki ko ƙa'idodi masu zuwa. Bacewar tilastawa ko bacewar ba da gangan ba har ila yau yana ci gaba da zama batu a Kudancin Asiya, inda ake ci gaba da musanta buƙatun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gudanar da bincike da kuma yin watsi da kalaman Human Rights Watch. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun batutuwa masu tsawo na Kudancin Asiya, musamman '''[[Bangladesh]]''', shine matsalar arsenic a cikin ruwan sha. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta bayyana cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 40 ne suka kamu da guba a Bangladesh kadai kuma kananan hukumomi sun dauki matakai kaɗan (idan akwai) don gyara matsalar. Ana zaton arsenic ya fito ne daga tace ruwa ta hanyar duwatsu masu wadata da arsenic da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na gida; ƙarshen dalilan yana da wuyar nunawa, duk da haka, saboda kin amincewar Bangladesh don ba da izini ga kowane irin bincike game da lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenic in drinking water |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119180918/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |access-date=2018-03-19 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[Fayil:Bt-map.png|thumb|Bhutan]] '''[[Bhutan]]''' na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin, suna karɓar manufofi da ƙa'idodi masu yawa na haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Bhutan ta himmatu ga "murna da dukkan haƙƙin ɗan adam" kuma ta nuna ci gaba a cikin tarihin kwanan nan ta hanyar ƙimar farin ciki na ƙasa (GNH). Matsayin GNH sikelin ne wanda yawancin masana ke ganin yana da mahimmanci ga kimanta nasarar a cikin ƙasa da farin cikin ɗan ƙasa gaba ɗaya. GNH ta maye gurbin ma'auni na yau da kullun, babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP), kuma kasashe masu tasowa da yawa sun yi la'akari da karɓar ta ciki har da Kanada da Japan.<ref name=":2" /> Duk da yake Bhutan ta dauki matakai don gyara rarrabuwar tarihi a cikin yawan jama'ar kasar, rashin daidaito na siyasa ya kasance a Bhutan, yana sa wasu 'yan ƙasa ba za su iya yin amfani da hakkoki na asali kamar' yancin motsi ko' yancin tarayya ba. '''[[Indiya]]''' ta sami kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ikon tattalin arziki na yankin, amma har yanzu tana fama da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da yawa da keta doka. Indiya ta sami batutuwa da yawa game da fyade da cin zarafin jima'i a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, musamman ga mata da yara. Gwamnati ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan ayyukan amma ta dauki matakai kaɗan don magance batutuwan da aka ambata kuma a sakamakon haka, har yanzu suna da yawa a cikin al'ummar Indiya a yau. Duk da manufofi da aka yi niyyar taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade ko cin zarafin jima'i, wadanda aka yi musu fyade har yanzu suna fuskantar kunya sosai a asibitoci ko ofisoshin 'yan sanda; ana zaton cewa yayin da yawan shari'o'in ya riga ya yi yawa, akwai wasu lokuta da ba a bayar da rahoton su ba saboda yiwuwar wulakanci. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na tashin hankali na addini a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> '''[[Pakistan]]''' na iya zama ƙasa mafi rikitarwa a Kudancin Asiya, ganin hare-haren ta'addanci da aka yi niyya da 'yan ƙasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen launin fata ko siyasa ya haifar da yawan fararen hula. Bayan bayyanar kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] da Lashkar-e-Omar, bama-bamai a asibitoci, wuraren ilimi, gine-ginen gwamnati, da dai sauransu sun zama abubuwan da suka faru, kowane hari yana da'awar yawan rayukan farar hula. An yi amfani da bacewar tilastawa da kuma yin amfani da yara kanana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wadanda dukkansu sun sha Allah wadai da su. Gwamnati ta ɗauki matakai kaɗan don gyara yawancin waɗannan lamuran haƙƙin ɗan adam, duka biyun saboda ƙarancin kuzari da ƙarancin kayan aiki. Cin zarafin mata ya kasance babban batu ga Pakistan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ganin yadda fyade, cin zarafi, auren dole, da dai sauransu ya zama ruwan dare a duk fadin kasar. 'Yan tsiraru na addini a Pakistan sun ci gaba da shan wahala sosai daga kungiyoyin ta'addanci da ita kanta gwamnati, suna fadawa kan manufofin addini musamman da nufin kawar da 'yan tsirarun al'adu/addini da kuma mummunar tashin hankali daga kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da sojojin gwamnati. Mummunan fada a kasar ya haifar da samar da miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira; mafi yawansu har yanzu ba su zauna na dindindin ba saboda rashin zaman lafiyar yankin.<ref name=":3" /> === Arewacin Asiya === [[Fayil:Russia-Subdivisions.png|thumb|Yankin Turai da Asiya na Rasha]] Rahotanni da yawa sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Siberia da Gabashin Gabashin Rasha suna ƙarƙashin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban daga hukumomin Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 4, 2023 |title=Observations on the State of Indigenous Rights in the Russian Federation Prepared for the 44th Session of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/Russia_UPR_2023_Final_2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Russian North: Main Challenges and Prospects for Future Development |url=https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/center/documents/hrbrief-vol-23-articles-garipov/ |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=New Report Highlights Indigenous Rights Violations in Russia |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/new-report-highlights-indigenous-rights-violations-russia}}</ref> === Gabashin Asiya === Gabashin Asiya na da kasashe da dama da suka mamaye hankalin al'ummar duniya a 'yan shekarun nan. Sharuɗɗan 'yancin ɗan adam a yawancin ƙasashen gabashin Asiya sun kasance batutuwan mahawara da yawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka yi la'akari da fitattun 'yan wasan duniya waɗanda ake bincika (watau China, Japan, da sauransu). Mabambantan gwamnatocin da aka samu a Gabashin Asiya sun yi tasiri a kan gaskiyar kasashensu game da hakkin dan Adam; Bugu da kari, wadannan kasashen gabashin Asiya suna da matakai daban-daban na hakkokin bil'adama, inda wasu jihohin suka zabi tabbatar da tsauraran batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama yayin da wasu ke sanya takunkumi da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama. [[Fayil:Map_of_China_en_names.svg|thumb|China]] In '''[[Sin|China]]''' being such a significant economic and political power on the international stage, naturally their human rights record has been called into question by the international community and numerous non-governmental organizations. After [[Xi Jinping]] became general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012, [['Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin|human rights in China]] have worsened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Human rights in China under Xi Jinping 'worst since Tiananmen crackdown': Amnesty |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2120318/human-rights-china-under-xi-jinping-worst-tiananmen |website=[[Amnesty International]] |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> China has historically been harsh with its critics and this trend has continued in recent history, and enforced disappearances remain a widespread occurrence across China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/china/report-china/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> China has also held the title for the most annual executions in recent years; while official statistics remain state secrets, China still has 46 crimes punishable by death.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} The Chinese government has claimed that the number of executions has fallen by 60%, seeing only a few thousand executed every year, but there is no credible way to verify these statistics. General living conditions have improved in recent years, with China successfully lifting millions of people out of poverty and allowing them to meet their basic needs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Documents |url=https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/35/26/Add.2 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=ap.ohchr.org}}</ref> Women's rights remain somewhat basic in China but the international community has pushed the Chinese government to adopt improved rights, especially regarding women's rights within the Chinese judiciary system which as of 2013, was slated on the Chinese legislative agenda for the first time as point of discussion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review |url=https://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/outcome_report_of_the_working_group_on_upr.pdf |access-date=2020-11-24}}</ref> China also received international criticism for Xinjiang internment camps and other human rights abuses against [[Mutanen Hui|Hui people]] and other ethnic and religious minority groups. While there has historically been suspicion of torture in China, the general attitude towards torture has shifted in recent years; the Chinese government now openly opposes torture and punishes those who partake in it.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<sp needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Regarding the suspicion of torture carried out by the government itself, there have been no official admissions of torture in recent years but the international community has continued to pressure China to adopt various anti-torture laws and ensure that confessions obtained via torture are not considered admissible in the judiciary system.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> '''[[Japan]]''' ta riƙe [['Yancin Dan Adam a Japan|rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam]] a matsayi mai girma, tana kiyaye 'yanci na asali kamar' yancin taro, ƙungiya, da faɗar albarkacin baki. 'Yan ƙasa na cikin gida a cikin tarihin kwanan nan an kare su da tsauraran ka'idojin aiki a Japan kuma suna jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da' yanci iri-iri don tabbatar da aminci da yanayin aiki mai kyau. Haka kuma, duk da haka, ba za a iya faɗi ga ma'aikatan ƙaura daga China da Koriya ba; waɗannan ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje a tarihi ba su da wata doka ta ainihi da ke kare yanayin aikinsu kuma galibi suna fuskantar mummunan yanayin aiki da ƙananan albashi. Ma'aikatan baƙi kuma suna fama da wasu keta haƙƙoƙi, gami da rigakafin motsi kyauta, haramtacciyar sadarwa kyauta (watau ta hanyar wayar salula, wayar salula da sauransu), da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview: Human Rights in Japan – hurights1 |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/english/hurights1/human-rights-in-japan.html |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.hurights.or.jp}}</ref> Japan a tarihi ba ta da wata doka ta nuna bambanci saboda rashin shaidar nuna bambanci a cikin ƙasar; wannan, duk da haka, ya canza a cikin 2017 tare da karɓar dokar maganganun adawa da ƙiyayya biyo bayan samar da shaidar da ke nuna karuwar ra'ayi na Koriya a cikin Japan. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Japan a cikin shekarun da suka gabata shine samar da [[mata masu ta'aziyya]] don ayyukansu na soja, wato kafin da lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. Yawancin waɗannan mata masu ta'aziyya ba 'yan ƙasar Japan ba ne, amma a zahiri fursunonin Koriya ko Sinawa da aka kama a yaƙi ko aka saya a kasuwar baƙar fata. Wadannan mata sun sha wahala da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i da fyade; wani abu da gwamnatin Japan ta yi alkawarin sulhunta da kuma samun adalci ga mata. A cikin 2017, Japan ta fara daukar matakai don sulhu ta hanyar ba da gafara ga mata masu yawa da kuma ba da gudummawar yen biliyan 1 (kimanin dala miliyan 10) ga Gidauniyar Koriya don sulhu da warkarwa. Japan ta ci gaba da amfani da hukuncin kisa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kashe fursunoni 2 a cikin 2017 ta hanyar ratayewa bayan hukuncin da aka yanke musu.<ref name=":7" /> [[Fayil:South-Korea_blank.png|thumb|Koriya ta Kudu]] '''[[Koriya ta Kudu]]''' tana da yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa iri ɗaya kamar Japan, yana jin daɗin al'umma mai fa'ida kuma mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An sha samun wasu lokuta da gwamnati ta yi amfani da tsofaffin dokoki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsare wadanda ke sukar gwamnati, amma wadannan lokuta ba su da yawa. Koriya ta Kudu ba ta da juriya ga al'ummar LGBTQ kuma ta ga yawancin lokuta na nuna wariya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a fagage da yawa, kama daga tsarin shari'a har zuwa dakunan gudanarwa na kamfanoni. Mata a Koriya ta Kudu ba sa jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam irin na mata a cikin jihohin Turai ko Arewacin Amurka, maimakon haka abokan aikinsu sun tura su zama uwargidan gargajiya da na riko. Haka kuma an ci tarar mata har miliyan biyu da aka ci tarar da aka samu sun zubar da cikin ba tare da izinin mijinsu ba. Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma bar manufofinta game da Koriya ta Arewa aiki, ma'ana duk wani dan kasa da aka samu yana yada farfagandar Koriya ta Arewa za a iya daure shi har tsawon shekara guda.. [[Fayil:North_Korea_CIA_WFB.png|thumb|237x237px|Koriya ta Arewa]] '''[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]''' ta sha fama da mummunan tarihin yancin ɗan adam a tsawon tarihi, inda aka ga lokuta da dama na azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga bangaren gwamnati da daidaikun mutane. Mongoliya ta soke hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2017, amma tun daga nan aka ba da shawarar sake shigar da hukuncin kisa a cikin tsarin shari'a da sabon shugaban da aka zaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/mongolia/report-mongolia/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Kasar Mongoliya ta kuma ga yawan laifukan cin zarafin gida a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ba ta dau mataki na gaske don gyara lamarin. Mongoliya kuma gida ce ga yawan ma'aikatan bakin haure; Har yanzu gwamnatin Mongolian ba ta amince da wadannan ma'aikata a hukumance ba saboda haka ba a ba su wani hakki a hukumance ba. '''[[Koriya ta Arewa]]''' ta kasance kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Rahotanni da yawa da ke tattare da mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam sun tattara ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira na Koriya ta Arewa, a waje da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauransu. An zargi Koriya ta Kudu da keta haƙƙin bil'adama da yawa ciki har da hallaka, kisan kai, bautar, azabtarwa, ɗaurewa, fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i, da zubar da ciki. Koriya ta Arewa ta kuma ƙuntata duk 'yanci na farar hula da na siyasa ga' yan ƙasa, gami da kowane irin' yancin motsi ko ƙungiya yayin da ba ta samar da forums don shigar siyasa ba. Mata a Koriya ta Arewa suna ci gaba da fuskantar cin zarafi da yawa ciki har da fyade na aure, auren tilas, da azabtar da jima'i; waɗannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne daga gwamnati da sauran dangin (yawanci maza, iyaye, da sauransu). Gidan kurkuku na Koriya ta Arewa ya kuma samar da wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin rayuwa a duniya, mai yiwuwa shine dalilin mutuwar daruruwan dubban mutane a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wadannan sansanonin kurkuku galibi suna da fursunonin siyasa kuma yawanci suna haifar da aiki mai tsanani (idan ba kisa ba), azabtarwa na yau da kullun, cin zarafin jima'i da / ko fyade, da sauran cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Korea {{!}} Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/north-korea/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Koriya ta Arewa ta fada cikin mummunan zargi daga al'ummomin duniya na tsawon shekaru kuma bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam masu banƙyama sun kasance batun tattaunawa na yau da kullun a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin yiwuwar barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya. == Kulawa da cibiyoyin sarrafawa == Kamar yadda yankin Asiya ya kasance gida ga ɗimbin jahohi kowannensu yana da mabambanta ma'auni na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ɗabi'u ko al'adu daban-daban, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Asiya ba ta da hurumi ɗaya ta tsakiya dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam. === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya === [[Fayil:The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] Yayin da wasu ƙasashe da dama a cikin babban yankin Asiya a yau ba su cikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a lokacin da ta zartar da Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, akasarin waɗanda aka zaɓa su kada kuri'ar amincewa da ita (wato Afghanistan, Pakistan, India). Wannan sanarwar tana da labarai 30 da suka shafi bangarori daban-daban na haƙƙin ɗan adam; misali: * '''Mataki na 1:''' Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da' yanci kuma suna da daidaito da hakkoki. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.un.org |language=en}}</ref> * '''Mataki na 9:''' Babu wanda za a kama shi, tsare shi ko kuma gudun hijira.<ref name=":8" /> * '''Mataki na 19:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki; wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da' yancin riƙe ra'ayoyi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da rarraba bayanai da ra'ayoyin ta hanyar kowane kafofin watsa labarai kuma ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba.<ref name=":8" /> An ƙirƙiri UDHR ne da fatan kafa matsayin rayuwa ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya, tabbatar da yanayin ɗan adam ga mutane ba tare da la'akari da jiharsu ba. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar UDHR a matsayin babbar hukuma game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, kodayake ba ta da iko akan jihohi don haka har yanzu jihohi da yawa suna yin watsi da su a kai a kai lokacin da hanyoyin da za su dace da muradun jiha. === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN === Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, za a iya la'akari da Ƙungiyar Al'umman Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) a matsayin ƙungiyar yanki mafi yawan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Asiya. ASEAN tana aiki ne kawai a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, tare da kasashe membobin da suka hada da Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei, da Laos. Duk da yake ASEAN da farko ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kwanan nan ta fara fadada aikinta zuwa wasu yankuna na al'ummar kudu maso gabobin Asiya (watau haƙƙin ɗan adam). A shekarar 2009, ASEAN ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam ta ASEAN da fatan za ta taimaka wajen ingantawa da tsara yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin. Hukumar ta kirkiro kuma daga baya ta amince da sabuwar [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN]] a watan Nuwamba na 2012 wanda ya yi kira ga' yanci na asali da na asali ga dukkan' yan ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sanarwar tana da labarai 40 wadanda suka hada da: * '''Mataki na 3:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin amincewa a ko'ina a matsayin mutum a gaban doka. Kowane mutum daidai ne a gaban doka. Kowane mutum yana da damar samun daidaitattun kariya daga doka ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. * '''Mataki na 11:''' Kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin rayuwa wanda doka za ta kare shi. Babu wani mutum da za a hana rai sai dai bisa ga doka.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 22:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini. Dukkanin nau'ikan rashin haƙuri, nuna bambanci da kuma tayar da ƙiyayya bisa ga addini da imani za a kawar da su.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 33:''' Ya kamata kasashe membobin ASEAN su dauki matakai, kowannensu kuma ta hanyar taimakon yanki da na kasa da kasa da hadin kai, musamman tattalin arziki da fasaha, zuwa iyakar albarkatun da ke akwai, tare da hangen nesa don cimma cikakkiyar fahimtar haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da aka amince da su a cikin wannan Sanarwar.<ref name=":9" /> Yayin da dukkan kasashe mambobin kungiyar ASEAN suka amince da sanarwar kare hakin dan Adam, har yanzu akwai alamun keta hakkin bil'adama a yankin duk da kayyadaddun dokokin da suka sabawa ayyukan da ake yi. Kasancewar wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, yana nuna ci gaba game da amincewa da ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin da a al'adance ba ya nuna sha'awar amincewa da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Human rights violations endemic in South Asia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> === Cibiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Jama'a === Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a (CESR) tana mai da hankali kan tarin haƙƙoƙi, gami da haƙƙin siyasa, haƙƙin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin zamantakewa, da dai sauransu. CESR tana aiki a duk faɗin Asiya, sau da yawa tana ba da hadin kai tare da Taron Asiya Pacific (APF) yayin aiki don inganta yanayin haƙƙofo a yankunan da CESR ba ta da kafawa. CESR ta zaɓi inganta yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ka'idoji a duk faɗin Asiya ta hanyar tallafawa [[Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa|Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa]] (NHRIs). Maimakon ƙoƙarin aiwatar da canji a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, CESR da APF suna ba da sabis da zaɓuɓɓukan tallafi iri-iri ga NHRIs a duk faɗin Asiya a ƙarƙashin da'awar cewa waɗannan Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na cikin gida za su iya turawa don canji da kyau fiye da ƙungiyar ƙasa.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=National Human Rights Institutions {{!}} CESR |url=http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.cesr.org |language=en}}</ref> Wasu fa'idodi ga Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa sun hada da: * NHRIs suna da alaƙa da aka ayyana bisa doka tare da jihar, wanda ke ba su ikon saka idanu kan bin ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=National Human Rights Institutions {{!}} CESR |url=http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.cesr.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions "National Human Rights Institutions | CESR"]. ''www.cesr.org''. 2015-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * NHRIs sun dogara da kayan aikin bayar da shawarwari fiye da kungiyoyin shari'a ko na jama'a da kuma ƙwarewar shari'a don karɓar korafe-korafe da bincika doka da aiki; suna ba da shawara, taimako da haɓaka iyawa ga gwamnati <ref name=":10" /> * Matsayi na musamman tsakanin gwamnati, jama'a da tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, NHRIs na iya hadawa da 'yan wasan gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba <ref name=":10" /> * A matsayin cibiyoyin dindindin, NHRIs suna iya bin diddigin batutuwan da suka faru a tsawon lokaci don gano abubuwan da ke faruwa a matakin cika haƙƙoƙi <ref name=":10" /> === Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya === [[Fayil:Logo-ahrca-en).jpg|right|220x220px]] The Association for Human Rights in Central Asia (AHRCA) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 2006. Wannan ƙungiya ta fi mayar da hankali kan sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, bayar da rahoto game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa ciki har da azabtarwa, mummunan yanayin aiki, ƙuntatawa LGBTQ, danniya na kafofin watsa labaru, da dai sauransu. Maimakon aiwatar da canjin da kansu, AHRCA ta dogara sosai kan hanyoyin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo canji a tsakiyar Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association for Human Rights in Central Asia |url=https://ahrca.eu/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb}}</ref> AHRCA yana mai da hankali ya haɗa da amma ba a iyakance shi ba: * Tsaro daga azabtarwa * Taimako ga fursunonin siyasa * Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira * 'Yanci na Addini Shirye-shiryen masu fafutuka na baya-bayan nan sun hada da AHRCA na yin kira da a kaurace wa audugar Uzbek ta kasa da kasa saboda ta dogara kacokan kan aikin dole yara idan aka girbe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AHRCA |title=Key human rights concerns in Uzbekistan |url=https://ahrca.eu/publications/report/985-key-human-rights-concerns-in-uzbekistan |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331040241/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |archive-date=2018-03-31 |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=lib.ohchr.org}}</ref> === Human Rights Watch (HRW) === [[Fayil:Hrw_logo.svg|right|220x220px]] Ana ɗaukar Human Rights Watch (HRW) a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama masu zaman kansu mafi aminci a duniya. An kafa kungiyar ta HRW a shekara ta 1978 kuma tana sa ido kan kasashe a duniya, tana buga rahotanni sama da 100 na shekara-shekara tare da samar da yada labaran karya game da take hakkin dan Adam. Bugu da kari, HRW na ganawa akai-akai tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da kungiyoyin gwamnatoci (wato Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Tarayyar Afirka, da dai sauransu) don ba da shawarwari kan manufofi, bayanai, da dai sauransu. Baya ga dimbin sa ido da HRW ke bugawa duk shekara, kungiyar ta kuma mai da hankali sosai kan samar da sauyi a yankunan da suke aiki a ciki. Misali, HRW ta himmatu wajen shiryawa da kuma daukar nauyin zanga-zangar ko masu fafutuka a kan batutuwa iri-iri (watau kona shara a Lebanon). HRW ta shafe shekaru da dama tana shiga cikin yankin Asiya, tana fitar da rahotanni daban-daban da suka a kowace kasa ta Asiya. Wadannan rahotanni sun mayar da hankali ne kan batutuwa da dama da suka hada da ‘yancin walwala, ‘yancin mata, aikin yara da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> === Tarayyar Turai === [[Fayil:Flag_of_Europe.svg|alt=European Union flag, dark blue background with a circle of gold stars in the center.|thumb|Fadar Tarayyar Turai]] Baya ga cibiyoyin gwamnatocin yankin da aka ambata a baya da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ke ba da gudummawar ka'idoji da sa ido a gabashin Asiya, Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta taka rawar gani a 'yan shekarun nan. Duk da cewa a baya ba a sa ran EU za ta tsoma baki a cikin tambayoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kudurin da cibiyar ta yi kan Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya ta fadada ikon EU don rufe take hakkin bil'adama a duniya, gami da wadanda ke faruwa a gabashin Asiya. Rubutun farko na wannan tsarin ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2019. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Majalisar Turai ta kafa Yarjejeniyar. Tsarin ya himmatu musamman don "haɓaka sabon tsarin takunkumin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU a kwance don magance manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafi a duk duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU adopts a global human rights sanctions regime |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/07/eu-adopts-a-global-human-rights-sanctions-regime/ |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar ta EU ta shafe shekaru da dama tana sa ido kan ci gaban kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kamar yadda fitar da wasu bayanai da aka yi a bainar jama'a da suka yi Allah wadai da kasashen da suka aikata laifuka. Daya daga cikin bayanan farko ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 2009 lokacin da kungiyar EU ta yi wa gwamnatin kasar Sin bincike a bainar jama'a kan hukuncin kisa kan 'yan kasar Kirista guda tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union regarding the recent executions of nine persons in Xinjiang |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/111098.pdf |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Duk da sabon salo na yin aiki tare da sa ido kan hakkin dan Adam na gabashin Asiya, za a iya gane gagarumin kokarin da kungiyar EU ta yi dangane da tashe-tashen hankula da ke faruwa a lardin Xinjiang na kasar Sin. A watan Fabrairun 2020, EU ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana mai cewa Chen Mingguo na kasar Sin ne ke da alhakin "kare ba bisa ka'ida ba da wulakanci da ake yi wa 'yan kabilar Uighur da mutanen wasu tsiraru musulmi, da kuma keta hakkinsu na addini ko akida". Baya ga waɗannan zarge-zarge, Tarayyar Turai ta shirya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da kuma daskarewa a cikin iyakokin aiki na Xinjiang, don haka yana nuna aiwatar da takunkumi na manufofi a fuskar take hakkin dan adam na Gabashin Asiya. == Muhimman keta haƙƙin ɗan adam == === 2005 tashin hankali na Andijan === [[Fayil:Chapel_in_Andijan_01.JPG|thumb|220x220px|Cocin Andijan]] Rikicin kare hakkin dan adam na Andijan na 2005 ya faru ne a Uzbekistan kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi munin kisan farar hula a tarihin baya-bayan nan, ganin mutuwar farar hula da aka kiyasta tsakanin 200 da sama da 1500. Wannan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga rashin son gwamnati ta saki 'yan kasuwa 23 na cikin gida waɗanda aka tuhume su da tsattsauran ra'ayi, tsattsa ra'ayi da rabuwa. Wani karamin rukuni na 'yan bindiga ya taru a waje da kurkuku inda ake tsare da wadannan' yan kasuwa kuma ya fitar da su da sassafe, ya kashe masu tsaron kurkuku da yawa kuma ya kama jami'an gwamnati daban-daban. 'Yan ƙasa na Uzbek sun tafi kan tituna don tallafawa wannan hutun kurkuku, suna mamaye Babar Square don nuna rashin amincewa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, tsarin shari'a mara adalci, da sauransu. Sojojin gwamnati sun toshe dukkan hanyoyi zuwa filin da fatan za su iya shawo kan zanga-zangar, amma da yawa sun wuce sojojin da ƙafa kuma sun shiga zanga-zambe. Akwai rahotanni na farko na musayar bindiga tsakanin fararen hula da sojoji, amma masu zanga-zangar a Babar Square ba su hana su ba kuma sun kasance a wuri ɗaya. Tsakanin karfe 5 na yamma zuwa 6 na yamma, gwamnati ta fara babban hari a kan Babar Square ba tare da wani gargadi ba. Sojojin Uzbek sun yi amfani da bindigogi, bindigogi masu kai hari, da masu dauke da makamai (APCs) a kan fararen hula masu zanga-zangar, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a kan maza, mata, da yara.<ref name=":11" /> Daga baya an samu rahotanni game da sojoji da ke kashe fararen hula da suka ji rauni da kuma motsa daruruwan gawawwakin cikin kaburbura. Duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta dauki mataki ne kawai a kan kungiyoyin ta'addanci da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin zanga-zangar, Uzbekistan ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani na kasa da kasa bayan kisan kiyashi na Andijan. === Kisan kare dangi na Khmer Rouge === 'Yan gurguzu na Cambodia ne suka aiwatar da kisan kiyashi na Khmer Rouge tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1979. Wannan kungiya ta siyasa ta kasance tana kara yawan al'ummarta sannu a hankali yayin da kungiyoyi irin su Viet Cong da sojojin Arewacin Vietnam ke rike da makamai a lokaci guda. Bayan nasarar Khmer Rouge a yakin basasar Cambodia a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ta fara kisan gilla da zai addabi kasashen na tsawon rabin shekaru masu zuwa. An yi kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu a rikicin Khmer Rouge ya kai tsakanin miliyan 1.5 zuwa 3, inda a kalla rabin wadannan kisa na da alaka da siyasa. Wadanda ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na siyasa ba sun mutu ko dai daga mummunan yanayin aiki ko azabtarwa ta hanyar kisa. Gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta aiwatar da manufofinta na injiniyan zamantakewa sosai, yawancinsu sun mai da hankali kan nishaɗin al'ummar noma. Wannan mayar da hankali ya haifar da korar jama'ar garuruwan Cambodia da yawa daga baya kuma an tilastawa jama'ar birane yin tattaki zuwa yankunan karkara domin yin aikin noma (yawanci shinkafa). Bugu da ƙari, Khmer Rouge ya sa ran samar da shinkafa a kowace hekta zuwa sau uku daga ton 1 zuwa 3; Wannan tsammanin bai yi la'akari da babban rashin aiki da aka haifar ba ta hanyar sanya jama'ar gari cikin ayyukan yi na karkara.<ref name=":12" /> Yawan jama'ar birni ba su da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don cimma burin Khmer Rouge kuma an kashe da yawa a matsayin masu zagon ƙasa na tattalin arziki (wanda aka lakafta shi saboda yawan samar da su). An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da farko da bindigogi, amma sakamakon karancin albarusai, matasan Cambodia suna dauke da manyan makamai da kuma tilasta musu aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan makiya Khmer Rouge. An gano kimanin kaburbura 20,000 tun bayan faduwar Khmer Rouge a shekarar 1979. A shekarar 2014, shugabannin Khmer Rouge Nuon Chea da Khieu Samphan sun fuskanci hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. === Kisan kiyashi na Daoxian === [[Fayil:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Mao Zedong]], shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, ganawa da Richard Nixon, Shugaban Amurka]] Kisan Daoxian ya faru ne a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu na kasar Sin, wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki 66 tsakanin ranekun 13 ga watan Agusta zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1967. Wadanda aka yi wa kisan kiyashi ana zargin makiya ne na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP). Yawanci, jami'an CCP na gida da masu goyon bayan juyin juya hali sun aiwatar da kame ba bisa ka'ida ba; Wadanda aka kama kuma daga baya wasu jami'an CCP na gida ko kuma 'yan bindiga suka kashe su sun sami ɗan gajeren shari'a, rashin adalci inda waɗanda ke yanke hukunci su ne mutanen da suka ba da umarnin kama su da kansu. An kashe wadanda aka kashe ta hanyoyi da dama, da suka hada da harbe-harbe, duka, da yanke kawunansu. Kungiyoyin da ke da alhakin kashe-kashen sun samu karin albashi da kuma inganta rayuwar su. Yayin da CCP ba ta amince da su a hukumance ba, ba ta dauki wani matakin dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba har sai da korafe-korafe da dama daga wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Daoxian ya kai matakin gwamnati. An kawo karshen kashe-kashen ne biyo bayan tura runduna ta 47 ta Soji amma ba a taba hukunta wadanda suka aikata kisan ba. === Cin zarafin kisan kiyashi a Bangladesh === Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh na 1971 ya ga mambobin Sojojin Pakistan da masu goyon bayansu sun yi wa mata da 'yan mata 200,000 da 400,000 fyade a cikin yunkurin kashe kabilanci. Shugabannin soji na Pakistan sun ayyana mayakan 'yanci na Bengali a matsayin "Hindu" kuma cewa matansu kawai ganimar yaki ce ga sojoji su yi amfani da su kamar yadda suka ga ya dace. An tsare mata a sansanoni na musamman inda aka yi musu fyade akai-akai ta hanyar juyawa na sojojin Pakistan; waɗannan mata za su iya tserewa daga sansanonin ne kawai ta hanyar rataye kansu da gashin kansu - aikin da ya haifar da sojoji su aske kawunan dukkan fursunonin sansanin. Wadanda ba a yi musu fyade ba za a yi musu fyaɗe, a kashe su, kuma a yi musu bulala a cikin al'aura. Yayinda sojojin Pakistan suka yi ƙoƙari su hana waɗannan fyade na tsari daga kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa sun buga rahotanni ko labaru game da wannan fyade na kisan kare dangi; Pakistan daga baya ta sami babban zargi na duniya, suna tsawata musu saboda ayyukansu. Duk da yake sojojin Pakistan suna jayayya cewa babu fiye da 'yan daruruwan shari'o'in fyade, wadanda kawai ayyukan sojoji ne masu karkatarwa, mai yiwuwa ne cewa sojoji sun karɓi manufofin da za su iya kashe mutanen Bengali.<ref name=":13" /> == Dubi kuma == * Rikicin Jama'a na Andijan 2005 * Darajar Asiya * Dimokuradiyya a Asiya * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Ostiraliya]] * [[Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya|'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya]] * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Gabashin Asiya == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://humanrightsinasean.info/ 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin ASEAN 'Yancin dan Adam a cikin dandalin yanar gizo na ASEAN] * [http://www.asiapacificforum.net/ Zuwa yankin da kowa ke jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asia Pacific Forum] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/politics/prodemocracy-groups-are-harassed-in-central-asia.html Kungiyoyin Demokradiyya suna fuskantar matsin lamba a Asiya ta Tsakiya] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ Rashin bin 'yancin dan adam a Kudancin Asiya] * [https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/bhutans-human-rights-record-defies-happiness-claim/ Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na Bhutan ya kalubalanci 'Farin Ciki'] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ghevnaz9zf9lviwi56izd3ft5vp29ce 0 115258 856017 830016 2026-06-13T12:30:10Z Aishat bature 45911 856017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Sokotorivermap.png|thumb|Kogin Sokoto, yana nuna wurin da birnin yake]] '''Sokoto''' babban birni ne dake a cikin ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]], kusa da mahadar [[Sokoto (kogi)|kogin Sokoto]] da [[kogin Rima]] . A shekarar 2006, tana da yawan jama'a sama da 427,760. Sokoto ita ce babban birnin [[Sokoto (jiha)|jihar Sokoto]] a wannan zamani kuma a baya ita ce hedikwatar jihohin arewa maso yamma. Sakkwato ta zamani ta shahara wajen cinikin fatun tumaki, fatun shanu, sana’ar fata (wani gagarumin fitarwa) da gyada kola da fatun akuya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=Sokoto {{!}} Map, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sokoto-Nigeria |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Wurin zama ne mai cike da tarihi na tsohuwar [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], birnin [[Musulunci a Najeriya|yawancin musulmi]] ne kuma muhimmin wurin koyar da addinin musulunci a Najeriya. [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmin]] da ke shugabantar halifanci ne yadda ya kamata a matsayin shugaban addinin Musulunci na Najeriya. == Suna da kirarin asali ==   Sunan Sokoto (wanda shine sunan na zamani/a turance daga sunan asali da mazauna ke faɗa (''Sakkwato'' ) asalin [[Larabci]] ne, yana nufin (''sooq'',) ma'ana 'kasuwa' . Kuma ana kiranta da ''Sakkwato, Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]]'' ko kuma “Sakoto, Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]] ” (Shaihu yana nufin Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Daular Sakkwato, da Bello dansa/majibinsa, Sultan Muhammad Bello). == Yanayi == Sokoto tana da yanayi mai zafi mai ratsa ruwa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen weather classification]] ''BSH'' ). Tana cikin busasshiyar [[Sahel]], kewaye da yashi mai yashi da tsaunuka keɓance. Tare da matsakaicin zafin shekara kimanin {{Convert|28.3|°C|°F|1}}, Sokoto na daya daga cikin garuruwan da suka fi zafi a Najeriya. Kodayake, matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana gabaɗaya ba ya haura {{Convert|40|°C|°F|1}} a mafi yawa cikin shekara, kuma bushewar yana sa zafi ya iya jurewa. <ref name="sokoto-description">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History and Geography of Sokoto State |url=http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |access-date=7 April 2007 |archive-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512010735/http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mafi yawan watanni shine Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, inda zafin rana zai iya wuce 40&nbsp;°C. Mafi girman zafin jiki da ake samu shine 45&nbsp;°C. Lokacin damina na daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, wanda a lokacin shawa ke zama ruwan dare a kullum. Ruwan shawa ba ya daɗe yana daɗewa kuma yana da nisa daga ruwan shawa na yau da kullun da aka sani a yankuna masu zafi da yawa. Daga karshen Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu, a lokacin 'lokacin sanyi', yanayin yana gauraye da iska hunturu da ke kada kurar Sahara a cikin kasa. Kurar tana dusashe hasken rana, don haka zafi ke raguwa sosai. Hanyar noman amfanin gona a yankin ita ce kwararowar ruwan kogin Sokoto-Rima, wanda ke cike da kasa mai albarka. Sauran amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa a Sakkwato sun hada da gero, dawa, wake watakila ya fi yawa, sai masara, shinkafa, sesame, sauran hatsi da kayan lambu kamar: albasa, tumatir, barkono, attaruhu, latas, da kabeji. [1] [2] Baya ga gero, Sakkwato ce kan gaba wajen noman albasa a Najeriya. Ta fuskar ciyayi, Sakkwato ta fada cikin yankin savannah. Wannan buɗaɗɗen ciyayi ce ta tse-tse mara ciyayi wacce ta dace da noman hatsi da kiwo. Ruwan sama yana farawa a makare kuma yana ƙarewa da wuri tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara tsakanin 500 mm da 1,300 mm. Akwai manyan yanayi guda biyu a Sakkwato, wato jika da bushewa. Lokacin rani yana farawa daga Oktoba, kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa Afrilu a wasu sassa kuma yana iya ƙara zuwa Mayu ko Yuni a wasu sassa. A daya bangaren kuma lokacin damina yana farawa a yawancin sassan jihar a watan Mayu kuma yana kai har zuwa Satumba, ko Oktoba. Harmattan, busasshiyar iska, sanyi, da ƙura mai ƙura ana fuskanta a cikin jihar tsakanin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Zafi ya fi tsanani a jihar a watan Maris da Afrilu. Amma yanayi a jihar kullum sanyi ne da safe da kuma zafi da rana, sai dai a lokacin harmattan kololuwa. Tsarin yanayin jihar ya mamaye filin Hausa na arewacin [[Najeriya]] . Fadin qasar da ake nomawa a cikin kogin Sokoto-Rima ya wargaza fili tare da samar da qasa mai cike da albarkar noman amfanin gona iri-iri a jihar. Haka kuma akwai tsaunuka da tsaunuka keɓe a warwatse a duk faɗin jihar.{{Weather box}} == Ci gaban tarihi ==   [[Fayil:Travels_and_discoveries_in_North_and_Central_Africa._From_the_journal_of_an_expedition_undertaken_under_the_auspices_of_H.B.M.'s_government,_in_the_years_1849-1855_(1859)_(14781116835).jpg|thumb|Kasuwa a Sokoto, farkon shekarun 1850]] [[Fayil:West_Africa_in_1897.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sokoto, wanda aka nuna a cakuɗe a taswirar 1897]] [[Fayil:Sokoto_Sultanate.png|thumb|Sarkin Musulmi a zamanin Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu Rufa'i]] Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo ya yi amfani da Sokoto tun a watan Oktoban 1804 a matsayin wurin ganawa da Galadima, Wazirin Yunfa. Daga bisani, dansa Muhammad Bello ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin shirya hari a Dufua a cikin bazara na 1806. Bovil ya nuna cewa ana iya kiran yankin da Sokoto tun a karni na sha bakwai. Ta fuskar tarihi, an kafa Sakkwato a matsayin ribat (sansanin soja ko iyaka) a shekarar 1809, lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ke Sifawa. Daga baya ta zama hedikwatar halifanci bayan rasuwar Shehu. A cikin 1820s, Sakkwato ta kasance a kololuwar ci gabanta ya yi daidai da kololuwar ikon ‘sarakunanta’ a tsakiyar halifanci, tana karbar harajin shekara-shekara daga dukkan fifuffuka kafin wani lokaci mai tsawo na raguwa. Mai binciken Hugh Clapperton (1827) ya burge sosai da wannan wadata da tasirinsa a cikin birnin. Clapperton ya lura da mahimmancin matsugunin Sokoto: Koguna, maimakon kasuwanci mai nisa a cikin tattalin arzikin birnin. Amma a halin yanzu harkokin kasuwanci a Sakkwato ba su da la’akari da shi, saboda tabarbarewar yanayin da kasar ke ciki. A lokacin da mai binciken [[Heinrich Barth]] ya zo a shekarar 1853, Sokoto ta kasance cikin kankanin mazauna kuma ta lalace matuka. Barth a 1857 ya kiyasta yawan jama'a 20,000-22,000 ne kawai, amma har yanzu ana ba da kasuwa kuma ana halarta, kuma wani yanki mai ci gaba a wajen bango ya fi Sokoto kanta. Bovil ya bayyana Sokoto a matsayin matsayi mai karfi, wanda ke da tudu daga gabas zuwa arewa maso yamma da kuma wani karamin kwari a yamma da kudu maso yamma da ke ba ta kariya daga hare-haren da sojojin dawakai suka kai musu. Garin ya mamaye tudu mai fadi inda koguna biyu, Rima da Sokoto ke haduwa, kasancewar mahadar tituna daga Gobir a arewa, Kebbi a kudu da Burmi Zamfara a gabas. A farkon karni na 19, an raba garin (Sokoto) zuwa unguwanni. Irin wadannan unguwanni sun hada da unguwar Magajin Gari, unguwar Waziri, unguwar Sarkin Musulmi, unguwar Sarkin Adar, unguwar Magajin Rafi, da unguwar Sarkin Zamfara. A wannan lokaci unguwannin sun kasance kanana kuma an kewaye su da katanga, wadanda suka hada da masallatan Sultan Bello da Shehu, da fadar Sarkin Musulmi da sauran gine-gine da kuma harabar gidan Shehu. A cikin 1818, an shimfida katangar har ta kai ga tana da ƙofofin da ke shiga da fita daga bangon Birni. Irin wadannan kofofin su ne Kofar-Kade, Kofar-Kware, Kofar-Rini, Kofar-Dundaye, Kofar-Taramniya, Kofar-Aliyu Jedo, da Kofar-Marke. [[Fayil:View_of_Sokoto_(1890).jpg|thumb|Duban bayan gari (1890)]] Yankin Sakkwato na yanzu ya kasance gidan masarautu da masarautu da yawa na yammacin Sudan kafin mulkin mallaka. Wadannan sun hada da masarautun [[Gobir]] da Kebbi da kuma shahararriyar khalifancin da ya shafi ruhi da siyasarsa shine hedikwatar jihar. Bayan mamayar daular halifanci da turawan ingila suka yi a shekarar 1903, an mayar da bangarori daban-daban nata ‘yan cin gashin kansu suka shiga cikin gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya. Ta haka ne yankin arewa ya kasance mafi yawan sassan daular Sokoto da daular [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] . Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 1967 lokacin da aka kirkiro jihohi don maye gurbin gwamnatocin yankuna da Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya yi. Sokoto ta zama hedikwatar jihar arewa maso yamma da aka kirkira a shekarar 1967. A shekarar 1976 bayan kirkiro jihar Neja daga jihar Arewa maso yamma, jihar Sokoto ta zama hedikwatarta. Duk da haka a jihohin Sokoto, Kebbi da Zamfara an sassare su daga Sokoto, a 1991 da 1996 bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-29 |title=History of Sokoto - Official Website of Sokoto State Government |url=https://sokotostate.gov.ng/history-of-sokoto/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Don haka babban birnin Sakkwato ya kasance hedkwatar gwamnatoci daban-daban tun lokacin da Halifa Muhammad Bello ya kafa shi a 1809. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Sokoto State :: Nigeria Information & Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Sokoto/Brief-History-of-Sokoto-State.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> == Mutane da al'adu == Jihar Sokoto tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 3.7 [1] [2] bisa ga shekara ta 2006. Ƙididdigar da ta ƙunshi ƙabilu biyu wato Fulani da Hausa . Garin Sokoto babban birnin jihar Sokoto yana da yawan jama'a kusan 2.5 miliyan. Baya ga Fulani da Hausawa akwai ‘yan tsiraru na Zabarmawa da Abzinawa a yankunan kananan hukumomin. Duk wadannan kungiyoyi suna magana da Hausa a matsayin harshen gama gari. Fulani ne ke magana da Fulfulde . Hausawa mazauna jihar sun hada da Gobirawa, Zamfarawa, Kabawa, Adarawa da Arawa. Su kuma Fulanin manyan kungiyoyi biyu ne; garin Fulani ( Hausa ; Fula ) da kuma Makiyaya. Na farko ya hada da Torankawa, dangin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo]], [[Sulluɓawa|Sullubawa]] da Zoramawa. Torankawa sune aristocratic ajin tun 1804. A al'adance jihar tana daya. Al'ummar jihar galibinsu musulmi ne. Tufafinsu kuma asalinsu na Musulunci ne. Ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa guda biyu wato [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid-el-Fitri]] da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid-el-Kabir]] duk shekara a jihar. Na farko ya kawo karshen [[Azumi a Musulunci|azumin]] watan Ramadan, yayin da na karshen ya kunshi yankan raguna domin tunawa da wani aiki da [[Annabi Ibrahim|annabin Musulunci Ibrahim]] ( [[Ibrahim]] kakan Yahudawa) ya yi. Wasan gargajiya ( [[Kokawa]] ) da dambe ( [[Dambe]] ) sune wasanni biyu da Hausawa ke jin dadinsu yayin da Fulani da Sullubawa suke nishadantar da Sharo <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Sharo Ceremony, the scars of Fulani love in Nigeria |url=https://kumakonda.com/sharo-fulani-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> da Doro. bi da bi. Manyan maziyartan jihar galibi ana yi masu zuwa ga babbar ko karamar [[durbar]], taron da ya kunshi faretin dawakai da aka kawata da rakuma wadanda mazaje suke sanye da cikakkun kayan soja da na al'adu. == Gurbatar muhalli == Jama’a a Sakkwato na cikin hatsarin gaske ga matsalar rashin lafiya sakamakon kurar iska da ke haifar da ciwon huhu da kuma kara yawan mace-mace, musamman daga cututtukan zuciya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality & Pollen Forecast for Sokoto |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/outdoorsports/airquality/sokoto_nigeria_2322911 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Sokoto Air Quality Index (AQI) and Nigeria Air Pollution {{!}} IQAir |url=https://www.iqair.com/nigeria/sokoto |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.iqair.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality and Pollen in Sokoto, Nigeria {{!}} Tomorrow.io |url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/Sokoto/2158714/health/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Tomorrow.io Weather |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan tattalin arziki == [[Fayil:Sokoto_market_2006.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwar Sokoto]] Sama da kashi tamanin (80%) na mazauna Sokoto suna yin noma iri daya ko kuma wata. Suna noman amfanin gona kamar gero, masara, masara, shinkafa, dankalin turawa, rogo, gyada, wake da dai sauransu don rayuwa da kuma samar da alkama, auduga da ganyaye don tsabar kudi. Sana'o'in cikin gida irin su saƙa da rini da sassaƙa da fata su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin al'ummar Sakkwato; a sakamakon haka, yankuna daban-daban kamar Makera, Marina, Takalmawa da Majema sun zama mahimmanci. Sokoto kuma na daya daga cikin yankunan da ake noman kifi a kasar. Don haka adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke gefen kogin suna yin kamun kifi. Haka ma Sokoto tana da albarkatun kasa da ma'adinai. Kamfanonin hadin gwiwar Agro da ke amfani da auduga, gyada, dawa, danko, masara, shinkafa, alkama, rake, rogo, danko Larabci da taba a matsayin albarkatun kasa ana iya kafa su a yankin. Haka kuma za a iya yin noma mai yawa a jihar ta hanyar amfani da ruwan ban ruwa daga madatsar Goronyo, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko da Kwakwazo da sauransu. Albarkatun ma'adinai irin su kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, jan niƙa, phosphate duka rawaya da kore, yumbu inuwa, yashi da dai sauransu, suna samuwa a cikin adadi na kasuwanci. Za a iya kafa masana'antu na ma'adinai masu amfani da waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa a cikin jihar. Rashin tashiwar tse-tse a buɗaɗɗen ciyayi yana amfana da namun daji da na gida. Sokoto ita ce ta biyu a fannin kiwon dabbobi a yawan dabbobin kasar sama da miliyan takwas. Samuwar wadannan hanyoyin tattalin arziki na samar da damammakin zuba jari, musamman a masana'antar hada-hadar noma kamar su fulawa, sarrafa tumatur, tace sukari, yadi, gamna, tanning, gwangwanin kifi, da sauransu. == Sufuri == Sokoto ba ta da tsarin sufurin jama'a. Sufuri a cikin birni (lokacin da ba da ƙafa ba) galibi suna amfani da mopeds waɗanda ke aiki azaman tasi na mutum ɗaya kuma wani lokaci masu keke masu uku suna jigilar mutane daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan; wannan yana ba da damar ɗaukar mutane fiye da ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya (har yanzu a farashi mai arha kamar mopeds). Motocin bas da tasi ba safai ba ne kuma galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai don jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin birane. Wani abin sha’awa a yankin da kasa da kashi 2% na ‘yan mata ke kammala karatun sakandare, an kafa garejin mata duka a cikin birnin Sakkwato domin horar da ‘yan mata kan gyaran ababen hawa. Cibiyar Nana: Girls and Women Empowerment Initiative ce ta kafa, garejin na horar da dalibai mata 25 da suka koyo tare da tallafin shugabannin addinin Musulunci na yankin. 10&nbsp;km kudu da Sokoto akwai [[Filin jirgin saman Sokoto|filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa]] wanda ke da alaka da [[Abuja]] da [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . == Masana'antu == A watan Agusta 2008, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gina aikin siminti a Sokoto, kuma an bude kamfanin a shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2022-01-27 |title=Buhari inaugurates BUA's new cement plant in Sokoto |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/508229-buhari-inaugurates-buas-new-cement-plant-in-sokoto.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Birane == Garin birni yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Hausa. An fara aiwatar da tsarin ne a lokacin da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci na kasar Hausa suka bunkasa tun daga Kauyuka zuwa Birane. Amma duk da haka daya daga cikin manyan illolin da mai jihadi ya haifar shi ne gudun wannan lamari ba wai a kasar Hausa kadai ba, har ma a duk wuraren da gwamnatin halifanci ta shafa. Sabbin garuruwa sun taso kuma tsofaffin garuruwa sun shiga wani yanayi na ci gaban da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, wasu a matsayin sabbin wuraren harkokin kasuwanci, wasu a matsayin manyan masarautu da cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin halifancin Sokoto ya faro ne da kafa birnin Sakkwato (helkwatar halifanci). A zamanin jahiliyya, yankin da ke tsakanin Masarautar Gobir da Kebbi shi ne yankin da aka fi sani da “Kasar makiyaya”. Amma da nasarar jihadin da Shehu usmau dan Fodiyo (1804-1808) ya jagoranta da kuma nasarar da masu jihadi suka samu kan sarakunan kasar Hausa, Muhammad Bello ya gina birnin Sokoto (helkwatar khalifanci). Haka kuma, kamar yadda Abdul-Razaq Shehu ya lura a cikin littafinsa ''na Sakkwato Birnin Shehu'', Muhammad Bello ya tsara birnin Sakkwato da takarda tun kafin a gina shi. Bello dan Sheikh yana cikin hakiman mahaifinsa da kwamandojin yaki. Ya yi yake-yake mafi tsanani kuma mafi tsawo kuma shi ne ya gina halifancin Sakkwato Birnin Shehu. Birnin Sakkwato kamar yadda mai zanen Muhammad Bello ya tsara ya kunshi duk wani fasali na kowane birni na zamani da suka hada da tituna, gadoji, kasuwa, ganuwa (cibiyoyin tsaro na gari) da kuma cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daga cikin cibiyoyin gudanarwa da Muhammad Bello ya tsara akwai Kanwuri, Binanchi, Galadanci, Alkalanci, Dogarawa da dai sauransu. Sai dai, baya ga babbar kasuwar da aka fi sani da Yardole, sauran wuraren kasuwanci da Muhammad Bello ya tsara sun hada da Makera, Madinka, Marina, Siriddawa, Takalmawa, Runji da Jirgawa. Bugu da kari, babu wani gari a kasar Hausa kafin jihadi ko karni na 19 da zai ci gaba da zama cibiyar birni ba tare da katanga mai inganci ba (ganuwa). An gina wannan ginin ne da guraren da dama kamar Kofar Aliyu Jedo, Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Marke, Kofar Rini, Kofar Kware, da Kofar Taramniya, kuma wannan gagarumin ci gaba da aka samu ya ja hankalin jama’a da dama da suka yi hijira daga unguwarsu zuwa cikin birnin Sakkwato domin tsira. Daga abin da muka gani a sama kan yadda halifa Muhammad Bello ya kera birnin Sakkwato za mu ga cewa, Sakkwato ta samu karin bakin haure masu sha’awar sana’ar fataucin fata, tukwane da sauransu, alal misali, wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane ko dai suna yin sana’a ne ko kuma wasu sana’o’in da ke da alaka da su kamar a Makera Assada. Akwai mutanen da suka rika tafiya sassa daban-daban na Nijeriya a halin yanzu har ma da kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su don sayo kayan karafa da suka lalace kamar lalacewar motoci, motoci, manyan motoci, jiragen sama da dai sauran bututun karfe, da tankunan mai domin karya su gunduwa-gunduwa, a sayar wa duk wanda ke son ya yi amfani da su ko kuma ya canza su zuwa wani samfur. == Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli == === Canjin yanayi === Domin Sokoto da kewayen garin sun riga sun kasance a kusa da wani yanki mai dausayi da ke fama da kwararowar hamada, tuni birnin ya fuskanci illar sauyin yanayi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=July 2018 |title=Climate Change Manifestations and Impacts in The Sokoto Close-Settled Zone, Northwestern Nigeria |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/196236813.pdf |journal=Akademika |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=21–34 |via=Core UK}}</ref> Wani bincike na 2018 game da yuwuwar tasirin birnin ya annabta raguwar kayan noma da bunƙasa shuka, da ƙara [[Rashin ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] a yankin da ke kewayen birni, yana tsoma baki tare da samar da abinci da samar da ƙalubalen tsaro na samun kudin shiga. <ref name=":0" /> == Fitattun mutane == * [[Attahiru Bafarawa]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] (Sardaunan Sokoto) * [[Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi]] (Tsohon Ministan 'Yan sandan Najeriya) * [[Shehu Shagari]] (Tsohon Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya) * [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] (Tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai kuma Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato) * Sanata [[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * [[Alhaji Ahmad Aliyu|Ahmad Aliyu]] (Gwamnan Sokoto a shekarar 2023) * [[Sa'adu Abubakar]] (Sultan of Sokoto) == Duba kuma == * [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto Caliphate]] * [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodiyo]] * Siminti a Afirka * [[Makera Assada]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ee8qh8fdchzuzj8pmq9acwggbu04gx6 856023 856017 2026-06-13T12:36:23Z Aishat bature 45911 856023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Sokotorivermap.png|thumb|Kogin Sokoto, yana nuna wurin da birnin yake]] '''Sokoto''' babban birni ne dake a cikin ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]], kusa da mahadar [[Sokoto (kogi)|kogin Sokoto]] da [[kogin Rima]] . A shekarar 2006, tana da yawan jama'a sama da 427,760. Sokoto ita ce babban birnin [[Sokoto (jiha)|jihar Sokoto]] a wannan zamani kuma a baya ita ce hedikwatar jihohin arewa maso yamma. Sakkwato ta zamani ta shahara wajen cinikin fatun tumaki, fatun shanu, sana’ar fata (wani gagarumin fitarwa) da gyada kola da fatun akuya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=Sokoto {{!}} Map, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sokoto-Nigeria |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Wurin zama ne mai cike da tarihi na tsohuwar [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], birnin [[Musulunci a Najeriya|yawancin musulmi]] ne kuma muhimmin wurin koyar da addinin musulunci a Najeriya. [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmin]] da ke shugabantar halifanci ne yadda ya kamata a matsayin shugaban addinin Musulunci na Najeriya. == Suna da kirarin asali ==   Sunan Sokoto (wanda shine sunan na zamani/a turance daga sunan asali da mazauna ke faɗa (''Sakkwato'' ) asalin [[Larabci]] ne, yana nufin (''sooq'',) ma'ana 'kasuwa' . Kuma ana kiranta da ''Sakkwato, Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]]'' ko kuma “Sakoto, Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]] ” (Shaihu yana nufin Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Daular Sakkwato, da Bello dansa/majibinsa, Sultan Muhammad Bello). == Yanayi == Sokoto tana da yanayi mai zafi mai ratsa ruwa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen weather classification]] ''BSH'' ). Tana cikin busasshiyar [[Sahel]], kewaye da yashi mai yashi da tsaunuka keɓance. Tare da matsakaicin zafin shekara kimanin {{Convert|28.3|°C|°F|1}}, Sokoto na daya daga cikin garuruwan da suka fi zafi a Najeriya. Kodayake, matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana gabaɗaya ba ya haura {{Convert|40|°C|°F|1}} a mafi yawa cikin shekara, kuma bushewar yana sa zafi ya iya jurewa. <ref name="sokoto-description">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History and Geography of Sokoto State |url=http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |access-date=7 April 2007 |archive-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512010735/http://www.sokoto-state.com/state.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mafi yawan watanni shine Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, inda zafin rana zai iya wuce 40&nbsp;°C. Mafi girman zafin jiki da ake samu shine 45&nbsp;°C. Lokacin damina na daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, wanda a lokacin shawa ke zama ruwan dare a kullum. Ruwan shawa ba ya daɗe yana daɗewa kuma yana da nisa daga ruwan shawa na yau da kullun da aka sani a yankuna masu zafi da yawa. Daga karshen Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu, a lokacin 'lokacin sanyi', yanayin yana gauraye da iska hunturu da ke kada kurar Sahara a cikin kasa. Kurar tana dusashe hasken rana, don haka zafi ke raguwa sosai. Hanyar noman amfanin gona a yankin ita ce makwararar ruwan kogin Sokoto-Rima, wanda ke cike da kasa mai albarka. Sauran amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa a Sakkwato sun hada da gero, dawa, wake watakila ya fi yawa, sai masara, shinkafa, sesame, sauran hatsi da kayan lambu kamar: albasa, tumatir, barkono, attarugu, latas, da kabeji. [1] [2] Baya ga gero, Sakkwato ce kan gaba wajen noman albasa a Najeriya. Ta fuskar ciyayi, Sakkwato ta fada cikin yankin savannah. Wannan buɗaɗɗen ciyayi ce ta tse-tse mara ciyayi wacce ta dace da noman hatsi da kiwo. Ruwan sama yana farawa a makare kuma yana ƙarewa da wuri tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara tsakanin 500 mm da 1,300 mm. Akwai manyan yanayi guda biyu a Sakkwato, wato jika da bushewa. Lokacin rani yana farawa daga Oktoba, kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa Afrilu a wasu sassa kuma yana iya ƙara zuwa Mayu ko Yuni a wasu sassa. A daya bangaren kuma lokacin damina yana farawa a yawancin sassan jihar a watan Mayu kuma yana kai har zuwa Satumba, ko Oktoba. Harmattan, busasshiyar iska, sanyi, da ƙura mai ƙura ana fuskanta a cikin jihar tsakanin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Zafi ya fi tsanani a jihar a watan Maris da Afrilu. Amma yanayi a jihar kullum sanyi ne da safe da kuma zafi da rana, sai dai a lokacin harmattan kololuwa. Tsarin yanayin jihar ya mamaye filin Hausa na arewacin [[Najeriya]] . Fadin qasar da ake nomawa a cikin kogin Sokoto-Rima ya wargaza fili tare da samar da qasa mai cike da albarkar noman amfanin gona iri-iri a jihar. Haka kuma akwai tsaunuka da tsaunuka keɓe a warwatse a duk faɗin jihar.{{Weather box}} == Ci gaban tarihi ==   [[Fayil:Travels_and_discoveries_in_North_and_Central_Africa._From_the_journal_of_an_expedition_undertaken_under_the_auspices_of_H.B.M.'s_government,_in_the_years_1849-1855_(1859)_(14781116835).jpg|thumb|Kasuwa a Sokoto, farkon shekarun 1850]] [[Fayil:West_Africa_in_1897.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sokoto, wanda aka nuna a cakuɗe a taswirar 1897]] [[Fayil:Sokoto_Sultanate.png|thumb|Sarkin Musulmi a zamanin Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadu Rufa'i]] Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo ya yi amfani da Sokoto tun a watan Oktoban 1804 a matsayin wurin ganawa da Galadima, Wazirin Yunfa. Daga bisani, dansa Muhammad Bello ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin shirya hari a Dufua a cikin bazara na 1806. Bovil ya nuna cewa ana iya kiran yankin da Sokoto tun a karni na sha bakwai. Ta fuskar tarihi, an kafa Sakkwato a matsayin ribat (sansanin soja ko iyaka) a shekarar 1809, lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ke Sifawa. Daga baya ta zama hedikwatar halifanci bayan rasuwar Shehu. A cikin 1820s, Sakkwato ta kasance a kololuwar ci gabanta ya yi daidai da kololuwar ikon ‘sarakunanta’ a tsakiyar halifanci, tana karbar harajin shekara-shekara daga dukkan fifuffuka kafin wani lokaci mai tsawo na raguwa. Mai binciken Hugh Clapperton (1827) ya burge sosai da wannan wadata da tasirinsa a cikin birnin. Clapperton ya lura da mahimmancin matsugunin Sokoto: Koguna, maimakon kasuwanci mai nisa a cikin tattalin arzikin birnin. Amma a halin yanzu harkokin kasuwanci a Sakkwato ba su da la’akari da shi, saboda tabarbarewar yanayin da kasar ke ciki. A lokacin da mai binciken [[Heinrich Barth]] ya zo a shekarar 1853, Sokoto ta kasance cikin kankanin mazauna kuma ta lalace matuka. Barth a 1857 ya kiyasta yawan jama'a 20,000-22,000 ne kawai, amma har yanzu ana ba da kasuwa kuma ana halarta, kuma wani yanki mai ci gaba a wajen bango ya fi Sokoto kanta. Bovil ya bayyana Sokoto a matsayin matsayi mai karfi, wanda ke da tudu daga gabas zuwa arewa maso yamma da kuma wani karamin kwari a yamma da kudu maso yamma da ke ba ta kariya daga hare-haren da sojojin dawakai suka kai musu. Garin ya mamaye tudu mai fadi inda koguna biyu, Rima da Sokoto ke haduwa, kasancewar mahadar tituna daga Gobir a arewa, Kebbi a kudu da Burmi Zamfara a gabas. A farkon karni na 19, an raba garin (Sokoto) zuwa unguwanni. Irin wadannan unguwanni sun hada da unguwar Magajin Gari, unguwar Waziri, unguwar Sarkin Musulmi, unguwar Sarkin Adar, unguwar Magajin Rafi, da unguwar Sarkin Zamfara. A wannan lokaci unguwannin sun kasance kanana kuma an kewaye su da katanga, wadanda suka hada da masallatan Sultan Bello da Shehu, da fadar Sarkin Musulmi da sauran gine-gine da kuma harabar gidan Shehu. A cikin 1818, an shimfida katangar har ta kai ga tana da ƙofofin da ke shiga da fita daga bangon Birni. Irin wadannan kofofin su ne Kofar-Kade, Kofar-Kware, Kofar-Rini, Kofar-Dundaye, Kofar-Taramniya, Kofar-Aliyu Jedo, da Kofar-Marke. [[Fayil:View_of_Sokoto_(1890).jpg|thumb|Duban bayan gari (1890)]] Yankin Sakkwato na yanzu ya kasance gidan masarautu da masarautu da yawa na yammacin Sudan kafin mulkin mallaka. Wadannan sun hada da masarautun [[Gobir]] da Kebbi da kuma shahararriyar khalifancin da ya shafi ruhi da siyasarsa shine hedikwatar jihar. Bayan mamayar daular halifanci da turawan ingila suka yi a shekarar 1903, an mayar da bangarori daban-daban nata ‘yan cin gashin kansu suka shiga cikin gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya. Ta haka ne yankin arewa ya kasance mafi yawan sassan daular Sokoto da daular [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] . Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 1967 lokacin da aka kirkiro jihohi don maye gurbin gwamnatocin yankuna da Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya yi. Sokoto ta zama hedikwatar jihar arewa maso yamma da aka kirkira a shekarar 1967. A shekarar 1976 bayan kirkiro jihar Neja daga jihar Arewa maso yamma, jihar Sokoto ta zama hedikwatarta. Duk da haka a jihohin Sokoto, Kebbi da Zamfara an sassare su daga Sokoto, a 1991 da 1996 bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-29 |title=History of Sokoto - Official Website of Sokoto State Government |url=https://sokotostate.gov.ng/history-of-sokoto/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Don haka babban birnin Sakkwato ya kasance hedkwatar gwamnatoci daban-daban tun lokacin da Halifa Muhammad Bello ya kafa shi a 1809. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Sokoto State :: Nigeria Information & Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Sokoto/Brief-History-of-Sokoto-State.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> == Mutane da al'adu == Jihar Sokoto tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 3.7 [1] [2] bisa ga shekara ta 2006. Ƙididdigar da ta ƙunshi ƙabilu biyu wato Fulani da Hausa . Garin Sokoto babban birnin jihar Sokoto yana da yawan jama'a kusan 2.5 miliyan. Baya ga Fulani da Hausawa akwai ‘yan tsiraru na Zabarmawa da Abzinawa a yankunan kananan hukumomin. Duk wadannan kungiyoyi suna magana da Hausa a matsayin harshen gama gari. Fulani ne ke magana da Fulfulde . Hausawa mazauna jihar sun hada da Gobirawa, Zamfarawa, Kabawa, Adarawa da Arawa. Su kuma Fulanin manyan kungiyoyi biyu ne; garin Fulani ( Hausa ; Fula ) da kuma Makiyaya. Na farko ya hada da Torankawa, dangin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo]], [[Sulluɓawa|Sullubawa]] da Zoramawa. Torankawa sune aristocratic ajin tun 1804. A al'adance jihar tana daya. Al'ummar jihar galibinsu musulmi ne. Tufafinsu kuma asalinsu na Musulunci ne. Ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa guda biyu wato [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid-el-Fitri]] da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid-el-Kabir]] duk shekara a jihar. Na farko ya kawo karshen [[Azumi a Musulunci|azumin]] watan Ramadan, yayin da na karshen ya kunshi yankan raguna domin tunawa da wani aiki da [[Annabi Ibrahim|annabin Musulunci Ibrahim]] ( [[Ibrahim]] kakan Yahudawa) ya yi. Wasan gargajiya ( [[Kokawa]] ) da dambe ( [[Dambe]] ) sune wasanni biyu da Hausawa ke jin dadinsu yayin da Fulani da Sullubawa suke nishadantar da Sharo <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Sharo Ceremony, the scars of Fulani love in Nigeria |url=https://kumakonda.com/sharo-fulani-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> da Doro. bi da bi. Manyan maziyartan jihar galibi ana yi masu zuwa ga babbar ko karamar [[durbar]], taron da ya kunshi faretin dawakai da aka kawata da rakuma wadanda mazaje suke sanye da cikakkun kayan soja da na al'adu. == Gurbatar muhalli == Jama’a a Sakkwato na cikin hatsarin gaske ga matsalar rashin lafiya sakamakon kurar iska da ke haifar da ciwon huhu da kuma kara yawan mace-mace, musamman daga cututtukan zuciya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality & Pollen Forecast for Sokoto |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/outdoorsports/airquality/sokoto_nigeria_2322911 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Sokoto Air Quality Index (AQI) and Nigeria Air Pollution {{!}} IQAir |url=https://www.iqair.com/nigeria/sokoto |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.iqair.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality and Pollen in Sokoto, Nigeria {{!}} Tomorrow.io |url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/Sokoto/2158714/health/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Tomorrow.io Weather |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan tattalin arziki == [[Fayil:Sokoto_market_2006.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwar Sokoto]] Sama da kashi tamanin (80%) na mazauna Sokoto suna yin noma iri daya ko kuma wata. Suna noman amfanin gona kamar gero, masara, masara, shinkafa, dankalin turawa, rogo, gyada, wake da dai sauransu don rayuwa da kuma samar da alkama, auduga da ganyaye don tsabar kudi. Sana'o'in cikin gida irin su saƙa da rini da sassaƙa da fata su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin al'ummar Sakkwato; a sakamakon haka, yankuna daban-daban kamar Makera, Marina, Takalmawa da Majema sun zama mahimmanci. Sokoto kuma na daya daga cikin yankunan da ake noman kifi a kasar. Don haka adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke gefen kogin suna yin kamun kifi. Haka ma Sokoto tana da albarkatun kasa da ma'adinai. Kamfanonin hadin gwiwar Agro da ke amfani da auduga, gyada, dawa, danko, masara, shinkafa, alkama, rake, rogo, danko Larabci da taba a matsayin albarkatun kasa ana iya kafa su a yankin. Haka kuma za a iya yin noma mai yawa a jihar ta hanyar amfani da ruwan ban ruwa daga madatsar Goronyo, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko da Kwakwazo da sauransu. Albarkatun ma'adinai irin su kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, jan niƙa, phosphate duka rawaya da kore, yumbu inuwa, yashi da dai sauransu, suna samuwa a cikin adadi na kasuwanci. Za a iya kafa masana'antu na ma'adinai masu amfani da waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa a cikin jihar. Rashin tashiwar tse-tse a buɗaɗɗen ciyayi yana amfana da namun daji da na gida. Sokoto ita ce ta biyu a fannin kiwon dabbobi a yawan dabbobin kasar sama da miliyan takwas. Samuwar wadannan hanyoyin tattalin arziki na samar da damammakin zuba jari, musamman a masana'antar hada-hadar noma kamar su fulawa, sarrafa tumatur, tace sukari, yadi, gamna, tanning, gwangwanin kifi, da sauransu. == Sufuri == Sokoto ba ta da tsarin sufurin jama'a. Sufuri a cikin birni (lokacin da ba da ƙafa ba) galibi suna amfani da mopeds waɗanda ke aiki azaman tasi na mutum ɗaya kuma wani lokaci masu keke masu uku suna jigilar mutane daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan; wannan yana ba da damar ɗaukar mutane fiye da ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya (har yanzu a farashi mai arha kamar mopeds). Motocin bas da tasi ba safai ba ne kuma galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai don jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin birane. Wani abin sha’awa a yankin da kasa da kashi 2% na ‘yan mata ke kammala karatun sakandare, an kafa garejin mata duka a cikin birnin Sakkwato domin horar da ‘yan mata kan gyaran ababen hawa. Cibiyar Nana: Girls and Women Empowerment Initiative ce ta kafa, garejin na horar da dalibai mata 25 da suka koyo tare da tallafin shugabannin addinin Musulunci na yankin. 10&nbsp;km kudu da Sokoto akwai [[Filin jirgin saman Sokoto|filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa]] wanda ke da alaka da [[Abuja]] da [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . == Masana'antu == A watan Agusta 2008, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gina aikin siminti a Sokoto, kuma an bude kamfanin a shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2022-01-27 |title=Buhari inaugurates BUA's new cement plant in Sokoto |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/508229-buhari-inaugurates-buas-new-cement-plant-in-sokoto.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Birane == Garin birni yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Hausa. An fara aiwatar da tsarin ne a lokacin da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci na kasar Hausa suka bunkasa tun daga Kauyuka zuwa Birane. Amma duk da haka daya daga cikin manyan illolin da mai jihadi ya haifar shi ne gudun wannan lamari ba wai a kasar Hausa kadai ba, har ma a duk wuraren da gwamnatin halifanci ta shafa. Sabbin garuruwa sun taso kuma tsofaffin garuruwa sun shiga wani yanayi na ci gaban da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, wasu a matsayin sabbin wuraren harkokin kasuwanci, wasu a matsayin manyan masarautu da cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin halifancin Sokoto ya faro ne da kafa birnin Sakkwato (helkwatar halifanci). A zamanin jahiliyya, yankin da ke tsakanin Masarautar Gobir da Kebbi shi ne yankin da aka fi sani da “Kasar makiyaya”. Amma da nasarar jihadin da Shehu usmau dan Fodiyo (1804-1808) ya jagoranta da kuma nasarar da masu jihadi suka samu kan sarakunan kasar Hausa, Muhammad Bello ya gina birnin Sokoto (helkwatar khalifanci). Haka kuma, kamar yadda Abdul-Razaq Shehu ya lura a cikin littafinsa ''na Sakkwato Birnin Shehu'', Muhammad Bello ya tsara birnin Sakkwato da takarda tun kafin a gina shi. Bello dan Sheikh yana cikin hakiman mahaifinsa da kwamandojin yaki. Ya yi yake-yake mafi tsanani kuma mafi tsawo kuma shi ne ya gina halifancin Sakkwato Birnin Shehu. Birnin Sakkwato kamar yadda mai zanen Muhammad Bello ya tsara ya kunshi duk wani fasali na kowane birni na zamani da suka hada da tituna, gadoji, kasuwa, ganuwa (cibiyoyin tsaro na gari) da kuma cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daga cikin cibiyoyin gudanarwa da Muhammad Bello ya tsara akwai Kanwuri, Binanchi, Galadanci, Alkalanci, Dogarawa da dai sauransu. Sai dai, baya ga babbar kasuwar da aka fi sani da Yardole, sauran wuraren kasuwanci da Muhammad Bello ya tsara sun hada da Makera, Madinka, Marina, Siriddawa, Takalmawa, Runji da Jirgawa. Bugu da kari, babu wani gari a kasar Hausa kafin jihadi ko karni na 19 da zai ci gaba da zama cibiyar birni ba tare da katanga mai inganci ba (ganuwa). An gina wannan ginin ne da guraren da dama kamar Kofar Aliyu Jedo, Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Marke, Kofar Rini, Kofar Kware, da Kofar Taramniya, kuma wannan gagarumin ci gaba da aka samu ya ja hankalin jama’a da dama da suka yi hijira daga unguwarsu zuwa cikin birnin Sakkwato domin tsira. Daga abin da muka gani a sama kan yadda halifa Muhammad Bello ya kera birnin Sakkwato za mu ga cewa, Sakkwato ta samu karin bakin haure masu sha’awar sana’ar fataucin fata, tukwane da sauransu, alal misali, wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane ko dai suna yin sana’a ne ko kuma wasu sana’o’in da ke da alaka da su kamar a Makera Assada. Akwai mutanen da suka rika tafiya sassa daban-daban na Nijeriya a halin yanzu har ma da kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su don sayo kayan karafa da suka lalace kamar lalacewar motoci, motoci, manyan motoci, jiragen sama da dai sauran bututun karfe, da tankunan mai domin karya su gunduwa-gunduwa, a sayar wa duk wanda ke son ya yi amfani da su ko kuma ya canza su zuwa wani samfur. == Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli == === Canjin yanayi === Domin Sokoto da kewayen garin sun riga sun kasance a kusa da wani yanki mai dausayi da ke fama da kwararowar hamada, tuni birnin ya fuskanci illar sauyin yanayi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=July 2018 |title=Climate Change Manifestations and Impacts in The Sokoto Close-Settled Zone, Northwestern Nigeria |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/196236813.pdf |journal=Akademika |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=21–34 |via=Core UK}}</ref> Wani bincike na 2018 game da yuwuwar tasirin birnin ya annabta raguwar kayan noma da bunƙasa shuka, da ƙara [[Rashin ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] a yankin da ke kewayen birni, yana tsoma baki tare da samar da abinci da samar da ƙalubalen tsaro na samun kudin shiga. <ref name=":0" /> == Fitattun mutane == * [[Attahiru Bafarawa]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] (Sardaunan Sokoto) * [[Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi]] (Tsohon Ministan 'Yan sandan Najeriya) * [[Shehu Shagari]] (Tsohon Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya) * [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] (Tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai kuma Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato) * Sanata [[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko]] (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto) * [[Alhaji Ahmad Aliyu|Ahmad Aliyu]] (Gwamnan Sokoto a shekarar 2023) * [[Sa'adu Abubakar]] (Sultan of Sokoto) == Duba kuma == * [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto Caliphate]] * [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodiyo]] * Siminti a Afirka * [[Makera Assada]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] evoakjhaflsf9ghoylepr96t7xugr6l 0 118850 856370 726572 2026-06-13T20:47:03Z HJ Mitchell 36053 bad source/spam 856370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Snake_Island_Port.jpg|alt=Snake Island Port|thumb|Bayyanar jirgin sama na Snake Island Port]] '''Port Snake Island''' tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ce da ke tsakanin Snake Island Integrated Free Zone a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . Tashar jiragen ruwa ta mamaye yanki na hekta 85 kuma ta haɗa da tashoshi uku tare da jimlar tsawon tashar jiragen ruwa na kilomita 2.5. == Samun amincewar gwamnati da ci gaba == Ci gaban Snake Island Port ya sami amincewar Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya ta Najeriya a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Syed Rakin |date=2023-05-24 |title=Nigerdock gets government nod for Snake Island Port |url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/nigerdock-gets-government-nod-for-snake-island-port/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Port Technology International |language=en-GB}}</ref> Snake Island Port ya shiga yarjejeniyar amincewa ta shekaru 45 tare da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Nigeria's Snake Island Port to be expanded under new concession deal |url=https://www.bairdmaritime.com/shipping/ports/nigerias-snake-island-port-to-be-expanded-under-new-concession-deal |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Baird Maritime / Work Boat World |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chambers |first=Sam |date=2024-12-03 |title=Lagos gets another port |url=https://splash247.com/lagos-gets-another-port/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Splash247 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Snake Island Port Signs 45-Year Concession Agreement with Nigerian Ports Authority |url=https://shipsandports.com.ng/snake-island-port-signs-45-year-concession-agreement-with-the-nigerian-ports-authority/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Ships & Ports |language=en-US}}</ref> Nigerdock, tare da hadin gwiwar Snake Island Integrated Free Zone, yana da alhakin gudanar da gine-ginen tashar jiragen ruwa da ayyukan. == Tasirin Tattalin Arziki == An tsara tashar jiragen ruwa don jawo hankalin kusan dala biliyan 1 a cikin saka hannun jari kai tsaye na kasashen waje (FDI). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moyinoluwa |first=Azeez |date=2023-06-02 |title=FG's approval of Snake Island Port to unlock $1 billion in private investment |url=https://businessday.ng/maritime/article/fgs-approval-of-snake-island-port-to-unlock-1-billion-in-private-investment/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekara ta 2005, Nigerdock, wani kamfani na ruwa da kayan aiki na Najeriya, an ba shi Free Zone da kuma Port Status daga Shugaban kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Syed Rakin |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Nigerdock gets government nod for Snake Island Port |url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/nigerdock-gets-government-nod-for-snake-island-port/ |website=Port Technology International}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da kafa Snake Island Integrated Free Zone (SIIFZ). Kamfanin ya riga ya kasance mai zaman kansa a cikin 2001 kuma Jagal Group ta saye shi a cikin 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerdock Gets New Investors, Md |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200308010619.html |publisher=All Africa}}</ref> Ci gaban da suka biyo baya sun haɗa da amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya (NPA) da Hukumar Kula da Kwastam ta Najeriya a cikin 2017 don ayyukan jigilar kaya kai tsaye, tare da NPA ta ba da izinin ayyukan sarrafa kaya a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babalola |first=Yusuf |date=2023-06-02 |title=Nigerdock To Invest $1.85bn In Snake Island Port Devt |url=https://leadership.ng/nigerdock-gets-federal-govts-approval-for-cargo-handling-at-snake-island/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Labaran kwanan nan == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, Nigerdock ya sami amincewa don farawa da ci gaban Snake Island Port daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerdock Gets FG's Approval for Expansion of Multi-billion Dollar Snake Island Port |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/06/01/nigerdock-gets-fgs-approval-for-expansion-of-multi-billion-dollar-snake-island-port/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan yarjejeniyar amincewa ta shekaru 45 tare da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya (NPA) a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024 don kula da ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa da ayyukanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agha |first=Eugene |date=2024-11-29 |title=Snake Island Port secures 45-year concession deal with NPA |url=https://dailytrust.com/snake-island-port-secures-45-year-concession-deal-with-npa/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == g7ggz6agzepkrwkhuutov4fps8h91fy 0 119159 856596 727773 2026-06-14T08:06:20Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Casillas .jpg|thumb|Graciela Casillas]] '''Graciela Casillas''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957) tsohon [[Boxing|ɗan dambe ne]] kuma [[Kickboxing|ɗan damben dambe]] na Amurka wanda ya fafata a rukunin [[bantamweight]] . Bayan horar da [[Traditional martial arts|wasan damben gargajiya]] da dama, Casillas ta fara fafatawa a matsayin dan wasan kickboxer a shekarar 1976, kuma a shekarar 1979 ta zama mayaki na farko da ya rike kambun duniya a dambe da kickboxing ta hanyar daukar gasar damben mata ta duniya da [[World Kickboxing Association|kungiyar Kickboxing ta duniya]] . Kodayake rikodin Casillas's Boxrec shine 5–0, Mujallar Black Belt ta ruwaito a cikin Mayu 1984 cewa tana da wasannin dambe 27, ta lashe 15 ta KO har zuwa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] 72he2f20w8q35xiuhdcbfgb48aes6cr 0 120588 856373 793570 2026-06-13T20:50:36Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 856373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:InsulindiaMap.png|thumb|Yankin Maritime ya haɗa da tsibirai, tsibirai da teku mai zurfi na tsibirin kudu maso gabashin Eurafrasian (wanda aka fi sani da Malesia / West Oceania) da Melanesia.]] Maritime Continent shine sunan da aka ba da farko daga masu binciken yanayi da masu binciken teku ga yankin kudu maso gabashin Eurafrasia wanda ya ƙunshi, a tsakanin sauran ƙasashe, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Filipin|Philippines]] da [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]]. A wasu amfani nahiyar teku ta haɗa da Malay Peninsula, amma tsibirin ya fi dacewa da Zomia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Willem van Schendel |url=https://socialhistory.org/en/staff/willem-van-schendel |access-date=November 28, 2010 |website=[[International Institute of Social History]] |archive-date=July 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712210522/https://socialhistory.org/en/staff/willem-van-schendel |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|edition=R.}}</ref><ref name="Maritime Continent: Bureau of Meteorology">{{Cite web |title=About the Maritime Continent, Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/about/tropics/maritime-continent.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420224409/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/about/tropics/maritime-continent.shtml |archive-date=2015-04-20 |access-date=2025-06-29}}</ref> Yana tsakanin Tekun [[Tekun Indiya|Indiya]] da Pacific, yana cikin yankin teku mai dumi wanda aka sani da Tropical Warm Pool. Nahiyar teku ta ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa, tsibirai masu zurfi da teku mai zurfi. Yankin yana da mahimmanci a cikin yanayin yanayi saboda an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin yankin tushen makamashi a cikin tsarin yaduwar duniya saboda dalilai da yawa masu dacewa, mafi mahimmanci shine wurin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa, dukansu suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Tropical Warm Pool, wanda shine mafi girman yankin teku a Duniya. Colin Ramage ne ya kirkiro shi a shekarar 1968, <ref name="Role of a tropical maritime continent in the atmospheric circulation">{{Cite journal |last=Ramage |first=C.S. |date=June 1968 |title=Role of a tropical "maritime continent" in the atmospheric circulation |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=365–370 |bibcode=1968MWRv...96..365R |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0365:ROATMC>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> sunan ya haɗu da kalmomin teku da ''nahiyar'' da aka saba amfani da su a matsayin akasin haka a cikin bayanin [[Climate|yanayi]]. Iska ta teku tana da danshi, kuma iska ta nahiyar ta bushe. A cikin sassan kudu maso gabashin Eurafrasia, yawancin ƙasa da ruwa suna, kusan magana, rarraba daidai. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsaunuka masu tsawo, kuma teku suna daga cikin mafi zafi a Duniya. Wannan yana samar da yanki mai yawa na tsawa na rana wanda ke fitar da ruwa da zafi mai yawa a cikin yanayi. Wadannan su ma suna ciyar da iskõki na sama wanda ke kewaye da duniya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JCli...16..834N <nowiki>Kasashen Ruwa da Matsayinta a cikin Yanayin Duniya: Nazarin GCM . [Hotuna a shafi na 9] 16, fitowar 5, shafuffuka na 834-848</nowiki>] q6io0mnjwj9wv5odguisk5xym0drfzn 0 122414 856046 768823 2026-06-13T13:08:18Z Minat Mima 45919 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353562243|Prince Hezekiah]]" 856046 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Yarima Hezekiah Vincent''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa. == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Yarima Hezekiya''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. . Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] Yarima Hezekiya ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] p1bcogyrxvw4y8tl4w5u2apkou8b0w7 0 122428 856940 820537 2026-06-14T11:39:13Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347120372|Ponzi (film)]]" 856940 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Ponzi''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda ya danganta da wadanda aka kashe a shirin MMM Ponzi na 2016. [[Toluwani Obayan]] ne ya rubuta shi, wanda Vincent Okonkwo ya samar kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Chinyere Wilfred]], [[Timini Egbuson]], [[Tope Tedela]], [[Broda Shaggi]] da [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]]. An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 12 ga Maris 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BN |first=TV |date=2021-03-01 |title=Meet the Star Studded Cast of Kayode Kasum's Comedy Film "Ponzi" + Watch the Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-ponzi/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=[[BellaNaija]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin labari == == Masu b da labari == * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Olaoba, mahaifin Abeke * [[Chinyere Wilfred]] a matsayin Mrs. Olaoba, mahaifiyar Abeke * [[Mawuli Gavor]] a matsayin Rob, wanda ya dawo * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Ikenna, wani layabout wanda ke zaune tare da babban ɗan'uwansa Uchenna. * [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]] a matsayin Uchenna, malamin darasi * Immaculate Oko-Kasum a matsayin Zara, matar Uchenna mai ciki * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Tafa, ɗan'uwan Zara, mai sayar da kebab wanda ke fatan yin shi a matsayin mai dafa abinci * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Chudi, mai gwagwarmaya mai zuwa * Amanda Dara a matsayin Oluchi * [[Uzoamaka Aniunoh]] a matsayin Abeke * [[Zubby Michael]] a matsayin Charles, mai ba da rancen makwabta da kuma bashin bashi * Wannan Dike a matsayin Ikenna * Caroline Igben a matsayin Nike * Namisi Govin Emma a matsayin Uche == Fitarwa da saki == Fim din ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da 'yan Najeriya suka samu a lokacin shirin kan layi na MMM na 2016 wanda ya yi alkawarin dawowar kashi 30% akan saka hannun jari. Shirin ya fadi ba tare da saninsa ba kuma ya sanya masu biyan kuɗi cikin matsala. A cikin wata hira, mai gabatar da fim din, ya ce an yi aikin ne don wayar da kan jama'ar Najeriya don kauce wa makircin samun wadata da sauri. An harbe shi a Legas amma an saita shi a Ota, Jihar Ogun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=Kayode Kasum and Vincent Okonkwo's Duo Movie Collaboration – "PONZI" |url=https://shockng.com/kayode-kasum-and-vincent-okonkwos-duo-movie-collaboration-ponzi/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=ShockNG |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi amfani da fasahar muryar fim din yayin da Uzo Aniunoh ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da mai ba da labari. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar a fina-finai kamar Fight Club da Memento . == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin bita ga ''Nishaɗi na Najeriya A yau'', Jerry Chiemeke ya rubuta "Hanyar da kawai masu sauraro za su ji daɗin wannan fim ɗin ita ce rufe idanunsu ga kuskuren fasaha - kuma suna da yawa. Wataƙila za su yi dariya (da yawa), amma a ƙarshe, fim mai kyau ya wuce giggles, kuma idan ya zo ga rarraba fina-finai na [[Nollywood]], wannan ba zai kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ba za a iya mantawa da su ba. " Ya ƙayyade fim ɗin a 6/10 . === Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy |Timini Egbuson| {{Pending}} | |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 7tpr285oey5anw1gjm7gkx0qs1ia0x7 0 124185 856692 813162 2026-06-14T09:47:54Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340508534|Beauty (2022 film)]]" 856692 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Kyakkyawan |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Beauty_(2022_film).jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Andrew Dosunmu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |[[Lena Waithe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Lena Waithe * Michael Ellenberg </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Gracie Marie Bradley * Niecy Nash * [[Aleyse Shannon]] * Giancarlo Esposito * Kyle Bary * Micheal Ward * Sharon Stone * Andre Ozim </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Benoît Delhomme |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Oriana Soddu </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |Philip Miller |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Hillman Grad * Kafofin watsa labarai </div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Netflix]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Yuni 11, 2022 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2022-06-11</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Tribeca) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; * Yuni 29, 2022 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2022-06-29</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Amurka) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 95 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Amurka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} Beauty fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2022 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta daga rubutun [[Lena Waithe]] . An fara shi ne a bikin fina-finai na Tribeca na 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty {{!}} 2022 Tribeca Festival |url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/beauty-2022 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |website=Tribeca}}</ref> kuma an sake shi a [[Netflix]] a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2022. Tauraruwar ita ce Gracie Marie Bradley, Niecy Nash, Giancarlo Esposito, Sharon Stone, Andre Ozim, Micheal Ward, da Kyle Bary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2022 |title='Beauty' Director Andrew Dosunmu Says The Lena Waithe-Penned Netflix Film Is A Love Letter To Black Women Vocalists |url=https://news.yahoo.com/beauty-director-andrew-dosunmu-says-105051379.html |access-date=July 1, 2022 |website=news.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Wata matashiya mawaƙa a kan iyakar tauraruwa ta ƙuduri aniyar riƙe asalinta a cikin karuwar shahararta da kuma gidan zalunci na iyayenta na addini. == Masu ba da labari == * Gracie Marie Bradley a matsayin kyakkyawa * Niecy Nash a matsayin Uwar Kyau * [[Aleyse Shannon]] a matsayin Jasmine * Giancarlo Esposito a matsayin Uba na Kyau * Kyle Bary a matsayin Habila * Micheal Ward a matsayin Kayinu * Sharon Stone a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka * Andre Ozim a matsayin mai wa'azi == Karɓar baƙi == A kan mai tarawa na Rotten Tomatoes, Beauty yana da amincewar kashi 22% bisa ga sake dubawa 18, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 5.10/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BEAUTY |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/beauty_2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523223137/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/beauty_2022 |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Metacritic, wanda ke amfani da , ya ba fim din maki 42 daga 100, bisa ga masu sukar 7, wanda ke nuna sake dubawa "haɗe ko matsakaici". Lovia Gyarkye na The Hollywood Reporter ya yaba da jagorancin Dosunmu don isar da "''Kyakkyawan'', masu gamsarwa" waɗanda suke "mai ban sha'awa da nutsuwa" a cikin vibes ɗin amma sun soki labarin da ya dace da kai tsaye da haruffa suna kasancewa "zane-zane" tare da tattaunawar "da za a iya hangowa da kuma ba da maɓallin" na Houston wanda ya cancanci zama mai ban sha'a sosai, yana da ita sosai, kamar yadda mahaifiyarta mai ban sha-Matsayi mai suna ba da ita ba da kullun ba da za a iya yin amfani da ita ga kowane labari mai suna ba don kawowa / / / / Houston mai suna suna suna suna ba da ma 'yanci / / / .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Kristen |date=June 29, 2022 |title='Beauty' Review: Lena Waithe and Andrew Dosunmu's Music Drama Hits All the Wrong Notes |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/beauty-review-lena-waithe-netflix-music-1234737385/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015184926/https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/beauty-review-lena-waithe-netflix-music-1234737385/ |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == ii8vujn4oxbcm4duizesn4ci9q5eq38 0 128840 856595 814537 2026-06-14T08:05:03Z BNUBashirnuhuusman 45689 Nayi gyara 856595 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:DeWanna Bonner 2024a.jpg|thumb|John Wanna]] '''John Wanna''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1954)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libraries Australia |url=http://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=36290337 |access-date=13 August 2017 |website=Libraries Australia Authorities – Full view |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920191040/http://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=36290337 |url-status=dead }}</ref> shi ne Farfesa Emeritus a duka Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia (ANU) da Jami'ar Griffith.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Professor Emeritus John Wanna |url=https://www.griffith.edu.au/griffith-business-school/departments/government-international-relations/contact-us/john-wanna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120074551/https://www.griffith.edu.au/griffith-business-school/departments/government-international-relations/contact-us/john-wanna |archive-date=2021-01-20 |access-date= |website=Griffith University |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2019, Wanna ya kasance Farfesa na Gida tare da Sir John Bunting Chair of Public Administration a Australia da New Zealand School of Government (ANZSOG) wanda ke zaune a ANU. Ya rike wannan mukamin daga 2004 zuwa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 April 2020 |title=John Wanna ANZSOG Directory |url=https://www.anzsog.edu.au/about/contact-directory/john-wanna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323015500/https://anzsog.edu.au/about/contact-directory/john-wanna |archive-date=23 March 2022 |access-date= |website= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin wannan ya kasance Farfesa na Manufofin Jama'a a Jami'ar Griffith . == Gudummawar malamai == Kafin 2019, Wanna ya kasance babban malami tare da ANZSOG a ANU kuma ya rike mukamin Darakta na Bincike na Kasa na Makarantar. Ya kuma kasance Farfesa a Kimiyya ta Siyasa a Makarantar Siyasa da Dangantaka ta Duniya a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a a ANU . Ya shiga ANZSOG a shekara ta 2004, bayan ya shiga cikin shirin sabuwar makarantar gwamnati wacce a hukumance ta zama ANZSOg a shekara ta 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libraries Australia |url=http://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=36290337 |access-date=13 August 2017 |website=Libraries Australia Authorities – Full view }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya rubuta, ya hada hannu, ya shirya, kuma ya hada hannu da littattafai sama da 50 da kuma labarai sama da 100 da surori na littattafai. Binciken da ya yi ya mayar da hankali kan kudaden jama'a, kuma ya wallafa manyan binciken kasa da kasa guda uku game da kasafin kudin gwamnati, gami da ''Gudanar da Kudin Jama'a'' (2003), Gaskiya na Canjin Kasafin Kudi (2010), da ''Rikicin Kudi na Duniya da Tasirin Kasafin Kudi'' na Duniya (2015). == Ilimi da aiki == Wanna tana da digiri na BA Honours (1975) da PhD (1985) daga [[University of Adelaide|Jami'ar Adelaide]] . Ya kasance Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a a Ostiraliya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libraries Australia |url=http://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=36290337 |access-date=13 August 2017 |website=Libraries Australia Authorities – Full view }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma memba na kasa kuma tsohon mai ba da shawara na Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a, Ostiraliya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Professor Emeritus John Wanna |url=https://www.griffith.edu.au/griffith-business-school/departments/government-international-relations/contact-us/john-wanna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120074551/https://www.griffith.edu.au/griffith-business-school/departments/government-international-relations/contact-us/john-wanna |archive-date=2021-01-20 |access-date= |website=Griffith University |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zauna a kan kwamitocin edita da yawa kuma ya kasance editan Australian Journal of Public Administration daga ƙarshen 1995 zuwa 2015. Kafin ya yi ritaya ya kasance editan jerin littattafan [[ANU Press]] ANZSOG, kuma wasu lakabi 50+ duk suna samuwa don saukewa kyauta daga ko dai shafin yanar gizon ANU Press ko daga shafin yanar gizon ARZSOG. Shi memba ne na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Siyasa ta Australiya da Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a, Ostiraliya. == Koyarwa == Wanna ta koyar kuma ta gabatar da gabatarwa a jami'o'i da manyan makarantu masu zuwa: Jami'ar London (Cibiyar Nazarin Ostiraliya ta Menzies), Jami'ar York (UK), Jami'ar Moscow (Makarantar Nazarin Gabas), Jami'ar Siyasa da Shari'a ta China, Jami'ar Sun Yat Sen, Guangzhou, Jami'ar Hangzhou, Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington, NZ, Jami'ar Canterbury NZ, Kwalejin Tsaron Sojojin Australiya (Canberra), Kamfanin Horar da Sojojin Sama na NZ (Lincoln NZ), Jami'ar Flinders, Jami'ar Adelaide, Jami'ar Newcastle, Jami'ar New England, Jami'ar Queensland, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Queensland, Jami'ar Canberra, Jami'ar Kudancin Ostiraliya (SA CAE, Adelaide), da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kudancin Ostiraliya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] ecxt4w1q1cuzt3hscjbm979ayzes6e6 0 133235 856332 794130 2026-06-13T19:20:07Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ali Jalandhari''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1895 - 21 ga Afrilu 1971) ya kasance fitaccen Deobandi Scholar kuma shugaban Ahrari. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam Punjab a lokacin Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a 1953. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna da Babban Sakatare na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 a Raipur Araian, Jalandhar, Nakodar (yanzu Gundumar Jalandhar), <ref name="pakistan">{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Jalandhari ya sami ilimin farko daga Faqir Ullah, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi sannan ya yi karatu tare da Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a Jalandhar . Ya yi karatun kimiyyar hadisi tare da Anwar Shah Kashmiri a Darul Uloom Deoband . == Ayyuka == Jalandhari ya kafa Jamia Khairul Madaris da Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Aiki na Tsakiya na All India Majlis-e'Ahrar Islam kuma shugaban Majlis-e -Ahrar -ul-Islam Punjab chapter. == Rubuce-rubuce == Ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sun haɗa da matani na ilimin ilimi, fassarar Alkur'ani, da wallafe-wallafen Islama. * مبادی الق定 (Mabādiʾ al‐Qawāʿid, "Tushen Grammar") - Farko na harshen Urdu don ɗaliban matakin firamare; wanda Atar Chand & Kapoor, Lahore ya buga a 1938. An karbe shi a cikin tsarin karatun firamare na Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * "Harshe na Urdu, kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin karatun firamare na Lahore bayan bugawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * مص/18 الق歧 (Miṣbāḥ al‐Qawāʿid, "Lantern of Grammar") - An yi amfani da rubutun harshen Urdu daga wannan jerin, wanda aka buga a kusa da 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Sukiya a cikin tsarin shiga Jami'ar Punjab a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Fassarar Alkur'ani - 'فاتح الحميد' (Fātih al‐Ḥamīd, "Mai buɗewa mai yabo") ** - Fassarar Urdu na Alkur'an, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1960 a Amritsar. An yaba da shi saboda bayyanarsa da harshe, daga baya aka sake buga shi a Pakistan a matsayin '''Nūr-e-Hidayat''', kuma Rediyon Pakistan ya karbe shi don watsa shirye-shiryen ''Saut al-Qur'an''. * Littattafan wallafe-wallafen da na Islama - Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce irin su '''Irshlate al-Qur'an''', al-Islām, Nafā"is al-Qiṣaṣ wa‐Ḥikāyāt, al-Yāqūṭ al‐Marjān, da '''Nafīṣ Tuḥfah'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] thdi38wykirnqlu8435fjpr3mukcl3t 856333 856332 2026-06-13T19:20:25Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ali Jalandhari''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1895 - ya rasu 21 ga Afrilu 1971) ya kasance fitaccen Deobandi Scholar kuma shugaban Ahrari. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam Punjab a lokacin Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a 1953. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna da Babban Sakatare na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 a Raipur Araian, Jalandhar, Nakodar (yanzu Gundumar Jalandhar), <ref name="pakistan">{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Jalandhari ya sami ilimin farko daga Faqir Ullah, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi sannan ya yi karatu tare da Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a Jalandhar . Ya yi karatun kimiyyar hadisi tare da Anwar Shah Kashmiri a Darul Uloom Deoband . == Ayyuka == Jalandhari ya kafa Jamia Khairul Madaris da Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Aiki na Tsakiya na All India Majlis-e'Ahrar Islam kuma shugaban Majlis-e -Ahrar -ul-Islam Punjab chapter. == Rubuce-rubuce == Ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sun haɗa da matani na ilimin ilimi, fassarar Alkur'ani, da wallafe-wallafen Islama. * مبادی الق定 (Mabādiʾ al‐Qawāʿid, "Tushen Grammar") - Farko na harshen Urdu don ɗaliban matakin firamare; wanda Atar Chand & Kapoor, Lahore ya buga a 1938. An karbe shi a cikin tsarin karatun firamare na Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * "Harshe na Urdu, kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin karatun firamare na Lahore bayan bugawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * مص/18 الق歧 (Miṣbāḥ al‐Qawāʿid, "Lantern of Grammar") - An yi amfani da rubutun harshen Urdu daga wannan jerin, wanda aka buga a kusa da 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Sukiya a cikin tsarin shiga Jami'ar Punjab a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Fassarar Alkur'ani - 'فاتح الحميد' (Fātih al‐Ḥamīd, "Mai buɗewa mai yabo") ** - Fassarar Urdu na Alkur'an, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1960 a Amritsar. An yaba da shi saboda bayyanarsa da harshe, daga baya aka sake buga shi a Pakistan a matsayin '''Nūr-e-Hidayat''', kuma Rediyon Pakistan ya karbe shi don watsa shirye-shiryen ''Saut al-Qur'an''. * Littattafan wallafe-wallafen da na Islama - Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce irin su '''Irshlate al-Qur'an''', al-Islām, Nafā"is al-Qiṣaṣ wa‐Ḥikāyāt, al-Yāqūṭ al‐Marjān, da '''Nafīṣ Tuḥfah'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] oxzh5fz6asaf10rbt7ugnh4nocfl6b7 856334 856333 2026-06-13T19:20:42Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ali Jalandhari''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1895 - ya rasu 21 ga watan Afrilu 1971) ya kasance fitaccen Deobandi Scholar kuma shugaban Ahrari. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam Punjab a lokacin Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a 1953. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna da Babban Sakatare na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 a Raipur Araian, Jalandhar, Nakodar (yanzu Gundumar Jalandhar), <ref name="pakistan">{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Jalandhari ya sami ilimin farko daga Faqir Ullah, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi sannan ya yi karatu tare da Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a Jalandhar . Ya yi karatun kimiyyar hadisi tare da Anwar Shah Kashmiri a Darul Uloom Deoband . == Ayyuka == Jalandhari ya kafa Jamia Khairul Madaris da Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Aiki na Tsakiya na All India Majlis-e'Ahrar Islam kuma shugaban Majlis-e -Ahrar -ul-Islam Punjab chapter. == Rubuce-rubuce == Ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sun haɗa da matani na ilimin ilimi, fassarar Alkur'ani, da wallafe-wallafen Islama. * مبادی الق定 (Mabādiʾ al‐Qawāʿid, "Tushen Grammar") - Farko na harshen Urdu don ɗaliban matakin firamare; wanda Atar Chand & Kapoor, Lahore ya buga a 1938. An karbe shi a cikin tsarin karatun firamare na Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * "Harshe na Urdu, kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin karatun firamare na Lahore bayan bugawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * مص/18 الق歧 (Miṣbāḥ al‐Qawāʿid, "Lantern of Grammar") - An yi amfani da rubutun harshen Urdu daga wannan jerin, wanda aka buga a kusa da 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Sukiya a cikin tsarin shiga Jami'ar Punjab a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Fassarar Alkur'ani - 'فاتح الحميد' (Fātih al‐Ḥamīd, "Mai buɗewa mai yabo") ** - Fassarar Urdu na Alkur'an, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1960 a Amritsar. An yaba da shi saboda bayyanarsa da harshe, daga baya aka sake buga shi a Pakistan a matsayin '''Nūr-e-Hidayat''', kuma Rediyon Pakistan ya karbe shi don watsa shirye-shiryen ''Saut al-Qur'an''. * Littattafan wallafe-wallafen da na Islama - Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce irin su '''Irshlate al-Qur'an''', al-Islām, Nafā"is al-Qiṣaṣ wa‐Ḥikāyāt, al-Yāqūṭ al‐Marjān, da '''Nafīṣ Tuḥfah'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] 5yaofpphw59svbne0ilumq98jvxamb6 856335 856334 2026-06-13T19:21:02Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ali Jalandhari''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1895 - ya rasu 21 ga watan Afrilu shekarar,1971) ya kasance fitaccen Deobandi Scholar kuma shugaban Ahrari. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam Punjab a lokacin Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a 1953. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna da Babban Sakatare na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 a Raipur Araian, Jalandhar, Nakodar (yanzu Gundumar Jalandhar), <ref name="pakistan">{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Jalandhari ya sami ilimin farko daga Faqir Ullah, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi sannan ya yi karatu tare da Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a Jalandhar . Ya yi karatun kimiyyar hadisi tare da Anwar Shah Kashmiri a Darul Uloom Deoband . == Ayyuka == Jalandhari ya kafa Jamia Khairul Madaris da Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Aiki na Tsakiya na All India Majlis-e'Ahrar Islam kuma shugaban Majlis-e -Ahrar -ul-Islam Punjab chapter. == Rubuce-rubuce == Ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sun haɗa da matani na ilimin ilimi, fassarar Alkur'ani, da wallafe-wallafen Islama. * مبادی الق定 (Mabādiʾ al‐Qawāʿid, "Tushen Grammar") - Farko na harshen Urdu don ɗaliban matakin firamare; wanda Atar Chand & Kapoor, Lahore ya buga a 1938. An karbe shi a cikin tsarin karatun firamare na Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * "Harshe na Urdu, kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin karatun firamare na Lahore bayan bugawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * مص/18 الق歧 (Miṣbāḥ al‐Qawāʿid, "Lantern of Grammar") - An yi amfani da rubutun harshen Urdu daga wannan jerin, wanda aka buga a kusa da 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Sukiya a cikin tsarin shiga Jami'ar Punjab a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Fassarar Alkur'ani - 'فاتح الحميد' (Fātih al‐Ḥamīd, "Mai buɗewa mai yabo") ** - Fassarar Urdu na Alkur'an, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1960 a Amritsar. An yaba da shi saboda bayyanarsa da harshe, daga baya aka sake buga shi a Pakistan a matsayin '''Nūr-e-Hidayat''', kuma Rediyon Pakistan ya karbe shi don watsa shirye-shiryen ''Saut al-Qur'an''. * Littattafan wallafe-wallafen da na Islama - Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce irin su '''Irshlate al-Qur'an''', al-Islām, Nafā"is al-Qiṣaṣ wa‐Ḥikāyāt, al-Yāqūṭ al‐Marjān, da '''Nafīṣ Tuḥfah'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] ijll89p2ba0bu3yflacngxno21mmr99 856336 856335 2026-06-13T19:26:35Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 856336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ali Jalandhari''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1895 - ya rasu 21 ga watan Afrilu shekarar,1971) ya kasance fitaccen Deobandi Scholar kuma shugaban Ahrari. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam Punjab a lokacin Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a 1953. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna da Babban Sakatare na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 a Raipur Araian, Jalandhar, Nakodar (yanzu Gundumar Jalandhar), <ref name="pakistan">{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Jalandhari ya sami ilimin farko daga Faqir Ullah, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi sannan ya yi karatu tare da Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a Jalandhar . Ya yi karatun kimiyyar hadisi tare da Anwar Shah Kashmiri a Darul Uloom Deoband. == Ayyuka == Jalandhari ya kafa Jamia Khairul Madaris da Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Aiki na Tsakiya na All India Majlis-e'Ahrar Islam kuma shugaban Majlis-e -Ahrar -ul-Islam Punjab chapter. == Rubuce-rubuce == Ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sun haɗa da matani na ilimin ilimi, fassarar Alkur'ani, da wallafe-wallafen Islama. * مبادی الق定 (Mabādiʾ al‐Qawāʿid, "Tushen Grammar") - Farko na harshen Urdu don ɗaliban matakin firamare; wanda Atar Chand & Kapoor, Lahore ya buga a 1938. An karbe shi a cikin tsarin karatun firamare na Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * "Harshe na Urdu, kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin karatun firamare na Lahore bayan bugawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * مص/18 الق歧 (Miṣbāḥ al‐Qawāʿid, "Lantern of Grammar") - An yi amfani da rubutun harshen Urdu daga wannan jerin, wanda aka buga a kusa da 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Sukiya a cikin tsarin shiga Jami'ar Punjab a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> * Fassarar Alkur'ani - 'فاتح الحميد' (Fātih al‐Ḥamīd, "Mai buɗewa mai yabo") ** - Fassarar Urdu na Alkur'an, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1960 a Amritsar. An yaba da shi saboda bayyanarsa da harshe, daga baya aka sake buga shi a Pakistan a matsayin '''Nūr-e-Hidayat''', kuma Rediyon Pakistan ya karbe shi don watsa shirye-shiryen ''Saut al-Qur'an''. * Littattafan wallafe-wallafen da na Islama - Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce irin su '''Irshlate al-Qur'an''', al-Islām, Nafā"is al-Qiṣaṣ wa‐Ḥikāyāt, al-Yāqūṭ al‐Marjān, da '''Nafīṣ Tuḥfah'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فتح محمد جالندھری – Urdu Wikipedia |url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] 117xsc3qpw5atttwu1nwdkrnx8uz3kq 0 133390 856179 813701 2026-06-13T16:43:17Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi 1916 - 5 Mayu 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga Mayu 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] kt5zaf9nn6ud0lbnvffbf8jt1cc2b0m 856181 856179 2026-06-13T16:43:32Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - 5 Mayu 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga Mayu 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 4bwf2u8b8fq604mii94qbsrq1xty0gp 856182 856181 2026-06-13T16:43:43Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 Mayu 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga Mayu 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 6b4do1l2ry9stxmpmbos8wtr95nsh0k 856183 856182 2026-06-13T16:43:56Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 ga watan Mayu 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga Mayu 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 9euhd6c1lnnr1rqurtikqxrr488ytog 856184 856183 2026-06-13T16:44:03Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 ga watan Mayu, 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga Mayu 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] jg6nbo2jmwlqqlgk2551q3odv49h5ti 856187 856184 2026-06-13T16:44:13Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga Mayu 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] g23o5oyfl0e36lgglrgvxoy1unch33q 856189 856187 2026-06-13T16:44:39Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 856189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekarar 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga Mayu 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 5so85gyhl8jdz3boev2rqwnc3pxr2ti 856191 856189 2026-06-13T16:45:18Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyuka */ 856191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekarar 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a shekarar 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga Mayu 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 9zn7kzl16avyuu13nf1egun7kvqh06c 856192 856191 2026-06-13T16:46:58Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyuka */ 856192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekarar 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a shekarar 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga watan Mayu 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 2nhcy821pcsulh0mnurg3ollo103kjf 856194 856192 2026-06-13T16:47:31Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyuka */ 856194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekarar 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani . == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a shekarar 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] s6et3xcsumaxoji5051pswbjnujgbmw 0 134019 856686 775265 2026-06-14T09:45:37Z MrKeefeJohn 19200 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Os Mutantes 1971 (cropped and restored).jpg]] → [[File:Rita Lee e Os Mutantes 1971.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] 856686 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''''''Rita Lee''' Jones''' na Carvalho''' (an haife ta Rita Lee Jones; 31 ga Disamba 1947 - 8 ga Mayu 2023), wanda aka fi sani da Rita Lee, mawaƙiya ce ta Brazil, marubuciya, mai kida da yawa, marubuciya.{{Efn|{{IPA|pt-BR|ˈʁi.tɐ ˈli}} {{respell|HEE|tah|LEE}}}} An dauke ta a matsayin mace mafi tasiri a cikin dutsen Brazil kuma daya daga cikin manyan masu kirkiro na kasar, ta sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 55, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi kyawun mai zane-zane na Brazil a kowane lokaci kuma ta huɗu gaba ɗaya. Ayyukan Lee sun kasance alama ce ta ci gaba da sake fasalin da kuma haɗuwa da nau'o'i ba tare da tsoro ba. Da farko tare da dutsen psychedelic na Os Mutants (1966-1972), daga baya ta bincika Tropicália, glam rock, disco, new wave, pop rock, bossa nova, kiɗa na lantarki da salon sauti, ƙirƙirar haɗin kai na kasa da kasa.[1] Bayan ya jagoranci Tutti Frutti (1973-1978), wanda aka dauki kundin sa na 1975 Fruto Proibido a matsayin dutse na tushe na dutsen Brazil kuma Rolling Stone Brazil ta sanya shi cikin manyan kundin tarihin kiɗa na Brazil, ta sami nasarar kasuwanci mafi girma a ƙarshen 1970s da 1980s tare da jerin kundin - Rita Lee (1979), Rita Lee (1980), Saúde (1981) da Rita Lee da Roberto de Carvalho (1982) - wanda ya mamaye sigogi kuma ya karfafa ta a matsayin gunkin ƙasa.[2] Daga 1976 zuwa gaba ta yi aiki kusan kawai tare da mai kida da mawaƙa Roberto de Carvalho, abokin aikinta na rayuwa da kuma kirkirar abubuwa kuma mahaifin 'ya'yansu uku. A cikin shekaru sittin da ta yi aiki, kalmomin Lee - sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da batutuwa masu ban dariya da mata - sun samar da abubuwan da suka faru ciki har da "Ovelha Negra", "Agora Só Falta Você", "Mania de Você", "Chega Mais", "Doce Vampiro", "Lança Perfume", "Baila Comigo", "Saúde", "Banho de Espuma", "Flagra", "Erva Venenosa" da "Amor e Sexo". Mai cin ganyayyaki kuma mai ba da shawara ga Hakkin dabbobi, haƙƙin mata da [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Al'ummar LGBT]], an ba ta lakabi da "Sarauniyar Dutsen Brazil" da "Mai Tsaro na Liberty". Ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta kiɗa ta Brazil goma sha biyu, lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement (2022), lambar yabo ta APCA Grand Critics' don kiɗa mai ban sha'awa (2016), lambar yabo ta UBC (2024; tare da Carvalho), da kuma Order of Cultural Merit na Brazil (2003) da Order of Rio Branco (2023). Lee ya yi ritaya daga yawon shakatawa a shekarar 2012 amma ya ci gaba da sakin kiɗa, littattafai da haɗin gwiwa na lokaci-lokaci har zuwa 2021. An gano ta da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|Ciwon daji na huhu]] a wannan shekarar, ta mutu a watan Mayu 2023 tana da shekaru 75. == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:Rita_Lee_bebê.jpg|left|thumb|Lee tun yana yaro, a cikin hoto na iyali.]] An haifi Rita Lee Jones a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1947 a [[São Paulo]], ƙaramar 'yar Charles Fenley Jones, likitan hakora da aka haifa a Brazil na asalin Amurka - kakanninsa na Confederate daga [[Alabama]] da [[Tennessee]] sun zauna a Santa Bárbara d'Oeste bayan yakin basasar Amurka - da Romilda Padula, pianist na asalin Italiyanci daga Molise . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> 'Yan uwanta mata biyu sune Mary Lee da Virgínia Lee Jones; mahaifinsu ya ba wa' ya'ya mata uku sunan "Lee" don girmama Janar Robert E. Lee.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> Kodayake iyayenta da farko sun yi niyyar sanya mata suna Bárbara bayan Saint Barbara, a baftisma sun zaɓi Rita don girmama kakarta Clorinda, wacce aka sani da Rita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> Lee ta girma ne a unguwar Vila Mariana, inda ta zauna har zuwa haihuwar ɗanta na farko. Daga baya ta bayyana yankin a matsayin mai riƙe da yawancin abubuwan da ta fi so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> Ta halarci Liceu Pasteur na Faransa da Brazil, ta zama mai iya magana da Portuguese, Turanci, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, da Italiyanci. A shekara ta 1968 ta yi rajista a takaice a cikin darasi na Sadarwar Jama'a a Jami'ar São Paulo tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta gaba Regina Duarte, amma ta fice a shekara mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> == Ayyukan kiɗa == === Os Mutantes da kundi na farko (1966-72) === [[Fayil:Os_Mutantes_(restored).jpg|thumb|Os Mutantes a cikin 1969; daga hagu: Arnaldo Baptista, Lee da Sérgio Dias .]] [[Fayil:Rita Lee e Os Mutantes 1971.jpg|thumb|Os Mutantes a cikin 1971]] Shekaru shida, Lee ya kasance babban memba na ƙungiyar Os Mutants, tare da Arnaldo Baptista da Sérgio Dias . Ta ba da gudummawa ga murya, sarewa, da ƙwanƙwasawa, yayin da a wasu lokuta take wasa da synthesizer, banjo, da autoharp. Lee kuma yayi gwaji tare da tushen sauti mara kyau, kamar famfo mai sarrafa kwari don ƙirƙirar sakamako a cikin waƙar "Le Premier Bonheur du Jour", kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mawaki na ƙungiyar.<ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> A shekara ta 1967, Os Mutantes sun goyi bayan Gilberto Gil a III Festival de Música Popular Brasileira a kan TV Record, suna yin waƙarsa "Domingo no Parque". Kungiyar ta fitar da kundi shida tsakanin 1968 da 1972. An fara daukar su na farko da aka yi wa kansa (1968) a matsayin alama ce ta kiɗa na Brazil, haɗuwa da psychedelia, tropicalismo, da abubuwan da suka gabata don samar da abubuwan da ba su da tsawo ciki har da "A Minha Menina", "Dom Quixote", "Balada do Louco", "2001 (Dois Mil e Um) ", da kuma "Ando Meio Desligado". Lee ya auri abokin ƙungiyar Arnaldo Baptista a shekara ta 1968; ma'auratan sun rabu a shekara ta 1972, tare da saki a shekara ta 1977. <ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> Yayinda take tare da Os Mutantes, Lee ta rubuta kundi biyu na solo wanda ke ''Gina'' goyon baya daga abokan aikinta. Build Up (1970), ta farko, ta haɗa da waƙoƙi da yawa da aka rubuta tare da Arnaldo; ya samo asali ne a matsayin jerin sunayen don taron kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wanda kamfanin Fenit ya shirya a São Paulo. Kundin ya samar da waƙarta ta farko, "José", murfin harshen Portuguese na Georges Moustaki "Joseph" (wanda Nara Leão ya rubuta a baya). Kokarinta na biyu, Hoje É o Primeiro Dia do Resto da Sua Vida (1972), an ba da kyauta ne kawai ga Lee saboda Os Mutantes sun riga sun saki kundi a wannan shekarar, kuma kwangilar su ta Philips ta haramta ƙarin sakewa a ƙarƙashin sunan ƙungiyar. Os Mutantes sun yi kuma sun rubuta kayan, amma Lee ne kawai ya bayyana a kan murfin kuma ya sami biyan kuɗi.<ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> Kungiyar ta koma ɗakin studio kuma ta saki Atrás do Porto Tem uma Cidade a watan Yunin shekara ta 1974. <ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> Tasirin Rolling Stones da [[David Bowie]], kundin ya haifar da waƙoƙin "Mamãe Natureza" (ƙaddamarwa ta farko ta Lee bayan barin Os Mutantes), "Pé de Meia", da "Menino Bonito". Mai gabatarwa Marco Mazzola, wanda aka hayar ba tare da yardar ƙungiyar ba, ya canza shirye-shiryen sosai - musamman a kan "Menino Bonito" - wanda ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> A wani taron Phonogram, biyo bayan rahotanni daga wani ɗan leƙen asiri wanda ke sa ido kan kide-kide kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba ta yi nasara ba duk da ingantaccen ci gaba da kayan aiki, Lee ta tashi ta la'anta masu gudanarwa da ke wurin. Wannan rikici ya haifar da korar ta daga lakabin.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1975, Tutti Frutti ta bude bikin Hollywood Rock; wasan kwaikwayon ya nuna bayyanar Turnbull ta ƙarshe tare da ƙungiyar. Fruto Proibido (1975), wanda ya haɗu da dutse mai wuya, blues, da dutse na glam, Som Livre ne ya saki shi a watan Yuni kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babban aikin Lee da kuma dutse na kusurwa na Dutse na Brazil. <ref name="música-instantânea">{{Cite web |last=Facchi |first=Cleber |date=2024-01-18 |title=Cozinhando Discografias: Rita Lee |trans-title=Cooking Discographies: Rita Lee |url=https://musicainstantanea.com.br/cozinhando-discografias-rita-lee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222031123/https://musicainstantanea.com.br/cozinhando-discografias-rita-lee/ |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Música Instantânea |language=pt-br}}</ref> Waƙoƙin "Agora Só Falta Você", "Esse Tal de Roque Enrow", da kuma "Ovelha Negra" - wanda aka yaba da shi a matsayin taken tsara wanda ke nuna ɗayan shahararrun guitar solos na zamanin - ya mamaye rediyo na Brazil.<ref name="música-instantânea" /><ref name="fp-estadão" /> Wannan nasarar ta ba Lee lakabin "Queen of Brazilian Rock" kuma ta ba Tutti Frutti damar gudanar da rangadin dutse na farko na Brazil, wanda ya mamaye manyan birane daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma ya kammala tare da ƙungiyar da ke jagorantar dare na karshe na Bikin Saquarema na 1976.<ref name="fp-singles">{{Cite web |last=Inglez de Souza |first=Henrique |date=2020-12-18 |title=Há 45 anos, "Fruto Proibido", de Rita Lee e Tutti Frutti, apontava novos caminhos para o rock nacional |trans-title=45 years ago, 'Fruto Proibido' by Rita Lee & Tutti Frutti pointed new paths for Brazilian rock |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/cultura-e-lazer/musica/noticia/2020/12/ha-45-anos-fruto-proibido-de-rita-lee-e-tutti-frutti-apontava-novos-caminhos-para-o-rock-nacional-ckirhuij60036017wr7023sl8.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121115928/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/cultura-e-lazer/musica/noticia/2020/12/ha-45-anos-fruto-proibido-de-rita-lee-e-tutti-frutti-apontava-novos-caminhos-para-o-rock-nacional-ckirhuij60036017wr7023sl8.html |archive-date=2022-01-21 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=GZH |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> Kundin ya sayar da kwafin 700,000 kuma ya kasance na 12 a cikin rikodin da aka fi sayar da shi a shekarar. {{Efn|Three of Lee's albums reached the top ten of Brazil's year-end best-sellers chart according to [[Nelson Oliveira Pesquisa e Estudo de Mercado|Nopem]] (representing approximately two-thirds of the Brazilian phonographic market through major retailers in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo):<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Amanda |last=Cavalcanti |url=https://www.vice.com/pt/article/rock-nunca-nem-esteve-vivo-no-brasil-comercialmente-falando/ |title=O rock nunca nem esteve vivo no Brasil, comercialmente falando |trans-title=Rock was never even commercially alive in Brazil |access-date=2025-11-18 |date=2018-07-13 |magazine=Vice |language=pt-br |archive-date=2025-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120052340/https://www.vice.com/pt/article/rock-nunca-nem-esteve-vivo-no-brasil-comercialmente-falando/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Rita Lee e Roberto de Carvalho'' (1982) at No. 3, ''Rita Lee em Bossa 'n Roll'' (1991) at No. 5, and ''Rita Lee'' (1980) at No. 7. ''Fruto Proibido'' (1975) placed 12th, while ''Acústico MTV'' (1998) and ''Bombom'' (1983) ranked 45th and 46th, respectively.<ref name="nopem">{{Cite web |first1=Eduardo |last1=Vicente |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49024759/Listagens_Nopem_1965_1999-libre.pdf |title= Listagens Nopem 1965–1999 |trans-title=Nopem Listings 1965–1999 |work=Nelson Oliveira Pesquisa e Estudo de Mercado |access-date=2025-11-18 |via=Academia.edu |language=pt-br}}</ref>}} Entradas e Bandeiras ya biyo baya a shekara ta 1976, wanda Pena Schmidt ya samar kuma ya samar da waƙoƙin "Coisas da Vida" da "Corista de Rock", tare da "Bruxa Amarela" (wanda Raul Seixas da [[Paulo Coelho]] suka rubuta). <ref name="música-instantânea">{{Cite web |last=Facchi |first=Cleber |date=2024-01-18 |title=Cozinhando Discografias: Rita Lee |trans-title=Cooking Discographies: Rita Lee |url=https://musicainstantanea.com.br/cozinhando-discografias-rita-lee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222031123/https://musicainstantanea.com.br/cozinhando-discografias-rita-lee/ |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Música Instantânea |language=pt-br}}</ref> Kamar yadda Lee bai kasance ba yayin haɗuwa, sakamakon ya kasance sauti mai nauyi wanda Carlini ya mamaye.<ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta fara haɗin gwiwa da kuma haɗin gwiwar sana'a tare da mawaƙa Roberto de Carvalho, wanda ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin guitarist.<ref name="monkeybuzz">{{Cite web |last=Eduardo Lima |first=Carlos |date=2014-04-25 |title=Quando Rita Lee Caiu Na Farra |trans-title=When Rita Lee Got Wild |url=https://monkeybuzz.com.br/materias/quando-rita-lee-caiu-na-farra/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Monkeybuzz |language=pt-br}}</ref> A watan Agustan 1976, yayin da take da juna biyu, an kama Lee saboda mallakar wiwi tare da manajanta da mambobi takwas na Tutti Frutti - abin da ya faru da aka gani a matsayin yunkurin mulkin kama-karya na soja na yin koyi da al'adun matasa. Ta ci gaba da cewa ta daina amfani da kwayoyi saboda cikinta kuma cewa abubuwan sun kasance na baƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> Bayan an gabatar da ita a takaice a cikin ofisoshin 'yan sanda kuma an gudanar da ita a gidan yarin mata na Hipódromo, ta sami tallafi daga Elis Regina, wanda ya ziyarci kuma ya bukaci kulawar likita don damuwar da ke da alaƙa da ciki na Lee: <ref name="arrest" /><blockquote>Elis ba mutum ne mai sha'awar mulkin kama-karya ba - akasin haka: an amince da ita a matsayin sarauniyar Olympus na kiɗa, kuma babu wani ƙaramin janar da zai taɓa taɓa taɓa ta. Ta zauna a aiki a can har sai an ba ni magani kuma zubar da jini ya daina. Har ma ta ba da umarnin abinci daga gidan cin abinci saboda ta yi tunanin cewa na yi tsayi sosai ga mace mai ciki.</blockquote>Bayan kimanin makonni biyu a tsare, an yanke wa Lee hukuncin shekara guda na tsare gida da tarar. Ta yi hukuncin ne a gidan iyayenta a Vila Mariana, tare da izinin yin aiki ne kawai da dare. A cikin nunin ta na farko bayan haka, ta bayyana a cikin tufafi masu ban dariya a matsayin fursuna, tana samun goyon baya daga matasa masu sauraro, waɗanda suka jefa sigari a kan mataki. Duk da nasarar da aka samu na Entradas e Bandeiras, karancin shirye-shirye don inganta kundin ya bar Lee ya girgiza kuma yana fuskantar matsalolin kudi.<ref name="monkeybuzz">{{Cite web |last=Eduardo Lima |first=Carlos |date=2014-04-25 |title=Quando Rita Lee Caiu Na Farra |trans-title=When Rita Lee Got Wild |url=https://monkeybuzz.com.br/materias/quando-rita-lee-caiu-na-farra/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Monkeybuzz |language=pt-br}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta saki wakar "Arrombou a Festa" (wanda aka rubuta tare da Coelho) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1977, tana sukar yanayin MPB na zamani; ya haifar da wasu maganganu marasa kyau, gami da rubutun fansa da aka ruwaito a cikin manema labarai.<ref name="arrombou">{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Julli |date=2019-10-18 |title=A segunda vez que Rita Lee arrombou a festa |trans-title=The second time Rita Lee crashed the party |url=https://medium.com/ouvindo-coisas/a-segunda-vez-que-rita-lee-arrombou-a-festa-40065d98263a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214233749/https://medium.com/ouvindo-coisas/a-segunda-vez-que-rita-lee-arrombou-a-festa-40065d98263a |archive-date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Ouvindo Coisas |language=pt-br |via=Medium}}</ref> Ɗaya ya kasance na 13 a cikin jerin rikodin Brazil mafi kyawun a wannan shekarar, tare da fiye da 250,000 da aka sayar - rikodin don tsarin inci 7. An haifi ɗanta Roberto (Beto Lee) a wannan watan, João ya biyo baya a 1979 da Antônio a 1981. <ref name="children">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Rita Lee: quem é quem entre os filhos da Rainha do Rock |trans-title=Rita Lee: who's who among the children of the Queen of Rock |url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/05/09/filhos-rita-lee.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510012523/https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/05/09/filhos-rita-lee.htm |archive-date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=UOL SPLASH |publisher=Universo Online |language=pt-br}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hc2j5h82i198jz0tp3ccezk8m146w9a 856689 856686 2026-06-14T09:47:26Z MrKeefeJohn 19200 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Os Mutantes (restored).jpg]] → [[File:Rita Lee, Os Mutantes.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] 856689 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''''''Rita Lee''' Jones''' na Carvalho''' (an haife ta Rita Lee Jones; 31 ga Disamba 1947 - 8 ga Mayu 2023), wanda aka fi sani da Rita Lee, mawaƙiya ce ta Brazil, marubuciya, mai kida da yawa, marubuciya.{{Efn|{{IPA|pt-BR|ˈʁi.tɐ ˈli}} {{respell|HEE|tah|LEE}}}} An dauke ta a matsayin mace mafi tasiri a cikin dutsen Brazil kuma daya daga cikin manyan masu kirkiro na kasar, ta sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 55, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi kyawun mai zane-zane na Brazil a kowane lokaci kuma ta huɗu gaba ɗaya. Ayyukan Lee sun kasance alama ce ta ci gaba da sake fasalin da kuma haɗuwa da nau'o'i ba tare da tsoro ba. Da farko tare da dutsen psychedelic na Os Mutants (1966-1972), daga baya ta bincika Tropicália, glam rock, disco, new wave, pop rock, bossa nova, kiɗa na lantarki da salon sauti, ƙirƙirar haɗin kai na kasa da kasa.[1] Bayan ya jagoranci Tutti Frutti (1973-1978), wanda aka dauki kundin sa na 1975 Fruto Proibido a matsayin dutse na tushe na dutsen Brazil kuma Rolling Stone Brazil ta sanya shi cikin manyan kundin tarihin kiɗa na Brazil, ta sami nasarar kasuwanci mafi girma a ƙarshen 1970s da 1980s tare da jerin kundin - Rita Lee (1979), Rita Lee (1980), Saúde (1981) da Rita Lee da Roberto de Carvalho (1982) - wanda ya mamaye sigogi kuma ya karfafa ta a matsayin gunkin ƙasa.[2] Daga 1976 zuwa gaba ta yi aiki kusan kawai tare da mai kida da mawaƙa Roberto de Carvalho, abokin aikinta na rayuwa da kuma kirkirar abubuwa kuma mahaifin 'ya'yansu uku. A cikin shekaru sittin da ta yi aiki, kalmomin Lee - sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da batutuwa masu ban dariya da mata - sun samar da abubuwan da suka faru ciki har da "Ovelha Negra", "Agora Só Falta Você", "Mania de Você", "Chega Mais", "Doce Vampiro", "Lança Perfume", "Baila Comigo", "Saúde", "Banho de Espuma", "Flagra", "Erva Venenosa" da "Amor e Sexo". Mai cin ganyayyaki kuma mai ba da shawara ga Hakkin dabbobi, haƙƙin mata da [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Al'ummar LGBT]], an ba ta lakabi da "Sarauniyar Dutsen Brazil" da "Mai Tsaro na Liberty". Ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta kiɗa ta Brazil goma sha biyu, lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement (2022), lambar yabo ta APCA Grand Critics' don kiɗa mai ban sha'awa (2016), lambar yabo ta UBC (2024; tare da Carvalho), da kuma Order of Cultural Merit na Brazil (2003) da Order of Rio Branco (2023). Lee ya yi ritaya daga yawon shakatawa a shekarar 2012 amma ya ci gaba da sakin kiɗa, littattafai da haɗin gwiwa na lokaci-lokaci har zuwa 2021. An gano ta da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|Ciwon daji na huhu]] a wannan shekarar, ta mutu a watan Mayu 2023 tana da shekaru 75. == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:Rita_Lee_bebê.jpg|left|thumb|Lee tun yana yaro, a cikin hoto na iyali.]] An haifi Rita Lee Jones a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1947 a [[São Paulo]], ƙaramar 'yar Charles Fenley Jones, likitan hakora da aka haifa a Brazil na asalin Amurka - kakanninsa na Confederate daga [[Alabama]] da [[Tennessee]] sun zauna a Santa Bárbara d'Oeste bayan yakin basasar Amurka - da Romilda Padula, pianist na asalin Italiyanci daga Molise . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> 'Yan uwanta mata biyu sune Mary Lee da Virgínia Lee Jones; mahaifinsu ya ba wa' ya'ya mata uku sunan "Lee" don girmama Janar Robert E. Lee.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> Kodayake iyayenta da farko sun yi niyyar sanya mata suna Bárbara bayan Saint Barbara, a baftisma sun zaɓi Rita don girmama kakarta Clorinda, wacce aka sani da Rita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> Lee ta girma ne a unguwar Vila Mariana, inda ta zauna har zuwa haihuwar ɗanta na farko. Daga baya ta bayyana yankin a matsayin mai riƙe da yawancin abubuwan da ta fi so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> Ta halarci Liceu Pasteur na Faransa da Brazil, ta zama mai iya magana da Portuguese, Turanci, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, da Italiyanci. A shekara ta 1968 ta yi rajista a takaice a cikin darasi na Sadarwar Jama'a a Jami'ar São Paulo tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta gaba Regina Duarte, amma ta fice a shekara mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> == Ayyukan kiɗa == === Os Mutantes da kundi na farko (1966-72) === [[Fayil:Rita Lee, Os Mutantes.jpg|thumb|Os Mutantes a cikin 1969; daga hagu: Arnaldo Baptista, Lee da Sérgio Dias .]] [[Fayil:Rita Lee e Os Mutantes 1971.jpg|thumb|Os Mutantes a cikin 1971]] Shekaru shida, Lee ya kasance babban memba na ƙungiyar Os Mutants, tare da Arnaldo Baptista da Sérgio Dias . Ta ba da gudummawa ga murya, sarewa, da ƙwanƙwasawa, yayin da a wasu lokuta take wasa da synthesizer, banjo, da autoharp. Lee kuma yayi gwaji tare da tushen sauti mara kyau, kamar famfo mai sarrafa kwari don ƙirƙirar sakamako a cikin waƙar "Le Premier Bonheur du Jour", kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mawaki na ƙungiyar.<ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> A shekara ta 1967, Os Mutantes sun goyi bayan Gilberto Gil a III Festival de Música Popular Brasileira a kan TV Record, suna yin waƙarsa "Domingo no Parque". Kungiyar ta fitar da kundi shida tsakanin 1968 da 1972. An fara daukar su na farko da aka yi wa kansa (1968) a matsayin alama ce ta kiɗa na Brazil, haɗuwa da psychedelia, tropicalismo, da abubuwan da suka gabata don samar da abubuwan da ba su da tsawo ciki har da "A Minha Menina", "Dom Quixote", "Balada do Louco", "2001 (Dois Mil e Um) ", da kuma "Ando Meio Desligado". Lee ya auri abokin ƙungiyar Arnaldo Baptista a shekara ta 1968; ma'auratan sun rabu a shekara ta 1972, tare da saki a shekara ta 1977. <ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> Yayinda take tare da Os Mutantes, Lee ta rubuta kundi biyu na solo wanda ke ''Gina'' goyon baya daga abokan aikinta. Build Up (1970), ta farko, ta haɗa da waƙoƙi da yawa da aka rubuta tare da Arnaldo; ya samo asali ne a matsayin jerin sunayen don taron kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wanda kamfanin Fenit ya shirya a São Paulo. Kundin ya samar da waƙarta ta farko, "José", murfin harshen Portuguese na Georges Moustaki "Joseph" (wanda Nara Leão ya rubuta a baya). Kokarinta na biyu, Hoje É o Primeiro Dia do Resto da Sua Vida (1972), an ba da kyauta ne kawai ga Lee saboda Os Mutantes sun riga sun saki kundi a wannan shekarar, kuma kwangilar su ta Philips ta haramta ƙarin sakewa a ƙarƙashin sunan ƙungiyar. Os Mutantes sun yi kuma sun rubuta kayan, amma Lee ne kawai ya bayyana a kan murfin kuma ya sami biyan kuɗi.<ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> Kungiyar ta koma ɗakin studio kuma ta saki Atrás do Porto Tem uma Cidade a watan Yunin shekara ta 1974. <ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> Tasirin Rolling Stones da [[David Bowie]], kundin ya haifar da waƙoƙin "Mamãe Natureza" (ƙaddamarwa ta farko ta Lee bayan barin Os Mutantes), "Pé de Meia", da "Menino Bonito". Mai gabatarwa Marco Mazzola, wanda aka hayar ba tare da yardar ƙungiyar ba, ya canza shirye-shiryen sosai - musamman a kan "Menino Bonito" - wanda ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> A wani taron Phonogram, biyo bayan rahotanni daga wani ɗan leƙen asiri wanda ke sa ido kan kide-kide kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba ta yi nasara ba duk da ingantaccen ci gaba da kayan aiki, Lee ta tashi ta la'anta masu gudanarwa da ke wurin. Wannan rikici ya haifar da korar ta daga lakabin.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1975, Tutti Frutti ta bude bikin Hollywood Rock; wasan kwaikwayon ya nuna bayyanar Turnbull ta ƙarshe tare da ƙungiyar. Fruto Proibido (1975), wanda ya haɗu da dutse mai wuya, blues, da dutse na glam, Som Livre ne ya saki shi a watan Yuni kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babban aikin Lee da kuma dutse na kusurwa na Dutse na Brazil. <ref name="música-instantânea">{{Cite web |last=Facchi |first=Cleber |date=2024-01-18 |title=Cozinhando Discografias: Rita Lee |trans-title=Cooking Discographies: Rita Lee |url=https://musicainstantanea.com.br/cozinhando-discografias-rita-lee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222031123/https://musicainstantanea.com.br/cozinhando-discografias-rita-lee/ |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Música Instantânea |language=pt-br}}</ref> Waƙoƙin "Agora Só Falta Você", "Esse Tal de Roque Enrow", da kuma "Ovelha Negra" - wanda aka yaba da shi a matsayin taken tsara wanda ke nuna ɗayan shahararrun guitar solos na zamanin - ya mamaye rediyo na Brazil.<ref name="música-instantânea" /><ref name="fp-estadão" /> Wannan nasarar ta ba Lee lakabin "Queen of Brazilian Rock" kuma ta ba Tutti Frutti damar gudanar da rangadin dutse na farko na Brazil, wanda ya mamaye manyan birane daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma ya kammala tare da ƙungiyar da ke jagorantar dare na karshe na Bikin Saquarema na 1976.<ref name="fp-singles">{{Cite web |last=Inglez de Souza |first=Henrique |date=2020-12-18 |title=Há 45 anos, "Fruto Proibido", de Rita Lee e Tutti Frutti, apontava novos caminhos para o rock nacional |trans-title=45 years ago, 'Fruto Proibido' by Rita Lee & Tutti Frutti pointed new paths for Brazilian rock |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/cultura-e-lazer/musica/noticia/2020/12/ha-45-anos-fruto-proibido-de-rita-lee-e-tutti-frutti-apontava-novos-caminhos-para-o-rock-nacional-ckirhuij60036017wr7023sl8.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121115928/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/cultura-e-lazer/musica/noticia/2020/12/ha-45-anos-fruto-proibido-de-rita-lee-e-tutti-frutti-apontava-novos-caminhos-para-o-rock-nacional-ckirhuij60036017wr7023sl8.html |archive-date=2022-01-21 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=GZH |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> Kundin ya sayar da kwafin 700,000 kuma ya kasance na 12 a cikin rikodin da aka fi sayar da shi a shekarar. {{Efn|Three of Lee's albums reached the top ten of Brazil's year-end best-sellers chart according to [[Nelson Oliveira Pesquisa e Estudo de Mercado|Nopem]] (representing approximately two-thirds of the Brazilian phonographic market through major retailers in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo):<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Amanda |last=Cavalcanti |url=https://www.vice.com/pt/article/rock-nunca-nem-esteve-vivo-no-brasil-comercialmente-falando/ |title=O rock nunca nem esteve vivo no Brasil, comercialmente falando |trans-title=Rock was never even commercially alive in Brazil |access-date=2025-11-18 |date=2018-07-13 |magazine=Vice |language=pt-br |archive-date=2025-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120052340/https://www.vice.com/pt/article/rock-nunca-nem-esteve-vivo-no-brasil-comercialmente-falando/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Rita Lee e Roberto de Carvalho'' (1982) at No. 3, ''Rita Lee em Bossa 'n Roll'' (1991) at No. 5, and ''Rita Lee'' (1980) at No. 7. ''Fruto Proibido'' (1975) placed 12th, while ''Acústico MTV'' (1998) and ''Bombom'' (1983) ranked 45th and 46th, respectively.<ref name="nopem">{{Cite web |first1=Eduardo |last1=Vicente |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49024759/Listagens_Nopem_1965_1999-libre.pdf |title= Listagens Nopem 1965–1999 |trans-title=Nopem Listings 1965–1999 |work=Nelson Oliveira Pesquisa e Estudo de Mercado |access-date=2025-11-18 |via=Academia.edu |language=pt-br}}</ref>}} Entradas e Bandeiras ya biyo baya a shekara ta 1976, wanda Pena Schmidt ya samar kuma ya samar da waƙoƙin "Coisas da Vida" da "Corista de Rock", tare da "Bruxa Amarela" (wanda Raul Seixas da [[Paulo Coelho]] suka rubuta). <ref name="música-instantânea">{{Cite web |last=Facchi |first=Cleber |date=2024-01-18 |title=Cozinhando Discografias: Rita Lee |trans-title=Cooking Discographies: Rita Lee |url=https://musicainstantanea.com.br/cozinhando-discografias-rita-lee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222031123/https://musicainstantanea.com.br/cozinhando-discografias-rita-lee/ |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Música Instantânea |language=pt-br}}</ref> Kamar yadda Lee bai kasance ba yayin haɗuwa, sakamakon ya kasance sauti mai nauyi wanda Carlini ya mamaye.<ref name="Cultura e Arte">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=2023-03-21 |title=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro |trans-title=Rita Lee, the Queen of Brazilian Rock |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321232824/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/rita-lee-a-rainha-do-rock-brasileiro/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta fara haɗin gwiwa da kuma haɗin gwiwar sana'a tare da mawaƙa Roberto de Carvalho, wanda ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin guitarist.<ref name="monkeybuzz">{{Cite web |last=Eduardo Lima |first=Carlos |date=2014-04-25 |title=Quando Rita Lee Caiu Na Farra |trans-title=When Rita Lee Got Wild |url=https://monkeybuzz.com.br/materias/quando-rita-lee-caiu-na-farra/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Monkeybuzz |language=pt-br}}</ref> A watan Agustan 1976, yayin da take da juna biyu, an kama Lee saboda mallakar wiwi tare da manajanta da mambobi takwas na Tutti Frutti - abin da ya faru da aka gani a matsayin yunkurin mulkin kama-karya na soja na yin koyi da al'adun matasa. Ta ci gaba da cewa ta daina amfani da kwayoyi saboda cikinta kuma cewa abubuwan sun kasance na baƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samora |first=Guilherme |date=2010-04-27 |title=Rita Lee: "Na minha época, suruba era cultura" |trans-title=Rita Lee: 'In my day, orgies were culture' |url=http://revistaquem.globo.com/Entrevista/noticia/2012/05/edicao-503-27042010-na-minha-epoca-suruba-era-cultura.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Editora Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> Bayan an gabatar da ita a takaice a cikin ofisoshin 'yan sanda kuma an gudanar da ita a gidan yarin mata na Hipódromo, ta sami tallafi daga Elis Regina, wanda ya ziyarci kuma ya bukaci kulawar likita don damuwar da ke da alaƙa da ciki na Lee: <ref name="arrest" /><blockquote>Elis ba mutum ne mai sha'awar mulkin kama-karya ba - akasin haka: an amince da ita a matsayin sarauniyar Olympus na kiɗa, kuma babu wani ƙaramin janar da zai taɓa taɓa taɓa ta. Ta zauna a aiki a can har sai an ba ni magani kuma zubar da jini ya daina. Har ma ta ba da umarnin abinci daga gidan cin abinci saboda ta yi tunanin cewa na yi tsayi sosai ga mace mai ciki.</blockquote>Bayan kimanin makonni biyu a tsare, an yanke wa Lee hukuncin shekara guda na tsare gida da tarar. Ta yi hukuncin ne a gidan iyayenta a Vila Mariana, tare da izinin yin aiki ne kawai da dare. A cikin nunin ta na farko bayan haka, ta bayyana a cikin tufafi masu ban dariya a matsayin fursuna, tana samun goyon baya daga matasa masu sauraro, waɗanda suka jefa sigari a kan mataki. Duk da nasarar da aka samu na Entradas e Bandeiras, karancin shirye-shirye don inganta kundin ya bar Lee ya girgiza kuma yana fuskantar matsalolin kudi.<ref name="monkeybuzz">{{Cite web |last=Eduardo Lima |first=Carlos |date=2014-04-25 |title=Quando Rita Lee Caiu Na Farra |trans-title=When Rita Lee Got Wild |url=https://monkeybuzz.com.br/materias/quando-rita-lee-caiu-na-farra/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Monkeybuzz |language=pt-br}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta saki wakar "Arrombou a Festa" (wanda aka rubuta tare da Coelho) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1977, tana sukar yanayin MPB na zamani; ya haifar da wasu maganganu marasa kyau, gami da rubutun fansa da aka ruwaito a cikin manema labarai.<ref name="arrombou">{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Julli |date=2019-10-18 |title=A segunda vez que Rita Lee arrombou a festa |trans-title=The second time Rita Lee crashed the party |url=https://medium.com/ouvindo-coisas/a-segunda-vez-que-rita-lee-arrombou-a-festa-40065d98263a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214233749/https://medium.com/ouvindo-coisas/a-segunda-vez-que-rita-lee-arrombou-a-festa-40065d98263a |archive-date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Ouvindo Coisas |language=pt-br |via=Medium}}</ref> Ɗaya ya kasance na 13 a cikin jerin rikodin Brazil mafi kyawun a wannan shekarar, tare da fiye da 250,000 da aka sayar - rikodin don tsarin inci 7. An haifi ɗanta Roberto (Beto Lee) a wannan watan, João ya biyo baya a 1979 da Antônio a 1981. <ref name="children">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Rita Lee: quem é quem entre os filhos da Rainha do Rock |trans-title=Rita Lee: who's who among the children of the Queen of Rock |url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/05/09/filhos-rita-lee.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510012523/https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/05/09/filhos-rita-lee.htm |archive-date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=UOL SPLASH |publisher=Universo Online |language=pt-br}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pveampfnb5st0gye62bmqqo271we4p1 0 134227 856337 821631 2026-06-13T19:27:17Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khair Muhammad Jalandhari''' (1895-1970) ([[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko Jamia Khairul Madaris . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 ga Elahi Bakhsh a Nakodar, Gundumar Jalandhar [[Indiya]].<ref name="pakistan">{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> Ya kammala Alkur'ani daga Mian Imam Din da kawunsa Shah Muhammad . A cikin 1905, ya tafi Madrasa Rasheedia a Nakodar kuma ya yi nazarin littattafan Farisa na farko a can. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Madrasa Arabi Raipur, Madrasa Sabria Raipur a Gojran da Madrasa Manba ul Uloom Gulauthi, Bulandshahr . Ya shiga Madarsa Isha Atul Uloom Bareilly a 1913 kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami na gargajiya a 1917. A can ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Muhammad Yasin Sirhindi, ɗalibin Mahmud Hasan Deobandi . <ref name="pakistan" /> Jalandhari almajirin Ashraf Ali Thanwi ne .<ref name="pakistan" /> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na hukumar Darul Uloom Deoband a watan Mayu 1944 zuwa 1947. <ref name="pakistan" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * ''Khair Ul Usool Fi Hadith Ur Rasool'' * ''Aasar-e-Khair'' * ''Khair ul Fatawa'' == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}   [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] 1hgrorovh7y91mipjdnouflb65ot2i0 856338 856337 2026-06-13T19:27:30Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khair Muhammad Jalandhari''' (daga shekarar 1895-1970) ([[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko Jamia Khairul Madaris . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khair Muhammad Jalandhari a shekara ta 1895 ga Elahi Bakhsh a Nakodar, Gundumar Jalandhar [[Indiya]].<ref name="pakistan">{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January–June 2018) |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> Ya kammala Alkur'ani daga Mian Imam Din da kawunsa Shah Muhammad . A cikin 1905, ya tafi Madrasa Rasheedia a Nakodar kuma ya yi nazarin littattafan Farisa na farko a can. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Madrasa Arabi Raipur, Madrasa Sabria Raipur a Gojran da Madrasa Manba ul Uloom Gulauthi, Bulandshahr . Ya shiga Madarsa Isha Atul Uloom Bareilly a 1913 kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami na gargajiya a 1917. A can ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Muhammad Yasin Sirhindi, ɗalibin Mahmud Hasan Deobandi . <ref name="pakistan" /> Jalandhari almajirin Ashraf Ali Thanwi ne .<ref name="pakistan" /> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na hukumar Darul Uloom Deoband a watan Mayu 1944 zuwa 1947. <ref name="pakistan" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * ''Khair Ul Usool Fi Hadith Ur Rasool'' * ''Aasar-e-Khair'' * ''Khair ul Fatawa'' == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}   [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] 4lwyl1n1uewpg9tbgzanbjuscp0lsej 0 134232 856148 775665 2026-06-13T16:37:33Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856148 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi 1935 - 30 Yuni 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] i3zwwyzcmsxwszmstfl9orfk90uqwzd 856151 856148 2026-06-13T16:38:08Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856151 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - 30 Yuni 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 1m02aiht7cybvs7k2umdx78wpuil12u 856153 856151 2026-06-13T16:38:32Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856153 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya mutu 30 Yuni 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] t8xa7ypdh7bmy96jw395xjnkcn19z8m 856155 856153 2026-06-13T16:38:49Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856155 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 99w92o86rfqs8xzc8n43x6itexwbs9v 856156 856155 2026-06-13T16:38:59Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856156 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 484wp20xihdic2fs9fd8m7b0rwyvm0d 856159 856156 2026-06-13T16:39:18Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856159 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] t8spoch7bgdqmtcp4iu1ot7hjqxz5a1 856160 856159 2026-06-13T16:39:29Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856160 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] hnoaku83tlddv4b0nq0mxdyi9v7bd3a 856162 856160 2026-06-13T16:39:51Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 856162 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 7p48xrw0due85tqk70f5zqqlx4ub8dp 856164 856162 2026-06-13T16:40:16Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 856164 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] ix4hgxqpdnzt2ayqindqiay37hvj5sg 856165 856164 2026-06-13T16:40:26Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 856165 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] ei96aan2o0y9zb50yrfwbizoplij30f 856167 856165 2026-06-13T16:40:50Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 856167 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 43kckjofa47pesd6bxoycpy9pip295i 856172 856167 2026-06-13T16:42:01Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 856172 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan shekarar 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 6lkz6sfycw000ay41irfudrusnxf2ia 856175 856172 2026-06-13T16:42:19Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 856175 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan shekarar 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] dfpq1y4tgfko1muf8se7vtxtkezs9gc 856178 856175 2026-06-13T16:42:35Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 856178 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] . Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan shekarar 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 7fzhfrirfolzdbz5wcntbly7hmipnv7 0 134290 856200 799894 2026-06-13T16:50:21Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni 1934 - 1 Fabrairu 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] eckgkpb5x4svy0w9jwgmqqe53hw42hg 856202 856200 2026-06-13T16:50:35Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 Fabrairu 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] nom9nnx5s3u66ay7awkx7qi0s15xua6 856203 856202 2026-06-13T16:50:46Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] p1b3czaem2iaw2kd9xykikldzfwp2wq 856205 856203 2026-06-13T16:50:59Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 856205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] hst70eyx9pvspx5ee0832zhnvig7r2w 856207 856205 2026-06-13T16:51:59Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 856207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] j4j7czh1n3ntbu4uz28dadrhhbk3t0t 856208 856207 2026-06-13T16:52:31Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 856208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] 4n76pt7ab5z0juaturpbqk4we5ajs3g 856211 856208 2026-06-13T16:52:57Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 856211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] lmo7ts2mqsenh9xg3he006rg3uk3o1f 856331 856211 2026-06-13T19:19:02Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyuka */ 856331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi''' (5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1934 - 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015; [[Urdu|Urdu:]]) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na 7 na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma babban memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |last3=Rehman |first3=Abdur |date=2020 |title=Contemporary Social Issues and Urdu Tafāsīr: A Study of Mawlānā Abdul Majeed Ludhiānvī's "Tibyān al-Furqān" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/326 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |issn=2664-4398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Khawaja Saif-Ur-Rehman |last2=Hureri |first2=Muhammad Akram |date=2021 |title=Social issues and Their Solutions in the Light of Tabian Al-Furqan (Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/152 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |issn=2708-6577}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ludhianvi ga Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf a cikin shekarar 1934 a cikin dangin Arain a Salempur Jagraon Tehsil, Gundumar Ludhiana . Mahaifinsa mutum ne mai ibada kuma mai mallakar ƙasa da manomi ne. Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Salempur . A lokacin aji na takwas, an yanke shawarar raba Indiya. Ya koma Pakistan tare da iyayensa kuma ya zauna a Shorkot kuma ya wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a nan. Bayan haka a shekarar 1949 ya shiga Jamia Darul Uloom Rabbania, a Toba Tek Singh, don samun ilimin addini. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya shiga Madrasa Ashraf Al-Rasheed a Faisalabad . A halin yanzu, ya yi aure a cikin iyalin da ke zaune a Kamalia. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom Multan kuma ya kammala karatu daga Dars-i Nizami a shekarar 1956. Ya yi karatun [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da [[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] daga Maulana Abdul Khaliq, dalibi na Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Sahih Muslim daga Mufti Mahmood . Ya kuma sami izinin Hadith daga Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan rasuwar Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi Amir na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin, shugaban kasa na 4 na Iqra Rozatul Atfal Trust . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * Tibyan ul Furqan (6. Vol) * Khutbaat da Hakeem ul Asar (12. Vol) == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2015 daga ciwon zuciya a wani taro na Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia a Multan . Saleemullah Khan ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa. Nawaz Sharif (firayim Minista a lokacin), [[Shehbaz Sharif|Shahbaz Sharif]] (babban Minista a wancan lokacin) da Maulana Fazlur Rehman sun ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarsa. == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] ij8knt8usw1aydj889rkeplqe8sdgek 0 141327 856216 854599 2026-06-13T16:55:04Z Shafa Hassan 45932 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353221901|Director Pink]]" 856216 wikitext text/x-wiki   Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Daraktan Pink''', shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Top 13 Nigerian Music Video Directors of All Time |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/best-nigerian-music-video-directors |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] da "Abracadabra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike's ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=Chike's 'Running (To You)' Becomes Most Viewed Music Video in 2021 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/chikes-running-to-you-becomes-most-viewed-music-video-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Watch 'Lady Koi Koi,' A Horror Short Film By Praise Onyeagwalam - BlueprintAfric |url=https://blueprintafric.com/news/watch-lady-koi-koi-a-horror-short-film-by-praise-onyeagwalam/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=YNaija |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Film Blog: 5 Brilliant Short Films You Should See on YouTube » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/5-brilliant-short-films-you-should-see-on-youtube/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da [[Wizkid]], [[Lil Kesh]], Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft Zinoleesky |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ej69j2dcqbp9n61dcfmqofhfqqgmb89 856217 856216 2026-06-13T16:56:47Z Shafa Hassan 45932 856217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Daraktan Pink''', shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Top 13 Nigerian Music Video Directors of All Time |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/best-nigerian-music-video-directors |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] da "Abracadabra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike's ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=Chike's 'Running (To You)' Becomes Most Viewed Music Video in 2021 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/chikes-running-to-you-becomes-most-viewed-music-video-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Watch 'Lady Koi Koi,' A Horror Short Film By Praise Onyeagwalam - BlueprintAfric |url=https://blueprintafric.com/news/watch-lady-koi-koi-a-horror-short-film-by-praise-onyeagwalam/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=YNaija |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Film Blog: 5 Brilliant Short Films You Should See on YouTube » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/5-brilliant-short-films-you-should-see-on-youtube/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da [[Wizkid]], [[Lil Kesh]], Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft Zinoleesky |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mnedto24jufb4bpq4afmajcbi8jarqz 856219 856217 2026-06-13T16:57:25Z Shafa Hassan 45932 856219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Daraktan Pink''', shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Top 13 Nigerian Music Video Directors of All Time |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/best-nigerian-music-video-directors |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] da "Abracadabra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike's ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin shekarar 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=Chike's 'Running (To You)' Becomes Most Viewed Music Video in 2021 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/chikes-running-to-you-becomes-most-viewed-music-video-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Watch 'Lady Koi Koi,' A Horror Short Film By Praise Onyeagwalam - BlueprintAfric |url=https://blueprintafric.com/news/watch-lady-koi-koi-a-horror-short-film-by-praise-onyeagwalam/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=YNaija |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Film Blog: 5 Brilliant Short Films You Should See on YouTube » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/5-brilliant-short-films-you-should-see-on-youtube/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da [[Wizkid]], [[Lil Kesh]], Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft Zinoleesky |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tip628mdyevqhxbr7fmum7l5tvd1km1 856220 856219 2026-06-13T16:58:03Z Shafa Hassan 45932 /* Ayyuka */ 856220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Daraktan Pink''', shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Top 13 Nigerian Music Video Directors of All Time |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/best-nigerian-music-video-directors |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] da "Abracadabra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike's ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin shekarar 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin shekarar 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=Chike's 'Running (To You)' Becomes Most Viewed Music Video in 2021 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/chikes-running-to-you-becomes-most-viewed-music-video-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Watch 'Lady Koi Koi,' A Horror Short Film By Praise Onyeagwalam - BlueprintAfric |url=https://blueprintafric.com/news/watch-lady-koi-koi-a-horror-short-film-by-praise-onyeagwalam/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=YNaija |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Film Blog: 5 Brilliant Short Films You Should See on YouTube » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/5-brilliant-short-films-you-should-see-on-youtube/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da [[Wizkid]], [[Lil Kesh]], Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft Zinoleesky |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] n6lcl53rk9gi5gheae88cta2dy71wds 856222 856220 2026-06-13T16:59:15Z Shafa Hassan 45932 /* Ayyuka */ 856222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Daraktan Pink''', shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Top 13 Nigerian Music Video Directors of All Time |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/best-nigerian-music-video-directors |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] da "Abracadabra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike's ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin shekarar 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin shekarar 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=Chike's 'Running (To You)' Becomes Most Viewed Music Video in 2021 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/chikes-running-to-you-becomes-most-viewed-music-video-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Watch 'Lady Koi Koi,' A Horror Short Film By Praise Onyeagwalam - BlueprintAfric |url=https://blueprintafric.com/news/watch-lady-koi-koi-a-horror-short-film-by-praise-onyeagwalam/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=YNaija |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Film Blog: 5 Brilliant Short Films You Should See on YouTube » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/5-brilliant-short-films-you-should-see-on-youtube/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da [[Wizkid]], [[Lil Kesh]], Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft Zinoleesky |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9b0f2l5tjm152vwbcps20oguymyhsf8 0 146443 856767 812656 2026-06-14T10:17:55Z Zahrah0 14848 /* Memori/Mirath */ 856767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sarauniya Chong Chin Yee''' ( Chinese ; an haife ta 1987/1988 ) 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Brunei kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar asalin ƙasar Sin wadda take cikin membobin Majalisar Dokoki ta Brunei (LegCo) da aka naɗa a shekarar 2023. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=New Legislative Council appointed |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/new-legislative-council-appointed/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce Shugaba kuma wacce ta kafa shirin tsara tarihin rayuwa ta yanar gizo na Memori. An kuma zaɓe ta a matsayin wacce ta fara karɓar tallafin karatu na Edmund Hillary Fellowship (EHF). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Memori co-founder picked as The Edmund Hillary Fellow |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/2020/12/memori-co-founder-picked-as-the-edmund-hillary-fellow/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095746/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/2020/12/memori-co-founder-picked-as-the-edmund-hillary-fellow/ |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Queenie ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Monash da ke Melbourne, da kuma digirinta na biyu a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Brunei Darussalam (UBD). Ta kasance tsohuwar mai tallafin karatu daga gwamnati daga Brunei kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu daga shirin gudanarwa na UBD a fannin kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queenie Chong |url=https://e27.co/user/queenie/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=e27.co |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma kammala shirin DARe's Accelerate, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Startup Brunei, wani kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci wanda ya ƙirƙiri gwajin shirin UnikLearn don taimaka wa matasa masu nakasa su sami damar samun aiki. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aaron Wong |date=2021-09-02 |title=Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards |url=https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.bizbrunei.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ta yi rajista a cikin YSEALI Professional Fellowship a [[Seattle]], Amurka, da kuma taron bita na YSEALI Impact eXL a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Global Entrepreneurship Week |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CWJ6db9sV06/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=United States Embassy, Bandar Seri Begawan}}</ref> Ita ce 'yar kasar Brunei ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin EHF a shekarar 2020. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Memori co-founder picked as The Edmund Hillary Fellow |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/2020/12/memori-co-founder-picked-as-the-edmund-hillary-fellow/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095746/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/2020/12/memori-co-founder-picked-as-the-edmund-hillary-fellow/ |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095746/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/2020/12/memori-co-founder-picked-as-the-edmund-hillary-fellow/ "Memori co-founder picked as The Edmund Hillary Fellow"]. ''borneobulletin.com.bn''. 8 December 2020. Archived from [https://borneobulletin.com.bn/2020/12/memori-co-founder-picked-as-the-edmund-hillary-fellow/ the original] on 10 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Aikin kasuwanci == Queenie ta koyar da tattalin arziki a Cibiyar Horar da Matasa ta Tutong kafin ta fara kamfaninta, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Thiann Kok Hua |date=2023-02-22 |title=莊靜宜接受本報訪問 |url=https://weareunited.com.my/11944969/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=weareunited.com.my |language=zh-MY}}</ref> kuma ta bar Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE) a shekarar 2018 saboda ta yi tunanin cewa kasuwanci yana da mahimmanci wajen haɓaka tattalin arzikin ƙasar da kuma samar da ayyukan yi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-03 |title=Brunei's 50 most inspiring Linkedin icons 2021 |url=https://thebruneian.news/2022/01/03/bruneis-50-most-inspiring-linkedin-icons-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416175654/https://thebruneian.news/2022/01/03/bruneis-50-most-inspiring-linkedin-icons-2021/ |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=thebruneian.news |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani dandali na kan layi wanda aka keɓe shi kawai ga [[Batutuwan muhalli a Brunei|batutuwan muhalli]] kuma ya kafa Startup Brunei, wani kamfanin jari wanda ke ba da dama ta musamman ga matasa masu nakasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa, UnikLearn. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=YB Queenie Chong is the Youngest Legislative Council Member Driving Digital Transformation and Entrepreneurial Spirit in Brunei |url=https://youthachievementrecords.com/2023/08/08/yb-queenie-chong-is-the-youngest-legislative-council-member-driving-digital-transformation-and-entrepreneurial-spirit-in-brunei/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=youthachievementrecords.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa mata ta ASEAN, mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa matasa ta Brunei, kuma memba ce a kwamitin ƙauye na al'ummarta. <ref name=":4" /> Tana cikin mahalarta taron muhalli na ƙasa, wanda ya wakilci Beach Bunch a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-13 |title=National Environment Conference 2014 |url=https://asiaincforum.com/documents/nec2014/2014NEC_Participants_List.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406235652/http://asiaincforum.com/documents/nec2014/2014NEC_Participants_List.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Asia Inc Forum}}</ref> === Memori/Mirath === Membobin dangin sarauta na Asiya sun ba da gudummawa ga zagaye na biyu na tallafin Memori yayin da take shirin ƙaddamar da shi a watan Agusta na 2019 mai sauƙi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaron Wong |date=2019-07-04 |title=Legacy planner Memori secures investment from Asian royal family |url=https://www.bizbrunei.com/2019/07/legacy-planner-memori-secures-investment-from-asian-royal-family/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2019/07/legacy-planner-memori-secures-investment-from-asian-royal-family/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.bizbrunei.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Memori, ba tare da dandamalin intanet ba tukuna, ta tara dala biliyan 158,000 ( US$ 100,000) daga Asusun Ci Gaban Venture na 113. Kamfanin yana son haɓaka ya zama shagon sarrafa gado na kan layi, yana ba da hanyoyi masu sauƙi don samun ayyukan tunawa, inshora, da wasiyya. Ta rasa [[Kakanni|kakanninta]], wanda ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prisca Akhaya |date=2018-12-20 |title=Brunei's legacy planning startup Memori raises US$100K funding |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/brunei-legacy-planning-startup-memori-raises-us-100k-120111084.html |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=sg.news.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}</ref> Queenie ta lashe kyautar Matashiya ta musamman ta shekarar 2021 tare da kasuwancinta na tsara tarihi na Memori, wanda ya samu lambobin yabo guda biyu na saka hannun jari da kuma wasu kyaututtuka na gida da na yanki. A shekarar 2021, an san ta da zama a Singapore don shirin shirya kamfanoni. Daga nan Memori ta gabatar da wani dandamali na yanar gizo, Mirath, wanda ke ba da irin wannan sabis na tsara wasiyya da bayar da gudummawa mai araha, don yi wa kasuwar Musulunci hidima. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aaron Wong |date=2021-09-02 |title=Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards |url=https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.bizbrunei.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAaron_Wong2021">Aaron Wong (2 September 2021). [https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ "Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards"]. ''www.bizbrunei.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Samar da ''wasiat'' (wasiyya), ''hibah'' (kyauta/kyauta), da ''[[Fiqhun Gadon Musulunci|faraid]]'' (gadon Musulunci) ban da janazah ko kayan gudummawar masallatai—wanda daga baya ya tara sama da dala biliyan 10,000 ga iyalai sama da 40 marasa galihu—na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da Mirath ke bayarwa. Duk waɗannan dandamalin an yi su ne don kasuwar Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, inda yawancin mutane ba su da wasiyya kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukar shirin ƙarshen rayuwa a matsayin haramun . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aaron Wong |date=2021-09-02 |title=Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards |url=https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.bizbrunei.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAaron_Wong2021">Aaron Wong (2 September 2021). [https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ "Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards"]. ''www.bizbrunei.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === UnikLearn === Tun bayan ƙaddamar da shirin UnikLearn a watan Yunin shekara ta 2018, ƙarin kamfanoni sun nuna sha'awar ɗaukar masu horarwa na UnikLearn a matsayin masu horo, ciki har da matasa masu fama da Autism. Queenie ta jaddada cewa domin kasuwanci su ci gaba da yin gasa da kuma samar da ayyuka masu inganci ga mazauna, dole ne masana'antu su sake tsara su kuma samfuran kasuwanci dole ne su canza. A cewarta, matsalar ba rashin ayyukan yi ba ce, a maimakon haka rashin daidaito ne a fannin ƙwarewa. A cewarta, "ƙalubalen mu shine tabbatar da cewa babu wani ɗan ƙasar Brunei mai Autism da aka [ba shi] damar aiki mai kyau, musamman waɗanda ke son koyo da kuma samun ƙwarewa waɗanda suka zama dole don biyan buƙatun masana'antar su ta yanzu." <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Scoop |date=2018-12-08 |title='More companies offering internships to Uniklearn trainees' |url=https://www.annurharapan.com/aboutus/press-and-news/%E2%80%98more-companies-offering-internships-to-uniklearn-trainees%E2%80%99/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.annurharapan.com}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Matsayinta na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ya ƙara ƙarfafawa lokacin da [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya naɗa ta a matsayin memba na LegCo a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2023. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=New Legislative Council appointed |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/new-legislative-council-appointed/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://borneobulletin.com.bn/new-legislative-council-appointed/ "New Legislative Council appointed"]. ''borneobulletin.com.bn''. 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A sabon matsayinta, za ta fi mai da hankali kan haɓaka matasa 'yan kasuwa, ilimin zamani na zamani da fasaha, da kuma ma'aikata da aka shirya don buƙatun nan gaba. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=YB Queenie Chong is the Youngest Legislative Council Member Driving Digital Transformation and Entrepreneurial Spirit in Brunei |url=https://youthachievementrecords.com/2023/08/08/yb-queenie-chong-is-the-youngest-legislative-council-member-driving-digital-transformation-and-entrepreneurial-spirit-in-brunei/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=youthachievementrecords.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://youthachievementrecords.com/2023/08/08/yb-queenie-chong-is-the-youngest-legislative-council-member-driving-digital-transformation-and-entrepreneurial-spirit-in-brunei/ "YB Queenie Chong is the Youngest Legislative Council Member Driving Digital Transformation and Entrepreneurial Spirit in Brunei"]. ''youthachievementrecords.com''. 8 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Zaman LegCo na 19 === Queenie ta yaba wa Majalisar Tsara da Aikin Yi ta Manpower (MPEC), Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Masana'antar Manpower (MISC), da Cibiyar Koyo ta Rayuwa (LLC) saboda kokarinsu na rage rashin aikin yi a tsakanin matasa da masu neman aiki a ranar 5 ga Maris 2023, a lokacin zaman taron LegCo na 19 da rana. Ta jaddada cewa dole ne matasa su kasance masu juriya, sassauci, da kuma iya bayar da gudummawa yadda ya kamata idan aka fuskanci sauye-sauyen fasaha. Domin tabbatar da cewa ma'aikata sun san hakkokinsu kuma kamfanoni suna bin ƙa'idodin aiki na ɗabi'a, Queenie ta kuma lura da mahimmancin magance matsalolin kasuwar aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamad |first=Lyna |date=2023-03-05 |title=LegCo members deliver motion of thanks |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/legco-members-deliver-motion-of-thanks-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Maris 2023, Queenie ta jawo hankali kan karuwar hare-haren yanar gizo a Brunei, inda mafi yawan wadanda abin ya shafa tsofaffi ne wadanda ke fadawa tarkon masu zamba . Ta damu da sauyin yanayin lamarin kuma tana son sanin yadda Ma'aikatar Sufuri da Sadarwa ta Bayanai (MTIC) ke shirin magance shi, musamman game da al'ummomin da ke cikin mawuyacin hali kamar tsofaffi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Queenie Chong |date=2023-04-18 |title=LegCo 2023 - Ministry of Transport and Infocommunications |url=https://queeniecy.com/blog/leg-co-ministry-of-transport-and-infocommunications-1 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=queeniecy.com |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarshen watan Afrilun 2023, Queenie ta yi jawabi a Makarantar Chung Hwa Kiudang, inda ta zaburar da ɗalibai su kafa manyan manufofi da kuma yin aiki tuƙuru don cimma su. Ta jagoranci wani zaman tattaunawa inda ɗalibai suka tattauna game da manufofinsu tare da takwarorinsu kuma suka yi amfani da abubuwan da suka faru na kansu don jaddada muhimmancin juriya, himma, da kyakkyawan fata. A lokacin tambayoyi da amsoshi da suka biyo bayan taron, shugaban makarantar Loo Shee Yun ya ce tattaunawar ta yi tasiri sosai ga ɗaliban, tana taimakawa wajen haɓaka imaninsu da burinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kon |first=James |date=2023-08-29 |title=Inspiring young minds |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/inspiring-young-minds/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801040103/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/inspiring-young-minds/#selection-1187.0-1187.21 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin taron matasa 'yan majalisar dokoki na duniya karo na 9 a watan Satumba na 2023 a [[Hanoi]], Vietnam, Queenie ta jaddada cewa sadaukarwar Brunei wajen inganta kirkire-kirkire da kuma fasahar zamani. Ta ambaci cewa Majalisar Bincike da Ci Gaban Fasaha da Kimiyya (CREATES), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2021, tana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da Brunei ke tallafawa sabbin fasahohi, ciki har da manyan bayanai, [[Kirkirar Basira|fasahar kere-kere]] (AI), da intanet na abubuwa (IoT). Domin bunkasa kirkire-kirkire, taimakawa kasuwar dijital, da kuma karfafa masu kirkire-kirkire a fannin fasaha don ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dorewa, Brunei ta kuma kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kirkire-kirkire na Brunei. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=LegCo members share Brunei's commitment to innovation in Hanoi meet |url=https://aipalync.org/storage/documents/main/legco-members-share-bruneis-commitment-to-innovation-in-hanoi-meet_1717490006.pdf |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> An gabatar da matakan da Brunei ta ɗauka na ƙarfafa mata a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa a taron Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Mata 'Yan Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasashen ASEAN (WAIPA) a watan Fabrairun 2024 a [[Vientiane]], Laos. A matsayinsu na wakilan Brunei, membobin LegCo, Safiah Sheikh Abdul Salam da Queenie sun shiga tattaunawa da takwarorinsu daga wasu ƙasashe membobin AIPA, suna raba fahimta da mafi kyawun ayyuka. Sun kuma shiga cikin ayyukan gefe kamar WAIPA Project Workshop 2.0 da kuma Mata Political Leaders Forum. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=LegCo members join Laos meeting |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1396 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801044420/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1396 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> A lokacin taron Mata a Intanet a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2024, Queenie ta ambaci cewa ƙidayar kamfanoni na shekara-shekara ta 2023 ta nuna cewa adadin mata da ke aiki a fannin bayanai da sadarwa a Brunei ya zarce na maza, wanda ya karu da kashi 8.8% tsakanin 2021 da 2022. Ta jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da mata za su taka a fannin tsaro da fasaha a nan gaba, da kuma muhimmancin tsaro a intanet wajen kare tattalin arzikin dijital na duniya. Queenie ta kuma yaba wa Jasmine Wong saboda kasancewa 'yar asalin Brunei ta farko da ta lashe kyautar "Manyan Mata a fannin Tsaro ASEAN", inda ta nuna rashin wakilcin mata a fannin tsaro a duniya baki daya da kuma fafutukar neman karin shirye-shirye kamar Mata a fannin Tsaro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-17 |title=Female workforce in ICT grows |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1401&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801044411/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1401&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> === Zaman LegCo na 20 === Da yammacin ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2024, Queenie ta jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da tattalin arzikin dijital zai taka wajen mayar da Brunei zuwa Kasa Mai Wayo. An tattauna wannan a zaman LegCo na 20. Ta mayar da hankali kan gabatar da Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Dijital na 2025 na MTIC, inda ta bayyana goyon bayan gwamnati ga shugabancin dijital, tattalin arzikin kan layi, da kuma intanet na abubuwa. Nan da shekarar 2030, Queenie ta yi hasashen cewa ASEAN za ta karu daga GDP na kimanin dala biliyan 300 zuwa kimanin dala tiriliyan 1 na Amurka, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama tattalin arziki na hudu mafi girma a duniya. Ta yarda cewa annobar COVID-19 ta canza yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Brunei kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kasuwancin gida, musamman a masana'antar abinci da abin sha. Ta nuna ƙalubalen faɗaɗa tattalin arzikin dijital, tana mai jaddada buƙatar yin cikakken nazari kan tasirin kuɗi da sa ido kan ci gaba ta hanyar dabarun ƙasa. Ta kuma jaddada mahimmancin magance barazanar yanar gizo da haɓaka tsare-tsaren yanar gizo, waɗanda za su iya haifar da damar aiki. Kakakin LegCo, Pehin Dato Abdul Rahman, ya bayyana kyakkyawan fata game da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ke ci gaba da gudana, kuma ya yi fatan samun fahimta mai mahimmanci daga LegCo da kuma daukar matakai masu kyau daga ma'aikatun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Adib |last2=Faisal |first2=Fadley |date=2024-02-29 |title=Digital transformation key to economic prosperity, growth |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/digital-transformation-key-to-economic-prosperity-growth/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801072440/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/digital-transformation-key-to-economic-prosperity-growth/#selection-1445.0-1457.552 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Membobin LegCo sun yi muhawara kan shawarar kasafin kudin Ma'aikatar Kudi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFE) na shekarar kasafin kudi ta 2024-2025 a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2024, a lokacin zaman LegCo na 20 na taron. Queenie ta yi kira da a yi nazari kan tasirin adadi da inganci na babban kasafin kudi, kodayake ta yarda cewa yana tura sauyin dijital . Ta sake nanata muhimmancin fahimtar ribar da ake sa ran samu daga ayyukan sauyin dijital da kuma yadda ake sa ran za su shafi GDP da sauran muhimman ma'auni kamar ci gaba a tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Adib |last2=Othman |first2=Azlan |date=2024-03-01 |title=LegCo members deliberate fiscal plans |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/legco-members-deliberate-fiscal-plans/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801040944/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/legco-members-deliberate-fiscal-plans/#selection-1449.365-1449.389 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Maris 2024, Queenie ta yi tambaya game da shirye-shiryen da ake ɗauka don haɓaka ambuyat a ƙasashen waje kuma ta ba da shawarar yin aiki tare da sauran ma'aikatu don ƙarfafa ɓangaren sago a Mukim Ukong . A martanin da ta mayar, Minista Ahmaddin ya ce wakilai daga Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Farko da Yawon Buɗe Ido (MPRT), da kuma majalisun shawarwari daga Ukong da Kampong Batu Apoi, suna duba ayyukan haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka ambuyat a ƙasashen waje da haɓaka tattalin arzikin yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Othman |first=Azlan |date=2024-03-03 |title=Minister cites reasons for repeat offenders |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/minister-cites-reasons-for-repeat-offenders/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801063138/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/minister-cites-reasons-for-repeat-offenders/#selection-1383.246-1383.258 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Minista Mohd Amin Liew ya bayyana a ranar 9 ga Maris 2024 cewa Brunei na shirin bude cibiyar mu'amala ta dijital nan da farkon shekarar 2025. Ya ce domin fara gina kayayyakin da suka dace don hanyar biyan kudi wadda za ta ba da damar biyan kudi ta intanet da ta kasa da kasa tare da tabbatar da ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa da tsaron yanar gizo, Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Amurka (MoFE) tana aiki tare da bankunan yankin. Dangane da tambayar Queenie game da raguwar ma'amaloli na kudi, ministan ya fayyace cewa cibiyar biyan kudi ta tsakiya za ta hada hanyoyin biyan kudi na yanzu da na gaba, wanda zai kara amfani da walat din dijital kamar Pocket, BIBD QuickPay, da DST Pay tare da baiwa masu amfani da kamfanoni damar yin biyan kudi ta intanet koda kuwa babu asusun banki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Han |first=Shareen |date=2024-03-10 |title=MoFE: Brunei's fiscal deficit unsustainable |url=https://thescoop.co/2024/03/10/mofe-bruneis-fiscal-deficit-unsustainable/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=The Scoop |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-10 |title=Minister highlights robust digital payment infrastructure |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1453&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801044415/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1453&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ƙasa za ta ci gaba da ƙoƙarin ilmantar da ɗalibai don samun damar shiga gasa a duniya ta hanyar shirye-shirye daban-daban a fannin ilimi mai zurfi, Minista Romaizah ta yi alƙawari a ranar 13 ga Maris 2024. A martanin da ta mayar wa Queenie a zaman LegCo na 20, ta jaddada muhimmancin haɗin gwiwar masana'antu tare da ambaton shirye-shiryen yanki waɗanda suka sami karɓuwa a duniya, kamar digirin injiniya na farar hula a Jami'ar Teknologi Brunei (UTB) da kuma shirin injiniya na gabaɗaya a UBD. Ta kuma nuna cewa ana bayar da shirye-shiryen ICT guda 62, tun daga takaddun shaida zuwa digiri, daga Makarantar ICT ta Cibiyar Ilimi ta Fasaha ta Brunei (IBTE), kuma an amince da waɗannan shirye-shiryen don tabbatar da cewa ɗalibai sun shirya don saurin ci gaban fasaha. Minista Muhammad Juanda ya ce buƙatar gyara hanyoyin jama'a da ayyukan ci gaba suka lalata kafin bayar da izinin aiki na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da jinkirin bayar da waɗannan lasisin a ranar 18 ga Maris 2024. Bugu da ƙari, ya nuna cewa Hukumar Kula da Gine-gine da Masana'antar Gine-gine (ABCi) tana haɗin gwiwa da sauran sassan gwamnati don haɓaka tsarin aikace-aikacen OneBiz. ABCi ta sami aikace-aikacen 7,380 a cikin 2023, waɗanda aka sarrafa su ta hanyar da ta fara zuwa . Domin inganta yanayin kasuwanci, Queenie ta jaddada mahimmancin haɗin gwiwa mai inganci tsakanin Ma'aikatar Tsaro (MinDef), MoFE, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida (MoHA). Ministan ya kuma amince da ci gaba da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa da aka yi ta hanyar kwamitoci kamar Majalisar Amfani da Filaye ta Ƙasa. Ministan, yana ambaton kyakkyawan martanin masu haɓaka gidaje ga wani aiki a Jalan Pemancha, ya jaddada buƙatar haɗin gwiwa don cimma damar kasuwanci. Ya ambaci ci gaba da nazarin amfani da filaye na Tsarin Ci Gaban Ƙasa na 12, da kuma sabuntawa kamar "Tsarin Masu Tafiya a Kafa" da sabbin wuraren shakatawa da aka haɗa a cikin haɓaka gidaje. Ministan ya kuma yi magana game da matsalar masu sayar da kayayyaki a gefen hanya ba tare da izini ba, yana mai jaddada bukatar samun izini da kuma ci gaba da tattaunawa don fitar da 'yan kasuwa daga yankunan zama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kon |first=James |date=2024-03-19 |title=Issuance of occupational permit delay raised |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/issuance-of-occupational-permit-delay-raised/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801044347/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/issuance-of-occupational-permit-delay-raised/#selection-1437.312-1437.321 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Queenie ta jaddada muhimmancin haɗin gwiwar ministoci a ranar ƙarshe ta zaman LegCo a ranar 23 ga Maris 2024, domin a kauce wa manufofi marasa inganci da kuma inganta ingancin gwamnati. Domin shirya tsara mai zuwa don yanayin dijital, ta buƙaci Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka (MoE) ta duba manhajar ICT ɗinta tun daga makarantar firamare. Tare da damuwarta, ta ba da shawarwari kan ingantattun dabarun gudanarwa da bincike don isa ga ƙungiyoyin da aka yi niyya da kuma hana fahimtar jama'a game da yadda hukumomin gwamnati ke amfani da dandamalin kafofin watsa labarun yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title='Imperative' to review MoE's ICT curriculum |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1513&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801041818/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1513&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da shawarar kafa kwaleji wanda ke da nufin inganta ƙa'idodin hulɗa da jama'a . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Han Yin Kong |date=2024-03-23 |title=實現更高效率和生產力 莊靜宜籲各部門無縫協作 |url=https://weareunited.com.my/12146198/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=weareunited.com.my |language=zh-MY}}</ref> Queenie ta jaddada muhimmancin koyon kayan aikin lantarki don nan gaba lokacin da fasaha za ta ƙarfafa al'umma a taron [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya ta]] Afrilu 2024 - Tasirin Gaba. Taron, wanda Mata Masu Fasaha Brunei da Google Developer Group Brunei suka shirya tare, ya shaida gabatar da DigiThink, wani shiri da ke amfani da littattafai na kama-da-wane da tsarin ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo don ƙara ilimi game da fasaha a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yin Kong |first=Han |date=2024-04-09 |title=邁向未來科技賦能旅程 莊靜宜：需掌握數位工具 |url=https://weareunited.com.my/12154214/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=weareunited.com.my |language=zh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=LegCo member underlines importance of digital tool mastery |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1520&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801043323/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1520&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> == Matsayin siyasa == === Inganta ƙwarewar ICT da karatu da rubutu === Queenie ta jaddada muhimmancin samar da tsararrun kirkire-kirkire da za su tsara asalin Brunei da tattalin arzikinta na gaba bayan Wawasan Brunei 2035. Ta ambaci babban matakin shiga shafukan sada zumunta na Brunei, wanda ya zo na hudu a duniya dangane da amfani da kowane mutum, inda ta ambaci Rahoton Bayani na Duniya na Dijital na 2023 a matsayin shaida cewa akwai bukatar a magance karin batutuwa da suka shafi ilimin zamani na dijital. Ta jaddada muhimmancin hada fasaha don inganta yawan aiki da ingancin rayuwa, shirya matasa don ci gaba ta hanyar dijital ta hanyar hada kimiyyar kwamfuta da kuma rubuta bayanai a cikin manhajar karatu ta kasa, da kuma samar wa ma'aikatan gida muhimman dabarun ICT ta hanyar shirye-shirye kamar Tsarin Cancanta na Masana'antu na Brunei ICT (BIICF). == Rayuwa ta sirri == Queenie da ƙanenta sun yi renon su ne a hannun mahaifiyarsu tilo a gundumar Tutong inda mahaifiyarta ta gina musu gida na katako. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshua Chambers |date=2019-11-27 |title=Queenie Chong, Startup Founder, Brunei |url=https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/queenie-chong-startup-founder-brunei-next-gen-report |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=govinsider.asia |language=en}}</ref> Duk da cewa ba ta da yawan makaranta, mahaifiyarta ta daɗe tana daraja aiki tuƙuru. Bayan haka, sun ƙaura zuwa [[Kampong Bukit Udal]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin gidaje na gwamnati . Ta ce tsarin taimakon Brunei ne ya sa iyalinta suka tsira daga talauci. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Thiann Kok Hua |date=2023-02-22 |title=莊靜宜接受本報訪問 |url=https://weareunited.com.my/11944969/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=weareunited.com.my |language=zh-MY}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThiann_Kok_Hua2023">Thiann Kok Hua (22 February 2023). [https://weareunited.com.my/11944969/ "莊靜宜接受本報訪問"]. ''weareunited.com.my'' (in Chinese (Malaysia))<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Chinese (Malaysia)-language sources (zh-my)]]</ref> == Ganewa da girmamawa == A tsawon aikinta, ta sami waɗannan abubuwa kamar haka: <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=YB Queenie Chong is the Youngest Legislative Council Member Driving Digital Transformation and Entrepreneurial Spirit in Brunei |url=https://youthachievementrecords.com/2023/08/08/yb-queenie-chong-is-the-youngest-legislative-council-member-driving-digital-transformation-and-entrepreneurial-spirit-in-brunei/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=youthachievementrecords.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://youthachievementrecords.com/2023/08/08/yb-queenie-chong-is-the-youngest-legislative-council-member-driving-digital-transformation-and-entrepreneurial-spirit-in-brunei/ "YB Queenie Chong is the Youngest Legislative Council Member Driving Digital Transformation and Entrepreneurial Spirit in Brunei"]. ''youthachievementrecords.com''. 8 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Ganewa === * Kyauta Mai Kyau ga Matasa (2021) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aaron Wong |date=2021-09-02 |title=Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards |url=https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.bizbrunei.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAaron_Wong2021">Aaron Wong (2 September 2021). [https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ "Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards"]. ''www.bizbrunei.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=CALON-CALON PENERIMA ANUGERAH 2020 |url=http://hbk.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/HBK2021.pdf |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Hari Belia Kengsaan |language=ms}}</ref> * Shahararren LinkedIn 50 mafi ban sha'awa a Brunei (2020; 2021) * Mutane 30 da za a kalla a Kasuwancin Shari'a a Asiya (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asia Law Portal |date=2020-07-13 |title=30 people to watch in the business of law in Asia in 2020 |url=https://asialawportal.com/30-people-to-watch-in-the-business-of-law-in-asia-in-2020/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=asialawportal.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 30 masu kirkire-kirkire a fannin shari'a a Asiya za su biyo baya (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asia Law Portal |date=2022-05-05 |title=30 women legal innovators in Asia to follow in 2022 |url=https://asialawportal.com/30-women-legal-innovators-in-asia-to-follow-in-2022/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=asialawportal.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Wadanda Suka Yi Nasara a Kasashe na Kyautar Kore ta MCCC-AAET (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASEAN Green Award |url=https://aaet-asean.org/ASEAN-Green-Award.php |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=aaet-asean.org}}</ref> * Kyaututtukan Kasuwanci na ASEAN (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABA Awards and Categories |url=http://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/aba/awards-and-categories |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724083144/https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/aba/awards-and-categories |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn |language=en-US}}</ref> === Daraja === * [[Fayil:Excellent_Service_Medal_(PIKB).svg|50x50px]] Kyauta Mai Kyau ta Sabis (PIKB; 25 Yuni 2023) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aaron Wong |date=2021-09-02 |title=Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards |url=https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.bizbrunei.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAaron_Wong2021">Aaron Wong (2 September 2021). [https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ "Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards"]. ''www.bizbrunei.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thiann Kok Hua |date=2023-06-25 |title=莊靜宜獲頒P.I.K.B勛章 |url=https://weareunited.com.my/11993111/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=weareunited.com.my |language=zh-MY}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8mskjolu7pxzsree3z3p7afb1hu2aec 0 148923 856463 829022 2026-06-13T21:42:33Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Tarihi */ 856463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bamia''', '''bame''', '''bamieh''', '''bamje''', '''bamiya''' ko '''bamya''' babban abinci ne na Gabas ta Tsakiya da [[Tsakiyar Asiya]], wanda aka yi da okra, rago, da tumatir a matsayin manyan sinadaran. Ana yin sa ne a ƙasashe da al'adu kamar haka: Afghani, Albanian, Armenian, Assuriya, Jordanian, Azerbaijan, Masar, Girka, Iran, Iraqi, Isra'ila, Kurdawa, Lebanon, Falasdinawa, Romania, Somaliya, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, da Turkiyya. Ƙarin sinadaran da ake amfani da su na iya haɗawa da miyar tumatir ko manna tumatir, albasa, tafarnuwa, cilantro (coriander), molasses na rumman, man kayan lambu, [[cardamom]], gishiri da barkono. <ref name="Webb Roten 2009" /> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar "bamia" da kanta ( Arabic ) kawai yana nufin " [[Kuɓewa|okra]] ", kuma a ma'anarsa kalmar Larabci ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bamya |url=http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=bamya |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref> Sunan tasa a cikin Arabic <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Okra da nama</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, ko Arabic <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Okra stew</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ; in Persian <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Okra stew</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ; in Kurdish ; a Greek kuma a cikin Turkish . [[Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text]] [[Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text]] [[Category:Articles containing Persian-language text]] == Tarihi == Okra shuka ce ta asali a Afirka. [1] [2] Magani a duniyar Musulunci ta zamanin da yana ɗaukar okra a matsayin shukar magani; kuma a cewar likita Ibn al-Baytar, okra tana da halaye "mai sanyi" da "mai danshi", kuma ita ce "mafi 'danshi' daga cikin dukkan kayan lambu" (wanda ba a so). [1] Nassoshin farko na Farisa sun ambaci bamia (okra tare da rago) a matsayin girke-girke na Masar, [1] amma ba a san ainihin tarihin ba. A cewar masanin tarihin abinci Gil Marks, babu wani ambaton okra da aka rubuta a rubuce kafin ƙarni na 12, inda aka fara ambaton okra a cikin girke-girken Masar. An gabatar da Okra zuwa Spain a tsakiyar zamanai ta hanyar [[Moors]].<ref name="marks2010" /> == Bambancin yanki == === Bosnia da Herzegovina === Ana kuma dafa Bamia (wanda a asali ake kira 'bamija' ko 'bamja') a Bosnia da Herzegovina inda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin abincin gargajiya. Ana yin sa a duk shekara, a gidaje, kuma ana sayar da shi a gidajen cin abinci na gargajiya. Ana dafa bamia na Bosnia a matsayin miyar naman shanu. Ana dafa shi na dogon lokaci har sai naman ya yi laushi gaba ɗaya. === Misira === A ƙasar Masar, ana amfani da sinew (jijiyoyin rago) na naman rago, waɗanda ke iya jure wa girki na dogon lokaci. Ana amfani da Ta'aleya, [[Tafarnuwa miya|miyar tafarnuwa]] ta Masar, a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga bamia. {{Efn|"...dressed with a fragrant taa'leya, an Egyptian mixture of spices fried with garlic."<ref name="New Statesman"/>}} <ref name="Smith 2013" /> === Levant === [[Fayil:بامية_مطبوخة.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Bamyeh na Falasɗinawa]] ''Bamyeh bil-zeyt'' ( Arabic ) miyar okra ce da aka dafa a cikin tumatir da ake samu a cikin abincin Siriya, Lebanon, da Falasdinawa. === Iran da Afghanistan === A Iran da Afghanistan, ana yin amfani da bāmieh a matsayin miya (miyar) tare da shinkafa. Abincin da aka fi so a lardunan kudu ne. Tsarin bamia na yankin Iran ya haɗa da amfani da turmeric, vinegar, dankali, da barkono ja. <ref name="Alikhani" /> Akwai irin wannan girke-girke na Iran don miya okra tare da ƙara lentil rawaya ( Persian ). Ana samun ''kohresh bamieh'' da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga Iran a cikin abincin Larabawa na Gulf . == Manazarta == 6rlq9rj9w7vgwmoyb4lzbt3vaxol8c9 856464 856463 2026-06-13T21:42:49Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Tarihi */ 856464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bamia''', '''bame''', '''bamieh''', '''bamje''', '''bamiya''' ko '''bamya''' babban abinci ne na Gabas ta Tsakiya da [[Tsakiyar Asiya]], wanda aka yi da okra, rago, da tumatir a matsayin manyan sinadaran. Ana yin sa ne a ƙasashe da al'adu kamar haka: Afghani, Albanian, Armenian, Assuriya, Jordanian, Azerbaijan, Masar, Girka, Iran, Iraqi, Isra'ila, Kurdawa, Lebanon, Falasdinawa, Romania, Somaliya, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, da Turkiyya. Ƙarin sinadaran da ake amfani da su na iya haɗawa da miyar tumatir ko manna tumatir, albasa, tafarnuwa, cilantro (coriander), molasses na rumman, man kayan lambu, [[cardamom]], gishiri da barkono. <ref name="Webb Roten 2009" /> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar "bamia" da kanta ( Arabic ) kawai yana nufin " [[Kuɓewa|okra]] ", kuma a ma'anarsa kalmar Larabci ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bamya |url=http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=bamya |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref> Sunan tasa a cikin Arabic <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Okra da nama</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, ko Arabic <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Okra stew</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ; in Persian <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Okra stew</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ; in Kurdish ; a Greek kuma a cikin Turkish . [[Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text]] [[Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text]] [[Category:Articles containing Persian-language text]] == Tarihi == Okra shuka ce ta asali a Afirka. Magani a duniyar Musulunci ta zamanin da yana ɗaukar okra a matsayin shukar magani; kuma a cewar likita Ibn al-Baytar, okra tana da halaye "mai sanyi" da "mai danshi", kuma ita ce "mafi 'danshi' daga cikin dukkan kayan lambu" (wanda ba a so). [1] Nassoshin farko na Farisa sun ambaci bamia (okra tare da rago) a matsayin girke-girke na Masar, [1] amma ba a san ainihin tarihin ba. A cewar masanin tarihin abinci Gil Marks, babu wani ambaton okra da aka rubuta a rubuce kafin ƙarni na 12, inda aka fara ambaton okra a cikin girke-girken Masar. An gabatar da Okra zuwa Spain a tsakiyar zamanai ta hanyar [[Moors]].<ref name="marks2010" /> == Bambancin yanki == === Bosnia da Herzegovina === Ana kuma dafa Bamia (wanda a asali ake kira 'bamija' ko 'bamja') a Bosnia da Herzegovina inda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin abincin gargajiya. Ana yin sa a duk shekara, a gidaje, kuma ana sayar da shi a gidajen cin abinci na gargajiya. Ana dafa bamia na Bosnia a matsayin miyar naman shanu. Ana dafa shi na dogon lokaci har sai naman ya yi laushi gaba ɗaya. === Misira === A ƙasar Masar, ana amfani da sinew (jijiyoyin rago) na naman rago, waɗanda ke iya jure wa girki na dogon lokaci. Ana amfani da Ta'aleya, [[Tafarnuwa miya|miyar tafarnuwa]] ta Masar, a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga bamia. {{Efn|"...dressed with a fragrant taa'leya, an Egyptian mixture of spices fried with garlic."<ref name="New Statesman"/>}} <ref name="Smith 2013" /> === Levant === [[Fayil:بامية_مطبوخة.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Bamyeh na Falasɗinawa]] ''Bamyeh bil-zeyt'' ( Arabic ) miyar okra ce da aka dafa a cikin tumatir da ake samu a cikin abincin Siriya, Lebanon, da Falasdinawa. === Iran da Afghanistan === A Iran da Afghanistan, ana yin amfani da bāmieh a matsayin miya (miyar) tare da shinkafa. Abincin da aka fi so a lardunan kudu ne. Tsarin bamia na yankin Iran ya haɗa da amfani da turmeric, vinegar, dankali, da barkono ja. <ref name="Alikhani" /> Akwai irin wannan girke-girke na Iran don miya okra tare da ƙara lentil rawaya ( Persian ). Ana samun ''kohresh bamieh'' da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga Iran a cikin abincin Larabawa na Gulf . == Manazarta == 8gduyoy2jhya8owazchpmqhlazxwz63 856465 856464 2026-06-13T21:43:07Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Tarihi */ 856465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bamia''', '''bame''', '''bamieh''', '''bamje''', '''bamiya''' ko '''bamya''' babban abinci ne na Gabas ta Tsakiya da [[Tsakiyar Asiya]], wanda aka yi da okra, rago, da tumatir a matsayin manyan sinadaran. Ana yin sa ne a ƙasashe da al'adu kamar haka: Afghani, Albanian, Armenian, Assuriya, Jordanian, Azerbaijan, Masar, Girka, Iran, Iraqi, Isra'ila, Kurdawa, Lebanon, Falasdinawa, Romania, Somaliya, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, da Turkiyya. Ƙarin sinadaran da ake amfani da su na iya haɗawa da miyar tumatir ko manna tumatir, albasa, tafarnuwa, cilantro (coriander), molasses na rumman, man kayan lambu, [[cardamom]], gishiri da barkono. <ref name="Webb Roten 2009" /> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar "bamia" da kanta ( Arabic ) kawai yana nufin " [[Kuɓewa|okra]] ", kuma a ma'anarsa kalmar Larabci ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bamya |url=http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=bamya |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref> Sunan tasa a cikin Arabic <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Okra da nama</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, ko Arabic <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Okra stew</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ; in Persian <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">Okra stew</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ; in Kurdish ; a Greek kuma a cikin Turkish . [[Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text]] [[Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text]] [[Category:Articles containing Persian-language text]] == Tarihi == Okra shuka ce ta asali a Afirka. Magani a duniyar Musulunci ta zamanin da yana ɗaukar okra a matsayin shukar magani; kuma a cewar likita Ibn al-Baytar, okra tana da halaye "mai sanyi" da "mai danshi", kuma ita ce "mafi 'danshi' daga cikin dukkan kayan lambu" (wanda ba a so). Nassoshin farko na Farisa sun ambaci bamia (okra tare da rago) a matsayin girke-girke na Masar, amma ba a san ainihin tarihin ba. A cewar masanin tarihin abinci Gil Marks, babu wani ambaton okra da aka rubuta a rubuce kafin ƙarni na 12, inda aka fara ambaton okra a cikin girke-girken Masar. An gabatar da Okra zuwa Spain a tsakiyar zamanai ta hanyar [[Moors]].<ref name="marks2010" /> == Bambancin yanki == === Bosnia da Herzegovina === Ana kuma dafa Bamia (wanda a asali ake kira 'bamija' ko 'bamja') a Bosnia da Herzegovina inda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin abincin gargajiya. Ana yin sa a duk shekara, a gidaje, kuma ana sayar da shi a gidajen cin abinci na gargajiya. Ana dafa bamia na Bosnia a matsayin miyar naman shanu. Ana dafa shi na dogon lokaci har sai naman ya yi laushi gaba ɗaya. === Misira === A ƙasar Masar, ana amfani da sinew (jijiyoyin rago) na naman rago, waɗanda ke iya jure wa girki na dogon lokaci. Ana amfani da Ta'aleya, [[Tafarnuwa miya|miyar tafarnuwa]] ta Masar, a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga bamia. {{Efn|"...dressed with a fragrant taa'leya, an Egyptian mixture of spices fried with garlic."<ref name="New Statesman"/>}} <ref name="Smith 2013" /> === Levant === [[Fayil:بامية_مطبوخة.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Bamyeh na Falasɗinawa]] ''Bamyeh bil-zeyt'' ( Arabic ) miyar okra ce da aka dafa a cikin tumatir da ake samu a cikin abincin Siriya, Lebanon, da Falasdinawa. === Iran da Afghanistan === A Iran da Afghanistan, ana yin amfani da bāmieh a matsayin miya (miyar) tare da shinkafa. Abincin da aka fi so a lardunan kudu ne. Tsarin bamia na yankin Iran ya haɗa da amfani da turmeric, vinegar, dankali, da barkono ja. <ref name="Alikhani" /> Akwai irin wannan girke-girke na Iran don miya okra tare da ƙara lentil rawaya ( Persian ). Ana samun ''kohresh bamieh'' da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga Iran a cikin abincin Larabawa na Gulf . == Manazarta == 4bnfv9f4z74phkmze8pbys1kz7j2qqs 0 151655 856024 837606 2026-06-13T12:36:38Z BBKAURA 43985 /* */ jahar zamfara 856024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox stadium | name = Gusau Township Stadium | location = Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria | owner = Zamfara State Government | surface = Grass | seating_capacity = ~5,000–10,000 (estimated) | tenants = Zamfara United FC (occasional home matches) }} '''Gusau Township Stadium''' wani filin wasa ne na ƙwallon ƙafa da ke a birnin Gusau, babban birnin Jihar Zamfara a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Filin wasan yana daga cikin manyan wuraren da ake amfani da su wajen wasannin gida da kuma tarurrukan wasanni a jahar zamfara. <ref>World Stadiums – Stadiums in Nigeria (English reference)</ref> == Wuri da Muhalli == Filin wasan yana cikin birnin Gusau, wanda shi ne cibiyar siyasa da kasuwanci ta Jihar Zamfara. Yana kusa da wasu muhimman cibiyoyin gwamnati da makarantu, wanda ke sauƙaƙa samun damar halarta daga jama'a. <ref>Wikipedia (English) – Gusau, Zamfara State</ref> == Tarihi == An gina Gusau Township Stadium domin inganta harkokin wasanni a jihar Zamfara da kuma ba matasa damar nuna basirarsu a fannin ƙwallon ƙafa. Tsawon shekaru, an yi amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wasannin lig-lig na cikin gida da kuma wasu gasanni na yanki. <ref>Soccerway – Nigeria Stadiums Overview (English reference)</ref> == Amfani == Filin wasan yana amfani da shi wajen: * Wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida * Gasar makarantu da matasa * Tarurrukan wasanni na jihar * Wasu lokutan taron jama'a da bukukuwa <ref>World Football Archive (English reference)</ref> == Kayan Aiki da Tsari == Gusau Township Stadium yana da fili mai ciyawa (grass pitch) da wuraren zama na ‘yan kallo. Kodayake ba shi da manyan kayan zamani kamar manyan filayen duniya, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka wasanni a matakin jiha. <ref>StadiumDB (English reference)</ref> == Muhimmanci == Filin wasan yana da muhimmanci wajen: * Haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa a Zamfara * Inganta zaman lafiya ta hanyar wasanni * Samar da nishaɗi ga jama’a * Taimakawa ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya <ref>BBC Sport Africa – Nigerian Football Development (English reference)</ref> == Duba kuma == * Football in Nigeria * Zamfara State * Nigerian National League [[Category:Football venues in Nigeria]] [[Category:Sports venues in Zamfara State]] svzhq0s4qndmcw42xaq0qqad5zal4l4 3 152280 856497 840322 2026-06-14T00:10:29Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Penguuiin]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Altaire]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Penguuiin|Penguuiin]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Altaire|Altaire]]" 840322 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Penguuiin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Penguuiin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 26 Mayu 2026 (UTC) rj505vz2pr0h034197x2mgleejsural 0 153112 856014 855960 2026-06-13T12:21:33Z Nnamadee 31123 856014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, <ref name="ajwhy">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="decade">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. <ref name="ap">{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}</ref> Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati, duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma. <ref name="April 17, 2024 update">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}</ref><ref name="RWupdate7">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}</ref><ref name="RWupdate1010">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}</ref><ref name="OCHA_Report_231215">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]] === Ginin madatsar ruwa === Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}</ref> ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. <ref name="decade">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making "Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making"]. </cite></ref> An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). <ref name="apn" /> Dam din Derna (ko Belad) yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5, yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour <ref name="decade" />) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] <ref name="apn" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}</ref> {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference "Libya’s deadly dam..." (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap<ref>{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> and MapCarta<!--<ref>{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>--> also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.<ref name="Ashoor_Eladawy">{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}</ref>}} An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}</ref> {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}} ==== Wuraren da aka yi ==== * Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}} * Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}} * Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}} === Yanayin siyasa === Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref name="decade">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making "Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making"]. </cite></ref><ref name="vulnerable">{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="turmoil">{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.<ref name="turmoil" /> Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu. === Gargadi === An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. <ref name="probe">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}</ref> Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai "babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa". <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 <!--|year=2022--> |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}</ref> Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa " (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i". <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. <ref name=":1" /> == Rushewa == Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.<ref>Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). "Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023</ref><ref>Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). "'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</ref> An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.<ref>"Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead". Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.<ref>"Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?". Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.<ref>"Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding". Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.<ref>"CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.<ref>"Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead". AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</ref> Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa "tsunami". Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,<ref>"Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister". BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.<ref>Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). "Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna<ref>Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). "At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.<ref>"Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods". AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.<ref name=":0">"Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead". Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.<ref>Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). "Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster". BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.<ref>Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). "'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.<ref name=":0" /> An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.<ref>Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). "Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> == Lalacewa da raunuka == Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,<ref>Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). "Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000". ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.<ref>McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). "Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll". ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.<ref>Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). "At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023</ref> Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.<ref>"Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna". Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref><ref>"Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods". NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.<ref>"A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics". Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</ref> Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,<ref>Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). "Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023</ref> yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.<ref>Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). "Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.<ref>"Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya". Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.<ref>"Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction". BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.<ref>"Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'". UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</ref> == Bayan haka == Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.<ref>"Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests". BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023</ref> A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.<ref>"Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood". Reuters. 25 September 2023.</ref> A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.<ref>"Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster". www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</ref> == Martani == === Na gida === Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,<ref>"Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya". Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.<ref>"Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing". Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.<ref>"Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya". France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, <ref>"Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea". BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.<ref>"Libya floods: Level of destruction "never seen before", death toll reaches 11,300". Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa "zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai." A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.<ref>"'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse". Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.<ref>"For a divided Libya, disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity". Associated Press. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.<ref>"Whole families drowned in Libya's flood. Many didn't realize the danger until they heard dams burst". Associated Press. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji.<ref>"Libyan rivals 'co-ordinating over flood relief'". BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023</ref> A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.<ref>"Rival governments cooperate to aid Libya's flood victims as misery piles on". Aljazeera. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma.<ref>"Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000". Associated Press. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.<ref>Smith, Patrick; Cobiella, Kelly (13 September 2023). "Bodies wash ashore in Libya as devastated city races to count its dead". NBC News. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,<ref>"GECOL restores electricity to western Derna". Libya Observer. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23] === Ƙasashen Duniya === Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71] Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73] A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76] Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77] A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78]. Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.<ref>Klemm, Josh; Winkler, Isabella (17 September 2023). "Opinion | Is the Disaster in Libya Coming Soon to an Aging Dam Near You?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> ==manazarta== <references /> 5n5mrw8p7me4dks9acyu5cnd27tot2w 856015 856014 2026-06-13T12:23:03Z Nnamadee 31123 856015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, <ref name="ajwhy">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="decade">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. <ref name="ap">{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}</ref> Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati, duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma. <ref name="April 17, 2024 update">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}</ref><ref name="RWupdate7">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}</ref><ref name="RWupdate1010">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}</ref><ref name="OCHA_Report_231215">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]] === Ginin madatsar ruwa === Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}</ref> ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. <ref name="decade">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making "Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making"]. </cite></ref> An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). <ref name="apn" /> Dam din Derna (ko Belad) yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5, yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour <ref name="decade" />) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] <ref name="apn" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}</ref> {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference "Libya’s deadly dam..." (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap<ref>{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> and MapCarta<!--<ref>{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>--> also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.<ref name="Ashoor_Eladawy">{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}</ref>}} An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}</ref> {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}} ==== Wuraren da aka yi ==== * Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}} * Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}} * Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}} === Yanayin siyasa === Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref name="decade">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making "Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making"]. </cite></ref><ref name="vulnerable">{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="turmoil">{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.<ref name="turmoil" /> Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu. === Gargadi === An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. <ref name="probe">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}</ref> Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai "babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa". <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 <!--|year=2022--> |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}</ref> Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa " (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i". <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. <ref name=":1" /> == Rushewa == Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.<ref>Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). "Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023</ref><ref>Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). "'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</ref> An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.<ref>"Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead". Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.<ref>"Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?". Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.<ref>"Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding". Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.<ref>"CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.<ref>"Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead". AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</ref> Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa "tsunami". Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,<ref>"Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister". BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.<ref>Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). "Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna<ref>Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). "At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.<ref>"Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods". AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.<ref name=":0">"Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead". Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.<ref>Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). "Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster". BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.<ref>Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). "'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.<ref name=":0" /> An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.<ref>Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). "Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> == Lalacewa da raunuka == Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,<ref>Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). "Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000". ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.<ref>McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). "Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll". ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.<ref>Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). "At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023</ref> Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.<ref>"Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna". Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref><ref>"Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods". NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.<ref>"A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics". Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</ref> Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,<ref>Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). "Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023</ref> yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.<ref>Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). "Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.<ref>"Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya". Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.<ref>"Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction". BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.<ref>"Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'". UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</ref> == Bayan haka == Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.<ref>"Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests". BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023</ref> A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.<ref>"Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood". Reuters. 25 September 2023.</ref> A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.<ref>"Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster". www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</ref> == Martani == === Na gida === Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,<ref>"Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya". Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.<ref>"Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing". Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.<ref>"Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya". France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</ref> Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, <ref>"Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea". BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.<ref>"Libya floods: Level of destruction "never seen before", death toll reaches 11,300". Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa "zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai." A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.<ref>"'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse". Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.<ref>"For a divided Libya, disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity". Associated Press. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.<ref>"Whole families drowned in Libya's flood. Many didn't realize the danger until they heard dams burst". Associated Press. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji.<ref>"Libyan rivals 'co-ordinating over flood relief'". BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023</ref> A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.<ref>"Rival governments cooperate to aid Libya's flood victims as misery piles on". Aljazeera. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma.<ref>"Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000". Associated Press. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.<ref>Smith, Patrick; Cobiella, Kelly (13 September 2023). "Bodies wash ashore in Libya as devastated city races to count its dead". NBC News. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.</ref> A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,<ref>"GECOL restores electricity to western Derna". Libya Observer. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.<ref>"UN says most Libya flood deaths could have been avoided, as reports emerge of how 7-meter wave 'wiped out' buildings". CNN. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023</ref> A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23] === Ƙasashen Duniya === Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71] Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73] A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76] Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77] A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78]. Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.<ref>Klemm, Josh; Winkler, Isabella (17 September 2023). "Opinion | Is the Disaster in Libya Coming Soon to an Aging Dam Near You?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</ref> ==manazarta== <references /> c25yabcuxb9qociyvqnlyhv70zxi6cn 0 153623 856765 843743 2026-06-14T10:17:11Z Nnamadee 31123 856765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Vaal''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: []; [[Khoemana]]) shine mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Kogin Orange]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana da asalinsa kusa da Breyten a lardin Mpumalanga, gabashin [[Johannesburg]] kuma kimanin kilomita 30 (19 arewacin Ermelo kuma kusan kilomita 240 (150 daga [[Tekun Indiya]]. Daga nan sai ya gudana zuwa yamma zuwa haɗuwa da Kogin Orange kudu maso yammacin Kimberley a Arewacin Cape. Yana da tsawon kilomita 1,458 (906 , kuma ya zama iyaka tsakanin Mpumalanga, Gauteng da Lardin Arewa maso Yamma a gefen arewa, da Free State a kudu.{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}} Ita ce kogi na uku mafi girma a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan [[Kogin Orange]] (tsawon kilomita 2200) da [[Kogin Limpopo]] (tsawon km 1750) kuma an kafa ta a matsayin babban tushen ruwa ga babban yankin Witswatersrand bayan karni na 19 na zinariya.<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |archive-date=18 September 2019 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Dam din Vaal yana kan Kogin Vaal a Deneysville a kudancin iyakar tsakanin Gauteng da Free State. Kogin Vaal shine kogin da ya fi tsayi gaba ɗaya a cikin iyakokin Afirka ta Kudu.&nbsp;&nbsp; ''Vaal'' sunan Yaren mutanen Holland ne (daga baya [[Afrikaans]]), wanda Griquas ko Boers suka fassara daga Kora [[Khoekhoe]] ko ! Sunan [[Khoemana|Orakobab]], wani lokacin ana rubuta shi a matsayin ''''Tky''-Gariep'' (a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] shine Ō'''Hai'''!garib, kogi mai laushi). Dukansu Vaal da Tky (a cikin rubutun zamani) suna nufin "dull" ko "dull", wanda ke nuni da launi na ruwa, musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da kogin ya cika da laka. A saman kogin an kira shi ''ILigwa'' ([[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Sindebele]]), ''Ikwa ko Igwa'' ([[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]]), ''ilikwa'' ([[Harshen Swazi|siSwati]]), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), ko ''cuoa'' ta Khoekhoe, duk suna nufin filin da yake ratsawa.<ref name="OB" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:SA1899_pg136_A_Pont_._Vaal_River.jpg|left|thumb|340x340px|Pont (jirgi) a kan Kogin Vaal (anno 1899) ]] A tarihi, kogin ya samar da iyakar arewacin masarautar Basotho ta Moshoeshoe ta I a lokacin da take kan gaba. a tsakiyar karni na 19, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer guda biyu: Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (daga baya lardin Transvaal ) da Jihar Orange Free . Sunan yanki "Transvaal" ya fito ne daga sunan wannan kogin, ma'ana "bayan kogin Vaal". Wannan ya shafi Cape Colony da Natal, waɗanda sune manyan yankunan da Turawa suka zauna a lokacin, kuma waɗanda ke kudu da Vaal. A ƙarshen karni na 19, akwai kwararar mutane da ke ƙaura zuwa Witwatersrand don neman [[Zinare|zinariya]]. Kogin Vaal zai zama babban tushen ruwa ga Witwatersrand. Yawan jama'a da farko sun yi amfani da ruwa daga ruwan kasa na Zuurbekom Wells a Gauteng's West Rand. A ƙarshe waɗannan za su bushe kuma mutane za su buƙaci sabon tushe wanda zai iya samar da ayyukan gida, noma da masana'antu.<ref name="Rand Water">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-07 |title=Water Origination |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]] |ref={{sfnref | Home | 2019}}}}</ref> Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne suka fara kafa tsare-tsaren ruwa don magance buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Wadannan sun hada da Kamfanin Ruwa na Braamfontein na Vierfontein na 1893 da kuma Sivewright Concession na 1887 ta Kamfanin Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike na Johannesburg. Ruwa yana da tsada kuma yawancin mazauna ba su isa ba.<ref name="randwaterbg">{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}</ref> === Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand === An kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Rand a cikin 1903 don karɓar ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da izini don bincika samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa da ayyukan tsabta. Kungiyar za ta fara aiki sosai a cikin 1905, tana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Witwatersrand. Mambobin kungiyar sun hada da jami'ai daga Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg, The Chamber of Mines da sauran hukumomin cikin Witwatersrand . <ref name="randwaterbg">{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrooks,_J.2004">Crooks, J. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx "Background / History of Rand Water"]. ''Home''. [[Rand Water]]. Archived from [http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx the original] on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Rand Water ya amsa ga karancin ruwa ta hanyar sanya takunkumi ga mazaunan Witwatersrand a cikin 1913. Har ila yau, ya haɓaka manyan tsare-tsaren ruwa waɗanda za su amsa buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1998, kungiyar ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don fitar da shirin Vaal River da barga (1914-1924). Shirin Kogin Vaal wani shiri ne da aka kafa don gudanar da rarraba ruwa. Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand ya kuma kafa tashar famfo ta Vereeniging (1924), tashar fampo ta Zwartkopjes, maDatsar ruwa Vaal (1938), tashar pompo ta Zuikerbosch (1949) da kuma aikin ruwa na Lesotho Highlands (1998). <ref name="randwaterbg" /> == Kogin Basin == Ruwan sama da ruwan karkashin kasa suna taruwa a cikin kwanuka, vleis da rafuffukan kuma inda waɗannan ke haɗuwa, an haifi kogin Vaal da ke gudana zuwa yamma. Kogin yana gudana yamma zuwa Dam din Grootdraai kusa da Standerton, Mpumalanga. A kan hanyarsa zuwa Dam din Vaal da ke Vereeniging, kogin yana hade da wasu magudanan ruwa. Kogin Little Vaal yana farawa a cikin wani shinge kusa da Ermelo. Kusa da Memel a cikin Jihar Kyauta shine inda kogin Klip ya fara. Kogin Watervals yana farawa a Secunda, Mpumalanga. Kogin Wilge ya kasance yana haduwa da kogin Vaal kafin a gina madatsar ruwa ta Vaal a shekarar 1938; a yanzu ruwan yana gudana kai tsaye cikin dam.[5] Kromelmboogspruit ya haɗu da Vaal kusa da Vaal Barrage. === Vaal Dam === Tun da ruwan kogin Vaal ya kasance ba daidai ba, an gina manyan madatsun ruwa a kan hanyarsu don tattara ruwan. A baya, kafin a kafa kogin a matsayin tushen samar da ruwa a hukumance na wani bangare na Gauteng, manoma sun gina kananan madatsun ruwa da dama domin noman rani. Lokacin da aka kammala gina madatsar ruwa ta Vaal a shekarar 1938, dam din ya tabbatar da samar da ruwa a duk shekara ko da kogin bai cika ba. Dam din zai samu ruwa daga yankunan magudanan ruwa daban-daban ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban.[5] === Tsarin Canja wurin Tugela-Vaal === An ƙirƙiri tsare-tsaren canja wurin ruwa guda biyu don wadatar da ƙasar tattalin arzikin ƙasar (sannan kuma an san su da rukunin Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging) ta hanyar isar da ruwa zuwa cikin kogin Vaal daga sauran wuraren da ake kamawa tsakanin shekarun 1970s da 1990. Waɗannan sun haɗa da aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho da Tsarin Canja wurin Ruwa na KwaZulu-Natal na Tugela-Vaal.[7] An kammala Tsarin Canja wurin Tugela-Vaal a cikin 1974 don canzawa daga kogin Tugela a KwaZulu Natal ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, bututun ruwa da madatsun ruwa zuwa cikin tsarin kogin Vaal [5] === Lesotho Highlands Ruwa Project === A ƙarshe an ƙaddamar da aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho a cikin 1997 kuma zai haifar da gini mai matakai uku wanda zai ƙara ruwa daga Lesotho zuwa cikin kogin Vaal, gami da manyan madatsun ruwa guda huɗu. Daga 1954, Majalisar Raya albarkatun kasa ta ba da shawarar cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta sami ruwa daga makwabciyarta Lesotho. Tun a karshen shekarun 1970 ne aka fara tattaunawa tsakanin kasashen biyu. Wakilan Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu, Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don bunkasa shirin a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1987. Daga nan aka kiyasta za a kashe Naira biliyan 9.1 na kashi na farko na aikin kadai.[6] Afirka ta Kudu na biyan R150 miliyan ga Lesotho a kowace shekara ko sun yi amfani da duk ruwan da aka ba su ko a'a.[6] === Basin ecology === A cewar Hogan sashin ruwan ruwa na basin yana goyan bayan babban endemism a cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe, kuma ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa suna haɓaka matakan endemism ga ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa[8]. === Masana'antu da noma === Ana dibar ruwa daga Vaal don saduwa da buƙatun masana'antu na Babban Babban Birnin Johannesburg da kuma wani babban yanki na Jihar 'Yanci. A cikin 1881 Kamfanin Kimberley Waterworks, ya ba da ruwa daga Vaal zuwa Filin Diamond na Cape akan farashin shilling ɗaya a kan galan na sarauta 100 (450 L; 120 US gal).[9][10] A matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin Vaal-Hartz shine babban tushen ruwa don ban ruwa. Ruwa da aka zana daga Vaal yana tallafawa masu amfani da miliyan 12 a Gauteng da kewaye.[11] == Amfani na yanzu == Mafi akasarin ruwan kogin Vaal da ke daura da madatsar ruwa ta Vaal ana amfani da shi ne wajen hako ma'adinai da masana'antu kamar hakar ma'adanin kwal da ayyukan makamashi da na Sasol da ke da alaka da sinadarai, da kuma amfani da birane da samar da wutar lantarki. Bayan dam din, ruwan ya fi sadaukar da shi ne ga bukatun birane, kuma ko da yake ya yi kasa sosai, ana amfani da adadi mai yawa na wannan sashe don hakar ma'adinai da masana'antu, ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.[12] Kogin na fuskantar gurbacewar kogin a kai a kai, kuma wannan yana shafar masu amfani da shi. A shekarar 2019 babbar cibiyar kula da ruwa ta karamar hukumar Lekwa da ke Standerton ta lalace kuma tana haifar da matsalolin gurbatar yanayi. Don taimakawa masu amfani da ruwa mai tsabta, dole ne a zubar da ruwa mai tsabta a cikin kogin don rage yawan gishiri mai yawa, ta yadda za a yi hasara mai yawa na wannan ƙarancin albarkatun.[13] A cikin 2021, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu ta fitar ya gano cewa kogin ya ƙazantu fiye da matakan da za a amince da su, gami da kwararar danyen magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin kogin.[14][15] === Yawon shakatawa === Kogin Vaal yana da nisan kilomita 50 na ruwa. Kogin kogin don haka yana ba da nau'ikan ayyukan ruwa na nishaɗi waɗanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na gida da na waje a duk shekara. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kwale-kwale, kwale-kwale da kuma wasan tseren ruwa. Deneysville birni ne da ke gefen Kogin Vaal na Kyauta kuma sanannen cibiyar ruwa ne inda baƙi za su ji daɗin yin iyo, kiteboarding, kwale-kwale, kwale-kwale, tafiye-tafiye na catamaran, skiing jet, iska, iska, snorkelling da kamun kifi. == Manazarta == 4kpsky17fgwmupfa5zbzdgdyj3ac09h 856770 856765 2026-06-14T10:20:28Z Nnamadee 31123 856770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Vaal''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: []; [[Khoemana]]) shine mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Kogin Orange]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana da asalinsa kusa da Breyten a lardin Mpumalanga, gabashin [[Johannesburg]] kuma kimanin kilomita 30 (19 arewacin Ermelo kuma kusan kilomita 240 (150 daga [[Tekun Indiya]]. Daga nan sai ya gudana zuwa yamma zuwa haɗuwa da Kogin Orange kudu maso yammacin Kimberley a Arewacin Cape. Yana da tsawon kilomita 1,458 (906 , kuma ya zama iyaka tsakanin Mpumalanga, Gauteng da Lardin Arewa maso Yamma a gefen arewa, da Free State a kudu.{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}} Ita ce kogi na uku mafi girma a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan [[Kogin Orange]] (tsawon kilomita 2200) da [[Kogin Limpopo]] (tsawon km 1750) kuma an kafa ta a matsayin babban tushen ruwa ga babban yankin Witswatersrand bayan karni na 19 na zinariya.<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |archive-date=18 September 2019 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Dam din Vaal yana kan Kogin Vaal a Deneysville a kudancin iyakar tsakanin Gauteng da Free State. Kogin Vaal shine kogin da ya fi tsayi gaba ɗaya a cikin iyakokin Afirka ta Kudu.&nbsp;&nbsp; ''Vaal'' sunan Yaren mutanen Holland ne (daga baya [[Afrikaans]]), wanda Griquas ko Boers suka fassara daga Kora [[Khoekhoe]] ko ! Sunan [[Khoemana|Orakobab]], wani lokacin ana rubuta shi a matsayin ''''Tky''-Gariep'' (a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] shine Ō'''Hai'''!garib, kogi mai laushi). Dukansu Vaal da Tky (a cikin rubutun zamani) suna nufin "dull" ko "dull", wanda ke nuni da launi na ruwa, musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da kogin ya cika da laka. A saman kogin an kira shi ''ILigwa'' ([[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Sindebele]]), ''Ikwa ko Igwa'' ([[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]]), ''ilikwa'' ([[Harshen Swazi|siSwati]]), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), ko ''cuoa'' ta Khoekhoe, duk suna nufin filin da yake ratsawa.<ref name="OB" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:SA1899_pg136_A_Pont_._Vaal_River.jpg|left|thumb|340x340px|Pont (jirgi) a kan Kogin Vaal (anno 1899) ]] A tarihi, kogin ya samar da iyakar arewacin masarautar Basotho ta Moshoeshoe ta I a lokacin da take kan gaba. a tsakiyar karni na 19, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer guda biyu: Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (daga baya lardin Transvaal ) da Jihar Orange Free . Sunan yanki "Transvaal" ya fito ne daga sunan wannan kogin, ma'ana "bayan kogin Vaal". Wannan ya shafi Cape Colony da Natal, waɗanda sune manyan yankunan da Turawa suka zauna a lokacin, kuma waɗanda ke kudu da Vaal. A ƙarshen karni na 19, akwai kwararar mutane da ke ƙaura zuwa Witwatersrand don neman [[Zinare|zinariya]]. Kogin Vaal zai zama babban tushen ruwa ga Witwatersrand. Yawan jama'a da farko sun yi amfani da ruwa daga ruwan kasa na Zuurbekom Wells a Gauteng's West Rand. A ƙarshe waɗannan za su bushe kuma mutane za su buƙaci sabon tushe wanda zai iya samar da ayyukan gida, noma da masana'antu.<ref name="Rand Water">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-07 |title=Water Origination |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]] |ref={{sfnref | Home | 2019}}}}</ref> Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne suka fara kafa tsare-tsaren ruwa don magance buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Wadannan sun hada da Kamfanin Ruwa na Braamfontein na Vierfontein na 1893 da kuma Sivewright Concession na 1887 ta Kamfanin Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike na Johannesburg. Ruwa yana da tsada kuma yawancin mazauna ba su isa ba.<ref name="randwaterbg">{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}</ref> === Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand === An kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Rand a cikin 1903 don karɓar ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da izini don bincika samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa da ayyukan tsabta. Kungiyar za ta fara aiki sosai a cikin 1905, tana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Witwatersrand. Mambobin kungiyar sun hada da jami'ai daga Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg, The Chamber of Mines da sauran hukumomin cikin Witwatersrand . <ref name="randwaterbg">{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrooks,_J.2004">Crooks, J. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx "Background / History of Rand Water"]. ''Home''. [[Rand Water]]. Archived from [http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx the original] on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Rand Water ya amsa ga karancin ruwa ta hanyar sanya takunkumi ga mazaunan Witwatersrand a cikin 1913. Har ila yau, ya haɓaka manyan tsare-tsaren ruwa waɗanda za su amsa buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1998, kungiyar ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don fitar da shirin Vaal River da barga (1914-1924). Shirin Kogin Vaal wani shiri ne da aka kafa don gudanar da rarraba ruwa. Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand ya kuma kafa tashar famfo ta Vereeniging (1924), tashar fampo ta Zwartkopjes, maDatsar ruwa Vaal (1938), tashar pompo ta Zuikerbosch (1949) da kuma aikin ruwa na Lesotho Highlands (1998). <ref name="randwaterbg" /> == Kogin Basin == [[File:Vaal Basin OSM.png|thumb|The Vaal River Basin. The Vaal Basin in yellow and the Oranje Basin in orange.]] Ruwan sama da ruwan karkashin kasa suna taruwa a cikin kwanuka, vleis da rafuffukan kuma inda waɗannan ke haɗuwa, an haifi kogin Vaal da ke gudana zuwa yamma. Kogin yana gudana yamma zuwa Dam din Grootdraai kusa da Standerton, Mpumalanga. A kan hanyarsa zuwa Dam din Vaal da ke Vereeniging, kogin yana hade da wasu magudanan ruwa. Kogin Little Vaal yana farawa a cikin wani shinge kusa da Ermelo. Kusa da Memel a cikin Jihar Kyauta shine inda kogin Klip ya fara. Kogin Watervals yana farawa a Secunda, Mpumalanga. Kogin Wilge ya kasance yana haduwa da kogin Vaal kafin a gina madatsar ruwa ta Vaal a shekarar 1938; a yanzu ruwan yana gudana kai tsaye cikin dam.[5] Kromelmboogspruit ya haɗu da Vaal kusa da Vaal Barrage. === Vaal Dam === Tun da ruwan kogin Vaal ya kasance ba daidai ba, an gina manyan madatsun ruwa a kan hanyarsu don tattara ruwan. A baya, kafin a kafa kogin a matsayin tushen samar da ruwa a hukumance na wani bangare na Gauteng, manoma sun gina kananan madatsun ruwa da dama domin noman rani. Lokacin da aka kammala gina madatsar ruwa ta Vaal a shekarar 1938, dam din ya tabbatar da samar da ruwa a duk shekara ko da kogin bai cika ba. Dam din zai samu ruwa daga yankunan magudanan ruwa daban-daban ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban.[5] === Tsarin Canja wurin Tugela-Vaal === An ƙirƙiri tsare-tsaren canja wurin ruwa guda biyu don wadatar da ƙasar tattalin arzikin ƙasar (sannan kuma an san su da rukunin Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging) ta hanyar isar da ruwa zuwa cikin kogin Vaal daga sauran wuraren da ake kamawa tsakanin shekarun 1970s da 1990. Waɗannan sun haɗa da aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho da Tsarin Canja wurin Ruwa na KwaZulu-Natal na Tugela-Vaal.[7] An kammala Tsarin Canja wurin Tugela-Vaal a cikin 1974 don canzawa daga kogin Tugela a KwaZulu Natal ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, bututun ruwa da madatsun ruwa zuwa cikin tsarin kogin Vaal [5] === Lesotho Highlands Ruwa Project === A ƙarshe an ƙaddamar da aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho a cikin 1997 kuma zai haifar da gini mai matakai uku wanda zai ƙara ruwa daga Lesotho zuwa cikin kogin Vaal, gami da manyan madatsun ruwa guda huɗu. Daga 1954, Majalisar Raya albarkatun kasa ta ba da shawarar cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta sami ruwa daga makwabciyarta Lesotho. Tun a karshen shekarun 1970 ne aka fara tattaunawa tsakanin kasashen biyu. Wakilan Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu, Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don bunkasa shirin a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1987. Daga nan aka kiyasta za a kashe Naira biliyan 9.1 na kashi na farko na aikin kadai.[6] Afirka ta Kudu na biyan R150 miliyan ga Lesotho a kowace shekara ko sun yi amfani da duk ruwan da aka ba su ko a'a.[6] === Basin ecology === A cewar Hogan sashin ruwan ruwa na basin yana goyan bayan babban endemism a cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe, kuma ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa suna haɓaka matakan endemism ga ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa[8]. === Masana'antu da noma === Ana dibar ruwa daga Vaal don saduwa da buƙatun masana'antu na Babban Babban Birnin Johannesburg da kuma wani babban yanki na Jihar 'Yanci. A cikin 1881 Kamfanin Kimberley Waterworks, ya ba da ruwa daga Vaal zuwa Filin Diamond na Cape akan farashin shilling ɗaya a kan galan na sarauta 100 (450 L; 120 US gal).[9][10] A matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin Vaal-Hartz shine babban tushen ruwa don ban ruwa. Ruwa da aka zana daga Vaal yana tallafawa masu amfani da miliyan 12 a Gauteng da kewaye.[11] == Amfani na yanzu == Mafi akasarin ruwan kogin Vaal da ke daura da madatsar ruwa ta Vaal ana amfani da shi ne wajen hako ma'adinai da masana'antu kamar hakar ma'adanin kwal da ayyukan makamashi da na Sasol da ke da alaka da sinadarai, da kuma amfani da birane da samar da wutar lantarki. Bayan dam din, ruwan ya fi sadaukar da shi ne ga bukatun birane, kuma ko da yake ya yi kasa sosai, ana amfani da adadi mai yawa na wannan sashe don hakar ma'adinai da masana'antu, ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.[12] Kogin na fuskantar gurbacewar kogin a kai a kai, kuma wannan yana shafar masu amfani da shi. A shekarar 2019 babbar cibiyar kula da ruwa ta karamar hukumar Lekwa da ke Standerton ta lalace kuma tana haifar da matsalolin gurbatar yanayi. Don taimakawa masu amfani da ruwa mai tsabta, dole ne a zubar da ruwa mai tsabta a cikin kogin don rage yawan gishiri mai yawa, ta yadda za a yi hasara mai yawa na wannan ƙarancin albarkatun.[13] A cikin 2021, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu ta fitar ya gano cewa kogin ya ƙazantu fiye da matakan da za a amince da su, gami da kwararar danyen magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin kogin.[14][15] === Yawon shakatawa === Kogin Vaal yana da nisan kilomita 50 na ruwa. Kogin kogin don haka yana ba da nau'ikan ayyukan ruwa na nishaɗi waɗanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na gida da na waje a duk shekara. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kwale-kwale, kwale-kwale da kuma wasan tseren ruwa. Deneysville birni ne da ke gefen Kogin Vaal na Kyauta kuma sanannen cibiyar ruwa ne inda baƙi za su ji daɗin yin iyo, kiteboarding, kwale-kwale, kwale-kwale, tafiye-tafiye na catamaran, skiing jet, iska, iska, snorkelling da kamun kifi. == Manazarta == ky4ly8mys6o7nnrb13vv423luof04vl 856775 856770 2026-06-14T10:22:34Z Nnamadee 31123 856775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Vaal''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: []; [[Khoemana]]) shine mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Kogin Orange]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana da asalinsa kusa da Breyten a lardin Mpumalanga, gabashin [[Johannesburg]] kuma kimanin kilomita 30 (19 arewacin Ermelo kuma kusan kilomita 240 (150 daga [[Tekun Indiya]]. Daga nan sai ya gudana zuwa yamma zuwa haɗuwa da Kogin Orange kudu maso yammacin Kimberley a Arewacin Cape. Yana da tsawon kilomita 1,458 (906 , kuma ya zama iyaka tsakanin Mpumalanga, Gauteng da Lardin Arewa maso Yamma a gefen arewa, da Free State a kudu.{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}} Ita ce kogi na uku mafi girma a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan [[Kogin Orange]] (tsawon kilomita 2200) da [[Kogin Limpopo]] (tsawon km 1750) kuma an kafa ta a matsayin babban tushen ruwa ga babban yankin Witswatersrand bayan karni na 19 na zinariya.<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |archive-date=18 September 2019 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Dam din Vaal yana kan Kogin Vaal a Deneysville a kudancin iyakar tsakanin Gauteng da Free State. Kogin Vaal shine kogin da ya fi tsayi gaba ɗaya a cikin iyakokin Afirka ta Kudu.&nbsp;&nbsp; ''Vaal'' sunan Yaren mutanen Holland ne (daga baya [[Afrikaans]]), wanda Griquas ko Boers suka fassara daga Kora [[Khoekhoe]] ko ! Sunan [[Khoemana|Orakobab]], wani lokacin ana rubuta shi a matsayin ''''Tky''-Gariep'' (a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] shine Ō'''Hai'''!garib, kogi mai laushi). Dukansu Vaal da Tky (a cikin rubutun zamani) suna nufin "dull" ko "dull", wanda ke nuni da launi na ruwa, musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da kogin ya cika da laka. A saman kogin an kira shi ''ILigwa'' ([[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Sindebele]]), ''Ikwa ko Igwa'' ([[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]]), ''ilikwa'' ([[Harshen Swazi|siSwati]]), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), ko ''cuoa'' ta Khoekhoe, duk suna nufin filin da yake ratsawa.<ref name="OB" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:SA1899_pg136_A_Pont_._Vaal_River.jpg|left|thumb|340x340px|Pont (jirgi) a kan Kogin Vaal (anno 1899) ]] A tarihi, kogin ya samar da iyakar arewacin masarautar Basotho ta Moshoeshoe ta I a lokacin da take kan gaba. a tsakiyar karni na 19, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer guda biyu: Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (daga baya lardin Transvaal ) da Jihar Orange Free . Sunan yanki "Transvaal" ya fito ne daga sunan wannan kogin, ma'ana "bayan kogin Vaal". Wannan ya shafi Cape Colony da Natal, waɗanda sune manyan yankunan da Turawa suka zauna a lokacin, kuma waɗanda ke kudu da Vaal. A ƙarshen karni na 19, akwai kwararar mutane da ke ƙaura zuwa Witwatersrand don neman [[Zinare|zinariya]]. Kogin Vaal zai zama babban tushen ruwa ga Witwatersrand. Yawan jama'a da farko sun yi amfani da ruwa daga ruwan kasa na Zuurbekom Wells a Gauteng's West Rand. A ƙarshe waɗannan za su bushe kuma mutane za su buƙaci sabon tushe wanda zai iya samar da ayyukan gida, noma da masana'antu.<ref name="Rand Water">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-07 |title=Water Origination |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]] |ref={{sfnref | Home | 2019}}}}</ref> Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne suka fara kafa tsare-tsaren ruwa don magance buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Wadannan sun hada da Kamfanin Ruwa na Braamfontein na Vierfontein na 1893 da kuma Sivewright Concession na 1887 ta Kamfanin Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike na Johannesburg. Ruwa yana da tsada kuma yawancin mazauna ba su isa ba.<ref name="randwaterbg">{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}</ref> === Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand === An kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Rand a cikin 1903 don karɓar ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da izini don bincika samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa da ayyukan tsabta. Kungiyar za ta fara aiki sosai a cikin 1905, tana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Witwatersrand. Mambobin kungiyar sun hada da jami'ai daga Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg, The Chamber of Mines da sauran hukumomin cikin Witwatersrand . <ref name="randwaterbg">{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrooks,_J.2004">Crooks, J. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx "Background / History of Rand Water"]. ''Home''. [[Rand Water]]. Archived from [http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx the original] on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Rand Water ya amsa ga karancin ruwa ta hanyar sanya takunkumi ga mazaunan Witwatersrand a cikin 1913. Har ila yau, ya haɓaka manyan tsare-tsaren ruwa waɗanda za su amsa buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1998, kungiyar ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don fitar da shirin Vaal River da barga (1914-1924). Shirin Kogin Vaal wani shiri ne da aka kafa don gudanar da rarraba ruwa. Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand ya kuma kafa tashar famfo ta Vereeniging (1924), tashar fampo ta Zwartkopjes, maDatsar ruwa Vaal (1938), tashar pompo ta Zuikerbosch (1949) da kuma aikin ruwa na Lesotho Highlands (1998). <ref name="randwaterbg" /> == Kogin Basin == [[File:Vaal Basin OSM.png|thumb|The Vaal River Basin. The Vaal Basin in yellow and the Oranje Basin in orange.]] Ruwan sama da ruwan karkashin kasa suna taruwa a cikin kwanuka, vleis da rafuffukan kuma inda waɗannan ke haɗuwa, an haifi kogin Vaal da ke gudana zuwa yamma. Kogin yana gudana yamma zuwa Dam din Grootdraai kusa da Standerton, Mpumalanga. A kan hanyarsa zuwa Dam din Vaal da ke Vereeniging, kogin yana hade da wasu magudanan ruwa. Kogin Little Vaal yana farawa a cikin wani shinge kusa da Ermelo. Kusa da Memel a cikin Jihar Kyauta shine inda kogin Klip ya fara. Kogin Watervals yana farawa a Secunda, Mpumalanga. Kogin Wilge ya kasance yana haduwa da kogin Vaal kafin a gina madatsar ruwa ta Vaal a shekarar 1938; a yanzu ruwan yana gudana kai tsaye cikin dam.[5] Kromelmboogspruit ya haɗu da Vaal kusa da Vaal Barrage. === Vaal Dam === [[File:Vaal River near Venterskroon.jpg|thumb|Vaal River near [[Venterskroon]]]] Tun da ruwan kogin Vaal ya kasance ba daidai ba, an gina manyan madatsun ruwa a kan hanyarsu don tattara ruwan. A baya, kafin a kafa kogin a matsayin tushen samar da ruwa a hukumance na wani bangare na Gauteng, manoma sun gina kananan madatsun ruwa da dama domin noman rani. Lokacin da aka kammala gina madatsar ruwa ta Vaal a shekarar 1938, dam din ya tabbatar da samar da ruwa a duk shekara ko da kogin bai cika ba. Dam din zai samu ruwa daga yankunan magudanan ruwa daban-daban ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban.[5] === Tsarin Canja wurin Tugela-Vaal === An ƙirƙiri tsare-tsaren canja wurin ruwa guda biyu don wadatar da ƙasar tattalin arzikin ƙasar (sannan kuma an san su da rukunin Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging) ta hanyar isar da ruwa zuwa cikin kogin Vaal daga sauran wuraren da ake kamawa tsakanin shekarun 1970s da 1990. Waɗannan sun haɗa da aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho da Tsarin Canja wurin Ruwa na KwaZulu-Natal na Tugela-Vaal.[7] An kammala Tsarin Canja wurin Tugela-Vaal a cikin 1974 don canzawa daga kogin Tugela a KwaZulu Natal ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, bututun ruwa da madatsun ruwa zuwa cikin tsarin kogin Vaal [5] === Lesotho Highlands Ruwa Project === A ƙarshe an ƙaddamar da aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho a cikin 1997 kuma zai haifar da gini mai matakai uku wanda zai ƙara ruwa daga Lesotho zuwa cikin kogin Vaal, gami da manyan madatsun ruwa guda huɗu. Daga 1954, Majalisar Raya albarkatun kasa ta ba da shawarar cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta sami ruwa daga makwabciyarta Lesotho. Tun a karshen shekarun 1970 ne aka fara tattaunawa tsakanin kasashen biyu. Wakilan Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu, Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don bunkasa shirin a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1987. Daga nan aka kiyasta za a kashe Naira biliyan 9.1 na kashi na farko na aikin kadai.[6] Afirka ta Kudu na biyan R150 miliyan ga Lesotho a kowace shekara ko sun yi amfani da duk ruwan da aka ba su ko a'a.[6] === Basin ecology === A cewar Hogan sashin ruwan ruwa na basin yana goyan bayan babban endemism a cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe, kuma ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa suna haɓaka matakan endemism ga ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa[8]. === Masana'antu da noma === Ana dibar ruwa daga Vaal don saduwa da buƙatun masana'antu na Babban Babban Birnin Johannesburg da kuma wani babban yanki na Jihar 'Yanci. A cikin 1881 Kamfanin Kimberley Waterworks, ya ba da ruwa daga Vaal zuwa Filin Diamond na Cape akan farashin shilling ɗaya a kan galan na sarauta 100 (450 L; 120 US gal).[9][10] A matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin Vaal-Hartz shine babban tushen ruwa don ban ruwa. Ruwa da aka zana daga Vaal yana tallafawa masu amfani da miliyan 12 a Gauteng da kewaye.[11] == Amfani na yanzu == Mafi akasarin ruwan kogin Vaal da ke daura da madatsar ruwa ta Vaal ana amfani da shi ne wajen hako ma'adinai da masana'antu kamar hakar ma'adanin kwal da ayyukan makamashi da na Sasol da ke da alaka da sinadarai, da kuma amfani da birane da samar da wutar lantarki. Bayan dam din, ruwan ya fi sadaukar da shi ne ga bukatun birane, kuma ko da yake ya yi kasa sosai, ana amfani da adadi mai yawa na wannan sashe don hakar ma'adinai da masana'antu, ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.[12] Kogin na fuskantar gurbacewar kogin a kai a kai, kuma wannan yana shafar masu amfani da shi. A shekarar 2019 babbar cibiyar kula da ruwa ta karamar hukumar Lekwa da ke Standerton ta lalace kuma tana haifar da matsalolin gurbatar yanayi. Don taimakawa masu amfani da ruwa mai tsabta, dole ne a zubar da ruwa mai tsabta a cikin kogin don rage yawan gishiri mai yawa, ta yadda za a yi hasara mai yawa na wannan ƙarancin albarkatun.[13] A cikin 2021, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu ta fitar ya gano cewa kogin ya ƙazantu fiye da matakan da za a amince da su, gami da kwararar danyen magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin kogin.[14][15] === Yawon shakatawa === Kogin Vaal yana da nisan kilomita 50 na ruwa. Kogin kogin don haka yana ba da nau'ikan ayyukan ruwa na nishaɗi waɗanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na gida da na waje a duk shekara. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kwale-kwale, kwale-kwale da kuma wasan tseren ruwa. Deneysville birni ne da ke gefen Kogin Vaal na Kyauta kuma sanannen cibiyar ruwa ne inda baƙi za su ji daɗin yin iyo, kiteboarding, kwale-kwale, kwale-kwale, tafiye-tafiye na catamaran, skiing jet, iska, iska, snorkelling da kamun kifi. == Manazarta == qu8pmjeottxshe71t7nod364oq9u0se 856781 856775 2026-06-14T10:24:14Z Nnamadee 31123 856781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Vaal''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: []; [[Khoemana]]) shine mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Kogin Orange]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana da asalinsa kusa da Breyten a lardin Mpumalanga, gabashin [[Johannesburg]] kuma kimanin kilomita 30 (19 arewacin Ermelo kuma kusan kilomita 240 (150 daga [[Tekun Indiya]]. Daga nan sai ya gudana zuwa yamma zuwa haɗuwa da Kogin Orange kudu maso yammacin Kimberley a Arewacin Cape. Yana da tsawon kilomita 1,458 (906 , kuma ya zama iyaka tsakanin Mpumalanga, Gauteng da Lardin Arewa maso Yamma a gefen arewa, da Free State a kudu.{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}} Ita ce kogi na uku mafi girma a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan [[Kogin Orange]] (tsawon kilomita 2200) da [[Kogin Limpopo]] (tsawon km 1750) kuma an kafa ta a matsayin babban tushen ruwa ga babban yankin Witswatersrand bayan karni na 19 na zinariya.<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |archive-date=18 September 2019 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Dam din Vaal yana kan Kogin Vaal a Deneysville a kudancin iyakar tsakanin Gauteng da Free State. Kogin Vaal shine kogin da ya fi tsayi gaba ɗaya a cikin iyakokin Afirka ta Kudu.&nbsp;&nbsp; ''Vaal'' sunan Yaren mutanen Holland ne (daga baya [[Afrikaans]]), wanda Griquas ko Boers suka fassara daga Kora [[Khoekhoe]] ko ! Sunan [[Khoemana|Orakobab]], wani lokacin ana rubuta shi a matsayin ''''Tky''-Gariep'' (a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] shine Ō'''Hai'''!garib, kogi mai laushi). Dukansu Vaal da Tky (a cikin rubutun zamani) suna nufin "dull" ko "dull", wanda ke nuni da launi na ruwa, musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da kogin ya cika da laka. A saman kogin an kira shi ''ILigwa'' ([[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Sindebele]]), ''Ikwa ko Igwa'' ([[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]]), ''ilikwa'' ([[Harshen Swazi|siSwati]]), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), ko ''cuoa'' ta Khoekhoe, duk suna nufin filin da yake ratsawa.<ref name="OB" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:SA1899_pg136_A_Pont_._Vaal_River.jpg|left|thumb|340x340px|Pont (jirgi) a kan Kogin Vaal (anno 1899) ]] A tarihi, kogin ya samar da iyakar arewacin masarautar Basotho ta Moshoeshoe ta I a lokacin da take kan gaba. a tsakiyar karni na 19, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer guda biyu: Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (daga baya lardin Transvaal ) da Jihar Orange Free . Sunan yanki "Transvaal" ya fito ne daga sunan wannan kogin, ma'ana "bayan kogin Vaal". Wannan ya shafi Cape Colony da Natal, waɗanda sune manyan yankunan da Turawa suka zauna a lokacin, kuma waɗanda ke kudu da Vaal. A ƙarshen karni na 19, akwai kwararar mutane da ke ƙaura zuwa Witwatersrand don neman [[Zinare|zinariya]]. Kogin Vaal zai zama babban tushen ruwa ga Witwatersrand. Yawan jama'a da farko sun yi amfani da ruwa daga ruwan kasa na Zuurbekom Wells a Gauteng's West Rand. A ƙarshe waɗannan za su bushe kuma mutane za su buƙaci sabon tushe wanda zai iya samar da ayyukan gida, noma da masana'antu.<ref name="Rand Water">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-07 |title=Water Origination |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]] |ref={{sfnref | Home | 2019}}}}</ref> Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne suka fara kafa tsare-tsaren ruwa don magance buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Wadannan sun hada da Kamfanin Ruwa na Braamfontein na Vierfontein na 1893 da kuma Sivewright Concession na 1887 ta Kamfanin Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike na Johannesburg. Ruwa yana da tsada kuma yawancin mazauna ba su isa ba.<ref name="randwaterbg">{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}</ref> === Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand === An kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Rand a cikin 1903 don karɓar ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da izini don bincika samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa da ayyukan tsabta. Kungiyar za ta fara aiki sosai a cikin 1905, tana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Witwatersrand. Mambobin kungiyar sun hada da jami'ai daga Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg, The Chamber of Mines da sauran hukumomin cikin Witwatersrand . <ref name="randwaterbg">{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrooks,_J.2004">Crooks, J. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx "Background / History of Rand Water"]. ''Home''. [[Rand Water]]. Archived from [http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx the original] on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Rand Water ya amsa ga karancin ruwa ta hanyar sanya takunkumi ga mazaunan Witwatersrand a cikin 1913. Har ila yau, ya haɓaka manyan tsare-tsaren ruwa waɗanda za su amsa buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1998, kungiyar ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don fitar da shirin Vaal River da barga (1914-1924). Shirin Kogin Vaal wani shiri ne da aka kafa don gudanar da rarraba ruwa. Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand ya kuma kafa tashar famfo ta Vereeniging (1924), tashar fampo ta Zwartkopjes, maDatsar ruwa Vaal (1938), tashar pompo ta Zuikerbosch (1949) da kuma aikin ruwa na Lesotho Highlands (1998). <ref name="randwaterbg" /> == Kogin Basin == [[File:Vaal Basin OSM.png|thumb|The Vaal River Basin. The Vaal Basin in yellow and the Oranje Basin in orange.]] Ruwan sama da ruwan karkashin kasa suna taruwa a cikin kwanuka, vleis da rafuffukan kuma inda waɗannan ke haɗuwa, an haifi kogin Vaal da ke gudana zuwa yamma. Kogin yana gudana yamma zuwa Dam din Grootdraai kusa da Standerton, Mpumalanga. A kan hanyarsa zuwa Dam din Vaal da ke Vereeniging, kogin yana hade da wasu magudanan ruwa. Kogin Little Vaal yana farawa a cikin wani shinge kusa da Ermelo. Kusa da Memel a cikin Jihar Kyauta shine inda kogin Klip ya fara. Kogin Watervals yana farawa a Secunda, Mpumalanga. Kogin Wilge ya kasance yana haduwa da kogin Vaal kafin a gina madatsar ruwa ta Vaal a shekarar 1938; a yanzu ruwan yana gudana kai tsaye cikin dam.[5] Kromelmboogspruit ya haɗu da Vaal kusa da Vaal Barrage. === Vaal Dam === [[File:Vaal Dam full 2010.jpg|340px|thumb|A full Vaal Dam in 2010]] [[File:Vaal River near Venterskroon.jpg|thumb|Vaal River near [[Venterskroon]]]] Tun da ruwan kogin Vaal ya kasance ba daidai ba, an gina manyan madatsun ruwa a kan hanyarsu don tattara ruwan. A baya, kafin a kafa kogin a matsayin tushen samar da ruwa a hukumance na wani bangare na Gauteng, manoma sun gina kananan madatsun ruwa da dama domin noman rani. Lokacin da aka kammala gina madatsar ruwa ta Vaal a shekarar 1938, dam din ya tabbatar da samar da ruwa a duk shekara ko da kogin bai cika ba. Dam din zai samu ruwa daga yankunan magudanan ruwa daban-daban ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban.[5] === Tsarin Canja wurin Tugela-Vaal === An ƙirƙiri tsare-tsaren canja wurin ruwa guda biyu don wadatar da ƙasar tattalin arzikin ƙasar (sannan kuma an san su da rukunin Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging) ta hanyar isar da ruwa zuwa cikin kogin Vaal daga sauran wuraren da ake kamawa tsakanin shekarun 1970s da 1990. Waɗannan sun haɗa da aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho da Tsarin Canja wurin Ruwa na KwaZulu-Natal na Tugela-Vaal.[7] An kammala Tsarin Canja wurin Tugela-Vaal a cikin 1974 don canzawa daga kogin Tugela a KwaZulu Natal ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, bututun ruwa da madatsun ruwa zuwa cikin tsarin kogin Vaal [5] === Lesotho Highlands Ruwa Project === A ƙarshe an ƙaddamar da aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho a cikin 1997 kuma zai haifar da gini mai matakai uku wanda zai ƙara ruwa daga Lesotho zuwa cikin kogin Vaal, gami da manyan madatsun ruwa guda huɗu. Daga 1954, Majalisar Raya albarkatun kasa ta ba da shawarar cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta sami ruwa daga makwabciyarta Lesotho. Tun a karshen shekarun 1970 ne aka fara tattaunawa tsakanin kasashen biyu. Wakilan Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu, Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don bunkasa shirin a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1987. Daga nan aka kiyasta za a kashe Naira biliyan 9.1 na kashi na farko na aikin kadai.[6] Afirka ta Kudu na biyan R150 miliyan ga Lesotho a kowace shekara ko sun yi amfani da duk ruwan da aka ba su ko a'a.[6] === Basin ecology === A cewar Hogan sashin ruwan ruwa na basin yana goyan bayan babban endemism a cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe, kuma ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa suna haɓaka matakan endemism ga ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa[8]. === Masana'antu da noma === Ana dibar ruwa daga Vaal don saduwa da buƙatun masana'antu na Babban Babban Birnin Johannesburg da kuma wani babban yanki na Jihar 'Yanci. A cikin 1881 Kamfanin Kimberley Waterworks, ya ba da ruwa daga Vaal zuwa Filin Diamond na Cape akan farashin shilling ɗaya a kan galan na sarauta 100 (450 L; 120 US gal).[9][10] A matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin Vaal-Hartz shine babban tushen ruwa don ban ruwa. Ruwa da aka zana daga Vaal yana tallafawa masu amfani da miliyan 12 a Gauteng da kewaye.[11] == Amfani na yanzu == Mafi akasarin ruwan kogin Vaal da ke daura da madatsar ruwa ta Vaal ana amfani da shi ne wajen hako ma'adinai da masana'antu kamar hakar ma'adanin kwal da ayyukan makamashi da na Sasol da ke da alaka da sinadarai, da kuma amfani da birane da samar da wutar lantarki. Bayan dam din, ruwan ya fi sadaukar da shi ne ga bukatun birane, kuma ko da yake ya yi kasa sosai, ana amfani da adadi mai yawa na wannan sashe don hakar ma'adinai da masana'antu, ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.[12] Kogin na fuskantar gurbacewar kogin a kai a kai, kuma wannan yana shafar masu amfani da shi. A shekarar 2019 babbar cibiyar kula da ruwa ta karamar hukumar Lekwa da ke Standerton ta lalace kuma tana haifar da matsalolin gurbatar yanayi. Don taimakawa masu amfani da ruwa mai tsabta, dole ne a zubar da ruwa mai tsabta a cikin kogin don rage yawan gishiri mai yawa, ta yadda za a yi hasara mai yawa na wannan ƙarancin albarkatun.[13] A cikin 2021, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu ta fitar ya gano cewa kogin ya ƙazantu fiye da matakan da za a amince da su, gami da kwararar danyen magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin kogin.[14][15] === Yawon shakatawa === Kogin Vaal yana da nisan kilomita 50 na ruwa. Kogin kogin don haka yana ba da nau'ikan ayyukan ruwa na nishaɗi waɗanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na gida da na waje a duk shekara. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kwale-kwale, kwale-kwale da kuma wasan tseren ruwa. Deneysville birni ne da ke gefen Kogin Vaal na Kyauta kuma sanannen cibiyar ruwa ne inda baƙi za su ji daɗin yin iyo, kiteboarding, kwale-kwale, kwale-kwale, tafiye-tafiye na catamaran, skiing jet, iska, iska, snorkelling da kamun kifi. == Manazarta == py559dptbnp6okukbqdfr8swzcduezp 0 154020 856341 844941 2026-06-13T19:46:13Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320368183|Molopo River]]" 856341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Molopo River|native_name=|name_other=|name_etymology=<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=|image_size=|image_caption=|map_size=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=South Africa|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=Location of the Molopo River's mouth <!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Botswana]] and [[South Africa]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=[[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]|subdivision_name3=[[North West Province]] and [[Northern Cape]]|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length={{convert|970|km|mi|abbr=on}}|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=Molopo Oog|source1_location=D1337, Ottoshoop, Mahikeng Local Municipality, 2866, [[North West Province]], [[South Africa]]|source1_coordinates={{coord|25|53|19|S|26|1|37|E}}|source1_elevation=|mouth=[[Orange River]]|mouth_location=Near [[Augrabies Falls National Park]], [[Northern Cape Province]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|28|31|02|S|20|12|46|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation={{convert|480|m|abbr=on}}|progression=|river_system=|basin_size={{convert|367201|km2|abbr=on}}|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Kogin Molopo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-10.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Molopo River is located in South Africa]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:50.129%;left:24.493%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Molopo River]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin bakin Kogin Molopo</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="5" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Molopo River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q546793"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Molopo River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q546793"} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Wurin da yake |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Botswana]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Lardin Arewa maso Yamma da Arewacin Cape |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Halayen jiki&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tushen | class="infobox-data" |Molopo Oog |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |D1337, Ottoshoop, Karamar Hukumar Mahikeng, 2866, Lardin Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Molopo_River&params=25_53_19_S_26_1_37_E_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°53′19′′S</span> <span class="longitude">26°1′37′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.88861°S 26.02694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-25.88861; 26.02694</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bakin | class="infobox-data" |[[Kogin Orange]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Kusa da [[Gidan shakatawa na Augrabies Falls]], Lardin Arewacin Cape |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Molopo_River&params=28_31_02_S_20_12_46_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°31′02′′S</span> <span class="longitude">20°12′46′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.51722 ° S 20.21278 ° E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-28.51722; 20.21278</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Molopo_River&params=28_31_02_S_20_12_46_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°31′02″S</span> <span class="longitude">20°12′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.51722°S 20.21278°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-28.51722; 20.21278</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |480 m (1,570 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |970 km (600 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Girman kwandon</div> | class="infobox-data" |367,² km2 (141,777 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} The '''Molopo River''' (Afrikaans: Moloporivier) is one of the main rivers in [[Kudancin Afirka|Southern Africa]]. It has a length of approximately 960 kilometres and a catchment area of 367,201&nbsp;km² with [[Botswana]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]] and [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] sharing roughly about a third of the basin each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for Rural Communities including Assessment of National Databases at the Sub-basin Level for Possible Future Integration |url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173828/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2012-03-26}}</ref> == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Molopo_Basin_OSM.png|left|thumb|Kogin Molopo]] Tushenta yana cikin Molopo Oog ([[Eye of Marico|Ido na Molopo]] a cikin [[Afrikaans]]), kuma kogin gabaɗaya yana gudana da farko zuwa yamma, sannan zuwa kudu maso yamma daga asalinsa. A tsakiyarsa Kogin Molopo ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na iyakar tsakanin Botswana da Afirka ta Kudu. Kogin yana gudana ne kuma lokacin da yake gudana, ruwansa yana gudana a hankali saboda gradient na 0.76 m / km kawai. Ambaliyar ruwa ba ta da yawa saboda manyan wuraren sandveld na hamadar Kalahari a gefen Namibian na kwandon yana shan duk ruwa daga ruwan sama na yanayi. Idan akwai ruwan sama mai nauyi da ci gaba, kwararar ta shiga cikin [[Kogin Orange]], wanda ya haɗu da Augrabies Falls National Park a 28°31′02′′S 20°12′46′′E / 28.51722°S 20.21278°E / -28.51722; 20.21278. An yi imanin cewa wannan na ƙarshe ya faru fiye da shekaru 100 da suka gabata. == Haraji == Babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Molopo shine [[Kogin Nossob|Nossob]], wanda haɗuwa da shi kusan kilomita 50 a kudancin Twee Rivieren, a mita 890 ko ƙafa 2,920 sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]]. Sauran masu ba da gudummawa sune: &nbsp; * [[Kuruman River|Kogin Kuruman]] * [[Phepane River|Kogin Phepane]] * [[Ramatlabama River|Kogin Ramatlabama]] * [[Madebe River|Kogin Madebe]] * [[Modimola River|Kogin Modimola]] * [[Setlagoli River|Kogin Setlagoli]] == Dams == Molopo na sama yana daga cikin Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Crocodile (Yamma) da Marico kuma an haɗa ƙananan a cikin Yankin Kula da Ruwa. Manyan madatsun ruwa a cikin kogi sune madatsar ruwa ta Setumo da madatsar ruwan Disaneng, dukansu suna kusa da birnin Mafikeng, Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke kan bakin kogi. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da tafkuna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} * [http://www.panrusa.group.shef.ac.uk/pdfs/WP8.pdf 'Ina rayuwa a aikin gona ce': Hanyar rayuwa a cikin Molopo da Barolongs idan aka kwatanta] fei45619ujg1803db4dbtbdz654igm0 0 154742 856324 846815 2026-06-13T19:07:30Z Nnamadee 31123 856324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Levuvu''' ( Tsonga ; Venda )<ref>Jenkins, Elwyn (2007), Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names, David Philip Publishers, p. 75</ref> yana cikin lardin Limpopo na arewacin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Wasu daga cikin magudanan ruwansa, kamar [[Kogin Mutshindudi]] da [[Mutale River|Kogin Mutale]] suna fitowa a tsaunukan Soutpansberg . Jirgin ruwan Levubu yana gudana kimanin 200&nbsp;kilomita ta cikin wurare daban-daban na shimfidar wurare kafin ta haɗu da [[Kogin Limpopo]] a yankin Dajin Fever Tree, kusa da Pafuri a cikin Wurin Shakatawa na Kruger . An kama wani kifin shark na Zambezi ( ''Carcharhinus leucas'' ) a mahaɗar kogin Limpopo da Luvuvhu a watan Yulin 1950. Kifin shark na Zambezi suna jure wa ruwa mai kyau kuma suna iya yin tafiya zuwa koguna masu nisa kamar Limpopo. Yawan [[Yankin Nilu|kada]] na kogin ya kai har zuwa samansa a Thohoyandou . == Dams == * [[Dam ɗin Albasini|Dam na Albasini]] * [[Mambedi Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Mambedi]] * Dam ɗin Tsakhuma * Dam Damani * [[Dam ɗin Nandoni|Madatsar ruwan Nandoni]], wadda a da aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Mutoti, a tsakiyar kogin Levubu gabas da mahaɗar [[Dzindi River|kogin Dzindi]] da kuma gabashin garin Thohoyandou * Dam din Vondo a cikin [[Kogin Mutshindudi]], mai shiga tsakani * Dam din Phiphidi in the Mutshindudi == Duba kuma == * Magudanar ruwa A * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Luvubu da Letaba == Manazarta == on9w5zfwjjrm201d3i5wq8pchcdd2q3 856325 856324 2026-06-13T19:08:17Z Nnamadee 31123 856325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Levuvu'''<ref>Olifants River now called Lepelle</ref> (Tsonga; Venda)<ref>Jenkins, Elwyn (2007), Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names, David Philip Publishers, p. 75</ref> yana cikin lardin Limpopo na arewacin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Wasu daga cikin magudanan ruwansa, kamar [[Kogin Mutshindudi]] da [[Mutale River|Kogin Mutale]] suna fitowa a tsaunukan Soutpansberg . Jirgin ruwan Levubu yana gudana kimanin 200&nbsp;kilomita ta cikin wurare daban-daban na shimfidar wurare kafin ta haɗu da [[Kogin Limpopo]] a yankin Dajin Fever Tree, kusa da Pafuri a cikin Wurin Shakatawa na Kruger . An kama wani kifin shark na Zambezi ( ''Carcharhinus leucas'' ) a mahaɗar kogin Limpopo da Luvuvhu a watan Yulin 1950. Kifin shark na Zambezi suna jure wa ruwa mai kyau kuma suna iya yin tafiya zuwa koguna masu nisa kamar Limpopo. Yawan [[Yankin Nilu|kada]] na kogin ya kai har zuwa samansa a Thohoyandou . == Dams == * [[Dam ɗin Albasini|Dam na Albasini]] * [[Mambedi Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Mambedi]] * Dam ɗin Tsakhuma * Dam Damani * [[Dam ɗin Nandoni|Madatsar ruwan Nandoni]], wadda a da aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Mutoti, a tsakiyar kogin Levubu gabas da mahaɗar [[Dzindi River|kogin Dzindi]] da kuma gabashin garin Thohoyandou * Dam din Vondo a cikin [[Kogin Mutshindudi]], mai shiga tsakani * Dam din Phiphidi in the Mutshindudi == Duba kuma == * Magudanar ruwa A * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Luvubu da Letaba == Manazarta == ddfh0kgnqyuask868eqi43y8fx2a65g 856326 856325 2026-06-13T19:09:03Z Nnamadee 31123 856326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Levuvu'''<ref>Olifants River now called Lepelle</ref> (Tsonga; Venda)<ref>Jenkins, Elwyn (2007), Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names, David Philip Publishers, p. 75</ref> yana cikin lardin Limpopo na arewacin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Wasu daga cikin magudanan ruwansa, kamar [[Kogin Mutshindudi]] da [[Mutale River|Kogin Mutale]] suna fitowa a tsaunukan Soutpansberg.<ref>Latava and Luvuvhu River River Systems 2001 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, State of Rivers Report, WRC report no: TT 165/01, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, ISBN No: 1 86845 825 3</ref> Jirgin ruwan Levubu yana gudana kimanin 200&nbsp;kilomita ta cikin wurare daban-daban na shimfidar wurare kafin ta haɗu da [[Kogin Limpopo]] a yankin Dajin Fever Tree, kusa da Pafuri a cikin Wurin Shakatawa na Kruger . An kama wani kifin shark na Zambezi ( ''Carcharhinus leucas'' ) a mahaɗar kogin Limpopo da Luvuvhu a watan Yulin 1950. Kifin shark na Zambezi suna jure wa ruwa mai kyau kuma suna iya yin tafiya zuwa koguna masu nisa kamar Limpopo. Yawan [[Yankin Nilu|kada]] na kogin ya kai har zuwa samansa a Thohoyandou . == Dams == * [[Dam ɗin Albasini|Dam na Albasini]] * [[Mambedi Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Mambedi]] * Dam ɗin Tsakhuma * Dam Damani * [[Dam ɗin Nandoni|Madatsar ruwan Nandoni]], wadda a da aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Mutoti, a tsakiyar kogin Levubu gabas da mahaɗar [[Dzindi River|kogin Dzindi]] da kuma gabashin garin Thohoyandou * Dam din Vondo a cikin [[Kogin Mutshindudi]], mai shiga tsakani * Dam din Phiphidi in the Mutshindudi == Duba kuma == * Magudanar ruwa A * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Luvubu da Letaba == Manazarta == 5iofrxol745pohj1g3u3g4h6dvtt0px 856327 856326 2026-06-13T19:09:34Z Nnamadee 31123 856327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Levuvu'''<ref>Olifants River now called Lepelle</ref> (Tsonga; Venda)<ref>Jenkins, Elwyn (2007), Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names, David Philip Publishers, p. 75</ref> yana cikin lardin Limpopo na arewacin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Wasu daga cikin magudanan ruwansa, kamar [[Kogin Mutshindudi]] da [[Mutale River|Kogin Mutale]] suna fitowa a tsaunukan Soutpansberg.<ref>Latava and Luvuvhu River River Systems 2001 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, State of Rivers Report, WRC report no: TT 165/01, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, ISBN No: 1 86845 825 3</ref> Jirgin ruwan Levubu yana gudana kimanin 200&nbsp;kilomita ta cikin wurare daban-daban na shimfidar wurare kafin ta haɗu da [[Kogin Limpopo]] a yankin Dajin Fever Tree, kusa da Pafuri a cikin Wurin Shakatawa na Kruger . An kama wani kifin shark na Zambezi ( ''Carcharhinus leucas'' ) a mahaɗar kogin Limpopo da Luvuvhu a watan Yulin 1950. Kifin shark na Zambezi suna jure wa ruwa mai kyau kuma suna iya yin tafiya zuwa koguna masu nisa kamar Limpopo.<ref>Pienaar, U. de V., The Freshwater Fishes of the Kruger National Park, Koedoe Vol 11, No 1 (1968)</ref> Yawan [[Yankin Nilu|kada]] na kogin ya kai har zuwa samansa a Thohoyandou . == Dams == * [[Dam ɗin Albasini|Dam na Albasini]] * [[Mambedi Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Mambedi]] * Dam ɗin Tsakhuma * Dam Damani * [[Dam ɗin Nandoni|Madatsar ruwan Nandoni]], wadda a da aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Mutoti, a tsakiyar kogin Levubu gabas da mahaɗar [[Dzindi River|kogin Dzindi]] da kuma gabashin garin Thohoyandou * Dam din Vondo a cikin [[Kogin Mutshindudi]], mai shiga tsakani * Dam din Phiphidi in the Mutshindudi == Duba kuma == * Magudanar ruwa A * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Luvubu da Letaba == Manazarta == bz1fs1f2ljik9qom7b9aoc21pk0g74o 856328 856327 2026-06-13T19:10:16Z Nnamadee 31123 856328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Levuvu'''<ref>Olifants River now called Lepelle</ref> (Tsonga; Venda)<ref>Jenkins, Elwyn (2007), Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names, David Philip Publishers, p. 75</ref> yana cikin lardin Limpopo na arewacin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Wasu daga cikin magudanan ruwansa, kamar [[Kogin Mutshindudi]] da [[Mutale River|Kogin Mutale]] suna fitowa a tsaunukan Soutpansberg.<ref>Latava and Luvuvhu River River Systems 2001 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, State of Rivers Report, WRC report no: TT 165/01, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, ISBN No: 1 86845 825 3</ref> Jirgin ruwan Levubu yana gudana kimanin 200&nbsp;kilomita ta cikin wurare daban-daban na shimfidar wurare kafin ta haɗu da [[Kogin Limpopo]] a yankin Dajin Fever Tree, kusa da Pafuri a cikin Wurin Shakatawa na Kruger . An kama wani kifin shark na Zambezi ( ''Carcharhinus leucas'' ) a mahaɗar kogin Limpopo da Luvuvhu a watan Yulin 1950. Kifin shark na Zambezi suna jure wa ruwa mai kyau kuma suna iya yin tafiya zuwa koguna masu nisa kamar Limpopo.<ref>Pienaar, U. de V., The Freshwater Fishes of the Kruger National Park, Koedoe Vol 11, No 1 (1968)</ref> Yawan [[Yankin Nilu|kada]] na kogin ya kai har zuwa samansa a Thohoyandou.<ref>Pijoos, Iavan (2 April 2020). "Limpopo fisherman 'eaten by crocodile'". South Africa. timeslive.co.za. TimesLive. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</ref> == Dams == * [[Dam ɗin Albasini|Dam na Albasini]] * [[Mambedi Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Mambedi]] * Dam ɗin Tsakhuma * Dam Damani * [[Dam ɗin Nandoni|Madatsar ruwan Nandoni]], wadda a da aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Mutoti, a tsakiyar kogin Levubu gabas da mahaɗar [[Dzindi River|kogin Dzindi]] da kuma gabashin garin Thohoyandou * Dam din Vondo a cikin [[Kogin Mutshindudi]], mai shiga tsakani * Dam din Phiphidi in the Mutshindudi == Duba kuma == * Magudanar ruwa A * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Luvubu da Letaba == Manazarta == rzx51ba4584bqoborjargsizjl0z93x 0 154843 856683 847172 2026-06-14T09:43:59Z Nnamadee 31123 856683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Beervlei''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke ratsa kogin Groot, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>admin (22 February 2023). "Beervlei Dam - Karoo Heartland". www.karooheartland.com. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 1957, tana da karfin {{Convert|85800000|m3}} , da kuma faɗin fili mai {{Convert|23.145|km2}}, kuma bangon madatsar ruwan yana da tsayin mita 31. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwan sha. Lakabin Karoo da ke yankin yana ɗauke da gishiri mai yawa kuma an gano cewa ajiyar ruwa na dogon lokaci yana haifar da yawan gishirin ruwa. Duk wani ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ana amfani da shi da sauri ta hanyar masu ban ruwa na ƙasa kuma madatsar ruwan ba ta da komai na tsawon lokaci. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 9l2cyy2132y1rd2kivq08amqkpvrdnx 856685 856683 2026-06-14T09:44:34Z Nnamadee 31123 856685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Beervlei''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke ratsa kogin Groot, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>admin (22 February 2023). "Beervlei Dam - Karoo Heartland". www.karooheartland.com. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 1957,<ref>"The Beervlei Dam". Baviaans Tourism. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> tana da karfin {{Convert|85800000|m3}} , da kuma faɗin fili mai {{Convert|23.145|km2}}, kuma bangon madatsar ruwan yana da tsayin mita 31. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwan sha. Lakabin Karoo da ke yankin yana ɗauke da gishiri mai yawa kuma an gano cewa ajiyar ruwa na dogon lokaci yana haifar da yawan gishirin ruwa. Duk wani ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ana amfani da shi da sauri ta hanyar masu ban ruwa na ƙasa kuma madatsar ruwan ba ta da komai na tsawon lokaci. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 0ptgoj6lodd577glmwugmahgckiek1n 856687 856685 2026-06-14T09:45:46Z Nnamadee 31123 856687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Beervlei''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke ratsa kogin Groot, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>admin (22 February 2023). "Beervlei Dam - Karoo Heartland". www.karooheartland.com. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 1957,<ref>"The Beervlei Dam". Baviaans Tourism. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> tana da karfin {{Convert|85800000|m3}} , da kuma faɗin fili mai {{Convert|23.145|km2}}, kuma bangon madatsar ruwan yana da tsayin mita 31.<ref>admin (22 February 2023). "Beervlei Dam - Karoo Heartland". www.karooheartland.com. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> Babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwan sha. Lakabin Karoo da ke yankin yana ɗauke da gishiri mai yawa kuma an gano cewa ajiyar ruwa na dogon lokaci yana haifar da yawan gishirin ruwa. Duk wani ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ana amfani da shi da sauri ta hanyar masu ban ruwa na ƙasa kuma madatsar ruwan ba ta da komai na tsawon lokaci. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == bgvao54w77r8v6ilpsaxhe8q8p2vnt2 856691 856687 2026-06-14T09:47:41Z Nnamadee 31123 856691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Beervlei''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke ratsa kogin Groot, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>admin (22 February 2023). "Beervlei Dam - Karoo Heartland". www.karooheartland.com. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 1957,<ref>"The Beervlei Dam". Baviaans Tourism. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> tana da karfin {{Convert|85800000|m3}} , da kuma faɗin fili mai {{Convert|23.145|km2}}, kuma bangon madatsar ruwan yana da tsayin mita 31.<ref>admin (22 February 2023). "Beervlei Dam - Karoo Heartland". www.karooheartland.com. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> Babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwan sha.<ref>"The Beervlei Dam". Baviaans Tourism. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> Lakabin Karoo da ke yankin yana ɗauke da gishiri mai yawa kuma an gano cewa ajiyar ruwa na dogon lokaci yana haifar da yawan gishirin ruwa. Duk wani ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ana amfani da shi da sauri ta hanyar masu ban ruwa na ƙasa kuma madatsar ruwan ba ta da komai na tsawon lokaci. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == cobx585btaprrvflt35zi9xeygs99rq 856694 856691 2026-06-14T09:48:38Z Nnamadee 31123 856694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Beervlei''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke ratsa kogin Groot, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>admin (22 February 2023). "Beervlei Dam - Karoo Heartland". www.karooheartland.com. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 1957,<ref>"The Beervlei Dam". Baviaans Tourism. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> tana da karfin {{Convert|85800000|m3}} , da kuma faɗin fili mai {{Convert|23.145|km2}}, kuma bangon madatsar ruwan yana da tsayin mita 31.<ref>admin (22 February 2023). "Beervlei Dam - Karoo Heartland". www.karooheartland.com. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> Babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwan sha.<ref>"The Beervlei Dam". Baviaans Tourism. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> Lakabin Karoo da ke yankin yana ɗauke da gishiri mai yawa kuma an gano cewa ajiyar ruwa na dogon lokaci yana haifar da yawan gishirin ruwa. Duk wani ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ana amfani da shi da sauri ta hanyar masu ban ruwa na ƙasa kuma madatsar ruwan ba ta da komai na tsawon lokaci.<ref>"beervlei dam - Mountain Passes South Africa". www.mountainpassessouthafrica.co.za. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 74ibrc802ufbpmasrutxpk0gfzl7wpy 0 155697 856609 854920 2026-06-14T08:19:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354765469|Tick-borne encephalitis]]" 856609 wikitext text/x-wiki Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cuta ce mai yaduwa da ke tattare da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, wanda aka watsa ta hanyar cinye nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. Cutar galibi tana bayyana a matsayin meningitis, encephalitis ko Meningoencephalitis. Myelitis da paralysis na kashin baya suma suna faruwa. A cikin kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lokuta masu ci gaba, galibi rashin aiki na fahimta, ya ci gaba da shekara ɗaya ko fiye.[1] yawancin ƙasashe.[1] TBE tana haifar da ƙalubalen kiwon lafiya ga Turai, yayin da yawan mutanen da aka ruwaito na TBE a duk yankuna masu fama da cutar ta Turai ya karu da kusan 400% a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata.[2] A tarihi, an yi tunanin kwayar cutar TBE ba ta nan a Burtaniya, amma a cikin 2020 Lafiya ta Jama'a Ingila ta ayyana shari'o'in TBE biyu na farko da aka kwantar a cikin ƙasar.[3] An san kwayar cutar encephalitis da ke dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke tattare da ruminants, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]], rodents, carnivores, dawakai, da mutane. Hakanan ana iya yaduwar cutar daga dabbobi zuwa mutane, tare da ruminants da karnuka da ke samar da babbar hanyar kamuwa da cuta ga mutane. == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:TBE_symptoms.svg|thumb|220x220px|Alamomin kamuwa da cuta ta TBE]] Cutar kwayar cutar TBE sau da yawa ba ta da alamomi, wanda ke nufin cewa mutumin da ya kamu da cutar bai nuna alamun cutar ba.[1] A lokuta na asibiti, cutar galibi tana da sashi biyu. Bayan Lokacin shayarwa na kimanin mako guda (range: kwanaki 4-28) daga fallasawa (ciwon ƙugiya), alamun da ba takamaiman ba suna faruwa. Wadannan alamun sune zazzabi, rashin lafiya, ciwon kai, ƙishirwa, amai, da myalgias wanda ke ci gaba da kusan kwanaki 5.[2][3][4] Sa'an nan, bayan kimanin mako guda ba tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka ba, wasu daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da cutar suna samun alamun jijiyoyi, watau, meningitis, encephalitis, ko meningoencephalitis. Myelitis kuma yana faruwa tare da ko ba tare da encephalitis ba.[2][3][4][5] Sequelae ya ci gaba har shekara guda ko fiye a cikin kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi. Alamomin da aka fi sani da su na dogon lokaci sune ciwon kai, matsalolin maida hankali, raunin ƙwaƙwalwa, da sauran alamun rashin aiki na hankali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lindquist |first=Lars |last2=Vapalahti |first2=Olli |date=31 May 2008 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)60800-4/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=371 |issue=9627 |pages=1861–1871 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60800-4 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=18514730 |s2cid=901857 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mutuwa ya dogara da nau'in kwayar cutar. Ga nau'in Turai, yawan mace-mace shine 0.5% zuwa 2% ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi.<ref name="ecdc.europa.eu">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2017 |title=Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}}</ref> A cikin karnuka, cutar ta bayyana a matsayin cuta ta jijiyoyi tare da alamun da suka bambanta daga girgizar ƙasa zuwa fashewa da mutuwa. A cikin ruminants, cututtukan jijiyoyi ma suna nan, kuma dabbobi na iya ƙin cin abinci, su bayyana marasa lafiya, kuma suna da alamun numfashi. == Dalilin da ya sa == TBE ya samo asali ne daga ''Kwayar cuta'' encephalitis, memba ne na jinsin Flavivirus a cikin iyalin Flaviviridae. An fara ware shi a cikin 1937 a cikin USSR ta ƙungiyar da Lev A. Zilber ke jagoranta. === Rarraba === [[Fayil:Ixodus_ricinus_5x.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsaye na tumaki (''Ixodes ricinus''), kamar wannan mace mai ciki, suna watsa cutar]] Ana yaduwa ta hanyar cinye nau'ikan nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu kamuwa da cutar, gami da ''Ixodes scapularis'', ''I. ricinus'' da ''I. persulcatus'', <ref name="pmid10825054">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dumpis U, Crook D, Oksi J |date=April 1999 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=882–90 |doi=10.1086/515195 |pmid=10825054 |doi-access=}}</ref> ko (rarely) ta hanyar madarar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba na shanu masu kamuwa. === Madara === Cutar da aka samu ta hanyar madarar awaki da aka cinye a matsayin madara ko cuku (Frischkäse) an rubuta shi a cikin 2016 da 2017 a jihar Baden-Württemberg ta Jamus. Babu wani daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da cutar da ke da cutar jijiyoyi.<ref name="rki">{{Cite journal |year=2020 |title=FSME: Risikogebiete in Deutschland |url=https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2020/Ausgaben/08_20.pdf |journal=Epidemiologisches Bulletin, RKI |language=de |location=Berlin |volume=8}}</ref> Daga 1980 zuwa 2021, an tabbatar da shari'o'in TBE 384 a Turai ta hanyar amfani da madara ko cuku. Kasashen da suka bayar da rahoton cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (FB-TBE) a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Slovakia, Jamhuriyar Czech, Poland, Hungary, Estonia, Jamus, Croatia, Austria, Rasha da Slovenia. An bayar da rahoton cutar neuroinvasive a cikin marasa lafiya 53, tare da cututtukan CNS da aka bayyana ciki har da meningoencephalitis, meningitis, da meningocephalomyelitis. [1] == Binciken ganewa == Binciken takamaiman IgM da IgG antibodies a cikin marasa lafiya, haɗe da alamun asibiti na yau da kullun, shine babbar hanyar ganewar asali. Magungunan rigakafi yawanci suna bayyana a cikin kwanaki shida bayan farawar alamomi kuma galibi ana iya gano su da zarar alamun jijiyoyi sun bayyana. IgM antibodies na iya ci gaba da ganowa har zuwa watanni 10 a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da waɗanda suka kamu da cutar ta halitta.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-18 |title=Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> A cikin yanayi masu rikitarwa, misali, bayan allurar rigakafi, gwaji don kasancewar magungunan rigakafi a cikin Ruwan ƙwaƙwalwa na iya zama dole.<ref name="ecdc.europa.eu">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2017 |title=Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}}</ref> An bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi puncture na lumbar a koyaushe lokacin da ake gano TBE kuma ya kamata a kara pleocytosis a cikin ruwan ƙwaƙwalwa (CSF) zuwa ka'idodin bincike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Taba |first=P. |last2=Schmutzhard |first2=E. |last3=Forsberg |first3=P. |last4=Lutsar |first4=I. |last5=Ljøstad |first5=U. |last6=Mygland |first6=Å. |last7=Levchenko |first7=I. |last8=Strle |first8=F. |last9=Steiner |first9=I. |date=October 2017 |title=EAN consensus review on prevention, diagnosis and management of tick-borne encephalitis |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ene.13356 |journal=European Journal of Neurology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1214–e61 |doi=10.1111/ene.13356 |pmid=28762591 |s2cid=12844392 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Za'a iya tantance tsananin TBE ta amfani da matakan calcium na CSF, bisa ga binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na alamun bincike don kwayar cutar encephalitis (TBEV). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trojan |first=Gabriela |last2=Moniuszko-Malinowska |first2=Anna |last3=Orywal |first3=Karolina |last4=Kruszewska |first4=Ewelina |last5=Mroczko |first5=Barbara |last6=Grzeszczuk |first6=Anna |last7=Czupryna |first7=Piotr |date=2025-02-02 |title=Cerebrospinal Fluid Calcium Balance in Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Preliminary Study and Future Research Directions |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11853028/ |journal=Biomedicines |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=337 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines13020337 |issn=2227-9059 |pmc=11853028 |pmid=40002750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fkxmjjh4zzgauvum6yh2cluoahn3yo9 856610 856609 2026-06-14T08:20:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354765469|Tick-borne encephalitis]]" 856610 wikitext text/x-wiki LLTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cuta ce mai yaduwa da ke tattare da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, wanda aka watsa ta hanyar cinye nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. Cutar galibi tana bayyana a matsayin meningitis, encephalitis ko Meningoencephalitis. Myelitis da paralysis na kashin baya suma suna faruwa. A cikin kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lokuta masu ci gaba, galibi rashin aiki na fahimta, ya ci gaba da shekara ɗaya ko fiye.[1] yawancin ƙasashe.[1] TBE tana haifar da ƙalubalen kiwon lafiya ga Turai, yayin da yawan mutanen da aka ruwaito na TBE a duk yankuna masu fama da cutar ta Turai ya karu da kusan 400% a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata.[2] A tarihi, an yi tunanin kwayar cutar TBE ba ta nan a Burtaniya, amma a cikin 2020 Lafiya ta Jama'a Ingila ta ayyana shari'o'in TBE biyu na farko da aka kwantar a cikin ƙasar.[3] An san kwayar cutar encephalitis da ke dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke tattare da ruminants, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]], rodents, carnivores, dawakai, da mutane. Hakanan ana iya yaduwar cutar daga dabbobi zuwa mutane, tare da ruminants da karnuka da ke samar da babbar hanyar kamuwa da cuta ga mutane. == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:TBE_symptoms.svg|thumb|220x220px|Alamomin kamuwa da cuta ta TBE]] Cutar kwayar cutar TBE sau da yawa ba ta da alamomi, wanda ke nufin cewa mutumin da ya kamu da cutar bai nuna alamun cutar ba.[1] A lokuta na asibiti, cutar galibi tana da sashi biyu. Bayan Lokacin shayarwa na kimanin mako guda (range: kwanaki 4-28) daga fallasawa (ciwon ƙugiya), alamun da ba takamaiman ba suna faruwa. Wadannan alamun sune zazzabi, rashin lafiya, ciwon kai, ƙishirwa, amai, da myalgias wanda ke ci gaba da kusan kwanaki 5.[2][3][4] Sa'an nan, bayan kimanin mako guda ba tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka ba, wasu daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da cutar suna samun alamun jijiyoyi, watau, meningitis, encephalitis, ko meningoencephalitis. Myelitis kuma yana faruwa tare da ko ba tare da encephalitis ba.[2][3][4][5] Sequelae ya ci gaba har shekara guda ko fiye a cikin kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi. Alamomin da aka fi sani da su na dogon lokaci sune ciwon kai, matsalolin maida hankali, raunin ƙwaƙwalwa, da sauran alamun rashin aiki na hankali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lindquist |first=Lars |last2=Vapalahti |first2=Olli |date=31 May 2008 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)60800-4/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=371 |issue=9627 |pages=1861–1871 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60800-4 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=18514730 |s2cid=901857 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mutuwa ya dogara da nau'in kwayar cutar. Ga nau'in Turai, yawan mace-mace shine 0.5% zuwa 2% ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi.<ref name="ecdc.europa.eu">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2017 |title=Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}}</ref> A cikin karnuka, cutar ta bayyana a matsayin cuta ta jijiyoyi tare da alamun da suka bambanta daga girgizar ƙasa zuwa fashewa da mutuwa. A cikin ruminants, cututtukan jijiyoyi ma suna nan, kuma dabbobi na iya ƙin cin abinci, su bayyana marasa lafiya, kuma suna da alamun numfashi. == Dalilin da ya sa == TBE ya samo asali ne daga ''Kwayar cuta'' encephalitis, memba ne na jinsin Flavivirus a cikin iyalin Flaviviridae. An fara ware shi a cikin 1937 a cikin USSR ta ƙungiyar da Lev A. Zilber ke jagoranta. === Rarraba === [[Fayil:Ixodus_ricinus_5x.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsaye na tumaki (''Ixodes ricinus''), kamar wannan mace mai ciki, suna watsa cutar]] Ana yaduwa ta hanyar cinye nau'ikan nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu kamuwa da cutar, gami da ''Ixodes scapularis'', ''I. ricinus'' da ''I. persulcatus'', <ref name="pmid10825054">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dumpis U, Crook D, Oksi J |date=April 1999 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=882–90 |doi=10.1086/515195 |pmid=10825054 |doi-access=}}</ref> ko (rarely) ta hanyar madarar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba na shanu masu kamuwa. === Madara === Cutar da aka samu ta hanyar madarar awaki da aka cinye a matsayin madara ko cuku (Frischkäse) an rubuta shi a cikin 2016 da 2017 a jihar Baden-Württemberg ta Jamus. Babu wani daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da cutar da ke da cutar jijiyoyi.<ref name="rki">{{Cite journal |year=2020 |title=FSME: Risikogebiete in Deutschland |url=https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2020/Ausgaben/08_20.pdf |journal=Epidemiologisches Bulletin, RKI |language=de |location=Berlin |volume=8}}</ref> Daga 1980 zuwa 2021, an tabbatar da shari'o'in TBE 384 a Turai ta hanyar amfani da madara ko cuku. Kasashen da suka bayar da rahoton cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (FB-TBE) a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Slovakia, Jamhuriyar Czech, Poland, Hungary, Estonia, Jamus, Croatia, Austria, Rasha da Slovenia. An bayar da rahoton cutar neuroinvasive a cikin marasa lafiya 53, tare da cututtukan CNS da aka bayyana ciki har da meningoencephalitis, meningitis, da meningocephalomyelitis. [1] == Binciken ganewa == Binciken takamaiman IgM da IgG antibodies a cikin marasa lafiya, haɗe da alamun asibiti na yau da kullun, shine babbar hanyar ganewar asali. Magungunan rigakafi yawanci suna bayyana a cikin kwanaki shida bayan farawar alamomi kuma galibi ana iya gano su da zarar alamun jijiyoyi sun bayyana. IgM antibodies na iya ci gaba da ganowa har zuwa watanni 10 a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da waɗanda suka kamu da cutar ta halitta.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-18 |title=Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> A cikin yanayi masu rikitarwa, misali, bayan allurar rigakafi, gwaji don kasancewar magungunan rigakafi a cikin Ruwan ƙwaƙwalwa na iya zama dole.<ref name="ecdc.europa.eu">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2017 |title=Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}}</ref> An bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi puncture na lumbar a koyaushe lokacin da ake gano TBE kuma ya kamata a kara pleocytosis a cikin ruwan ƙwaƙwalwa (CSF) zuwa ka'idodin bincike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Taba |first=P. |last2=Schmutzhard |first2=E. |last3=Forsberg |first3=P. |last4=Lutsar |first4=I. |last5=Ljøstad |first5=U. |last6=Mygland |first6=Å. |last7=Levchenko |first7=I. |last8=Strle |first8=F. |last9=Steiner |first9=I. |date=October 2017 |title=EAN consensus review on prevention, diagnosis and management of tick-borne encephalitis |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ene.13356 |journal=European Journal of Neurology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1214–e61 |doi=10.1111/ene.13356 |pmid=28762591 |s2cid=12844392 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Za'a iya tantance tsananin TBE ta amfani da matakan calcium na CSF, bisa ga binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na alamun bincike don kwayar cutar encephalitis (TBEV). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trojan |first=Gabriela |last2=Moniuszko-Malinowska |first2=Anna |last3=Orywal |first3=Karolina |last4=Kruszewska |first4=Ewelina |last5=Mroczko |first5=Barbara |last6=Grzeszczuk |first6=Anna |last7=Czupryna |first7=Piotr |date=2025-02-02 |title=Cerebrospinal Fluid Calcium Balance in Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Preliminary Study and Future Research Directions |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11853028/ |journal=Biomedicines |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=337 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines13020337 |issn=2227-9059 |pmc=11853028 |pmid=40002750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8o8refoz8zs952ykb07ij9vanwy8dm8 856819 856610 2026-06-14T10:48:21Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358776230|Cerebral palsy]]" 856819 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwayar cutar kwakwalwa''' ( '''CP''' ) rukuni ne na matsalolin motsi da ke bayyana a farkon yara. Alamomi da alamun sun bambanta tsakanin mutane kuma akan lokaci, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haak P, Lenski M, Hidecker MJ, Li M, Paneth N |date=October 2009 |title=Cerebral palsy and aging |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=16–23 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03428.x |pmc=4183123 |pmid=19740206}}</ref> amma sun haɗa da rashin daidaituwa, tsokoki masu tauri, tsokoki masu rauni, da rawar jiki . Akwai matsaloli game da ji, gani, [[ji]], da magana . Sau da yawa, jarirai masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa ba sa juyawa, zama, rarrafe ko tafiya da wuri kamar sauran yara. Sauran alamun na iya haɗawa da farfadiya da matsalolin tunani ko tunani . Duk da cewa alamun na iya zama a bayyane a cikin shekarun farko na rayuwa, matsalolin da ke haifar da su ba sa ta'azzara akan lokaci. Kwayar cutar sankarau tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ci gaba ko lalacewar sassan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke sarrafa motsi, daidaito, da kuma yanayin jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cerebral Palsy: Overview |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072205/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017 |website=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref> Sau da yawa, matsalolin suna faruwa ne a lokacin daukar ciki, amma suna iya faruwa yayin haihuwa ko kuma bayan haka. Sau da yawa kwakwalwa za ta lalace yayin ci gaban jijiyoyi na haihuwa, <ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Dilip R. |last2=Bovid |first2=Karen M. |last3=Rausch |first3=Rebecca |last4=Ergun-Longmire |first4=Berrin |last5=Goetting |first5=Mark |last6=Merrick |first6=Joav |date=November 2024 |title=Cerebral palsy in children: A clinical practice review |journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care |volume=54 |issue=11 |doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2024.101673 |issn=1538-3199 |pmid=39168782}}</ref> kuma sau da yawa ba a san musabbabin ba. Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa, kasancewar [[tagwaye]], wasu cututtuka ko kamuwa da methylmercury yayin daukar ciki, wahalar haihuwa, da rauni a kai a cikin 'yan shekarun farko na rayuwa. Wani bincike da aka buga a 2024 ya nuna cewa [[Ga do|dalilan gado na kwayoyin halitta]] suna taka rawa a cikin kashi 25% na lokuta, inda a da aka yi imanin cewa kashi 2% na lokuta an gano su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta. A ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaicin kuɗi, cutar sankarau ta fi yawa. <ref name="auto1" /> An rarraba ƙananan nau'ikan, bisa ga takamaiman matsalolin da ke akwai. Misali, waɗanda ke da tauri tsokoki suna da spastic cerebral palsy, rashin daidaituwa a motsi suna da ataxic cerebral palsy, kuma motsi na juyawa suna da dyskinetic cerebral palsy . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, Dan B, Jacobsson B |date=February 2007 |title=A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006 |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. Supplement |volume=109 |pages=8–14 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x |pmid=17370477 |s2cid=24504486 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ganewar cutar ta dogara ne akan ci gaban yaron. Ana iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen jini da hotunan likita don kawar da wasu dalilai masu yuwuwar. Ana iya hana wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar CP ta hanyar allurar rigakafi ga uwa, da kuma ƙoƙarin hana raunin kai ga yara kamar inganta tsaro. Babu wani magani da aka sani ga CP, amma jiyya mai taimako, magani da tiyata na iya taimakawa mutane. Wannan na iya haɗawa da [[Gyaran jiki|maganin jiki]], maganin aiki da maganin magana . Ƙananan bincike da yawa a China sun gano ingantattun sakamako tare da amfani da Mouse NGF, kuma maganin yana samuwa a [[Sin|China]] tun 2003. Magunguna kamar diazepam, baclofen da botulinum toxin na iya taimakawa wajen kwantar da tsokoki masu tauri. Tiyata na iya haɗawa da tsawaita tsokoki da yanke jijiyoyi masu aiki da yawa . Sau da yawa, kayan haɗin gwiwa na waje da Lycra splints da sauran fasahar taimako suna da amfani da motsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Elliott CM, Reid SL, Alderson JA, Elliott BC |date=2011-02-01 |title=Lycra arm splints in conjunction with goal-directed training can improve movement in children with cerebral palsy |journal=NeuroRehabilitation |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=47–54 |doi=10.3233/nre-2011-0631 |pmid=21335677}}</ref> Wasu yara da abin ya shafa na iya cimma kusan rayuwar manya ta yau da kullun tare da magani mai dacewa. Duk da yake ana yawan amfani da wasu magunguna, babu wata shaida da ke tallafawa amfani da su. Ana duba yiwuwar magunguna, gami da maganin ƙwayoyin halitta . Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko yana da tasiri kuma yana da aminci. Kwayar cutar sankarau ita ce matsalar motsi da ta fi yawa a cikin yara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=How many people are affected? |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/conditioninfo/Pages/how-common.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134614/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/conditioninfo/Pages/how-common.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=4 March 2015 |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref> tana faruwa a cikin kimanin 2.1 cikin kowace haihuwa 1,000 da aka haifa. An rubuta ta a cikin tarihi, tare da bayanin farko da aka sani ya faru a cikin aikin Hippocrates a ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. An fara bincike mai zurfi a ƙarni na 19 ta William John Little, wanda daga bayansa aka kira spastic diplegia "cutar Little". William Osler ya sanya mata suna "kwayar cutar sankarau" daga {{Lang|de|zerebrale Kinderlähmung}} na Jamus (shanyewar kwakwalwa ga yara). <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is cerebral palsy? |url=http://cpapinfo.com/What_is_Cerebral_Palsy.php?menu=About%20Us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220051952/http://cpapinfo.com/What_is_Cerebral_Palsy.php?menu=About%20Us |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |publisher=The Cerebral Palsied Association of the Philippines Inc.}}</ref> Adabin tarihi da kuma wakilcin fasaha da ke nuni ga alamun shanyewar kwakwalwa sun nuna cewa an san wannan yanayin a zamanin da, suna siffanta shi da "tsohuwar cuta". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Shao-jun |last2=Wang |first2=Xiu-li |date=2007–2008 |title=Retrospect of the history of cerebral palsy cognition |journal=Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi (Beijing, China: 1980) |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=158–162 |issn=0255-7053 |pmid=24915654}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == An bayyana cutar kwakwalwa a matsayin "rukunin cututtuka na dindindin na ci gaban motsi da matsayi, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin aiki, wanda aka danganta da rikice-rikice marasa ci gaba waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwar tayin da ke tasowa ko jariri." Duk da cewa matsalolin motsi sune babban abin da ke haifar da CP, matsaloli game da tunani, koyo, ji, sadarwa da hali galibi suna faruwa tare, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Song CS |date=May 2013 |title=Relationships between Physical and Cognitive Functioning and Activities of Daily Living in Children with Cerebral Palsy |journal=Journal of Physical Therapy Science |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=619–622 |doi=10.1589/jpts.25.619 |pmc=3804975 |pmid=24259815}}</ref> tare da 28% suna da [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], 58% suna da matsaloli tare da sadarwa, aƙalla 42% suna da matsala tare da gani, da 23 {{En dash}} 56% suna da nakasa ta koyo . Ana tsammanin matsewar tsoka a cikin mutanen da ke da matsalar kwakwalwa mai girma da ke da alaƙa da cutar kwakwalwa ta samo asali ne daga yawan aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mathewson MA, Lieber RL |date=February 2015 |title=Pathophysiology of muscle contractures in cerebral palsy |journal=Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=57–67 |doi=10.1016/j.pmr.2014.09.005 |pmc=4258234 |pmid=25479779}}</ref> Kodayake yawancin mutanen da ke da CP suna da matsala tare da ƙarar tsoka, wasu suna da ƙarancin tsoka maimakon haka. Babban sautin tsoka na iya zama saboda spasticity ko dystonia . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith M, Kurian MA |date=September 2016 |title=The medical management of cerebral palsy |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1497973/ |journal=[[Paediatrics and Child Health]] |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=378–382 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2016.04.013}}</ref> Jariran da aka haifa da cutar kwakwalwa mai tsanani sau da yawa suna da yanayin da ba daidai ba; jikinsu na iya zama ko dai mai lanƙwasa ko kuma mai tauri sosai. Nakasassun haihuwa, kamar lanƙwasa kashin baya, ƙaramin ƙashin muƙamuƙi, ko ƙaramin kai wani lokacin yana faruwa tare da CP. Alamomin na iya bayyana ko canzawa yayin da yaro ya tsufa. Jariran da aka haifa da cutar kwakwalwa ba sa bayyana nan da nan tare da alamun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=15 March 2017 |title=Symptoms of Cerebral palsy |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cerebral-palsy/pages/symptoms.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407054231/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cerebral-palsy/pages/symptoms.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |website=NHS Choices |publisher=NHS Gov.UK}}</ref> A al'ada, cutar kwakwalwa tana bayyana lokacin da jaririn ya kai matakin ci gaba a watanni 6 zuwa 9 kuma ya fara motsawa, inda aka ga ana amfani da gaɓoɓi, rashin daidaituwa, ko jinkirin ci gaban motsi. Sanyi ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa, wanda zai iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban ciki har da ƙin yarda da jama'a, rashin iya magana, lalacewar tufafi da littattafai, da kuma kamuwa da baki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walshe M, Smith M, Pennington L |date=November 2012 |title=Interventions for drooling in children with cerebral palsy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=11 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008624.pub3 |pmc=11664232 |pmid=23152263}}</ref> Hakanan yana iya haifar da shaƙewa. <ref name=":2" /> Matsakaicin kashi 55.5% na mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa suna fuskantar alamun ƙananan hanyoyin fitsari, wanda galibi ya fi yawan matsalolin ajiya fiye da matsalolin fitar fitsari. Waɗanda ke da matsalar fitar fitsari da yawan motsa jiki a ƙasan ƙashin ƙugu na iya lalacewa yayin da suke girma kuma suna fuskantar [[Upper urinary tract dysfunction|matsalar rashin aikin mafitsara ta sama]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Samijn B, Van Laecke E, Renson C, Hoebeke P, Plasschaert F, Vande Walle J, Van den Broeck C |date=March 2017 |title=Lower urinary tract symptoms and urodynamic findings in children and adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review |journal=Neurourology and Urodynamics |type=Submitted manuscript |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=541–549 |doi=10.1002/nau.22982 |pmid=26894322 |s2cid=34807855 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara masu fama da cutar CP suma suna iya samun matsalolin sarrafa ji . Manya masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa suna da haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar numfashi . === Ƙwaƙwalwa === Domin ƙasusuwa su kai ga siffarsu da girmansu na yau da kullun, suna buƙatar damuwa daga tsokoki na yau da kullun. Mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa suna cikin haɗarin ƙarancin yawan ma'adanai na ƙashi . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ozel S, Switzer L, Macintosh A, Fehlings D |date=September 2016 |title=Informing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for children with cerebral palsy at risk of osteoporosis: an update |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=58 |issue=9 |pages=918–923 |doi=10.1111/dmcn.13196 |pmid=27435427 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shafts na ƙasusuwa galibi siriri ne (mai laushi), kuma suna zama siriri yayin girma. Idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan siririn shafts ( diaphyses ), cibiyoyin ( metaphyses ) galibi suna bayyana a girma sosai (ballooning). Saboda matsewar haɗin gwiwa fiye da yadda aka saba da shi wanda rashin daidaiton tsoka ke haifarwa, guringuntsi na articular na iya raguwa, {{Rp|46}}yana haifar da kunkuntar wurare na haɗin gwiwa. Dangane da matakin spasticity, mutumin da ke da siffar spastic na CP na iya nuna nau'ikan nakasar haɗin gwiwa mai kusurwa iri-iri. Saboda jikin ƙashi yana buƙatar ƙarfin nauyi na tsaye don haɓaka yadda ya kamata, spasticity da tafiya mara kyau na iya hana ci gaban ƙashi da ƙashi daidai ko cikakken. Mutanen da ke da CP galibi suna da gajeru a tsayi fiye da matsakaicin mutum saboda ba a barin ƙasusuwansu su girma zuwa cikakken ƙarfinsu ba. Wani lokaci ƙasusuwa suna girma zuwa tsayi daban-daban, don haka mutumin yana iya samun ƙafa ɗaya fiye da ɗayan. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riad J, Finnbogason T, Broström E |date=December 2010 |title=Leg length discrepancy in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study |journal=Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=846–850 |doi=10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181fc35dd |pmid=21102211 |s2cid=46608602 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim HS, Son SM |date=August 2022 |title=Limb Length Discrepancy and Corticospinal Tract Disruption in Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy |journal=Children |volume=9 |issue=8 |page=1198 |doi=10.3390/children9081198 |pmc=9406518 |pmid=36010088 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara masu fama da CP suna da saurin samun [[Low trauma fractures|karaya mai rauni]], musamman yara masu matakan Tsarin Rarraba Motoci (GMFCS) mafi girma waɗanda ba za su iya tafiya ba. Wannan yana ƙara shafar motsin yaro, ƙarfi, da kuma jin zafi, kuma yana iya haifar da rashin zuwa makaranta ko kuma zargin cin zarafin yara. Waɗannan yaran galibi suna da karaya a ƙafafu, yayin da yaran da ba su da cutar galibi suna karyewa a hannayensu a cikin mahallin wasanni. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Veilleux LN, Rauch F |date=October 2017 |title=Muscle-Bone Interactions in Pediatric Bone Diseases |journal=Current Osteoporosis Reports |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1007/s11914-017-0396-6 |pmid=28856575 |s2cid=39445049}}</ref> Rushewar kugu da kuma gurɓatar idon ƙafa ko nakasar lanƙwasa ta plantar su ne nakasar guda biyu da suka fi yawa a tsakanin yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa. Bugu da ƙari, nakasar lanƙwasa ta kugu da gwiwa na iya faruwa. Haka kuma ana samun nakasar lanƙwasa ta dogayen ƙasusuwa kamar femur da tibia, da sauransu. Yara na iya kamuwa da scoliosis kafin shekaru 10 - an kiyasta yawan scoliosis a cikin yara masu fama da CP yana tsakanin 21% zuwa 64%. Matakan rashin lafiya mafi girma a kan GFCS suna da alaƙa da scoliosis da ruɓewar kugu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rutz E, Brunner R |date=November 2013 |title=Management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy: conservative treatment |journal=Journal of Children's Orthopaedics |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=415–418 |doi=10.1007/s11832-013-0516-5 |pmc=3838520 |pmid=24432104}}</ref> Ana iya gyara scoliosis da tiyata, amma CP yana sa rikitarwa na tiyata ya fi yiwuwa, koda tare da ingantattun dabaru. Ana iya sarrafa ƙaura ta kugu ta hanyar hanyoyin laushi kamar sakin tsokar adductor. Ana iya sarrafa matakan ƙaura ta kugu ko ruɓewa ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka fi yawa kamar su osteotomies na gyaran femoral da pelvic. Tsarin nama mai laushi da ƙashi yana da nufin hana karyewar kwatangwalo a farkon matakai ko kuma nufin hana ƙugu da dawo da tsarin jiki a ƙarshen matakai na cutar. Ana sarrafa nakasar equinus ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka saba wa ka'ida musamman idan ta yi ƙarfi. Idan nakasar da ta tsaya cak/ta tsayayye ta faru, tiyata na iya zama dole. [[Samartaka|Ƙara girman jiki]] a lokacin [[balaga]] na iya sa tafiya ta fi wahala ga mutanen da ke da CP da kuma yawan tsoka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roberts A |date=September 2012 |title=The surgical treatment of cerebral palsy |journal=[[Paediatrics and Child Health]] |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=377–383 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2012.03.004}}</ref> === Cin abinci === Saboda matsalar ji da motsin jiki, waɗanda ke da matsalar CP na iya fuskantar matsala wajen shirya abinci, riƙe kayan aiki, ko taunawa da haɗiyewa. Jariri mai fama da CP ba zai iya tsotsewa, haɗiyewa ko taunawa ba. Ciwon hanji da makogwaro ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yara masu fama da CP. Yara masu fama da CP na iya samun ƙarancin ko kuma yawan jin zafi a kusa da baki. Rashin daidaito lokacin zama, rashin iko kan kai, baki, da gangar jiki, rashin iya lanƙwasa kwatangwalo yadda zai ba da damar hannayen su miƙe gaba don isa ga abinci ko kayan aiki, da rashin daidaita hannu da ido na iya sa ciyar da kai ya zama da wahala. Matsalolin ciyarwa suna da alaƙa da matakan GFCS mafi girma. Matsalolin hakori kuma na iya haifar da matsaloli wajen cin abinci. [[Ciwon huhu]] kuma ya zama ruwan dare inda ake samun matsalolin cin abinci, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon sha'awar abinci ko ruwa ba a gano ba. Ƙwarewar yatsu masu kyau, kamar wanda ake buƙata don ɗaukar kayan aiki, galibi yana da nakasa fiye da ƙwarewar hannu, kamar wanda ake buƙata don cokalin abinci a kan faranti. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2014)">ba a buƙatar tushen asali ba</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Rashin ƙarfin riƙo ba abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ba. Yara masu fama da matsalar kwakwalwa mai tsanani, musamman masu matsalar pharyngeal, suna cikin haɗarin rashin abinci mai gina jiki . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bell KL, Samson-Fang L |date=December 2013 |title=Nutritional management of children with cerebral palsy |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=67 Suppl 2 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S13–S16 |doi=10.1038/ejcn.2013.225 |pmid=24301003 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gano cewa gwajin fata na Triceps a matsayin wata alama mai inganci ta [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] ga yara masu matsalar kwakwalwa. ] Saboda ƙalubalen ciyarwa, shaidu sun nuna cewa yara masu matsalar kwakwalwa suna cikin haɗarin rashin abinci mai gina jiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donkor CM, Lee J, Lelijveld N, Adams M, Baltussen MM, Nyante GG, Kerac M, Polack S, Zuurmond M |date=January 2019 |title=Improving nutritional status of children with Cerebral palsy: a qualitative study of caregiver experiences and community-based training in Ghana |journal=Food Science & Nutrition |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=35–43 |doi=10.1002/fsn3.788 |pmc=6341142 |pmid=30680157}}</ref> === Harshe === Matsalolin magana da harshe sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa. An kiyasta cewa yawan kamuwa da cutar [[dysarthria]] ya kama daga kashi 31% zuwa 88%, kuma kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mutanen da ke fama da cutar CP ba sa magana. Matsalolin magana suna da alaƙa da rashin isasshen ikon sarrafa numfashi, matsalar laryngeal da velopharyngeal, da kuma matsalolin articulation na baki waɗanda suka faru saboda ƙarancin motsi a cikin tsokoki na baki da fuska. Akwai manyan nau'ikan dysarthria guda uku a cikin cutar kwakwalwa: spastic, dyskinetic (athetotic), da ataxic. Amfani da tsarin sadarwa mai ƙarawa da madadin da wuri na iya taimaka wa yaron wajen haɓaka ƙwarewar harshe. Jimlar jinkirin harshe yana da alaƙa da matsalolin fahimta, [[Rashin ji|kurma]], da rashin taimako da aka koya . Yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa suna cikin haɗarin rashin taimako da aka koya kuma suna zama masu sadarwa marasa aiki, suna fara sadarwa kaɗan. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pennington L |date=2008-09-01 |title=Cerebral palsy and communication |url=https://www.paediatricsandchildhealthjournal.co.uk/article/S1751-7222(08)00130-3/abstract |journal=Paediatrics and Child Health |language=English |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=405–409 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2008.05.013 |issn=1751-7222}}</ref> Shiga tsakani da farko da wannan abokin ciniki, da iyayensu, galibi yana kai hari ga yanayi inda yara ke sadarwa da wasu don su koyi cewa za su iya sarrafa mutane da abubuwa a cikin muhallinsu ta hanyar wannan sadarwa, gami da yin zaɓi, yanke shawara, da kurakurai. === Ciwo da barci === Ciwon ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma yana iya faruwa ne sakamakon raunin da ke tattare da wannan yanayin, tare da hanyoyi da yawa da yara ke fuskanta. Lokacin da yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa ke fama da ciwo, suna fuskantar mummunan bugun tsoka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hauer J, Houtrow AJ |date=June 2017 |title=Pain Assessment and Treatment in Children With Significant Impairment of the Central Nervous System |journal=Pediatrics |volume=139 |issue=6 |doi=10.1542/peds.2017-1002 |pmid=28562301 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ciwon yana da alaƙa da tsokoki masu tauri ko gajeru, yanayin da ba daidai ba, taurin gaɓoɓi, rashin dacewa da ƙashin ƙugu, da sauransu. Shigowar ƙugu ko rugujewa wani abu ne da ake iya gane shi a cikin yara masu fama da cutar CP musamman ma a cikin matasa. Duk da haka, isasshen maki da girman ciwon a cikin yara masu fama da cutar CP ya kasance ƙalubale. Ciwon CP yana da dalilai daban-daban, kuma ciwo daban-daban yana amsawa ga magunguna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blackman JA, Svensson CI, Marchand S |date=September 2018 |title=Pathophysiology of chronic pain in cerebral palsy: implications for pharmacological treatment and research |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=60 |issue=9 |pages=861–865 |doi=10.1111/dmcn.13930 |pmid=29882358 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai kuma yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan barci na yau da kullun sakamakon abubuwan jiki da na muhalli. Yara masu fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa suna da yawan rikicewar barci fiye da yara masu tasowa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dutt R, Roduta-Roberts M, Brown CA |date=February 2015 |title=Sleep and Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of Current Evidence and Environmental Non-Pharmacological Interventions |journal=Children |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=78–88 |doi=10.3390/children2010078 |pmc=4928749 |pmid=27417351 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Jarirai masu fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke da matsalar tauri na iya yin kuka fiye da jarirai marasa nakasa, ko kuma jarirai "marasa nakasa" na iya zama marasa gajiya. Ba a gane ciwon da ke dawwama a yara masu fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba sosai, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kingsnorth S, Orava T, Provvidenza C, Adler E, Ami N, Gresley-Jones T, Mankad D, Slonim N, Fay L, Joachimides N, Hoffman A, Hung R, Fehlings D |date=October 2015 |title=Chronic Pain Assessment Tools for Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review |journal=Pediatrics |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=e947–e960 |doi=10.1542/peds.2015-0273 |pmid=26416940 |doi-access=free}}</ref> duk da cewa yara uku cikin huɗu da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa suna fuskantar ciwo. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Novak I, Hines M, Goldsmith S, Barclay R |date=November 2012 |title=Clinical prognostic messages from a systematic review on cerebral palsy |journal=Pediatrics |volume=130 |issue=5 |pages=e1285–e1312 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-0924 |pmid=23045562 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manya da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa suma suna fuskantar ciwo fiye da sauran jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Slot WM, Benner JL, Brunton L, Engel JM, Gallien P, Hilberink SR, Månum G, Morgan P, Opheim A, Riquelme I, Rodby-Bousquet E, Şimşek TT, Thorpe DE, van den Berg-Emons RJ, Vogtle LK, Papageorgiou G, Roebroeck ME |date=May 2021 |title=Pain in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data |journal=Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine |volume=64 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.rehab.2019.12.011 |pmid=32061920 |s2cid=211134380 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Matsaloli masu alaƙa === Matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da wannan cuta sun haɗa da nakasa ta hankali, farfadiya, matsewar tsoka, rashin tafiya mai kyau, ƙashi mai tsoka, matsalolin sadarwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, matsalolin barci, da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kamar baƙin ciki da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones KB, Wilson B, Weedon D, Bilder D |date=December 2015 |title=Care of Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Cerebral Palsy |journal=FP Essentials |volume=439 |pages=26–30 |pmid=26669212}}</ref> Ana samun farfadiya a cikin yaron kafin ya kai shekara 1, ko kuma kafin ya kai shekara huɗu ko biyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sadowska M, Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I |date=12 June 2020 |title=Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=16 |pages=1505–1518 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S235165 |pmc=7297454 |pmid=32606703 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ] Baya ga waɗannan, matsalolin gastrointestinal da ke taimakawa wajen toshe hanji, amai, da maƙarƙashiya suma na iya tasowa. Manya masu fama da matsalar kwakwalwa na iya samun [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|cututtukan zuciya na ischemic]], cututtukan cerebrovascular, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], da rauni akai-akai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krigger KW |date=January 2006 |title=Cerebral palsy: an overview |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=91–100 |pmid=16417071}}</ref> [[Kiba]] a cikin mutanen da ke fama da matsalar kwakwalwa ko kuma mafi tsananin ƙididdige Tsarin Rarraba Ayyukan Mota ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan haɗari ga [[Rashin lafiya da yawa|cututtuka da yawa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cremer N, Hurvitz EA, Peterson MD |date=June 2017 |title=Multimorbidity in Middle-Aged Adults with Cerebral Palsy |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=130 |issue=6 |pages=744.e9–744.e15 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.11.044 |pmc=5502778 |pmid=28065772}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar kwakwalwa da kuma yawan kamuwa da cuta (matsalolin da ke faruwa tare) sun fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin albarkatu ko ƙananan da matsakaici idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe masu yawan kuɗi. Wannan galibi saboda bambance-bambancen ingancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya ne misali a kula da haihuwa da jarirai, waɗanda gabaɗaya sun fi kyau a ƙasashen masu yawan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahan |first=Israt |last2=Sultana |first2=Risad |last3=Laryea |first3=Francis |last4=Amponsah |first4=Samuel Kofi |last5=Danquah |first5=Frederick Inkum |last6=Muhit |first6=Mohammad |last7=Bashar |first7=Sk. Md. Kamrul |last8=Smithers-Sheedy |first8=Hayley |last9=McIntyre |first9=Sarah |last10=Badawi |first10=Nadia |last11=Khandaker |first11=Gulam |date=31 July 2024 |title=Nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy in Ghana |journal=African Journal of Disability |volume=13 |doi=10.4102/ajod.v13i0.1335}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Viswanath |first=Maya |last2=Jha |first2=Ruchika |last3=Gambhirao |first3=Ankita Dilip |last4=Kurup |first4=Arjun |last5=Badal |first5=Sachendra |last6=Kohli |first6=Sarvesh |last7=Parappil |first7=Parvathi |last8=John |first8=Biju M |last9=Adhikari |first9=Krishna Moorthi |last10=Kovilapu |first10=Uday Bhanu |last11=Sondhi |first11=Vishal |date=July 2023 |title=Comorbidities in children with cerebral palsy: a single-centre cross-sectional hospital-based study from India |journal=BMJ Open |volume=13 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072365 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdelaziem |first=Faten |last2=Turki |first2=Ilhem Ben Youssef |last3=Abdulhady |first3=Hala |last4=Hassanein |first4=Sahar M. A. |last5=Elshafey |first5=Mohamed A. |last6=Kraoua |first6=Ichraf |last7=Al Shami |first7=Abdullah |last8=Saad El-Din |first8=Lama |last9=Almasri |first9=Nihad A. |last10=Mushta |first10=Sami M. |last11=El-Sobky |first11=Tamer A. |date=16 December 2025 |title=Development of a multicenter cerebral palsy registry in three Arabic-speaking countries: Preliminary results |journal=Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research |volume=0 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.25259/JMSR_415_2025}}</ref> Wasu matsalolin lafiya za a iya ɗauka a matsayin alamun cutar kwakwalwa, don haka ba za a iya magance su yadda ya kamata ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2015 |title=Women's Health Initiative – Cerebral Palsy Foundation |url=http://yourcpf.org/womens-health-initiative/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224095224/http://yourcpf.org/womens-health-initiative/ |archive-date=24 December 2016 |access-date=23 December 2016 |website=[[Cerebral Palsy Foundation]]}}</ref> Alamomin da suka shafi hakan na iya haɗawa da apraxia, matsalar ji, rashin yin fitsari, rashin yin fitsari a bayan gida, ko matsalolin ɗabi'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ozturk M, Oktem F, Kisioglu N, Demirci M, Altuntas I, Kutluhan S, Dogan M |date=April 2006 |title=Bladder and bowel control in children with cerebral palsy: case-control study |journal=Croatian Medical Journal |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=264–270 |pmc=2080400 |pmid=16625691}}</ref> Kula da kamawa ya fi wahala ga mutanen da ke fama da CP saboda farfadiya sau da yawa tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wimalasundera N, Stevenson VL |date=June 2016 |title=Cerebral palsy |journal=Practical Neurology |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=184–194 |doi=10.1136/practneurol-2015-001184 |pmid=26837375 |s2cid=4488035}}</ref> Farfadiya da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] cututtuka ne da ke faruwa tare a cikin manya da ke fama da CP. Cututtukan da ke tattare da su waɗanda ke faruwa tare da gurguwar kwakwalwa na iya zama nakasa fiye da matsalolin aikin motsa jiki. == Dalilai == [[Fayil:Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_intermed_mag.jpg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|A cikin na'urar micrograph, ana nuna thrombosis na jijiyar tayi ( placental ), idan aka yi la'akari da vasculopathy na vasculopathy na tayi . Wannan yana da alaƙa da cutar kwakwalwa kuma yana nuna yanayin da ke iya yin coagulation sosai a matsayin tushen dalilin.]] Kwayar cutar sankarau tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ci gaba ko lalacewar da ke faruwa ga kwakwalwa mai tasowa. Wannan lalacewar na iya faruwa a lokacin daukar ciki, haihuwa, watan farko na rayuwa, ko kuma ba a cika samu ba a farkon yara. Matsalolin tsarin kwakwalwa ana ganin su a kashi 80% na lokuta, galibi a cikin farin abu . Ana kyautata zaton fiye da kashi uku cikin hudu na lokuta suna faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin da ke faruwa yayin daukar ciki. Yawancin yaran da aka haifa da cutar sankarau suna da abubuwa fiye da daya da ke da alaka da cutar sankarau. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eunson P |date=September 2016 |title=Aetiology and epidemiology of cerebral palsy |journal=[[Paediatrics and Child Health]] |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=367–372 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2016.04.011}}</ref> Kwayar cutar sankarau ba ta yaɗuwa kuma ba za a iya kamuwa da ita ba a lokacin girma. Kusan koyaushe ana samun cutar sankarau a cikin mahaifa, ko kafin haihuwa. Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta babu wani dalili da za a iya gane shi, abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan sun haɗa da matsalolin ci gaban mahaifa (misali fallasa ga radiation, kamuwa da cuta, ƙuntata girman tayi ), rashin isasshen iskar oxygen a kwakwalwa (abin da ke faruwa a cikin thrombosis, rashin isasshen mahaifa, prolapse na cibiya ), raunin haihuwa yayin haihuwa da haihuwa, da kuma rikitarwa game da haihuwa ko lokacin yarinta. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sayed Ahmed WA, Hamdy MA |date=2018-08-21 |title=Optimal management of umbilical cord prolapse |journal=International Journal of Women's Health |volume=10 |pages=459–465 |doi=10.2147/IJWH.S130879 |pmc=6109652 |pmid=30174462 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Afirka, yawan zubar jini a lokacin haihuwa, yawan bilirubin, da kuma kamuwa da cuta a cikin jarirai na tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. Ana iya hana yawancin lokuta na CP a Afirka ta hanyar samun ingantattun albarkatu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burton A |date=September 2015 |title=Fighting cerebral palsy in Africa |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=876–877 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00189-1 |pmid=26293560 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa === Tsakanin kashi 40% zuwa 50% na dukkan yaran da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa an haife su ne da wuri. Yawancin waɗannan lamuran (75-90%) ana kyautata zaton sun faru ne saboda matsalolin da ke faruwa a kusa da lokacin haihuwa, sau da yawa bayan haihuwa. Jarirai masu haihuwa da yawa suma suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar CP fiye da jarirai masu haihuwa ɗaya. Haka kuma suna da yuwuwar a haife su da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Demeši Drljan Č, Mikov A, Filipović K, Tomašević-Todorović S, Knežević A, Krasnik R |date=April 2016 |title=Cerebral palsy in preterm infants |journal=Vojnosanitetski Pregled |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=343–348 |doi=10.2298/VSP140321019D |pmid=29308865 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin waɗanda aka haifa da nauyin da ke tsakanin 1&nbsp;kg (2.2 lbs) da 1.5&nbsp;kg (3.3 lbs) CP yana faruwa a cikin kashi 6%. Daga cikin waɗanda aka haifa kafin shekaru 28&nbsp;makonni na ciki yana faruwa a cikin kashi 8%. <ref name="Osk2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2016 |title=Erratum |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=58 |issue=3 |page=316 |doi=10.1111/dmcn.12662 |pmid=26890023 |s2cid=221682193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Efn|Incorrectly stated as 11% in 2013<ref name="Osk2013" />}} Ana kyautata zaton abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rashin girma da kuma cutar kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya. Ga waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin shekaru 34 zuwa 37&nbsp;makonni haɗarin shine 0.4% (sau uku na al'ada). === Jariran da aka haifa a lokacin haihuwa === Ga jariran da aka haifa a lokacin haihuwa, abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin sun haɗa da matsalolin mahaifa, lahani a lokacin haihuwa, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, shaƙar meconium zuwa huhu, haihuwa da ke buƙatar amfani da kayan aiki ko tiyatar gaggawa ta Caesarean, asphyxia na haihuwa, farfadiya jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa, ciwon numfashi, ƙarancin sukari a jini, da kamuwa da cuta a cikin jariri. {{As of|2013}}, it was unclear how much of a role birth asphyxia plays as a cause. It is unclear if the size of the placenta plays a role. {{As of|2015}} it is evident that in advanced countries, most cases of cerebral palsy in term or near-term neonates have explanations other than asphyxia. === Halittar Halitta === [[Fayil:Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg|right|thumb|Tsarin gadon autosomal recessive]] Ba a cika ɗaukar cutar kwakwalwa a matsayin cutar kwayoyin halitta ba. Ana sa ran kimanin kashi 2% na dukkan shari'o'in CP za a gada su, inda glutamate decarboxylase-1 yana ɗaya daga cikin enzymes masu yuwuwar shiga ciki. shari'o'in gado suna da alaƙa da lalacewar kwakwalwa a lokacin haihuwa da kuma a lokacin jariri. Akwai ƙaramin kashi na shari'o'in CP da lalacewar kwakwalwa ta haifar wanda ya samo asali daga lokacin haihuwa, wanda aka kiyasta ƙasa da kashi 5% na shari'o'in CP gabaɗaya. <ref name="cdc.gov">{{Cite web |date=15 December 2020 |title=Causes and Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy &#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/cp/causes.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, babu wani dalili da ya sa wasu shari'o'in CP suka fito ne daga lalacewar kwakwalwa a lokacin haihuwa, kuma ba a san ko waɗannan shari'o'in suna da tushen kwayoyin halitta ba. <ref name="cdc.gov" /> Hypoplasia na kwakwalwa wani lokacin yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parolin Schnekenberg R, Perkins EM, Miller JW, Davies WI, D'Adamo MC, Pessia M, Fawcett KA, Sims D, Gillard E, Hudspith K, Skehel P, Williams J, O'Regan M, Jayawant S, Jefferson R, Hughes S, Lustenberger A, Ragoussis J, Jackson M, Tucker SJ, Németh AH |date=July 2015 |title=De novo point mutations in patients diagnosed with ataxic cerebral palsy |journal=Brain |volume=138 |issue=Pt 7 |pages=1817–1832 |doi=10.1093/brain/awv117 |pmc=4572487 |pmid=25981959 |quote=[...]a putative new gene had been found in Case 7, which is currently under investigation and will be presented elsewhere.}}</ref> kuma yana iya haifar da cutar ta hanyar asma . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parolin Schnekenberg R, Perkins EM, Miller JW, Davies WI, D'Adamo MC, Pessia M, Fawcett KA, Sims D, Gillard E, Hudspith K, Skehel P, Williams J, O'Regan M, Jayawant S, Jefferson R, Hughes S, Lustenberger A, Ragoussis J, Jackson M, Tucker SJ, Németh AH |date=July 2015 |title=De novo point mutations in patients diagnosed with ataxic cerebral palsy |journal=Brain |volume=138 |issue=Pt 7 |pages=1817–1832 |doi=10.1093/brain/awv117 |pmc=4572487 |pmid=25981959 |quote=Case 6 had cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and Case 7 had global cerebellar hypoplasia (vermis and cerebellar hemispheres), both these cases were clinically stable.}}</ref> === Yaro a farkon ƙuruciya === Bayan haihuwa, wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da guba, [[Shawara|jaundice]] mai tsanani, [[Guba na gubar|gubar gubar]], raunin kwakwalwa ta zahiri, [[bugun jini]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cerebral Palsy |url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/pediatric_neurosurgery/conditions/cerebral_palsy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930032633/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/pediatric_neurosurgery/conditions/cerebral_palsy.html |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=Johns Hopkins Pediatric Neurosurgery}}</ref> raunin kai mai tsanani, abubuwan da suka shafi rashin isasshen iska a kwakwalwa (kamar [[Nutsewa|kusa da nutsewa]] ), da kuma cutar [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|encephalitis]] ko [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]] . === Wasu === Cututtukan da ke cikin uwa, har ma waɗanda ba a iya gano su cikin sauƙi ba, na iya ninka haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kwakwalwa ta yaron sau uku. Kamuwa da ƙwayoyin halittar tayi da aka sani da chorioamnionitis yana ƙara haɗarin. Cin zarafin mahaifa da jarirai (wanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da kamuwa da cuta) yana ƙara haɗarin. Rashin jituwa tsakanin nau'in jinin Rh na iya haifar da garkuwar jikin uwar ta kai hari ga jajayen ƙwayoyin jinin jaririn. An yi hasashen cewa wasu lokuta na cutar kwakwalwa na faruwa ne sakamakon mutuwar da aka samu a farkon daukar ciki na tagwaye iri ɗaya. == Ganewar Ganewa == Ganewar cutar gurguwar kwakwalwa ta dogara ne a kan tarihin mutum da kuma gwajin lafiyarsa, kuma galibi ana tantance shi tun yana ƙarami. Kimanta motsi gaba ɗaya, wanda ya haɗa da auna motsin da ke faruwa kwatsam tsakanin waɗanda ba su kai watanni huɗu ba, ya fi dacewa. Yaran da suka fi fama da cutar za a iya lura da su kuma a gano su da wuri. Sautin tsoka mara kyau, jinkirin ci gaban motsi da kuma juriyar reflexes na farko sune manyan alamun farko na CP. Alamomi da ganewar asali yawanci suna faruwa ne bayan shekaru biyu, kodayake ya danganta da abubuwa kamar nakasar tsari da matsalolin haihuwa, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Cerebral Palsy from Birth Injury |url=https://www.birthinjuryguide.org/birth-injury-types/cerebral-palsy/ |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=Birth Injury Guide |language=en-US}}</ref> mutanen da ke da nau'ikan kwakwalwa masu sauƙi na nakasar kwakwalwa na iya wuce shekaru biyar, idan ba a girma ba, lokacin da aka gano su a ƙarshe. Kimantawa ta fahimta da lura da likitoci suma suna da amfani don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ganewar asali. Bugu da ƙari, kimanta motsin yaron, magana da harshe, ji, gani, tafiya, ciyarwa da narkewar abinci suma suna da amfani don tantance girman matsalar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Cerebral Palsy from Birth Injury |url=https://www.birthinjuryguide.org/birth-injury-types/cerebral-palsy/ |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=Birth Injury Guide |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.birthinjuryguide.org/birth-injury-types/cerebral-palsy/ "Cerebral Palsy from Birth Injury"]. </cite></ref> Gano cutar da wuri da kuma shiga tsakani ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na kula da cutar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Graham D, Paget SP, Wimalasundera N |date=February 2019 |title=Current thinking in the health care management of children with cerebral palsy |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=3 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.5694/mja2.12106 |pmid=30739332 |s2cid=73424991}}</ref> [[Rashin ci gaba|Nakasa ce ta ci gaba]] . Da zarar an gano mutum yana da cutar kwakwalwa, ƙarin gwaje-gwajen ganewar asali ba zaɓi bane. Ana buƙatar yin hoton jijiyoyi ta amfani da [[CT scan|CT]] ko MRI idan ba a tabbatar da musabbabin cutar kwakwalwa ta mutum ba. Ana fifita MRI fiye da CT, saboda yawan ganewar asali da aminci. Idan ba a saba ba, shaidar da aka samu daga hoton jijiyoyi na iya nuna lokacin da aka fara samun lalacewar. CT ko MRI kuma yana iya bayyana yanayin da za a iya magancewa, kamar hydrocephalus, porencephaly, arteriovenous malformation, subdural hematomas da hygromas, da ciwon vermian (wanda wasu bincike suka nuna cewa suna nan 5-22% na lokaci). Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaituwa da aka gano ta hanyar hoton jijiyoyi na iya nuna babban yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaƙa, kamar [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]] da nakasa ta hankali. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ashwal S, Russman BS, Blasco PA, Miller G, Sandler A, Shevell M, Stevenson R |date=March 2004 |title=Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebral palsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society |journal=Neurology |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=851–863 |doi=10.1212/01.WNL.0000117981.35364.1B |pmid=15037681 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai ƙaramin haɗari da ke tattare da kwantar da yara don sauƙaƙe MRI mai tsabta. Shekarun da aka gano cutar CP yana da mahimmanci, amma kwararrun likitoci ba sa jituwa kan mafi kyawun shekarun da za a yi gwajin cutar. Idan aka gano cutar CP da wuri daidai, to damar da za a samu na samar wa yaron da taimakon jiki da na ilimi, amma akwai yiwuwar samun ƙarin damar rikitar da CP da wata matsala, musamman idan yaron yana da watanni 18 ko ƙasa da haka. Jarirai na iya samun matsaloli na ɗan lokaci game da sautin tsoka ko iko wanda za a iya rikitar da shi da CP, wanda yake na dindindin. Rashin lafiyar metabolism ko ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin tsarin jijiyoyi na iya zama kamar CP; matsalolin metabolism, musamman, na iya haifar da matsalolin kwakwalwa waɗanda suka yi kama da CP akan MRI. Matsalolin da ke lalata farin abu a cikin kwakwalwa da matsalolin da ke haifar da spasms da rauni a ƙafafu, ana iya kuskuren ɗaukar CP idan sun fara bayyana da wuri a rayuwa. Duk da haka, waɗannan matsalolin suna ta'azzara akan lokaci, kuma CP ba ya (kodayake yana iya canzawa a hali). A lokacin ƙuruciya, ba zai yiwu a iya bambance su ba. A Burtaniya, rashin iya zama da kansa kafin watanni 8 ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama ta asibiti don ƙarin sa ido. Dole ne a kawar da cutar Fragile X (wanda ke haifar da autism da nakasa ta hankali) da kuma nakasa ta hankali gabaɗaya. ƙwararre kan cututtukan kwakwalwa John McLaughlin ya ba da shawarar jira har sai yaron ya kai watanni 36 kafin a yi masa ganewar asali saboda, a wannan shekarun, ƙarfin motsa jiki ya fi sauƙi a tantance shi. === Rarrabawa === Ana rarraba CP ta nau'ikan raunin motsi na gaɓoɓi ko gabobin jiki, da kuma ta hanyar ƙuntatawa ga ayyukan da wanda abin ya shafa zai iya yi. Tsarin Rarraba Ayyukan Mota Mai Girma - An Faɗaɗa da Gyara da Tsarin Rarraba Ikon Hannu Ana amfani da Tsarin Rarraba Ikon Hannu don bayyana motsi da ƙwarewar hannu a cikin mutanen da ke da cutar kwakwalwa, kuma kwanan nan an gabatar da Tsarin Rarraba Ayyukan Sadarwa, da Tsarin Rarraba Ikon Cin Abinci da Shan Ruwa don bayyana waɗannan ayyukan. Akwai manyan rarrabuwa guda uku na CP ta hanyar raunin motsi: spastic, ataxic, da dyskinetic. Bugu da ƙari, akwai nau'in gauraye wanda ke nuna haɗin fasalulluka na sauran nau'ikan. Waɗannan rarrabuwa suna nuna yankunan kwakwalwa da suka lalace. Haka kuma an rarraba cutar kwakwalwa bisa ga rarrabawar yanayin tsoka. Wannan hanyar tana rarraba yara a matsayin diplegic, (haɗa hannu biyu tare da shiga ƙafa fiye da shiga hannu), hemiplegic (haɗa hannu ɗaya), ko quadriplegic (haɗa hannu biyu tare da shiga ƙafa daidai ko fiye da shiga ƙafa). == Gudanarwa == [[Fayil:Cerebral_palsy.jpg|alt=A girl wearing leg braces walks towards a woman in a gym, with a treadmill visible in the background.|thumb|Masu bincike suna ƙirƙirar na'urar motsa jiki ta lantarki musamman ga yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa, waɗanda ke fama da faɗuwar ƙafa, wanda ke haifar da tuntuɓewa lokacin tafiya.]] A tsawon lokaci, hanyar da ake bi wajen kula da CP ta sauya daga ƙoƙarin da ake yi na magance matsalolin jiki na mutum ɗaya {{En dash}} kamar su spasticity a wani ɓangare {{En dash}} zuwa sanya irin waɗannan jiyya wani ɓangare na babban burin haɓaka 'yancin kai na mutum da kuma shiga cikin al'umma. {{Rp|886}}Duk da haka, tushen shaidar ingancin shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani da ke nuna falsafar 'yancin kai bai riga ya cika ba: ingantattun hanyoyin shiga tsakani ga tsarin jiki da ayyukansa suna da tushe mai ƙarfi na shaida, amma babu shaida don ingantattun hanyoyin shiga tsakani da aka yi niyya ga shiga tsakani, muhalli, ko abubuwan da suka shafi mutum. Haka kuma babu wata kyakkyawar shaida da za ta nuna cewa shiga tsakani da ke da tasiri a matakin takamaiman jiki zai haifar da ci gaba a matakin aiki ko akasin haka. Kodayake irin wannan fa'idar haɗuwa na iya faruwa, ba a yi isasshen bincike mai inganci don nuna hakan ba. Saboda cutar kwakwalwa tana da "tsanani da sarkakiya iri-iri" a tsawon rayuwa, ana iya ɗaukarta tarin yanayi don dalilai na gudanarwa. Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don kula da cutar kwakwalwa, mai da hankali kan "inganta aikin mutum ɗaya, zaɓi da 'yancin kai" daidai da manufofin Rarraba Aiki, Nakasa da Lafiya na Duniya . Ƙungiyar na iya haɗawa da likitan yara, mai ziyara a fannin lafiya, ma'aikacin zamantakewa, mai ilimin motsa jiki, likitan ƙashi, mai ilimin magana da harshe, mai [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|ilimin motsa jiki na aiki]], malami wanda ya ƙware wajen taimaka wa yara masu matsalar gani, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ilimi, [[Aikin tiyata na ƙashi|likitan tiyata na kashin baya]], likitan jijiyoyi da likitan jijiyoyin jini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cerebral palsy – Treatment |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cerebral-palsy/Pages/Treatment.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185635/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cerebral-palsy/Pages/Treatment.aspx |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=6 February 2017 |website=Nhs.uk |publisher=[[NHS Choices]]}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa da kuma masu kula da su da iyaye. Maganin na iya haɗawa da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan: maganin jiki; maganin aiki; maganin magana; maganin ruwa; magunguna don magance farfadiya, rage zafi, ko sassauta ciwon tsoka (misali benzodiazepines ); tiyata don gyara matsalolin jiki ko sakin tsokoki masu tauri; kayan ƙarfafa gwiwa da sauran na'urorin orthotic ; na'urorin tafiya a hankali; da kayan taimakon sadarwa kamar kwamfutoci masu haɗa muryoyi. <ref name="ninds.nih.gov">{{Cite web |title=Cerebral Palsy {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/cerebral-palsy |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Ninds.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Ana yin gyaran jiki mai ƙarfi a wasu ƙasashe, amma samun ingantattun bayanai kan tasirinsa na matsakaici da na dogon lokaci yana da ƙalubale. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ravault L, Darbois N, Pinsault N |date=July 2020 |title=Methodological Considerations to Investigate Dosage Parameters of Intensive Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Scoping Review of RCTs |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02889431/file/Ravault%2C%20Darbois%2C%20Pinsault_Scoping%20Review_Cerebral%20Palsy%20Dosage%20Intensive%20Rehabilitation%202019%20%281%29.pdf |journal=Developmental Neurorehabilitation |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=309–320 |doi=10.1080/17518423.2019.1687599 |pmid=31710245 |s2cid=207966055}}</ref> Yin tiyata ga yara masu fama da cutar CP na iya haɗawa da [[Aikin tiyata na ƙashi|tiyatar ƙashi]] ko jijiyoyi daban-daban don inganta rayuwa, kamar sakin jijiya, juyawar kwatangwalo, haɗar ƙashi, ( zaɓin dorsal rhizotomy ) ko sanya famfon baclofen a cikin jiki . Wani bita na Cochrane da aka buga a shekara ta 2004 ya gano cewa akwai wani yanayi na amfani da maganin magana da harshe ga yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa amma ya lura da buƙatar yin bincike mai inganci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pennington L, Goldbart J, Marshall J |year=2004 |title=Speech and language therapy to improve the communication skills of children with cerebral palsy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2004 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003466.pub2 |pmc=8407241 |pmid=15106204}}</ref> Wani bita na tsari na 2013 ya gano cewa yawancin magungunan da ake amfani da su don magance cutar CP ba su da tushe mai kyau; magungunan da ke da mafi kyawun shaida sune magunguna ( anticonvulsants, botulinum toxin, bisphosphonates, diazepam ), magani (horon hannu biyu, siminti, maganin motsi da ke haifar da ƙuntatawa, maganin da ya mayar da hankali kan mahallin, horon motsa jiki, horon da aka shirya da manufa, sa ido kan kugu, shirye-shiryen gida, maganin aiki bayan gubar botulinum, kula da matsin lamba) da tiyata. Akwai kuma bincike kan ko matsayin barci zai iya inganta ƙaurar kugu, amma har yanzu babu wani bincike mai inganci don tallafawa wannan ka'idar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blake SF, Logan S, Humphreys G, Matthews J, Rogers M, Thompson-Coon J, Wyatt K, Morris C |year=2015 |title=Sleep positioning systems for children with cerebral palsy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009257.pub2 |pmc=8761500 |pmid=26524348}}</ref> Takardun bincike kuma suna kira da a cimma matsaya kan matakan sakamako wanda zai ba masu bincike damar yin bincike mai zurfi. Hakanan, kalmomin da ake amfani da su don bayyana orthoses <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eddison N, Mulholland M, Chockalingam N |date=August 2017 |title=Do research papers provide enough information on design and material used in ankle foot orthoses for children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review |journal=Journal of Children's Orthopaedics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=263–271 |doi=10.1302/1863-2548.11.160256 |pmc=5584494 |pmid=28904631}}</ref> suna buƙatar daidaitawa don tabbatar da cewa ana iya sake maimaita nazarin kuma a kwatanta su cikin sauƙi da kimantawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kvvpbi9vyctnn7s72w348gxg24u3agc 856823 856819 2026-06-14T10:48:53Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwayar cutar kwakwalwa''' ( '''CP''' ) rukuni ne na matsalolin motsi da ke bayyana a farkon yara. Alamomi da alamun sun bambanta tsakanin mutane kuma akan lokaci, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haak P, Lenski M, Hidecker MJ, Li M, Paneth N |date=October 2009 |title=Cerebral palsy and aging |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=16–23 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03428.x |pmc=4183123 |pmid=19740206}}</ref> amma sun haɗa da rashin daidaituwa, tsokoki masu tauri, tsokoki masu rauni, da rawar jiki . Akwai matsaloli game da ji, gani, [[ji]], da magana . Sau da yawa, jarirai masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa ba sa juyawa, zama, rarrafe ko tafiya da wuri kamar sauran yara. Sauran alamun na iya haɗawa da farfadiya da matsalolin tunani ko tunani . Duk da cewa alamun na iya zama a bayyane a cikin shekarun farko na rayuwa, matsalolin da ke haifar da su ba sa ta'azzara akan lokaci. Kwayar cutar sankarau tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ci gaba ko lalacewar sassan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke sarrafa motsi, daidaito, da kuma yanayin jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cerebral Palsy: Overview |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072205/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017 |website=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref> Sau da yawa, matsalolin suna faruwa ne a lokacin daukar ciki, amma suna iya faruwa yayin haihuwa ko kuma bayan haka. Sau da yawa kwakwalwa za ta lalace yayin ci gaban jijiyoyi na haihuwa, <ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Dilip R. |last2=Bovid |first2=Karen M. |last3=Rausch |first3=Rebecca |last4=Ergun-Longmire |first4=Berrin |last5=Goetting |first5=Mark |last6=Merrick |first6=Joav |date=November 2024 |title=Cerebral palsy in children: A clinical practice review |journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care |volume=54 |issue=11 |doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2024.101673 |issn=1538-3199 |pmid=39168782}}</ref> kuma sau da yawa ba a san musabbabin ba. Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa, kasancewar [[tagwaye]], wasu cututtuka ko kamuwa da methylmercury yayin daukar ciki, wahalar haihuwa, da rauni a kai a cikin 'yan shekarun farko na rayuwa. Wani bincike da aka buga a 2024 ya nuna cewa [[Ga do|dalilan gado na kwayoyin halitta]] suna taka rawa a cikin kashi 25% na lokuta, inda a da aka yi imanin cewa kashi 2% na lokuta an gano su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta. A ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaicin kuɗi, cutar sankarau ta fi yawa. <ref name="auto1" /> An rarraba ƙananan nau'ikan, bisa ga takamaiman matsalolin da ke akwai. Misali, waɗanda ke da tauri tsokoki suna da spastic cerebral palsy, rashin daidaituwa a motsi suna da ataxic cerebral palsy, kuma motsi na juyawa suna da dyskinetic cerebral palsy . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, Dan B, Jacobsson B |date=February 2007 |title=A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006 |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. Supplement |volume=109 |pages=8–14 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x |pmid=17370477 |s2cid=24504486 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ganewar cutar ta dogara ne akan ci gaban yaron. Ana iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen jini da hotunan likita don kawar da wasu dalilai masu yuwuwar. Ana iya hana wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar CP ta hanyar allurar rigakafi ga uwa, da kuma ƙoƙarin hana raunin kai ga yara kamar inganta tsaro. Babu wani magani da aka sani ga CP, amma jiyya mai taimako, magani da tiyata na iya taimakawa mutane. Wannan na iya haɗawa da [[Gyaran jiki|maganin jiki]], maganin aiki da maganin magana . Ƙananan bincike da yawa a China sun gano ingantattun sakamako tare da amfani da Mouse NGF, kuma maganin yana samuwa a [[Sin|China]] tun 2003. Magunguna kamar diazepam, baclofen da botulinum toxin na iya taimakawa wajen kwantar da tsokoki masu tauri. Tiyata na iya haɗawa da tsawaita tsokoki da yanke jijiyoyi masu aiki da yawa . Sau da yawa, kayan haɗin gwiwa na waje da Lycra splints da sauran fasahar taimako suna da amfani da motsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Elliott CM, Reid SL, Alderson JA, Elliott BC |date=2011-02-01 |title=Lycra arm splints in conjunction with goal-directed training can improve movement in children with cerebral palsy |journal=NeuroRehabilitation |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=47–54 |doi=10.3233/nre-2011-0631 |pmid=21335677}}</ref> Wasu yara da abin ya shafa na iya cimma kusan rayuwar manya ta yau da kullun tare da magani mai dacewa. Duk da yake ana yawan amfani da wasu magunguna, babu wata shaida da ke tallafawa amfani da su. Ana duba yiwuwar magunguna, gami da maganin ƙwayoyin halitta . Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko yana da tasiri kuma yana da aminci. Kwayar cutar sankarau ita ce matsalar motsi da ta fi yawa a cikin yara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=How many people are affected? |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/conditioninfo/Pages/how-common.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134614/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/conditioninfo/Pages/how-common.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=4 March 2015 |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref> tana faruwa a cikin kimanin 2.1 cikin kowace haihuwa 1,000 da aka haifa. An rubuta ta a cikin tarihi, tare da bayanin farko da aka sani ya faru a cikin aikin Hippocrates a ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. An fara bincike mai zurfi a ƙarni na 19 ta William John Little, wanda daga bayansa aka kira spastic diplegia "cutar Little". William Osler ya sanya mata suna "kwayar cutar sankarau" daga {{Lang|de|zerebrale Kinderlähmung}} na Jamus (shanyewar kwakwalwa ga yara). <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is cerebral palsy? |url=http://cpapinfo.com/What_is_Cerebral_Palsy.php?menu=About%20Us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220051952/http://cpapinfo.com/What_is_Cerebral_Palsy.php?menu=About%20Us |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |publisher=The Cerebral Palsied Association of the Philippines Inc.}}</ref> Adabin tarihi da kuma wakilcin fasaha da ke nuni ga alamun shanyewar kwakwalwa sun nuna cewa an san wannan yanayin a zamanin da, suna siffanta shi da "tsohuwar cuta". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Shao-jun |last2=Wang |first2=Xiu-li |date=2007–2008 |title=Retrospect of the history of cerebral palsy cognition |journal=Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi (Beijing, China: 1980) |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=158–162 |issn=0255-7053 |pmid=24915654}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == An bayyana cutar kwakwalwa a matsayin "rukunin cututtuka na dindindin na ci gaban motsi da matsayi, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin aiki, wanda aka danganta da rikice-rikice marasa ci gaba waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwar tayin da ke tasowa ko jariri." Duk da cewa matsalolin motsi sune babban abin da ke haifar da CP, matsaloli game da tunani, koyo, ji, sadarwa da hali galibi suna faruwa tare, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Song CS |date=May 2013 |title=Relationships between Physical and Cognitive Functioning and Activities of Daily Living in Children with Cerebral Palsy |journal=Journal of Physical Therapy Science |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=619–622 |doi=10.1589/jpts.25.619 |pmc=3804975 |pmid=24259815}}</ref> tare da 28% suna da [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], 58% suna da matsaloli tare da sadarwa, aƙalla 42% suna da matsala tare da gani, da 23 {{En dash}} 56% suna da nakasa ta koyo . Ana tsammanin matsewar tsoka a cikin mutanen da ke da matsalar kwakwalwa mai girma da ke da alaƙa da cutar kwakwalwa ta samo asali ne daga yawan aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mathewson MA, Lieber RL |date=February 2015 |title=Pathophysiology of muscle contractures in cerebral palsy |journal=Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=57–67 |doi=10.1016/j.pmr.2014.09.005 |pmc=4258234 |pmid=25479779}}</ref> Kodayake yawancin mutanen da ke da CP suna da matsala tare da ƙarar tsoka, wasu suna da ƙarancin tsoka maimakon haka. Babban sautin tsoka na iya zama saboda spasticity ko dystonia . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith M, Kurian MA |date=September 2016 |title=The medical management of cerebral palsy |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1497973/ |journal=[[Paediatrics and Child Health]] |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=378–382 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2016.04.013}}</ref> Jariran da aka haifa da cutar kwakwalwa mai tsanani sau da yawa suna da yanayin da ba daidai ba; jikinsu na iya zama ko dai mai lanƙwasa ko kuma mai tauri sosai. Nakasassun haihuwa, kamar lanƙwasa kashin baya, ƙaramin ƙashin muƙamuƙi, ko ƙaramin kai wani lokacin yana faruwa tare da CP. Alamomin na iya bayyana ko canzawa yayin da yaro ya tsufa. Jariran da aka haifa da cutar kwakwalwa ba sa bayyana nan da nan tare da alamun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=15 March 2017 |title=Symptoms of Cerebral palsy |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cerebral-palsy/pages/symptoms.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407054231/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cerebral-palsy/pages/symptoms.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |website=NHS Choices |publisher=NHS Gov.UK}}</ref> A al'ada, cutar kwakwalwa tana bayyana lokacin da jaririn ya kai matakin ci gaba a watanni 6 zuwa 9 kuma ya fara motsawa, inda aka ga ana amfani da gaɓoɓi, rashin daidaituwa, ko jinkirin ci gaban motsi. Sanyi ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa, wanda zai iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban ciki har da ƙin yarda da jama'a, rashin iya magana, lalacewar tufafi da littattafai, da kuma kamuwa da baki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walshe M, Smith M, Pennington L |date=November 2012 |title=Interventions for drooling in children with cerebral palsy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=11 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008624.pub3 |pmc=11664232 |pmid=23152263}}</ref> Hakanan yana iya haifar da shaƙewa. <ref name=":2" /> Matsakaicin kashi 55.5% na mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa suna fuskantar alamun ƙananan hanyoyin fitsari, wanda galibi ya fi yawan matsalolin ajiya fiye da matsalolin fitar fitsari. Waɗanda ke da matsalar fitar fitsari da yawan motsa jiki a ƙasan ƙashin ƙugu na iya lalacewa yayin da suke girma kuma suna fuskantar [[Upper urinary tract dysfunction|matsalar rashin aikin mafitsara ta sama]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Samijn B, Van Laecke E, Renson C, Hoebeke P, Plasschaert F, Vande Walle J, Van den Broeck C |date=March 2017 |title=Lower urinary tract symptoms and urodynamic findings in children and adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review |journal=Neurourology and Urodynamics |type=Submitted manuscript |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=541–549 |doi=10.1002/nau.22982 |pmid=26894322 |s2cid=34807855 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara masu fama da cutar CP suma suna iya samun matsalolin sarrafa ji . Manya masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa suna da haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar numfashi . === Ƙwaƙwalwa === Domin ƙasusuwa su kai ga siffarsu da girmansu na yau da kullun, suna buƙatar damuwa daga tsokoki na yau da kullun. Mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa suna cikin haɗarin ƙarancin yawan ma'adanai na ƙashi . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ozel S, Switzer L, Macintosh A, Fehlings D |date=September 2016 |title=Informing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for children with cerebral palsy at risk of osteoporosis: an update |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=58 |issue=9 |pages=918–923 |doi=10.1111/dmcn.13196 |pmid=27435427 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shafts na ƙasusuwa galibi siriri ne (mai laushi), kuma suna zama siriri yayin girma. Idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan siririn shafts ( diaphyses ), cibiyoyin ( metaphyses ) galibi suna bayyana a girma sosai (ballooning). Saboda matsewar haɗin gwiwa fiye da yadda aka saba da shi wanda rashin daidaiton tsoka ke haifarwa, guringuntsi na articular na iya raguwa, {{Rp|46}}yana haifar da kunkuntar wurare na haɗin gwiwa. Dangane da matakin spasticity, mutumin da ke da siffar spastic na CP na iya nuna nau'ikan nakasar haɗin gwiwa mai kusurwa iri-iri. Saboda jikin ƙashi yana buƙatar ƙarfin nauyi na tsaye don haɓaka yadda ya kamata, spasticity da tafiya mara kyau na iya hana ci gaban ƙashi da ƙashi daidai ko cikakken. Mutanen da ke da CP galibi suna da gajeru a tsayi fiye da matsakaicin mutum saboda ba a barin ƙasusuwansu su girma zuwa cikakken ƙarfinsu ba. Wani lokaci ƙasusuwa suna girma zuwa tsayi daban-daban, don haka mutumin yana iya samun ƙafa ɗaya fiye da ɗayan. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riad J, Finnbogason T, Broström E |date=December 2010 |title=Leg length discrepancy in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study |journal=Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=846–850 |doi=10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181fc35dd |pmid=21102211 |s2cid=46608602 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim HS, Son SM |date=August 2022 |title=Limb Length Discrepancy and Corticospinal Tract Disruption in Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy |journal=Children |volume=9 |issue=8 |page=1198 |doi=10.3390/children9081198 |pmc=9406518 |pmid=36010088 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara masu fama da CP suna da saurin samun [[Low trauma fractures|karaya mai rauni]], musamman yara masu matakan Tsarin Rarraba Motoci (GMFCS) mafi girma waɗanda ba za su iya tafiya ba. Wannan yana ƙara shafar motsin yaro, ƙarfi, da kuma jin zafi, kuma yana iya haifar da rashin zuwa makaranta ko kuma zargin cin zarafin yara. Waɗannan yaran galibi suna da karaya a ƙafafu, yayin da yaran da ba su da cutar galibi suna karyewa a hannayensu a cikin mahallin wasanni. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Veilleux LN, Rauch F |date=October 2017 |title=Muscle-Bone Interactions in Pediatric Bone Diseases |journal=Current Osteoporosis Reports |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1007/s11914-017-0396-6 |pmid=28856575 |s2cid=39445049}}</ref> Rushewar kugu da kuma gurɓatar idon ƙafa ko nakasar lanƙwasa ta plantar su ne nakasar guda biyu da suka fi yawa a tsakanin yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa. Bugu da ƙari, nakasar lanƙwasa ta kugu da gwiwa na iya faruwa. Haka kuma ana samun nakasar lanƙwasa ta dogayen ƙasusuwa kamar femur da tibia, da sauransu. Yara na iya kamuwa da scoliosis kafin shekaru 10 - an kiyasta yawan scoliosis a cikin yara masu fama da CP yana tsakanin 21% zuwa 64%. Matakan rashin lafiya mafi girma a kan GFCS suna da alaƙa da scoliosis da ruɓewar kugu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rutz E, Brunner R |date=November 2013 |title=Management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy: conservative treatment |journal=Journal of Children's Orthopaedics |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=415–418 |doi=10.1007/s11832-013-0516-5 |pmc=3838520 |pmid=24432104}}</ref> Ana iya gyara scoliosis da tiyata, amma CP yana sa rikitarwa na tiyata ya fi yiwuwa, koda tare da ingantattun dabaru. Ana iya sarrafa ƙaura ta kugu ta hanyar hanyoyin laushi kamar sakin tsokar adductor. Ana iya sarrafa matakan ƙaura ta kugu ko ruɓewa ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka fi yawa kamar su osteotomies na gyaran femoral da pelvic. Tsarin nama mai laushi da ƙashi yana da nufin hana karyewar kwatangwalo a farkon matakai ko kuma nufin hana ƙugu da dawo da tsarin jiki a ƙarshen matakai na cutar. Ana sarrafa nakasar equinus ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka saba wa ka'ida musamman idan ta yi ƙarfi. Idan nakasar da ta tsaya cak/ta tsayayye ta faru, tiyata na iya zama dole. [[Samartaka|Ƙara girman jiki]] a lokacin [[balaga]] na iya sa tafiya ta fi wahala ga mutanen da ke da CP da kuma yawan tsoka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roberts A |date=September 2012 |title=The surgical treatment of cerebral palsy |journal=[[Paediatrics and Child Health]] |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=377–383 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2012.03.004}}</ref> === Cin abinci === Saboda matsalar ji da motsin jiki, waɗanda ke da matsalar CP na iya fuskantar matsala wajen shirya abinci, riƙe kayan aiki, ko taunawa da haɗiyewa. Jariri mai fama da CP ba zai iya tsotsewa, haɗiyewa ko taunawa ba. Ciwon hanji da makogwaro ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yara masu fama da CP. Yara masu fama da CP na iya samun ƙarancin ko kuma yawan jin zafi a kusa da baki. Rashin daidaito lokacin zama, rashin iko kan kai, baki, da gangar jiki, rashin iya lanƙwasa kwatangwalo yadda zai ba da damar hannayen su miƙe gaba don isa ga abinci ko kayan aiki, da rashin daidaita hannu da ido na iya sa ciyar da kai ya zama da wahala. Matsalolin ciyarwa suna da alaƙa da matakan GFCS mafi girma. Matsalolin hakori kuma na iya haifar da matsaloli wajen cin abinci. [[Ciwon huhu]] kuma ya zama ruwan dare inda ake samun matsalolin cin abinci, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon sha'awar abinci ko ruwa ba a gano ba. Ƙwarewar yatsu masu kyau, kamar wanda ake buƙata don ɗaukar kayan aiki, galibi yana da nakasa fiye da ƙwarewar hannu, kamar wanda ake buƙata don cokalin abinci a kan faranti. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2014)">ba a buƙatar tushen asali ba</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Rashin ƙarfin riƙo ba abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ba. Yara masu fama da matsalar kwakwalwa mai tsanani, musamman masu matsalar pharyngeal, suna cikin haɗarin rashin abinci mai gina jiki . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bell KL, Samson-Fang L |date=December 2013 |title=Nutritional management of children with cerebral palsy |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=67 Suppl 2 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S13–S16 |doi=10.1038/ejcn.2013.225 |pmid=24301003 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gano cewa gwajin fata na Triceps a matsayin wata alama mai inganci ta [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] ga yara masu matsalar kwakwalwa. ] Saboda ƙalubalen ciyarwa, shaidu sun nuna cewa yara masu matsalar kwakwalwa suna cikin haɗarin rashin abinci mai gina jiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donkor CM, Lee J, Lelijveld N, Adams M, Baltussen MM, Nyante GG, Kerac M, Polack S, Zuurmond M |date=January 2019 |title=Improving nutritional status of children with Cerebral palsy: a qualitative study of caregiver experiences and community-based training in Ghana |journal=Food Science & Nutrition |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=35–43 |doi=10.1002/fsn3.788 |pmc=6341142 |pmid=30680157}}</ref> === Harshe === Matsalolin magana da harshe sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa. An kiyasta cewa yawan kamuwa da cutar [[dysarthria]] ya kama daga kashi 31% zuwa 88%, kuma kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mutanen da ke fama da cutar CP ba sa magana. Matsalolin magana suna da alaƙa da rashin isasshen ikon sarrafa numfashi, matsalar laryngeal da velopharyngeal, da kuma matsalolin articulation na baki waɗanda suka faru saboda ƙarancin motsi a cikin tsokoki na baki da fuska. Akwai manyan nau'ikan dysarthria guda uku a cikin cutar kwakwalwa: spastic, dyskinetic (athetotic), da ataxic. Amfani da tsarin sadarwa mai ƙarawa da madadin da wuri na iya taimaka wa yaron wajen haɓaka ƙwarewar harshe. Jimlar jinkirin harshe yana da alaƙa da matsalolin fahimta, [[Rashin ji|kurma]], da rashin taimako da aka koya . Yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa suna cikin haɗarin rashin taimako da aka koya kuma suna zama masu sadarwa marasa aiki, suna fara sadarwa kaɗan. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pennington L |date=2008-09-01 |title=Cerebral palsy and communication |url=https://www.paediatricsandchildhealthjournal.co.uk/article/S1751-7222(08)00130-3/abstract |journal=Paediatrics and Child Health |language=English |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=405–409 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2008.05.013 |issn=1751-7222}}</ref> Shiga tsakani da farko da wannan abokin ciniki, da iyayensu, galibi yana kai hari ga yanayi inda yara ke sadarwa da wasu don su koyi cewa za su iya sarrafa mutane da abubuwa a cikin muhallinsu ta hanyar wannan sadarwa, gami da yin zaɓi, yanke shawara, da kurakurai. === Ciwo da barci === Ciwon ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma yana iya faruwa ne sakamakon raunin da ke tattare da wannan yanayin, tare da hanyoyi da yawa da yara ke fuskanta. Lokacin da yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa ke fama da ciwo, suna fuskantar mummunan bugun tsoka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hauer J, Houtrow AJ |date=June 2017 |title=Pain Assessment and Treatment in Children With Significant Impairment of the Central Nervous System |journal=Pediatrics |volume=139 |issue=6 |doi=10.1542/peds.2017-1002 |pmid=28562301 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ciwon yana da alaƙa da tsokoki masu tauri ko gajeru, yanayin da ba daidai ba, taurin gaɓoɓi, rashin dacewa da ƙashin ƙugu, da sauransu. Shigowar ƙugu ko rugujewa wani abu ne da ake iya gane shi a cikin yara masu fama da cutar CP musamman ma a cikin matasa. Duk da haka, isasshen maki da girman ciwon a cikin yara masu fama da cutar CP ya kasance ƙalubale. Ciwon CP yana da dalilai daban-daban, kuma ciwo daban-daban yana amsawa ga magunguna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blackman JA, Svensson CI, Marchand S |date=September 2018 |title=Pathophysiology of chronic pain in cerebral palsy: implications for pharmacological treatment and research |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=60 |issue=9 |pages=861–865 |doi=10.1111/dmcn.13930 |pmid=29882358 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai kuma yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan barci na yau da kullun sakamakon abubuwan jiki da na muhalli. Yara masu fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa suna da yawan rikicewar barci fiye da yara masu tasowa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dutt R, Roduta-Roberts M, Brown CA |date=February 2015 |title=Sleep and Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of Current Evidence and Environmental Non-Pharmacological Interventions |journal=Children |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=78–88 |doi=10.3390/children2010078 |pmc=4928749 |pmid=27417351 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Jarirai masu fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke da matsalar tauri na iya yin kuka fiye da jarirai marasa nakasa, ko kuma jarirai "marasa nakasa" na iya zama marasa gajiya. Ba a gane ciwon da ke dawwama a yara masu fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba sosai, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kingsnorth S, Orava T, Provvidenza C, Adler E, Ami N, Gresley-Jones T, Mankad D, Slonim N, Fay L, Joachimides N, Hoffman A, Hung R, Fehlings D |date=October 2015 |title=Chronic Pain Assessment Tools for Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review |journal=Pediatrics |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=e947–e960 |doi=10.1542/peds.2015-0273 |pmid=26416940 |doi-access=free}}</ref> duk da cewa yara uku cikin huɗu da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa suna fuskantar ciwo. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Novak I, Hines M, Goldsmith S, Barclay R |date=November 2012 |title=Clinical prognostic messages from a systematic review on cerebral palsy |journal=Pediatrics |volume=130 |issue=5 |pages=e1285–e1312 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-0924 |pmid=23045562 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manya da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa suma suna fuskantar ciwo fiye da sauran jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Slot WM, Benner JL, Brunton L, Engel JM, Gallien P, Hilberink SR, Månum G, Morgan P, Opheim A, Riquelme I, Rodby-Bousquet E, Şimşek TT, Thorpe DE, van den Berg-Emons RJ, Vogtle LK, Papageorgiou G, Roebroeck ME |date=May 2021 |title=Pain in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data |journal=Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine |volume=64 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.rehab.2019.12.011 |pmid=32061920 |s2cid=211134380 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Matsaloli masu alaƙa === Matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da wannan cuta sun haɗa da nakasa ta hankali, farfadiya, matsewar tsoka, rashin tafiya mai kyau, ƙashi mai tsoka, matsalolin sadarwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, matsalolin barci, da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kamar baƙin ciki da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones KB, Wilson B, Weedon D, Bilder D |date=December 2015 |title=Care of Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Cerebral Palsy |journal=FP Essentials |volume=439 |pages=26–30 |pmid=26669212}}</ref> Ana samun farfadiya a cikin yaron kafin ya kai shekara 1, ko kuma kafin ya kai shekara huɗu ko biyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sadowska M, Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I |date=12 June 2020 |title=Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=16 |pages=1505–1518 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S235165 |pmc=7297454 |pmid=32606703 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ] Baya ga waɗannan, matsalolin gastrointestinal da ke taimakawa wajen toshe hanji, amai, da maƙarƙashiya suma na iya tasowa. Manya masu fama da matsalar kwakwalwa na iya samun [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|cututtukan zuciya na ischemic]], cututtukan cerebrovascular, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], da rauni akai-akai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krigger KW |date=January 2006 |title=Cerebral palsy: an overview |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=91–100 |pmid=16417071}}</ref> [[Kiba]] a cikin mutanen da ke fama da matsalar kwakwalwa ko kuma mafi tsananin ƙididdige Tsarin Rarraba Ayyukan Mota ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan haɗari ga [[Rashin lafiya da yawa|cututtuka da yawa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cremer N, Hurvitz EA, Peterson MD |date=June 2017 |title=Multimorbidity in Middle-Aged Adults with Cerebral Palsy |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=130 |issue=6 |pages=744.e9–744.e15 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.11.044 |pmc=5502778 |pmid=28065772}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar kwakwalwa da kuma yawan kamuwa da cuta (matsalolin da ke faruwa tare) sun fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin albarkatu ko ƙananan da matsakaici idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe masu yawan kuɗi. Wannan galibi saboda bambance-bambancen ingancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya ne misali a kula da haihuwa da jarirai, waɗanda gabaɗaya sun fi kyau a ƙasashen masu yawan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahan |first=Israt |last2=Sultana |first2=Risad |last3=Laryea |first3=Francis |last4=Amponsah |first4=Samuel Kofi |last5=Danquah |first5=Frederick Inkum |last6=Muhit |first6=Mohammad |last7=Bashar |first7=Sk. Md. Kamrul |last8=Smithers-Sheedy |first8=Hayley |last9=McIntyre |first9=Sarah |last10=Badawi |first10=Nadia |last11=Khandaker |first11=Gulam |date=31 July 2024 |title=Nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy in Ghana |journal=African Journal of Disability |volume=13 |doi=10.4102/ajod.v13i0.1335}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Viswanath |first=Maya |last2=Jha |first2=Ruchika |last3=Gambhirao |first3=Ankita Dilip |last4=Kurup |first4=Arjun |last5=Badal |first5=Sachendra |last6=Kohli |first6=Sarvesh |last7=Parappil |first7=Parvathi |last8=John |first8=Biju M |last9=Adhikari |first9=Krishna Moorthi |last10=Kovilapu |first10=Uday Bhanu |last11=Sondhi |first11=Vishal |date=July 2023 |title=Comorbidities in children with cerebral palsy: a single-centre cross-sectional hospital-based study from India |journal=BMJ Open |volume=13 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072365 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdelaziem |first=Faten |last2=Turki |first2=Ilhem Ben Youssef |last3=Abdulhady |first3=Hala |last4=Hassanein |first4=Sahar M. A. |last5=Elshafey |first5=Mohamed A. |last6=Kraoua |first6=Ichraf |last7=Al Shami |first7=Abdullah |last8=Saad El-Din |first8=Lama |last9=Almasri |first9=Nihad A. |last10=Mushta |first10=Sami M. |last11=El-Sobky |first11=Tamer A. |date=16 December 2025 |title=Development of a multicenter cerebral palsy registry in three Arabic-speaking countries: Preliminary results |journal=Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research |volume=0 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.25259/JMSR_415_2025}}</ref> Wasu matsalolin lafiya za a iya ɗauka a matsayin alamun cutar kwakwalwa, don haka ba za a iya magance su yadda ya kamata ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2015 |title=Women's Health Initiative – Cerebral Palsy Foundation |url=http://yourcpf.org/womens-health-initiative/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224095224/http://yourcpf.org/womens-health-initiative/ |archive-date=24 December 2016 |access-date=23 December 2016 |website=[[Cerebral Palsy Foundation]]}}</ref> Alamomin da suka shafi hakan na iya haɗawa da apraxia, matsalar ji, rashin yin fitsari, rashin yin fitsari a bayan gida, ko matsalolin ɗabi'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ozturk M, Oktem F, Kisioglu N, Demirci M, Altuntas I, Kutluhan S, Dogan M |date=April 2006 |title=Bladder and bowel control in children with cerebral palsy: case-control study |journal=Croatian Medical Journal |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=264–270 |pmc=2080400 |pmid=16625691}}</ref> Kula da kamawa ya fi wahala ga mutanen da ke fama da CP saboda farfadiya sau da yawa tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wimalasundera N, Stevenson VL |date=June 2016 |title=Cerebral palsy |journal=Practical Neurology |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=184–194 |doi=10.1136/practneurol-2015-001184 |pmid=26837375 |s2cid=4488035}}</ref> Farfadiya da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] cututtuka ne da ke faruwa tare a cikin manya da ke fama da CP. Cututtukan da ke tattare da su waɗanda ke faruwa tare da gurguwar kwakwalwa na iya zama nakasa fiye da matsalolin aikin motsa jiki. == Dalilai == [[Fayil:Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_intermed_mag.jpg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|A cikin na'urar micrograph, ana nuna thrombosis na jijiyar tayi ( placental ), idan aka yi la'akari da vasculopathy na vasculopathy na tayi . Wannan yana da alaƙa da cutar kwakwalwa kuma yana nuna yanayin da ke iya yin coagulation sosai a matsayin tushen dalilin.]] Kwayar cutar sankarau tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ci gaba ko lalacewar da ke faruwa ga kwakwalwa mai tasowa. Wannan lalacewar na iya faruwa a lokacin daukar ciki, haihuwa, watan farko na rayuwa, ko kuma ba a cika samu ba a farkon yara. Matsalolin tsarin kwakwalwa ana ganin su a kashi 80% na lokuta, galibi a cikin farin abu . Ana kyautata zaton fiye da kashi uku cikin hudu na lokuta suna faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin da ke faruwa yayin daukar ciki. Yawancin yaran da aka haifa da cutar sankarau suna da abubuwa fiye da daya da ke da alaka da cutar sankarau. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eunson P |date=September 2016 |title=Aetiology and epidemiology of cerebral palsy |journal=[[Paediatrics and Child Health]] |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=367–372 |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2016.04.011}}</ref> Kwayar cutar sankarau ba ta yaɗuwa kuma ba za a iya kamuwa da ita ba a lokacin girma. Kusan koyaushe ana samun cutar sankarau a cikin mahaifa, ko kafin haihuwa. Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta babu wani dalili da za a iya gane shi, abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan sun haɗa da matsalolin ci gaban mahaifa (misali fallasa ga radiation, kamuwa da cuta, ƙuntata girman tayi ), rashin isasshen iskar oxygen a kwakwalwa (abin da ke faruwa a cikin thrombosis, rashin isasshen mahaifa, prolapse na cibiya ), raunin haihuwa yayin haihuwa da haihuwa, da kuma rikitarwa game da haihuwa ko lokacin yarinta. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sayed Ahmed WA, Hamdy MA |date=2018-08-21 |title=Optimal management of umbilical cord prolapse |journal=International Journal of Women's Health |volume=10 |pages=459–465 |doi=10.2147/IJWH.S130879 |pmc=6109652 |pmid=30174462 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Afirka, yawan zubar jini a lokacin haihuwa, yawan bilirubin, da kuma kamuwa da cuta a cikin jarirai na tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. Ana iya hana yawancin lokuta na CP a Afirka ta hanyar samun ingantattun albarkatu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burton A |date=September 2015 |title=Fighting cerebral palsy in Africa |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=876–877 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00189-1 |pmid=26293560 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa === Tsakanin kashi 40% zuwa 50% na dukkan yaran da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa an haife su ne da wuri. Yawancin waɗannan lamuran (75-90%) ana kyautata zaton sun faru ne saboda matsalolin da ke faruwa a kusa da lokacin haihuwa, sau da yawa bayan haihuwa. Jarirai masu haihuwa da yawa suma suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar CP fiye da jarirai masu haihuwa ɗaya. Haka kuma suna da yuwuwar a haife su da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Demeši Drljan Č, Mikov A, Filipović K, Tomašević-Todorović S, Knežević A, Krasnik R |date=April 2016 |title=Cerebral palsy in preterm infants |journal=Vojnosanitetski Pregled |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=343–348 |doi=10.2298/VSP140321019D |pmid=29308865 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin waɗanda aka haifa da nauyin da ke tsakanin 1&nbsp;kg (2.2 lbs) da 1.5&nbsp;kg (3.3 lbs) CP yana faruwa a cikin kashi 6%. Daga cikin waɗanda aka haifa kafin shekaru 28&nbsp;makonni na ciki yana faruwa a cikin kashi 8%. <ref name="Osk2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2016 |title=Erratum |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=58 |issue=3 |page=316 |doi=10.1111/dmcn.12662 |pmid=26890023 |s2cid=221682193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Efn|Incorrectly stated as 11% in 2013<ref name="Osk2013" />}} Ana kyautata zaton abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rashin girma da kuma cutar kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya. Ga waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin shekaru 34 zuwa 37&nbsp;makonni haɗarin shine 0.4% (sau uku na al'ada). === Jariran da aka haifa a lokacin haihuwa === Ga jariran da aka haifa a lokacin haihuwa, abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin sun haɗa da matsalolin mahaifa, lahani a lokacin haihuwa, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, shaƙar meconium zuwa huhu, haihuwa da ke buƙatar amfani da kayan aiki ko tiyatar gaggawa ta Caesarean, asphyxia na haihuwa, farfadiya jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa, ciwon numfashi, ƙarancin sukari a jini, da kamuwa da cuta a cikin jariri. {{As of|2013}}, it was unclear how much of a role birth asphyxia plays as a cause. It is unclear if the size of the placenta plays a role. {{As of|2015}} it is evident that in advanced countries, most cases of cerebral palsy in term or near-term neonates have explanations other than asphyxia. === Halittar Halitta === [[Fayil:Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg|right|thumb|Tsarin gadon autosomal recessive]] Ba a cika ɗaukar cutar kwakwalwa a matsayin cutar kwayoyin halitta ba. Ana sa ran kimanin kashi 2% na dukkan shari'o'in CP za a gada su, inda glutamate decarboxylase-1 yana ɗaya daga cikin enzymes masu yuwuwar shiga ciki. shari'o'in gado suna da alaƙa da lalacewar kwakwalwa a lokacin haihuwa da kuma a lokacin jariri. Akwai ƙaramin kashi na shari'o'in CP da lalacewar kwakwalwa ta haifar wanda ya samo asali daga lokacin haihuwa, wanda aka kiyasta ƙasa da kashi 5% na shari'o'in CP gabaɗaya. <ref name="cdc.gov">{{Cite web |date=15 December 2020 |title=Causes and Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy &#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/cp/causes.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, babu wani dalili da ya sa wasu shari'o'in CP suka fito ne daga lalacewar kwakwalwa a lokacin haihuwa, kuma ba a san ko waɗannan shari'o'in suna da tushen kwayoyin halitta ba. <ref name="cdc.gov" /> Hypoplasia na kwakwalwa wani lokacin yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parolin Schnekenberg R, Perkins EM, Miller JW, Davies WI, D'Adamo MC, Pessia M, Fawcett KA, Sims D, Gillard E, Hudspith K, Skehel P, Williams J, O'Regan M, Jayawant S, Jefferson R, Hughes S, Lustenberger A, Ragoussis J, Jackson M, Tucker SJ, Németh AH |date=July 2015 |title=De novo point mutations in patients diagnosed with ataxic cerebral palsy |journal=Brain |volume=138 |issue=Pt 7 |pages=1817–1832 |doi=10.1093/brain/awv117 |pmc=4572487 |pmid=25981959 |quote=[...]a putative new gene had been found in Case 7, which is currently under investigation and will be presented elsewhere.}}</ref> kuma yana iya haifar da cutar ta hanyar asma . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parolin Schnekenberg R, Perkins EM, Miller JW, Davies WI, D'Adamo MC, Pessia M, Fawcett KA, Sims D, Gillard E, Hudspith K, Skehel P, Williams J, O'Regan M, Jayawant S, Jefferson R, Hughes S, Lustenberger A, Ragoussis J, Jackson M, Tucker SJ, Németh AH |date=July 2015 |title=De novo point mutations in patients diagnosed with ataxic cerebral palsy |journal=Brain |volume=138 |issue=Pt 7 |pages=1817–1832 |doi=10.1093/brain/awv117 |pmc=4572487 |pmid=25981959 |quote=Case 6 had cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and Case 7 had global cerebellar hypoplasia (vermis and cerebellar hemispheres), both these cases were clinically stable.}}</ref> === Yaro a farkon ƙuruciya === Bayan haihuwa, wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da guba, [[Shawara|jaundice]] mai tsanani, [[Guba na gubar|gubar gubar]], raunin kwakwalwa ta zahiri, [[bugun jini]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cerebral Palsy |url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/pediatric_neurosurgery/conditions/cerebral_palsy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930032633/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/pediatric_neurosurgery/conditions/cerebral_palsy.html |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=Johns Hopkins Pediatric Neurosurgery}}</ref> raunin kai mai tsanani, abubuwan da suka shafi rashin isasshen iska a kwakwalwa (kamar [[Nutsewa|kusa da nutsewa]] ), da kuma cutar [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|encephalitis]] ko [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]] . === Wasu === Cututtukan da ke cikin uwa, har ma waɗanda ba a iya gano su cikin sauƙi ba, na iya ninka haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kwakwalwa ta yaron sau uku. Kamuwa da ƙwayoyin halittar tayi da aka sani da chorioamnionitis yana ƙara haɗarin. Cin zarafin mahaifa da jarirai (wanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da kamuwa da cuta) yana ƙara haɗarin. Rashin jituwa tsakanin nau'in jinin Rh na iya haifar da garkuwar jikin uwar ta kai hari ga jajayen ƙwayoyin jinin jaririn. An yi hasashen cewa wasu lokuta na cutar kwakwalwa na faruwa ne sakamakon mutuwar da aka samu a farkon daukar ciki na tagwaye iri ɗaya. == Ganewar Ganewa == Ganewar cutar gurguwar kwakwalwa ta dogara ne a kan tarihin mutum da kuma gwajin lafiyarsa, kuma galibi ana tantance shi tun yana ƙarami. Kimanta motsi gaba ɗaya, wanda ya haɗa da auna motsin da ke faruwa kwatsam tsakanin waɗanda ba su kai watanni huɗu ba, ya fi dacewa. Yaran da suka fi fama da cutar za a iya lura da su kuma a gano su da wuri. Sautin tsoka mara kyau, jinkirin ci gaban motsi da kuma juriyar reflexes na farko sune manyan alamun farko na CP. Alamomi da ganewar asali yawanci suna faruwa ne bayan shekaru biyu, kodayake ya danganta da abubuwa kamar nakasar tsari da matsalolin haihuwa, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Cerebral Palsy from Birth Injury |url=https://www.birthinjuryguide.org/birth-injury-types/cerebral-palsy/ |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=Birth Injury Guide |language=en-US}}</ref> mutanen da ke da nau'ikan kwakwalwa masu sauƙi na nakasar kwakwalwa na iya wuce shekaru biyar, idan ba a girma ba, lokacin da aka gano su a ƙarshe. Kimantawa ta fahimta da lura da likitoci suma suna da amfani don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ganewar asali. Bugu da ƙari, kimanta motsin yaron, magana da harshe, ji, gani, tafiya, ciyarwa da narkewar abinci suma suna da amfani don tantance girman matsalar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Cerebral Palsy from Birth Injury |url=https://www.birthinjuryguide.org/birth-injury-types/cerebral-palsy/ |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=Birth Injury Guide |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.birthinjuryguide.org/birth-injury-types/cerebral-palsy/ "Cerebral Palsy from Birth Injury"]. </cite></ref> Gano cutar da wuri da kuma shiga tsakani ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na kula da cutar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Graham D, Paget SP, Wimalasundera N |date=February 2019 |title=Current thinking in the health care management of children with cerebral palsy |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=3 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.5694/mja2.12106 |pmid=30739332 |s2cid=73424991}}</ref> [[Rashin ci gaba|Nakasa ce ta ci gaba]] . Da zarar an gano mutum yana da cutar kwakwalwa, ƙarin gwaje-gwajen ganewar asali ba zaɓi bane. Ana buƙatar yin hoton jijiyoyi ta amfani da [[CT scan|CT]] ko MRI idan ba a tabbatar da musabbabin cutar kwakwalwa ta mutum ba. Ana fifita MRI fiye da CT, saboda yawan ganewar asali da aminci. Idan ba a saba ba, shaidar da aka samu daga hoton jijiyoyi na iya nuna lokacin da aka fara samun lalacewar. CT ko MRI kuma yana iya bayyana yanayin da za a iya magancewa, kamar hydrocephalus, porencephaly, arteriovenous malformation, subdural hematomas da hygromas, da ciwon vermian (wanda wasu bincike suka nuna cewa suna nan 5-22% na lokaci). Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaituwa da aka gano ta hanyar hoton jijiyoyi na iya nuna babban yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaƙa, kamar [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]] da nakasa ta hankali. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ashwal S, Russman BS, Blasco PA, Miller G, Sandler A, Shevell M, Stevenson R |date=March 2004 |title=Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebral palsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society |journal=Neurology |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=851–863 |doi=10.1212/01.WNL.0000117981.35364.1B |pmid=15037681 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai ƙaramin haɗari da ke tattare da kwantar da yara don sauƙaƙe MRI mai tsabta. Shekarun da aka gano cutar CP yana da mahimmanci, amma kwararrun likitoci ba sa jituwa kan mafi kyawun shekarun da za a yi gwajin cutar. Idan aka gano cutar CP da wuri daidai, to damar da za a samu na samar wa yaron da taimakon jiki da na ilimi, amma akwai yiwuwar samun ƙarin damar rikitar da CP da wata matsala, musamman idan yaron yana da watanni 18 ko ƙasa da haka. Jarirai na iya samun matsaloli na ɗan lokaci game da sautin tsoka ko iko wanda za a iya rikitar da shi da CP, wanda yake na dindindin. Rashin lafiyar metabolism ko ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin tsarin jijiyoyi na iya zama kamar CP; matsalolin metabolism, musamman, na iya haifar da matsalolin kwakwalwa waɗanda suka yi kama da CP akan MRI. Matsalolin da ke lalata farin abu a cikin kwakwalwa da matsalolin da ke haifar da spasms da rauni a ƙafafu, ana iya kuskuren ɗaukar CP idan sun fara bayyana da wuri a rayuwa. Duk da haka, waɗannan matsalolin suna ta'azzara akan lokaci, kuma CP ba ya (kodayake yana iya canzawa a hali). A lokacin ƙuruciya, ba zai yiwu a iya bambance su ba. A Burtaniya, rashin iya zama da kansa kafin watanni 8 ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama ta asibiti don ƙarin sa ido. Dole ne a kawar da cutar Fragile X (wanda ke haifar da autism da nakasa ta hankali) da kuma nakasa ta hankali gabaɗaya. ƙwararre kan cututtukan kwakwalwa John McLaughlin ya ba da shawarar jira har sai yaron ya kai watanni 36 kafin a yi masa ganewar asali saboda, a wannan shekarun, ƙarfin motsa jiki ya fi sauƙi a tantance shi. === Rarrabawa === Ana rarraba CP ta nau'ikan raunin motsi na gaɓoɓi ko gabobin jiki, da kuma ta hanyar ƙuntatawa ga ayyukan da wanda abin ya shafa zai iya yi. Tsarin Rarraba Ayyukan Mota Mai Girma - An Faɗaɗa da Gyara da Tsarin Rarraba Ikon Hannu Ana amfani da Tsarin Rarraba Ikon Hannu don bayyana motsi da ƙwarewar hannu a cikin mutanen da ke da cutar kwakwalwa, kuma kwanan nan an gabatar da Tsarin Rarraba Ayyukan Sadarwa, da Tsarin Rarraba Ikon Cin Abinci da Shan Ruwa don bayyana waɗannan ayyukan. Akwai manyan rarrabuwa guda uku na CP ta hanyar raunin motsi: spastic, ataxic, da dyskinetic. Bugu da ƙari, akwai nau'in gauraye wanda ke nuna haɗin fasalulluka na sauran nau'ikan. Waɗannan rarrabuwa suna nuna yankunan kwakwalwa da suka lalace. Haka kuma an rarraba cutar kwakwalwa bisa ga rarrabawar yanayin tsoka. Wannan hanyar tana rarraba yara a matsayin diplegic, (haɗa hannu biyu tare da shiga ƙafa fiye da shiga hannu), hemiplegic (haɗa hannu ɗaya), ko quadriplegic (haɗa hannu biyu tare da shiga ƙafa daidai ko fiye da shiga ƙafa). == Gudanarwa == [[Fayil:Cerebral_palsy.jpg|alt=A girl wearing leg braces walks towards a woman in a gym, with a treadmill visible in the background.|thumb|Masu bincike suna ƙirƙirar na'urar motsa jiki ta lantarki musamman ga yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa, waɗanda ke fama da faɗuwar ƙafa, wanda ke haifar da tuntuɓewa lokacin tafiya.]] A tsawon lokaci, hanyar da ake bi wajen kula da CP ta sauya daga ƙoƙarin da ake yi na magance matsalolin jiki na mutum ɗaya {{En dash}} kamar su spasticity a wani ɓangare {{En dash}} zuwa sanya irin waɗannan jiyya wani ɓangare na babban burin haɓaka 'yancin kai na mutum da kuma shiga cikin al'umma. {{Rp|886}}Duk da haka, tushen shaidar ingancin shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani da ke nuna falsafar 'yancin kai bai riga ya cika ba: ingantattun hanyoyin shiga tsakani ga tsarin jiki da ayyukansa suna da tushe mai ƙarfi na shaida, amma babu shaida don ingantattun hanyoyin shiga tsakani da aka yi niyya ga shiga tsakani, muhalli, ko abubuwan da suka shafi mutum. Haka kuma babu wata kyakkyawar shaida da za ta nuna cewa shiga tsakani da ke da tasiri a matakin takamaiman jiki zai haifar da ci gaba a matakin aiki ko akasin haka. Kodayake irin wannan fa'idar haɗuwa na iya faruwa, ba a yi isasshen bincike mai inganci don nuna hakan ba. Saboda cutar kwakwalwa tana da "tsanani da sarkakiya iri-iri" a tsawon rayuwa, ana iya ɗaukarta tarin yanayi don dalilai na gudanarwa. Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don kula da cutar kwakwalwa, mai da hankali kan "inganta aikin mutum ɗaya, zaɓi da 'yancin kai" daidai da manufofin Rarraba Aiki, Nakasa da Lafiya na Duniya . Ƙungiyar na iya haɗawa da likitan yara, mai ziyara a fannin lafiya, ma'aikacin zamantakewa, mai ilimin motsa jiki, likitan ƙashi, mai ilimin magana da harshe, mai [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|ilimin motsa jiki na aiki]], malami wanda ya ƙware wajen taimaka wa yara masu matsalar gani, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ilimi, [[Aikin tiyata na ƙashi|likitan tiyata na kashin baya]], likitan jijiyoyi da likitan jijiyoyin jini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cerebral palsy – Treatment |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cerebral-palsy/Pages/Treatment.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185635/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cerebral-palsy/Pages/Treatment.aspx |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=6 February 2017 |website=Nhs.uk |publisher=[[NHS Choices]]}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwakwalwa da kuma masu kula da su da iyaye. Maganin na iya haɗawa da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan: maganin jiki; maganin aiki; maganin magana; maganin ruwa; magunguna don magance farfadiya, rage zafi, ko sassauta ciwon tsoka (misali benzodiazepines ); tiyata don gyara matsalolin jiki ko sakin tsokoki masu tauri; kayan ƙarfafa gwiwa da sauran na'urorin orthotic ; na'urorin tafiya a hankali; da kayan taimakon sadarwa kamar kwamfutoci masu haɗa muryoyi. <ref name="ninds.nih.gov">{{Cite web |title=Cerebral Palsy {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/cerebral-palsy |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Ninds.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Ana yin gyaran jiki mai ƙarfi a wasu ƙasashe, amma samun ingantattun bayanai kan tasirinsa na matsakaici da na dogon lokaci yana da ƙalubale. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ravault L, Darbois N, Pinsault N |date=July 2020 |title=Methodological Considerations to Investigate Dosage Parameters of Intensive Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Scoping Review of RCTs |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02889431/file/Ravault%2C%20Darbois%2C%20Pinsault_Scoping%20Review_Cerebral%20Palsy%20Dosage%20Intensive%20Rehabilitation%202019%20%281%29.pdf |journal=Developmental Neurorehabilitation |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=309–320 |doi=10.1080/17518423.2019.1687599 |pmid=31710245 |s2cid=207966055}}</ref> Yin tiyata ga yara masu fama da cutar CP na iya haɗawa da [[Aikin tiyata na ƙashi|tiyatar ƙashi]] ko jijiyoyi daban-daban don inganta rayuwa, kamar sakin jijiya, juyawar kwatangwalo, haɗar ƙashi, ( zaɓin dorsal rhizotomy ) ko sanya famfon baclofen a cikin jiki . Wani bita na Cochrane da aka buga a shekara ta 2004 ya gano cewa akwai wani yanayi na amfani da maganin magana da harshe ga yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa amma ya lura da buƙatar yin bincike mai inganci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pennington L, Goldbart J, Marshall J |year=2004 |title=Speech and language therapy to improve the communication skills of children with cerebral palsy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2004 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003466.pub2 |pmc=8407241 |pmid=15106204}}</ref> Wani bita na tsari na 2013 ya gano cewa yawancin magungunan da ake amfani da su don magance cutar CP ba su da tushe mai kyau; magungunan da ke da mafi kyawun shaida sune magunguna ( anticonvulsants, botulinum toxin, bisphosphonates, diazepam ), magani (horon hannu biyu, siminti, maganin motsi da ke haifar da ƙuntatawa, maganin da ya mayar da hankali kan mahallin, horon motsa jiki, horon da aka shirya da manufa, sa ido kan kugu, shirye-shiryen gida, maganin aiki bayan gubar botulinum, kula da matsin lamba) da tiyata. Akwai kuma bincike kan ko matsayin barci zai iya inganta ƙaurar kugu, amma har yanzu babu wani bincike mai inganci don tallafawa wannan ka'idar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blake SF, Logan S, Humphreys G, Matthews J, Rogers M, Thompson-Coon J, Wyatt K, Morris C |year=2015 |title=Sleep positioning systems for children with cerebral palsy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009257.pub2 |pmc=8761500 |pmid=26524348}}</ref> Takardun bincike kuma suna kira da a cimma matsaya kan matakan sakamako wanda zai ba masu bincike damar yin bincike mai zurfi. Hakanan, kalmomin da ake amfani da su don bayyana orthoses <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eddison N, Mulholland M, Chockalingam N |date=August 2017 |title=Do research papers provide enough information on design and material used in ankle foot orthoses for children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review |journal=Journal of Children's Orthopaedics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=263–271 |doi=10.1302/1863-2548.11.160256 |pmc=5584494 |pmid=28904631}}</ref> suna buƙatar daidaitawa don tabbatar da cewa ana iya sake maimaita nazarin kuma a kwatanta su cikin sauƙi da kimantawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sux8gyzvmy4uom1t42byeaf9j95d5ip 0 155735 856896 851424 2026-06-14T11:23:33Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357920894|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 856896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cututtukan Jijiyoyin Fahimta''' ( '''NCDs''' ), waɗanda aka fi sani da '''cututtukan fahimta''' ( '''CDs''' ), nau'i ne na cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa waɗanda galibi ke shafar ikon fahimta ciki har da koyo, ƙwaƙwalwa, fahimta, da warware matsaloli. Cututtukan jijiyoyi sun haɗa da rashin hankali, ƙananan cututtukan jijiyoyin fahimi, da kuma manyan cututtukan jijiyoyin fahimi (wanda kuma aka sani da [[dementia]] ). Ana bayyana su ta hanyar ƙarancin ikon fahimta wanda ake samu (sabanin ci gaba), yawanci suna wakiltar raguwa, kuma suna iya samun yanayin kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> DSM-5 ya bayyana muhimman fannoni shida na aikin fahimta: aikin zartarwa, koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa, aikin fahimta-motsi, [[Harshe (yare)|harshe]], kulawa mai rikitarwa, da fahimtar zamantakewa . Duk da cewa [[cutar Alzheimer]] ta fi shafar yawancin cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai cututtuka daban-daban na lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwa, tunani, da ikon tunani, gami da lalacewar frontotemporal, cutar Huntington, dementia tare da Lewy bodies, raunin kwakwalwa mai rauni (TBI), [[cutar Parkinson]], cutar prion, da matsalolin dementia/neurocognitive saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV . <ref name="pmid24986342">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simpson JR |year=2014 |title=DSM-5 and neurocognitive disorders |journal=J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=159–64 |pmid=24986342}}</ref> Ana gano cututtukan neurocognitive a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan dangane da tsananin alamun su. Duk da cewa [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]], matsalolin yanayi, da cututtukan psychotic suma suna iya yin tasiri ga ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwa, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin cututtukan neurocognitive ba saboda rashin aikin fahimta ba shine babban alamar (dalili). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, matsalolin ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayoyin halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa sabanin yanayin cututtukan neurocognitive da aka samu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hugo |first=Julie |last2=Ganguli |first2=Mary |date=September 2014 |title=Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=Clinics in Geriatric Medicine |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=421–442 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.001 |issn=1879-8853 |pmc=4104432 |pmid=25037289}}</ref> Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kwakwalwa. <ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magani ya dogara ne akan yadda ake haifar da wannan matsalar. Magani da hanyoyin magancewa sune mafi yawan magunguna; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'ikan rashin isasshen numfashi, jiyya na iya danne alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani. <ref name="Torpy dementia" /> <ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarrabawa == Bugun da ya gabata na ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da sashe mai suna "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Failures of Fahimta," wanda aka sake duba shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa ga "Rashin Lafiyar Jijiyoyi." An bayyana cututtukan jijiyoyi a matsayin waɗanda ke da "rashin ƙarfi na fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar tabarbarewar aiki daga matakin aiki na baya". Babban ƙa'idar da ke bambanta cututtukan jijiyoyi daga cututtukan yanayi da sauran yanayin tabin hankali waɗanda suka haɗa da ɓangaren fahimta (watau ƙaruwar raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta ita ce "halayen da ke bayyana" cutar. <ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje/rashin aiki a cikin ilimin halittar jijiyoyi (watau tarin amyloid plaque a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Ƙananan sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rashin lafiya mai sauƙi ta neurocognitive, da kuma babban rashin lafiya ta neurocognitive. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowanne daga cikin waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai ƙananan rarrabuwa dangane da asalin cutar da alamunta. === Rashin lafiya === Delirium wani nau'in cuta ce ta jijiyoyi da ke tasowa cikin sauri cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin yanayin tunani mai tsanani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canjin yanayi mai saurin canzawa a yanayin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga mintuna zuwa awanni kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Duk da haka, yanayin delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan awanni zuwa makonni, ya danganta da dalilin da ke haifar da shi. Delirium kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da canjin hankali, canjin yanayi, halaye masu ƙarfi ko marasa tsari, da kuma abubuwan mamaki. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wahala ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shiga asibiti. <ref name=":2" /> Hakanan ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da abubuwan haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon hauka sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawaita zaman asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma illolin magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da cewa ganewar cutar hauka ce ta yau da kullun, ciwon hauka na iya ƙara haɗarin tsawaita zaman asibiti da kuma haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zaman asibiti. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabuwa''' Delirium na iya faɗaɗa cikin ƙananan rarrabuwa daban-daban dangane da dalilinsa da alamominsa. Waɗannan ƙananan rarrabuwa sun haɗa da; shan muggan kwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana kuma amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamun (awanni da kwanaki) da matakin aiki (ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko gauraye aiki) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. === Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa mai sauƙi === Ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive, waɗanda kuma ake kira da ƙarancin fahimta (MCI), ana iya ɗaukar su a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na yau da kullun da babban matsalar neurocognitive. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jongsiriyanyong |first=Sukanya |last2=Limpawattana |first2=Panita |date=2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article |journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=500–7 |doi=10.1177/1533317518791401 |pmc=10852498 |pmid=30068225 |s2cid=51891998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba kamar delirium ba, ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana siffanta su da asarar ƙwaƙwalwa mai ci gaba wanda zai iya ko ba zai iya ci gaba zuwa babban matsalar neurocognitive ba. <ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin 5-17% na marasa lafiya da ke da ƙarancin fahimta za su ci gaba zuwa babban matsalar neurocognitive kowace shekara. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jie-Qiong |last2=Tan |first2=Lan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Fu |last4=Tan |first4=Meng-Shan |last5=Tan |first5=Lin |last6=Xu |first6=Wei |last7=Zhao |first7=Qing-Fei |last8=Wang |first8=Jun |last9=Jiang |first9=Teng |last10=Yu |first10=Jin-Tai |date=2015 |title=Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=476–484 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095 |pmid=26001840 |s2cid=15092127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yiwuwar kamuwa da ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive yana ƙaruwa da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama. Maza kuma suna da alama suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ƙananan matsalar neurocognitive. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langa |first=Kenneth M. |last2=Levine |first2=Deborah A. |date=2014 |title=The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review |journal=JAMA |volume=312 |issue=23 |pages=2551–61 |bibcode=2014JAMA..312.2551L |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13806 |pmc=4269302 |pmid=25514304}}</ref> Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da raunin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mara ma'ana, canje-canjen hali/hali, da kuma rashin yanke hukunci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment |url=https://alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/documents/other-dementias_mild-cognitive-impairment.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Alzheimer Society of Canada}}</ref> === Babban matsalar fahimtar jijiyoyi === Ana bambance ƙananan cututtuka da manyan cututtuka na kwakwalwa dangane da tsananin alamun su. Wanda har yanzu ana kiransa da [[Dementia|ciwon hauka]], babban ciwon kwakwalwa yana da alaƙa da raguwar fahimta da tsangwama ga 'yancin kai, yayin da ƙaramin ciwon kwakwalwa yana da alaƙa da raguwar fahimta mai matsakaici kuma baya tsoma baki ga 'yancin kai. Kafin a gano shi, ba lallai ne ya zama saboda rashin hankali ko wani matsalar kwakwalwa ba. Hakanan yawanci ana tare da su da wani matsalar fahimta. Ga dalilan da ba za a iya jurewa ba na ciwon hauka kamar shekaru, raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da fahimta a hankali yana rayuwa har abada. <ref name="Guerrero" /> '''Rarrabuwa''' Kamar yadda yake da ciwon hauka, duka cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi da manyan an rarraba su bisa ga dalili (Alzheimer's, Frontotemporal degeneration, Parkinson's da sauransu). Alamomin da ake amfani da su don jagorantar ganewar asali sun haɗa da kasancewar ko rashin alamun halayya kamar psychosis, tashin hankali, baƙin ciki. Ana kuma amfani da tsananin alamun a halin yanzu a cikin rarrabuwa kuma ya dogara ne akan iyawar mutum na kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kamar aikin gida, kula da kuɗi, ciyarwa, ko wanka. == Ganewar Ganewa == Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na gwaji da ake amfani da su don tantance fahimtar majiyyaci da matakin wayewarsa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Ƙananan Jarrabawar Matsayin Hankali (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Cog, da Cognitive Assessment Method (CAM), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), da sauransu. An nuna cewa CAM ita ce kayan aikin da aka fi amfani da shi don tantance delirium. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSettersSolberg2017">Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X "Delirium"]</span>. ''Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice''. Geriatrics. '''44''' (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>559. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010|10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797379 28797379].</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wilber |first=Scott T. |last2=Ondrejka |first2=Jason E. |date=2016 |title=Altered Mental Status and Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Geriatric Emergencies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=649–665 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012 |pmid=27475019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Tsoi |first=Kelvin K. F. |last2=Chan |first2=Joyce Y. C. |last3=Hirai |first3=Hoyee W. |last4=Wong |first4=Samuel Y. S. |last5=Kwok |first5=Timothy C. Y. |date=2015 |title=Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=175 |issue=9 |pages=1450–8 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152 |pmid=26052687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wani bincike da aka yi kan daidaito da amfani da hanyoyin gwaji daban-daban ya ba da rahoton cewa MMSE ita ce kayan aikin da aka fi amfani da shi don tantance babban cututtukan neurocognitive, yayin da MoCA ta bayyana a matsayin mafi amfani lokacin tantance ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive. <ref name=":5" /> Sabbin bita na tsarin da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna buƙatar ƙarin bincike mai kyau akan Mini-Cog da MoCA don kimanta raguwar fahimta da haɓaka jagororin asibiti kan amfani da su a wurare daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Daniel HJ |last2=Creavin |first2=Samuel T |last3=Yip |first3=Jennifer LY |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Brayne |first5=Carol |last6=Cullum |first6=Sarah |date=2021-07-13 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the detection of dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010775.pub3 |pmc=8407452 |pmid=34255351}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fage |first=Bruce A |last2=Chan |first2=Calvin CH |last3=Gill |first3=Sudeep S |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Herrmann |first5=Nathan |last6=Smailagic |first6=Nadja |last7=Nikolaou |first7=Vasilis |last8=Seitz |first8=Dallas P |date=2021-07-14 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Mini-Cog for the detection of dementia within a community setting |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010860.pub3 |pmc=8278980 |pmid=34259337}}</ref> == Dalilai == === Rashin lafiya === Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke haifar da ciwon hauka, kuma sau da yawa akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke haifar da ciwon hauka, musamman a asibiti. Abubuwan da ke iya haifar da ciwon hauka sun haɗa da sabbin cututtuka ko kuma waɗanda ke ƙara ta'azzara (misali [[Ciwon filin fitsari|kamuwa da cutar fitsari]], [[ciwon huhu]], da [[sepsis]] ), raunin jijiyoyi/cututtuka (misali [[bugun jini]] da meningitis), abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli (misali rashin motsa jiki da [[rashin barci]] ), da kuma amfani da magani/magani (misali illolin sabbin magunguna, hulɗar magunguna, da amfani/janyewa daga magungunan nishaɗi). <ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTorpy2008">Torpy, Janet (2008). [[doi:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936|"Delirium"]]. ''The Journal of the American Medical Association''. '''300''' (19): 2936. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936|10.1001/jama.300.24.2936]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19109124 19109124].</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wilber |first=Scott T. |last2=Ondrejka |first2=Jason E. |date=2016 |title=Altered Mental Status and Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Geriatric Emergencies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=649–665 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012 |pmid=27475019 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilberOndrejka2016">Wilber, Scott T.; Ondrejka, Jason E. (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X "Altered Mental Status and Delirium"]</span>. ''Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America''. Geriatric Emergencies. '''34''' (3): <span class="nowrap">649–</span>665. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012|10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27475019 27475019].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Inouye |first=Sharon K. |date=2006 |title=Delirium in Older Persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–65 |doi=10.1056/nejmra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337}}</ref> <ref name="ScottShafer">{{Cite web |title=MayoClinic's Review |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delirium/basics/causes/con-20033982 |publisher=MayoClinic}}</ref> === Rashin lafiya mai sauƙi da babban cuta ta neurocognitive === Cututtukan jijiyoyi na iya haifar da dalilai da yawa: kwayoyin halitta, raunin kwakwalwa, bugun jini, da matsalolin zuciya. Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da su sune cututtukan jijiyoyi kamar [[cutar Alzheimer]], [[cutar Parkinson]], da cutar Huntington saboda suna shafar ko lalata ayyukan kwakwalwa. <ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTorpy2010">Torpy, Janet (2010). [[doi:10.1001/jama.304.17.1972|"Dementia"]]. ''The Journal of the American Medical Association''. '''304''' (7): 1972. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1001/jama.304.17.1972|10.1001/jama.304.17.1972]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21045107 21045107].</cite></ref> Sauran cututtuka da yanayi da ke haifar da NCDs sun haɗa da ciwon hauka na jijiyoyin jini, lalacewar frontotemporal, cutar Lewy body disease, cutar prion, matsin lamba na yau da kullun hydrocephalus, da matsalolin dementia/neurocognitive saboda [[Kanjamau|kamuwa da cutar HIV]] (AIDS). Hakanan suna iya haɗawa da dementia saboda shan ƙwayoyi ko fallasa ga guba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulse |first=Gary K. |last2=Lautenschlager |first2=Nicola T. |last3=Tait |first3=Robert J. |last4=Almeida |first4=Osvaldo P. |date=2005 |title=Dementia associated with alcohol and other drug use |journal=International Psychogeriatrics |volume=17 Suppl 1 |pages=S109–127 |doi=10.1017/s1041610205001985 |issn=1041-6102 |pmid=16240487 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin fahimtar jijiyoyi na iya faruwa ne sakamakon raunin kwakwalwa, gami da rauni a kwakwalwa da raunin kwakwalwa, da kuma [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|damuwa bayan rauni]] da kuma [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]] . Ana kiran wannan da rashin barci, kuma ana siffanta shi da lalacewar manyan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke ɓoye sassan kwakwalwa kamar hippocampus . Wahalar ƙirƙirar tunanin da aka yi kwanan nan ana kiransa rashin barci kuma yana faruwa ne sakamakon lalacewar ɓangaren hippocampus na kwakwalwa, wanda babban ɓangare ne na tsarin ƙwaƙwalwa. <ref name="Ciccarelli" /> Rashin barci na baya-bayan nan kuma yana faruwa ne sakamakon lalacewar hippocampus, amma tunanin da aka rubuta ko kuma aka rubuta a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci ana goge shi. <ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Magani == Babban ƙa'idar maganin delirium ita ce gano da kuma magance matsalar da ke haifar da shi. Idan majiyyaci yana fama da delirium da gaske, alamunsa ya kamata su fara inganta/warkewa tare da maganin da ya dace na rashin lafiyarsa, maye, da sauransu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSettersSolberg2017">Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X "Delirium"]</span>. ''Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice''. Geriatrics. '''44''' (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>559. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010|10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797379 28797379].</cite></ref> Magungunan da ba na magani ba don magance delirium su ne zaɓuɓɓukan magani na farko. Waɗannan sun haɗa da zaɓuɓɓuka kamar sake duba lokaci da wuri, ba da damar isasshen barci, tabbatar da cewa mutum yana da isasshen ruwa, magance maƙarƙashiya ko riƙe fitsari . Idan hanyoyin da ba na magani ba suka gaza, magunguna kamar magungunan antipsychotic na iya taimakawa rage alamun tashin hankali da taimakawa barci a wasu lokuta. Akwai iyakataccen shaida cewa amfani da magungunan antipsychotic na iya rage tsawon lokacin delirium. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cerveira |first=Cecília Carboni Tardelli |last2=Pupo |first2=Cláudia Cristina |last3=Santos |first3=Sigrid De Sousa dos |last4=Santos |first4=José Eduardo Mourão |date=September 2017 |title=Delirium in the elderly: A systematic review of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments |journal=Dementia & Neuropsychologia |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=270–275 |doi=10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-030009 |issn=1980-5764 |pmc=5674671 |pmid=29213524}}</ref> A cikin yanayin delirium da barasa ko wasu magungunan kwantar da hankali suka haifar, ana iya ɗaukar benzodiazepines don rage alamun, da kuma hana farfadiya ko mutuwa. Ga mutanen da ke da delirium saboda dalilai banda janyewar kwantar da hankali, benzodiazepines na iya ƙara ta'azzara delirium kuma ya kamata a iyakance amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=David |date=December 2018 |title=Benzodiazepines for agitation in patients with delirium: selecting the right patient, right time, and right indication |journal=Current Opinion in Supportive & Palliative Care |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=489–494 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0000000000000395 |issn=1751-4258 |pmc=6261485 |pmid=30239384}}</ref> Ga waɗanda ke da barasa ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ana ba da shawarar ƙarin bitamin B kuma ga waɗanda ke da matsanancin yanayi, ana iya amfani da tallafin rayuwa. <ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTorpy2008">Torpy, Janet (2008). [[doi:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936|"Delirium"]]. ''The Journal of the American Medical Association''. '''300''' (19): 2936. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936|10.1001/jama.300.24.2936]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19109124 19109124].</cite></ref> === Rashin lafiya mai sauƙi da babban cuta ta neurocognitive === Babu maganin cutar kwakwalwa ko cututtukan da ke haifar da ita. Duk da haka, akwai hanyoyi da yawa, duka na magunguna da waɗanda ba na magunguna ba waɗanda za su iya taimakawa wajen magance alamun, rage ci gaban cututtuka, da inganta ingancin rayuwa. Canje-canje a salon rayuwa sun haɗa da bin tsarin cin abinci na MIND (Mediterranian-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay). Wannan abincin ya ƙunshi abinci mai wadataccen antioxidants da Omega 3 kamar ganyen ganye, goro, da kifi, tare da rage nama ja da abinci mai yawan kitse. Nazarin ya nuna ba wai kawai raguwar yawan kamuwa da cutar hauka a cikin mutanen da ke bin tsarin cin abinci na MIND ba, har ma da inganta sakamakon fahimta a cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda suka riga sun kamu da cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aderinto |first=Nicholas |last2=Olatunji |first2=Gbolahan |last3=Abdulbasit |first3=Muili |last4=Olajide |first4=Tobi Nifemi |last5=Kokori |first5=Emmanuel |date=2023-11-07 |title=Examining the efficacy of the Mediterranean-DASH diet intervention for neurodegenerative delay in mitigating cognitive decline |journal=The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s41983-023-00752-1 |issn=1687-8329 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana lura da irin wannan tasirin tare da motsa jiki na yau da kullun saboda yana iya ƙara yawan neuroplasticity, da hana raguwar fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mahalakshmi |first=B. |last2=Maurya |first2=Nancy |last3=Lee |first3=Shin-Da |last4=Bharath Kumar |first4=V. |date=2020-08-16 |title=Possible Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Physical Exercise in Neurodegeneration |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=5895 |doi=10.3390/ijms21165895 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=7460620 |pmid=32824367 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin ya kuma nuna cewa abinci mai yawan Omega 3, ƙarancin kitse mai cike da sukari, tare da motsa jiki na yau da kullun na iya ƙara matakin ƙarfin kwakwalwa. <ref name="Gomez-Pinilla">{{Cite journal |last=Gomez-Pinilla |first=Fernando |year=2011 |title=The Combined Effects of Exercise and Foods in Preventing Neurological and Cognitive Disorders |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=52 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S75–S80 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.023 |pmc=3258093 |pmid=21281667}}</ref> Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa motsa jiki na kwakwalwa irin wannan sabon "shirye-shiryen horar da kwakwalwa ta kwamfuta" zai iya taimakawa wajen ginawa da kula da takamaiman wurare na kwakwalwa. Waɗannan nazarin sun yi nasara sosai ga waɗanda aka gano suna da [[Hauka|cutar schizophrenia]] kuma suna iya inganta hankali mai zurfi, ikon daidaitawa da magance sabbin matsaloli ko ƙalubale da aka fara fuskanta, kuma a cikin matasa, har yanzu yana iya yin tasiri a rayuwa ta gaba. Shiga tsakani kamar gyaran [[Gyaran jiki|jiki]], aikin yi, da kuma maganin magana na iya taimakawa wajen hana raguwar aiki ga mutanen da ke da cutar hauka. Kodayake tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke da manyan cututtukan jijiyoyi galibi suna buƙatar taimako tare da ayyukansu na yau da kullun wanda ke haifar da sanya su a gidajen kulawa na dogon lokaci, ingantaccen tsarin gyara zai iya taimakawa wajen jinkirta wannan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Anupam |last2=Prakash |first2=Naveen B. |last3=Sannyasi |first3=Gourav |date=September 2021 |title=Rehabilitation in Dementia |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=43 |issue=5_suppl |pages=S37–S47 |doi=10.1177/02537176211033316 |issn=0253-7176 |pmc=8543618 |pmid=34732953}}</ref> An nuna cewa maganin magana yana taimakawa wajen magance matsalar harshe, don haka inganta ci gaba na dogon lokaci da sakamakon ilimi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ullrich |first=Dieter |last2=Ullrich |first2=Katja |last3=Marten |first3=Magret |date=September 2014 |title=A longitudinal assessment of early childhood education with integrated speech therapy for children with significant language impairment in Germany: Longitudinal assessment of early childhood education with integrated speech therapy |journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=558–566 |doi=10.1111/1460-6984.12092 |pmid=24939594}}</ref> Ci gaba da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da tallafin psychosocial ga marasa lafiya da iyalai yawanci suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar gaskiya da kuma kula da cutar yadda ya kamata da kuma kiyaye ingantacciyar rayuwa ga duk wanda abin ya shafa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S |date=April 2015 |title=Exercise programs for people with dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4 |pmc=9426996 |pmid=25874613}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Swinnen N, de Bruin ED, Dumoulin C, Thalmann M, Guimarães V, De Jong J, Vandenbulcke M, Vancampfort D |date=2021 |title=The VITAAL Stepping Exergame Prototype for Older Adults With Major Neurocognitive Disorder: A Usability Study |journal=Front Aging Neurosci |volume=13 |issue= |doi=10.3389/fnagi.2021.701319 |pmc=8600328 |pmid=34803650 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA |date=October 2019 |title=Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review |journal=JAMA |volume=322 |issue=16 |pages=1589–99 |bibcode=2019JAMA..322.1589A |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.4782 |pmc=7462122 |pmid=31638686}}</ref> Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, mutane na iya fara gwagwarmaya don yanke shawara da kansu. Yana da mahimmanci a tattauna shirin kulawa da manufofin kulawa da wuri-wuri a cikin tsarin cutar don a san buƙatun mutane. Damuwar aminci wadda wani muhimmin bangare ne na kula da mutum mai fama da cutar hauka. Bincike ya nuna karuwar barazanar faɗuwa da karyewar kugu ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar hauka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Weihong |last2=Low |first2=Lee-Fay |last3=Schwenk |first3=Michael |last4=Mills |first4=Nicholas |last5=Gwynn |first5=Josephine-Diana |last6=Clemson |first6=Lindy |date=2019 |title=Review of Gait, Cognition, and Fall Risks with Implications for Fall Prevention in Older Adults with Dementia |url=https://karger.com/article/doi/10.1159/000504340 |journal=Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1–2 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.1159/000504340 |issn=1420-8008 |pmid=31743907 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Gyara a gida ya haɗa da guje wa matakala, hana cunkoso a hanyoyin tafiya, da kuma cire kafet marasa kyau duk suna taimakawa wajen hana faɗuwa. Yawo kuma hali ne da ke da alaƙa da cutar hauka wanda zai iya haifar da rauni ko ma mutuwa. Ana ba da shawarar kulawa mai kyau ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar hauka waɗanda ke nuna halayen yawo. Sauran matakan sun haɗa da tabbatar da cewa mutumin yana da shaida a kansu a kowane lokaci wato gano abin wuya ko sarka tare da sunansu, adireshinsu, da bayanan tuntuɓarsu. Tuki wani lamari ne na tsaro da ya kamata a magance shi. Duk da cewa waɗanda ke cikin matakin farko na cutar hauka har yanzu suna iya tuƙi lafiya tsawon shekaru da yawa, yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, a ƙarshe ta kai ga inda ta zama mara aminci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breen |first=David A |last2=Breen |first2=David P |last3=Moore |first3=John W |last4=Breen |first4=Patricia A |last5=O'Neill |first5=Desmond |date=2007-06-30 |title=Driving and dementia |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=334 |issue=7608 |pages=1365–1369 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39233.585208.55 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1906602 |pmid=17600026}}</ref> Akwai magunguna da yawa da aka nuna suna da amfani ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan neurocognitive. Alamomin cututtukan neuropsychiatric daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da dementia waɗanda za a iya magance su da magunguna. Mutanen da ke fama da dementia na iya fama da barci, gami da rage sa'o'i na barci da rashin ingancin barci gabaɗaya. Magunguna kamar melatonin, ramelteon, ko trazodone sun nuna shaidu daban-daban wajen haɓaka isasshen barci ga marasa lafiya da dementia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCleery |first=Jenny |last2=Sharpley |first2=Ann L |date=2020-11-15 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD009178.pub4 |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2020 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009178.pub4 |pmid=33189083 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Damuwa, damuwa, tashin hankali, ko tashin hankali wasu alamu ne na neuropsychiatric da aka saba gani. Kula da waɗannan alamun tare da magunguna na iya zama da amfani. Magungunan rage damuwa na iya taimakawa wajen magance yawancin rikice-rikicen yanayi da ake gani a cikin dementia, kuma galibi ana jure su sosai ga tsofaffi. A cikin yanayin rikice-rikicen ɗabi'a masu tsanani, gami da psychosis da tashin hankali wanda ke iya haifar da cutar da kai ko wasu, ana iya la'akari da magungunan rage damuwa. Waɗannan magunguna ba a yarda da su sosai a cikin tsofaffi ba saboda illolinsu don haka ya kamata a yi amfani da su ne kawai idan babu wani madadin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tible |first=Olivier Pierre |last2=Riese |first2=Florian |last3=Savaskan |first3=Egemen |last4=von Gunten |first4=Armin |date=August 2017 |title=Best practice in the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=297–309 |doi=10.1177/1756285617712979 |issn=1756-2864 |pmc=5518961 |pmid=28781611}}</ref> An nuna cewa sarrafa haɗarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da bugun jini tare da ingantaccen kula da hauhawar jini, ciwon suga, da cholesterol yana rage ci gaban raguwar fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ligthart |first=Suzanne |last2=Richard |first2=Edo |last3=Moll van Charante |last4=Van Gool |date=August 2010 |title=Treatment of cardiovascular risk factors to prevent cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review |url=http://www.dovepress.com/treatment-of-cardiovascular-risk-factors-to-prevent-cognitive-decline--peer-reviewed-article-VHRM |journal=Vascular Health and Risk Management |language=en |pages=775 |doi=10.2147/VHRM.S7343 |issn=1178-2048 |pmc=2941788 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai kuma magunguna da yawa na likitanci da aka yi niyya don inganta fahimta ga waɗanda ke da cututtukan neurocognitive. Masu hana Cholinesterase, magunguna waɗanda ke ƙara yawan sinadarin neurotransmitter Acetylcholine a cikin kwakwalwa, sun nuna ɗan ci gaba a cikin fahimta ga marasa lafiya da ciwon hauka. Misalan masu hana cholinesterase sun haɗa da Donepezil, Rivastigmine, da Galantamine . Ana amfani da waɗannan magunguna don ɓoye alamun ciwon hauka, amma ba sa canza yanayin cutar ko warkar da cutar da ke ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grossberg |first=George T |date=April 2003 |title=Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease |journal=Current Therapeutic Research |language=en |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=216–235 |doi=10.1016/S0011-393X(03)00059-6 |pmc=4052996 |pmid=24944370}}</ref> Masu hana NMDA-receptor antagonists kamar Memantine wani nau'in magani ne da ake amfani da shi ga marasa lafiya da ciwon hauka, kuma sun nuna wasu fa'idodi a cikin fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olivares |first=David |last2=Deshpande |first2=Varun K. |last3=Shi |first3=Ying |last4=Lahiri |first4=Debomoy K. |last5=Greig |first5=Nigel H. |last6=Rogers |first6=Jack T. |last7=Huang |first7=Xudong |date=2012 |title=N-Methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists and Memantine Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia and Parkinson's Disease |url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/43867 |journal=Current Alzheimer Research |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=746–758 |doi=10.2174/156720512801322564 |pmc=5002349 |pmid=21875407}}</ref> Sabbin hanyoyin magani sun haɗa da anti-amyloid antibodies waɗanda aka yi niyya ga sunadarai masu cutarwa a cikin kwakwalwa. Ba kamar magungunan da aka tattauna a baya ba, waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin magani suna iya canza cututtuka. Waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin magani sun iyakance ga nau'in ciwon hauka [[Cutar Alzheimer|na Alzheimer]], amma sun nuna suna da tasiri sosai wajen rage matakan amyloid plaque a cikin kwakwalwa. Sakamakon dogon lokaci na waɗannan sabbin magunguna akan sakamakon asibiti da fahimta har yanzu suna da iyaka, kuma suna da yuwuwar haɗarin kumburi da zubar jini a kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ebell |first=Mark H. |last2=Barry |first2=Henry C. |last3=Baduni |first3=Kanishka |last4=Grasso |first4=Gabrielle |date=January 2024 |title=Clinically Important Benefits and Harms of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Amyloid for the Treatment of Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=The Annals of Family Medicine |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–62 |doi=10.1370/afm.3050 |issn=1544-1709 |pmc=11233076 |pmid=38253509}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ek1icno4bsat74qgh7dtp3nkn945p43 856897 856896 2026-06-14T11:24:05Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cututtukan Jijiyoyin Fahimta''' ( '''NCDs''' ), waɗanda aka fi sani da '''cututtukan fahimta''' ( '''CDs''' ), nau'i ne na cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa waɗanda galibi ke shafar ikon fahimta ciki har da koyo, ƙwaƙwalwa, fahimta, da warware matsaloli. Cututtukan jijiyoyi sun haɗa da rashin hankali, ƙananan cututtukan jijiyoyin fahimi, da kuma manyan cututtukan jijiyoyin fahimi (wanda kuma aka sani da [[dementia]] ). Ana bayyana su ta hanyar ƙarancin ikon fahimta wanda ake samu (sabanin ci gaba), yawanci suna wakiltar raguwa, kuma suna iya samun yanayin kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> DSM-5 ya bayyana muhimman fannoni shida na aikin fahimta: aikin zartarwa, koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa, aikin fahimta-motsi, [[Harshe (yare)|harshe]], kulawa mai rikitarwa, da fahimtar zamantakewa . Duk da cewa [[cutar Alzheimer]] ta fi shafar yawancin cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai cututtuka daban-daban na lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwa, tunani, da ikon tunani, gami da lalacewar frontotemporal, cutar Huntington, dementia tare da Lewy bodies, raunin kwakwalwa mai rauni (TBI), [[cutar Parkinson]], cutar prion, da matsalolin dementia/neurocognitive saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV . <ref name="pmid24986342">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simpson JR |year=2014 |title=DSM-5 and neurocognitive disorders |journal=J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=159–64 |pmid=24986342}}</ref> Ana gano cututtukan neurocognitive a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan dangane da tsananin alamun su. Duk da cewa [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]], matsalolin yanayi, da cututtukan psychotic suma suna iya yin tasiri ga ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwa, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin cututtukan neurocognitive ba saboda rashin aikin fahimta ba shine babban alamar (dalili). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, matsalolin ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayoyin halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa sabanin yanayin cututtukan neurocognitive da aka samu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hugo |first=Julie |last2=Ganguli |first2=Mary |date=September 2014 |title=Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=Clinics in Geriatric Medicine |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=421–442 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.001 |issn=1879-8853 |pmc=4104432 |pmid=25037289}}</ref> Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kwakwalwa. <ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magani ya dogara ne akan yadda ake haifar da wannan matsalar. Magani da hanyoyin magancewa sune mafi yawan magunguna; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'ikan rashin isasshen numfashi, jiyya na iya danne alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani. <ref name="Torpy dementia" /> <ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarrabawa == Bugun da ya gabata na ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da sashe mai suna "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Failures of Fahimta," wanda aka sake duba shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa ga "Rashin Lafiyar Jijiyoyi." An bayyana cututtukan jijiyoyi a matsayin waɗanda ke da "rashin ƙarfi na fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar tabarbarewar aiki daga matakin aiki na baya". Babban ƙa'idar da ke bambanta cututtukan jijiyoyi daga cututtukan yanayi da sauran yanayin tabin hankali waɗanda suka haɗa da ɓangaren fahimta (watau ƙaruwar raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta ita ce "halayen da ke bayyana" cutar. <ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje/rashin aiki a cikin ilimin halittar jijiyoyi (watau tarin amyloid plaque a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Ƙananan sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rashin lafiya mai sauƙi ta neurocognitive, da kuma babban rashin lafiya ta neurocognitive. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowanne daga cikin waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai ƙananan rarrabuwa dangane da asalin cutar da alamunta. === Rashin lafiya === Delirium wani nau'in cuta ce ta jijiyoyi da ke tasowa cikin sauri cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin yanayin tunani mai tsanani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canjin yanayi mai saurin canzawa a yanayin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga mintuna zuwa awanni kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Duk da haka, yanayin delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan awanni zuwa makonni, ya danganta da dalilin da ke haifar da shi. Delirium kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da canjin hankali, canjin yanayi, halaye masu ƙarfi ko marasa tsari, da kuma abubuwan mamaki. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wahala ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shiga asibiti. <ref name=":2" /> Hakanan ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da abubuwan haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon hauka sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawaita zaman asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma illolin magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da cewa ganewar cutar hauka ce ta yau da kullun, ciwon hauka na iya ƙara haɗarin tsawaita zaman asibiti da kuma haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zaman asibiti. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabuwa''' Delirium na iya faɗaɗa cikin ƙananan rarrabuwa daban-daban dangane da dalilinsa da alamominsa. Waɗannan ƙananan rarrabuwa sun haɗa da; shan muggan kwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana kuma amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamun (awanni da kwanaki) da matakin aiki (ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko gauraye aiki) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. === Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa mai sauƙi === Ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive, waɗanda kuma ake kira da ƙarancin fahimta (MCI), ana iya ɗaukar su a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na yau da kullun da babban matsalar neurocognitive. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jongsiriyanyong |first=Sukanya |last2=Limpawattana |first2=Panita |date=2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article |journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=500–7 |doi=10.1177/1533317518791401 |pmc=10852498 |pmid=30068225 |s2cid=51891998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba kamar delirium ba, ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana siffanta su da asarar ƙwaƙwalwa mai ci gaba wanda zai iya ko ba zai iya ci gaba zuwa babban matsalar neurocognitive ba. <ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin 5-17% na marasa lafiya da ke da ƙarancin fahimta za su ci gaba zuwa babban matsalar neurocognitive kowace shekara. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jie-Qiong |last2=Tan |first2=Lan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Fu |last4=Tan |first4=Meng-Shan |last5=Tan |first5=Lin |last6=Xu |first6=Wei |last7=Zhao |first7=Qing-Fei |last8=Wang |first8=Jun |last9=Jiang |first9=Teng |last10=Yu |first10=Jin-Tai |date=2015 |title=Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=476–484 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095 |pmid=26001840 |s2cid=15092127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yiwuwar kamuwa da ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive yana ƙaruwa da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama. Maza kuma suna da alama suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ƙananan matsalar neurocognitive. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langa |first=Kenneth M. |last2=Levine |first2=Deborah A. |date=2014 |title=The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review |journal=JAMA |volume=312 |issue=23 |pages=2551–61 |bibcode=2014JAMA..312.2551L |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13806 |pmc=4269302 |pmid=25514304}}</ref> Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da raunin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mara ma'ana, canje-canjen hali/hali, da kuma rashin yanke hukunci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment |url=https://alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/documents/other-dementias_mild-cognitive-impairment.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Alzheimer Society of Canada}}</ref> === Babban matsalar fahimtar jijiyoyi === Ana bambance ƙananan cututtuka da manyan cututtuka na kwakwalwa dangane da tsananin alamun su. Wanda har yanzu ana kiransa da [[Dementia|ciwon hauka]], babban ciwon kwakwalwa yana da alaƙa da raguwar fahimta da tsangwama ga 'yancin kai, yayin da ƙaramin ciwon kwakwalwa yana da alaƙa da raguwar fahimta mai matsakaici kuma baya tsoma baki ga 'yancin kai. Kafin a gano shi, ba lallai ne ya zama saboda rashin hankali ko wani matsalar kwakwalwa ba. Hakanan yawanci ana tare da su da wani matsalar fahimta. Ga dalilan da ba za a iya jurewa ba na ciwon hauka kamar shekaru, raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da fahimta a hankali yana rayuwa har abada. <ref name="Guerrero" /> '''Rarrabuwa''' Kamar yadda yake da ciwon hauka, duka cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi da manyan an rarraba su bisa ga dalili (Alzheimer's, Frontotemporal degeneration, Parkinson's da sauransu). Alamomin da ake amfani da su don jagorantar ganewar asali sun haɗa da kasancewar ko rashin alamun halayya kamar psychosis, tashin hankali, baƙin ciki. Ana kuma amfani da tsananin alamun a halin yanzu a cikin rarrabuwa kuma ya dogara ne akan iyawar mutum na kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kamar aikin gida, kula da kuɗi, ciyarwa, ko wanka. == Ganewar Ganewa == Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na gwaji da ake amfani da su don tantance fahimtar majiyyaci da matakin wayewarsa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Ƙananan Jarrabawar Matsayin Hankali (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Cog, da Cognitive Assessment Method (CAM), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), da sauransu. An nuna cewa CAM ita ce kayan aikin da aka fi amfani da shi don tantance delirium. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSettersSolberg2017">Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X "Delirium"]</span>. ''Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice''. Geriatrics. '''44''' (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>559. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010|10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797379 28797379].</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wilber |first=Scott T. |last2=Ondrejka |first2=Jason E. |date=2016 |title=Altered Mental Status and Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Geriatric Emergencies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=649–665 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012 |pmid=27475019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Tsoi |first=Kelvin K. F. |last2=Chan |first2=Joyce Y. C. |last3=Hirai |first3=Hoyee W. |last4=Wong |first4=Samuel Y. S. |last5=Kwok |first5=Timothy C. Y. |date=2015 |title=Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=175 |issue=9 |pages=1450–8 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152 |pmid=26052687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wani bincike da aka yi kan daidaito da amfani da hanyoyin gwaji daban-daban ya ba da rahoton cewa MMSE ita ce kayan aikin da aka fi amfani da shi don tantance babban cututtukan neurocognitive, yayin da MoCA ta bayyana a matsayin mafi amfani lokacin tantance ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive. <ref name=":5" /> Sabbin bita na tsarin da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna buƙatar ƙarin bincike mai kyau akan Mini-Cog da MoCA don kimanta raguwar fahimta da haɓaka jagororin asibiti kan amfani da su a wurare daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Daniel HJ |last2=Creavin |first2=Samuel T |last3=Yip |first3=Jennifer LY |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Brayne |first5=Carol |last6=Cullum |first6=Sarah |date=2021-07-13 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the detection of dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010775.pub3 |pmc=8407452 |pmid=34255351}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fage |first=Bruce A |last2=Chan |first2=Calvin CH |last3=Gill |first3=Sudeep S |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Herrmann |first5=Nathan |last6=Smailagic |first6=Nadja |last7=Nikolaou |first7=Vasilis |last8=Seitz |first8=Dallas P |date=2021-07-14 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Mini-Cog for the detection of dementia within a community setting |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010860.pub3 |pmc=8278980 |pmid=34259337}}</ref> == Dalilai == === Rashin lafiya === Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke haifar da ciwon hauka, kuma sau da yawa akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke haifar da ciwon hauka, musamman a asibiti. Abubuwan da ke iya haifar da ciwon hauka sun haɗa da sabbin cututtuka ko kuma waɗanda ke ƙara ta'azzara (misali [[Ciwon filin fitsari|kamuwa da cutar fitsari]], [[ciwon huhu]], da [[sepsis]] ), raunin jijiyoyi/cututtuka (misali [[bugun jini]] da meningitis), abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli (misali rashin motsa jiki da [[rashin barci]] ), da kuma amfani da magani/magani (misali illolin sabbin magunguna, hulɗar magunguna, da amfani/janyewa daga magungunan nishaɗi). <ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTorpy2008">Torpy, Janet (2008). [[doi:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936|"Delirium"]]. ''The Journal of the American Medical Association''. '''300''' (19): 2936. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936|10.1001/jama.300.24.2936]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19109124 19109124].</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wilber |first=Scott T. |last2=Ondrejka |first2=Jason E. |date=2016 |title=Altered Mental Status and Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Geriatric Emergencies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=649–665 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012 |pmid=27475019 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilberOndrejka2016">Wilber, Scott T.; Ondrejka, Jason E. (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X "Altered Mental Status and Delirium"]</span>. ''Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America''. Geriatric Emergencies. '''34''' (3): <span class="nowrap">649–</span>665. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012|10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27475019 27475019].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Inouye |first=Sharon K. |date=2006 |title=Delirium in Older Persons |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13956255 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=11 |pages=1157–65 |doi=10.1056/nejmra052321 |pmid=16540616 |s2cid=245337}}</ref> <ref name="ScottShafer">{{Cite web |title=MayoClinic's Review |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delirium/basics/causes/con-20033982 |publisher=MayoClinic}}</ref> === Rashin lafiya mai sauƙi da babban cuta ta neurocognitive === Cututtukan jijiyoyi na iya haifar da dalilai da yawa: kwayoyin halitta, raunin kwakwalwa, bugun jini, da matsalolin zuciya. Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da su sune cututtukan jijiyoyi kamar [[cutar Alzheimer]], [[cutar Parkinson]], da cutar Huntington saboda suna shafar ko lalata ayyukan kwakwalwa. <ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTorpy2010">Torpy, Janet (2010). [[doi:10.1001/jama.304.17.1972|"Dementia"]]. ''The Journal of the American Medical Association''. '''304''' (7): 1972. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1001/jama.304.17.1972|10.1001/jama.304.17.1972]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21045107 21045107].</cite></ref> Sauran cututtuka da yanayi da ke haifar da NCDs sun haɗa da ciwon hauka na jijiyoyin jini, lalacewar frontotemporal, cutar Lewy body disease, cutar prion, matsin lamba na yau da kullun hydrocephalus, da matsalolin dementia/neurocognitive saboda [[Kanjamau|kamuwa da cutar HIV]] (AIDS). Hakanan suna iya haɗawa da dementia saboda shan ƙwayoyi ko fallasa ga guba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulse |first=Gary K. |last2=Lautenschlager |first2=Nicola T. |last3=Tait |first3=Robert J. |last4=Almeida |first4=Osvaldo P. |date=2005 |title=Dementia associated with alcohol and other drug use |journal=International Psychogeriatrics |volume=17 Suppl 1 |pages=S109–127 |doi=10.1017/s1041610205001985 |issn=1041-6102 |pmid=16240487 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin fahimtar jijiyoyi na iya faruwa ne sakamakon raunin kwakwalwa, gami da rauni a kwakwalwa da raunin kwakwalwa, da kuma [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|damuwa bayan rauni]] da kuma [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]] . Ana kiran wannan da rashin barci, kuma ana siffanta shi da lalacewar manyan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke ɓoye sassan kwakwalwa kamar hippocampus . Wahalar ƙirƙirar tunanin da aka yi kwanan nan ana kiransa rashin barci kuma yana faruwa ne sakamakon lalacewar ɓangaren hippocampus na kwakwalwa, wanda babban ɓangare ne na tsarin ƙwaƙwalwa. <ref name="Ciccarelli" /> Rashin barci na baya-bayan nan kuma yana faruwa ne sakamakon lalacewar hippocampus, amma tunanin da aka rubuta ko kuma aka rubuta a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci ana goge shi. <ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Magani == Babban ƙa'idar maganin delirium ita ce gano da kuma magance matsalar da ke haifar da shi. Idan majiyyaci yana fama da delirium da gaske, alamunsa ya kamata su fara inganta/warkewa tare da maganin da ya dace na rashin lafiyarsa, maye, da sauransu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSettersSolberg2017">Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X "Delirium"]</span>. ''Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice''. Geriatrics. '''44''' (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>559. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010|10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797379 28797379].</cite></ref> Magungunan da ba na magani ba don magance delirium su ne zaɓuɓɓukan magani na farko. Waɗannan sun haɗa da zaɓuɓɓuka kamar sake duba lokaci da wuri, ba da damar isasshen barci, tabbatar da cewa mutum yana da isasshen ruwa, magance maƙarƙashiya ko riƙe fitsari . Idan hanyoyin da ba na magani ba suka gaza, magunguna kamar magungunan antipsychotic na iya taimakawa rage alamun tashin hankali da taimakawa barci a wasu lokuta. Akwai iyakataccen shaida cewa amfani da magungunan antipsychotic na iya rage tsawon lokacin delirium. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cerveira |first=Cecília Carboni Tardelli |last2=Pupo |first2=Cláudia Cristina |last3=Santos |first3=Sigrid De Sousa dos |last4=Santos |first4=José Eduardo Mourão |date=September 2017 |title=Delirium in the elderly: A systematic review of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments |journal=Dementia & Neuropsychologia |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=270–275 |doi=10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-030009 |issn=1980-5764 |pmc=5674671 |pmid=29213524}}</ref> A cikin yanayin delirium da barasa ko wasu magungunan kwantar da hankali suka haifar, ana iya ɗaukar benzodiazepines don rage alamun, da kuma hana farfadiya ko mutuwa. Ga mutanen da ke da delirium saboda dalilai banda janyewar kwantar da hankali, benzodiazepines na iya ƙara ta'azzara delirium kuma ya kamata a iyakance amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=David |date=December 2018 |title=Benzodiazepines for agitation in patients with delirium: selecting the right patient, right time, and right indication |journal=Current Opinion in Supportive & Palliative Care |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=489–494 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0000000000000395 |issn=1751-4258 |pmc=6261485 |pmid=30239384}}</ref> Ga waɗanda ke da barasa ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ana ba da shawarar ƙarin bitamin B kuma ga waɗanda ke da matsanancin yanayi, ana iya amfani da tallafin rayuwa. <ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTorpy2008">Torpy, Janet (2008). [[doi:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936|"Delirium"]]. ''The Journal of the American Medical Association''. '''300''' (19): 2936. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936|10.1001/jama.300.24.2936]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19109124 19109124].</cite></ref> === Rashin lafiya mai sauƙi da babban cuta ta neurocognitive === Babu maganin cutar kwakwalwa ko cututtukan da ke haifar da ita. Duk da haka, akwai hanyoyi da yawa, duka na magunguna da waɗanda ba na magunguna ba waɗanda za su iya taimakawa wajen magance alamun, rage ci gaban cututtuka, da inganta ingancin rayuwa. Canje-canje a salon rayuwa sun haɗa da bin tsarin cin abinci na MIND (Mediterranian-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay). Wannan abincin ya ƙunshi abinci mai wadataccen antioxidants da Omega 3 kamar ganyen ganye, goro, da kifi, tare da rage nama ja da abinci mai yawan kitse. Nazarin ya nuna ba wai kawai raguwar yawan kamuwa da cutar hauka a cikin mutanen da ke bin tsarin cin abinci na MIND ba, har ma da inganta sakamakon fahimta a cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda suka riga sun kamu da cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aderinto |first=Nicholas |last2=Olatunji |first2=Gbolahan |last3=Abdulbasit |first3=Muili |last4=Olajide |first4=Tobi Nifemi |last5=Kokori |first5=Emmanuel |date=2023-11-07 |title=Examining the efficacy of the Mediterranean-DASH diet intervention for neurodegenerative delay in mitigating cognitive decline |journal=The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s41983-023-00752-1 |issn=1687-8329 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana lura da irin wannan tasirin tare da motsa jiki na yau da kullun saboda yana iya ƙara yawan neuroplasticity, da hana raguwar fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mahalakshmi |first=B. |last2=Maurya |first2=Nancy |last3=Lee |first3=Shin-Da |last4=Bharath Kumar |first4=V. |date=2020-08-16 |title=Possible Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Physical Exercise in Neurodegeneration |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=5895 |doi=10.3390/ijms21165895 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=7460620 |pmid=32824367 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin ya kuma nuna cewa abinci mai yawan Omega 3, ƙarancin kitse mai cike da sukari, tare da motsa jiki na yau da kullun na iya ƙara matakin ƙarfin kwakwalwa. <ref name="Gomez-Pinilla">{{Cite journal |last=Gomez-Pinilla |first=Fernando |year=2011 |title=The Combined Effects of Exercise and Foods in Preventing Neurological and Cognitive Disorders |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=52 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S75–S80 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.023 |pmc=3258093 |pmid=21281667}}</ref> Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa motsa jiki na kwakwalwa irin wannan sabon "shirye-shiryen horar da kwakwalwa ta kwamfuta" zai iya taimakawa wajen ginawa da kula da takamaiman wurare na kwakwalwa. Waɗannan nazarin sun yi nasara sosai ga waɗanda aka gano suna da [[Hauka|cutar schizophrenia]] kuma suna iya inganta hankali mai zurfi, ikon daidaitawa da magance sabbin matsaloli ko ƙalubale da aka fara fuskanta, kuma a cikin matasa, har yanzu yana iya yin tasiri a rayuwa ta gaba. Shiga tsakani kamar gyaran [[Gyaran jiki|jiki]], aikin yi, da kuma maganin magana na iya taimakawa wajen hana raguwar aiki ga mutanen da ke da cutar hauka. Kodayake tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke da manyan cututtukan jijiyoyi galibi suna buƙatar taimako tare da ayyukansu na yau da kullun wanda ke haifar da sanya su a gidajen kulawa na dogon lokaci, ingantaccen tsarin gyara zai iya taimakawa wajen jinkirta wannan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Anupam |last2=Prakash |first2=Naveen B. |last3=Sannyasi |first3=Gourav |date=September 2021 |title=Rehabilitation in Dementia |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=43 |issue=5_suppl |pages=S37–S47 |doi=10.1177/02537176211033316 |issn=0253-7176 |pmc=8543618 |pmid=34732953}}</ref> An nuna cewa maganin magana yana taimakawa wajen magance matsalar harshe, don haka inganta ci gaba na dogon lokaci da sakamakon ilimi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ullrich |first=Dieter |last2=Ullrich |first2=Katja |last3=Marten |first3=Magret |date=September 2014 |title=A longitudinal assessment of early childhood education with integrated speech therapy for children with significant language impairment in Germany: Longitudinal assessment of early childhood education with integrated speech therapy |journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=558–566 |doi=10.1111/1460-6984.12092 |pmid=24939594}}</ref> Ci gaba da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da tallafin psychosocial ga marasa lafiya da iyalai yawanci suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar gaskiya da kuma kula da cutar yadda ya kamata da kuma kiyaye ingantacciyar rayuwa ga duk wanda abin ya shafa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S |date=April 2015 |title=Exercise programs for people with dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4 |pmc=9426996 |pmid=25874613}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Swinnen N, de Bruin ED, Dumoulin C, Thalmann M, Guimarães V, De Jong J, Vandenbulcke M, Vancampfort D |date=2021 |title=The VITAAL Stepping Exergame Prototype for Older Adults With Major Neurocognitive Disorder: A Usability Study |journal=Front Aging Neurosci |volume=13 |issue= |doi=10.3389/fnagi.2021.701319 |pmc=8600328 |pmid=34803650 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA |date=October 2019 |title=Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review |journal=JAMA |volume=322 |issue=16 |pages=1589–99 |bibcode=2019JAMA..322.1589A |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.4782 |pmc=7462122 |pmid=31638686}}</ref> Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, mutane na iya fara gwagwarmaya don yanke shawara da kansu. Yana da mahimmanci a tattauna shirin kulawa da manufofin kulawa da wuri-wuri a cikin tsarin cutar don a san buƙatun mutane. Damuwar aminci wadda wani muhimmin bangare ne na kula da mutum mai fama da cutar hauka. Bincike ya nuna karuwar barazanar faɗuwa da karyewar kugu ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar hauka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Weihong |last2=Low |first2=Lee-Fay |last3=Schwenk |first3=Michael |last4=Mills |first4=Nicholas |last5=Gwynn |first5=Josephine-Diana |last6=Clemson |first6=Lindy |date=2019 |title=Review of Gait, Cognition, and Fall Risks with Implications for Fall Prevention in Older Adults with Dementia |url=https://karger.com/article/doi/10.1159/000504340 |journal=Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1–2 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.1159/000504340 |issn=1420-8008 |pmid=31743907 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Gyara a gida ya haɗa da guje wa matakala, hana cunkoso a hanyoyin tafiya, da kuma cire kafet marasa kyau duk suna taimakawa wajen hana faɗuwa. Yawo kuma hali ne da ke da alaƙa da cutar hauka wanda zai iya haifar da rauni ko ma mutuwa. Ana ba da shawarar kulawa mai kyau ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar hauka waɗanda ke nuna halayen yawo. Sauran matakan sun haɗa da tabbatar da cewa mutumin yana da shaida a kansu a kowane lokaci wato gano abin wuya ko sarka tare da sunansu, adireshinsu, da bayanan tuntuɓarsu. Tuki wani lamari ne na tsaro da ya kamata a magance shi. Duk da cewa waɗanda ke cikin matakin farko na cutar hauka har yanzu suna iya tuƙi lafiya tsawon shekaru da yawa, yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, a ƙarshe ta kai ga inda ta zama mara aminci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breen |first=David A |last2=Breen |first2=David P |last3=Moore |first3=John W |last4=Breen |first4=Patricia A |last5=O'Neill |first5=Desmond |date=2007-06-30 |title=Driving and dementia |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=334 |issue=7608 |pages=1365–1369 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39233.585208.55 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1906602 |pmid=17600026}}</ref> Akwai magunguna da yawa da aka nuna suna da amfani ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan neurocognitive. Alamomin cututtukan neuropsychiatric daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da dementia waɗanda za a iya magance su da magunguna. Mutanen da ke fama da dementia na iya fama da barci, gami da rage sa'o'i na barci da rashin ingancin barci gabaɗaya. Magunguna kamar melatonin, ramelteon, ko trazodone sun nuna shaidu daban-daban wajen haɓaka isasshen barci ga marasa lafiya da dementia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCleery |first=Jenny |last2=Sharpley |first2=Ann L |date=2020-11-15 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD009178.pub4 |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2020 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009178.pub4 |pmid=33189083 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Damuwa, damuwa, tashin hankali, ko tashin hankali wasu alamu ne na neuropsychiatric da aka saba gani. Kula da waɗannan alamun tare da magunguna na iya zama da amfani. Magungunan rage damuwa na iya taimakawa wajen magance yawancin rikice-rikicen yanayi da ake gani a cikin dementia, kuma galibi ana jure su sosai ga tsofaffi. A cikin yanayin rikice-rikicen ɗabi'a masu tsanani, gami da psychosis da tashin hankali wanda ke iya haifar da cutar da kai ko wasu, ana iya la'akari da magungunan rage damuwa. Waɗannan magunguna ba a yarda da su sosai a cikin tsofaffi ba saboda illolinsu don haka ya kamata a yi amfani da su ne kawai idan babu wani madadin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tible |first=Olivier Pierre |last2=Riese |first2=Florian |last3=Savaskan |first3=Egemen |last4=von Gunten |first4=Armin |date=August 2017 |title=Best practice in the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=297–309 |doi=10.1177/1756285617712979 |issn=1756-2864 |pmc=5518961 |pmid=28781611}}</ref> An nuna cewa sarrafa haɗarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da bugun jini tare da ingantaccen kula da hauhawar jini, ciwon suga, da cholesterol yana rage ci gaban raguwar fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ligthart |first=Suzanne |last2=Richard |first2=Edo |last3=Moll van Charante |last4=Van Gool |date=August 2010 |title=Treatment of cardiovascular risk factors to prevent cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review |url=http://www.dovepress.com/treatment-of-cardiovascular-risk-factors-to-prevent-cognitive-decline--peer-reviewed-article-VHRM |journal=Vascular Health and Risk Management |language=en |pages=775 |doi=10.2147/VHRM.S7343 |issn=1178-2048 |pmc=2941788 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai kuma magunguna da yawa na likitanci da aka yi niyya don inganta fahimta ga waɗanda ke da cututtukan neurocognitive. Masu hana Cholinesterase, magunguna waɗanda ke ƙara yawan sinadarin neurotransmitter Acetylcholine a cikin kwakwalwa, sun nuna ɗan ci gaba a cikin fahimta ga marasa lafiya da ciwon hauka. Misalan masu hana cholinesterase sun haɗa da Donepezil, Rivastigmine, da Galantamine . Ana amfani da waɗannan magunguna don ɓoye alamun ciwon hauka, amma ba sa canza yanayin cutar ko warkar da cutar da ke ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grossberg |first=George T |date=April 2003 |title=Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease |journal=Current Therapeutic Research |language=en |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=216–235 |doi=10.1016/S0011-393X(03)00059-6 |pmc=4052996 |pmid=24944370}}</ref> Masu hana NMDA-receptor antagonists kamar Memantine wani nau'in magani ne da ake amfani da shi ga marasa lafiya da ciwon hauka, kuma sun nuna wasu fa'idodi a cikin fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olivares |first=David |last2=Deshpande |first2=Varun K. |last3=Shi |first3=Ying |last4=Lahiri |first4=Debomoy K. |last5=Greig |first5=Nigel H. |last6=Rogers |first6=Jack T. |last7=Huang |first7=Xudong |date=2012 |title=N-Methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists and Memantine Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia and Parkinson's Disease |url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/43867 |journal=Current Alzheimer Research |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=746–758 |doi=10.2174/156720512801322564 |pmc=5002349 |pmid=21875407}}</ref> Sabbin hanyoyin magani sun haɗa da anti-amyloid antibodies waɗanda aka yi niyya ga sunadarai masu cutarwa a cikin kwakwalwa. Ba kamar magungunan da aka tattauna a baya ba, waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin magani suna iya canza cututtuka. Waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin magani sun iyakance ga nau'in ciwon hauka [[Cutar Alzheimer|na Alzheimer]], amma sun nuna suna da tasiri sosai wajen rage matakan amyloid plaque a cikin kwakwalwa. Sakamakon dogon lokaci na waɗannan sabbin magunguna akan sakamakon asibiti da fahimta har yanzu suna da iyaka, kuma suna da yuwuwar haɗarin kumburi da zubar jini a kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ebell |first=Mark H. |last2=Barry |first2=Henry C. |last3=Baduni |first3=Kanishka |last4=Grasso |first4=Gabrielle |date=January 2024 |title=Clinically Important Benefits and Harms of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Amyloid for the Treatment of Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=The Annals of Family Medicine |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–62 |doi=10.1370/afm.3050 |issn=1544-1709 |pmc=11233076 |pmid=38253509}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hx93gthebe3dnzoa71wwaq3zgppw3ok 3 156449 856356 853852 2026-06-13T20:15:11Z Fayomi Favour 45784 /* Barka da zuwa! */ Mayarwa 856356 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fayomi Favour! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fayomi Favour|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) :I appreciate [[User:Fayomi Favour|Fayomi Favour]] ([[User talk:Fayomi Favour|talk]]) 20:15, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) slyvoc2thq3ehz9akxxlfxwb5kochmb 3 156465 856300 853872 2026-06-13T17:44:50Z IdakwoReality 45764 /* Barka da zuwa! */ Mayarwa 856300 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, IdakwoReality! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/IdakwoReality|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) :thank you [[User:IdakwoReality|IdakwoReality]] ([[User talk:IdakwoReality|talk]]) 17:44, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 64fsygfx0pnoxz8epvji1cyoktty5ro 0 157014 856648 855640 2026-06-14T09:02:40Z Arabiyu 28508 856648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''''''Trypanosoma'' brucei evansi''''' wani nau'i ne na nau'in kwayar cuta ''T. brucei'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostygov |first=Alexei Y. |last2=Karnkowska |first2=Anna |last3=Votýpka |first3=Jan |last4=Tashyreva |first4=Daria |last5=Maciszewski |first5=Kacper |last6=Yurchenko |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Lukeš |first7=Julius |date=2021-03-10 |title=Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.200407 |journal=Open Biology |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.1098/rsob.200407 |pmc=8061765 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na tono trypanosome a cikin jinsin Trypanosoma wanda shine daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da surra a cikin dabbobi. <ref name="RjeibiBen Hamida2015">{{Cite journal |last=Aregawi |first=Weldegebrial G. |last2=Agga |first2=Getahun E. |last3=Abdi |first3=Reta D. |last4=Büscher |first4=Philippe |date=January 2019 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' |journal=[[Parasites & Vectors]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=67 |doi=10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4 |pmc=6357473 |pmid=30704516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Griffith Evans ne ya gano shi a cikin 1880 a Dera Ismail Khan (Birtaniya Indiya), shine farkon tripanosome da aka sani wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta. Yana da kwayar cuta ta yau da kullun a Indiya da Iran kuma yana haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani a cikin raƙuma da dawakai, da kuma cututtukan da ba su da tsanani a cikin shanu da buffalo.<ref name="SazmandJoachim2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sazmand A, Joachim A |year=2017 |title=Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017) - a literature review |journal=[[Parasite (journal)|Parasite]] |volume=24 |page=21 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2017024 |pmc=5479402 |pmid=28617666 |s2cid=13783061 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gharbi2025">{{Cite journal |last=Gharbi |first=Mohamed |last2=Kamoun |first2=Meha |last3=Khamassi |first3=Médiha |last4=Rekik |first4=Syrine |last5=Smida |first5=Boubaker Ben |last6=Ahmed |first6=Jawhar Fekih |last7=Boubaker |first7=Chayma |last8=Cecchi |first8=Giuliano |last9=Gimonneau |first9=Geoffrey |last10=Desquesnes |first10=Marc |date=2025 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' infection in Tunisia: current situation |url=https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/2025/01/parasite250013/parasite250013.html |journal=Parasite |language=en |volume=32 |page=65 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2025058 |issn=1776-1042 |pmc=12500233 |pmid=41052320 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Pakistan, an gano shi ne mafi yawan nau'in trypanosome a cikin jaki. Yanzu an kafa shi don kamuwa da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane.<ref name="Desquesnes-et-al-2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S |year=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/321237 |pmc=3789323 |pmid=24151595 |s2cid=18573610 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habila |first=Nathan |last2=Inuwa |first2=Mairo H. |last3=Aimola |first3=Idowu A. |last4=Udeh |first4=Michael U. |last5=Haruna |first5=Emmanuel |year=2012 |title=Pathogenic mechanisms of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' infections |journal=[[Research in Veterinary Science]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.011 |pmid=21940025 |s2cid=26549677}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa T. b.''T.b. evansi'' shine - kamar T. b,''T.b. equiperdum'' - wanda aka samo daga ''T. brucei'' . Saboda asarar wani ɓangare na mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA T. b.''T.b. evansi'' ba zai iya kamuwa da kwari ba, abubuwan da ba su da ƙwayoyin halitta na trypanosomes, da Bayanan da suka dace da dracunculiasis sun bayyana a cikin takardun da suka tsira daga [[likita|likitoci]] zamanin Girka da Roma. A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an yadu da dracunculiasis a duk faɗin [[Afirka]] da Asiya ta Kudu, yana shafar mutane miliyan 48 a kowace shekara. Kokarin kawar da cutar dracunculiasis ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1980 bayan nasarar [[Agana|kawar da]] [[Baboon|Kwando]] a shekarar 1977. A shekara ta 1995, kusan kowace ƙasa da ke fama da cutar dracunculiasis ta kafa shirin kawar da ƙasa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shari'o'in da suka faru sun ragu da sauri, sun faɗi ƙasa da 100,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 1997, ƙasa da 10,000 a cikin 2007, ƙasa da 1,000 a cikin 2012, ƙasa da 100 a cikin 2015, kuma zuwa kawai 10 a cikin 2025. Tun daga shekara ta 1986, kasashe 16 da suka kasance masu fama da cutar a baya sun kawar da cutar dracunculiasis, inda suka bar cutar ta farko a kasashe masu tasowa guda uku na Afirka ta tsakiya - [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Sudan]]" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Sudan">Sudan ta Kudu. Ƙarin ƙasashe uku sun kasance za a tabbatar da su ba tare da yaduwar cututtukan cututtukani ba waɗanda ba su da rahoton kamuwa da cutar tun ƙarshen 2023: [[Angola]], [[Mali]], da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, Sudan, an riga an tabbatar da shi amma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba tare da watsawa ba. Bugu da ƙari, kodayake [[Kamaru]] ta sami takardar shaidar kyauta daga watsawa ta ciki tun 2007, ta fuskanci shari'o'i uku tun daga 2019 tare da iyakarta da Chadi. ''D. medinensis&nbsp;'' kuma na iya kamuwa da [[Kare|karnuka]], [[Kyanwa|Cats]], da baboons, kodayake lokuta da ba na mutane ba suma suna fadowa saboda kokarin kawar da su. Sauran nau'in ''[[Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]]'' suna haifar da dracunculiasis a cikin [[Reptile|Dabbobi masu rarrafe]] a duk duniya da kuma [[Mammal|dabbobi masu shayarwa]] a [[Amurka]].&nbsp;{{Spaced en dash}} == Tarihi == T. b.''T.b. evansi'' kwayar cuta ce wacce ta haifar da mummunar cuta, sau da yawa mai kisa, a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar dawakai, jaki, shanu da raƙuma. A Indiya, inda ya kasance yadu tun zamanin d ̄ a, an san cutar da surra. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S |date=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/194176 |pmc=3760267 |pmid=24024184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A karkashin Mulkin Burtaniya, ya haifar da mummunar cikas ga Sojojin Burtaniya, yayin da da dawakai suka kamu da cutar. A watan Agustan 1880, an tura Griffith Evans na Royal Army Service Corps don bincika lamarin a sansanin soja a Dera Ismail Khan (yanzu a Pakistan). Nan da nan ya gane kwayar cuta mai kama da tsutsotsi daga samfurori na jini na duk dawakai marasa lafiya. Ya bayar da rahoto a cikin 1881:<blockquote>Lokacin da na fara ganin shi [tsuntsu] Na yi tunanin na ɗan lokaci wani nau'i ne na spirillum [wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta], amma nan da nan ya zo ya tabbatar mini cewa ba haka ba ne... Yana da jiki mai laushi, lokacin da yake sabo kuma yana aiki, wanda ke raguwa a gaba zuwa wuyansa wanda ya ƙare a cikin kai mai laushi wanda daga gare shi akwai dogon igiya mai laushi [wannan yanzu aka sani da flagella, kuma yana kusa da ƙarshen baya, ba a " wutsiya" ba], don haka yana da kyau don ba za'a iya gani ba... Na zo ga ƙarshe cewa yana da nau'i biyu masu kama da fin a kowane gefe, ɗaya kusa da inda wuyan ya fara kuma ɗayan kusa da inda wutsiyar ta fara [yanzu an fahimci cewa ɗaya ne mai juyawa, ba biyu ba, wanda flagellum ya kafa].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans G |date=1881 |title=On a Horse Disease in India Known as "Surra," Probably Due to a Hæmatozoon |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2543337717431542 |journal=[[The Veterinary Journal and Annals of Comparative Pathology]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=180–200 |doi=10.1016/S2543-3377(17)43154-2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref></blockquote>Griffith ta hanyar gwaji ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ita ce cutar da ke haifar da surra ta hanyar kamuwa da dawakai masu lafiya ta amfani da jini mai kamuwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1918-07-25 |title=Presentation of the Mary Kingsley Medal |url= |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1918.11684153 |issn=0003-4983}}</ref> Koyaya, ikon kiwon lafiya a Indiya ta Burtaniya ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa kwayar cutar na iya haifar da irin wannan cuta. Timothy Richards Lewis, Mataimakin Musamman ga Kwamishinan Kiwon Lafiya, ya tabbatar da kwayar cutar amma ba alaƙar da cutar ba. Lewis ya gano wani trypanosome (daga baya ake kira ''Trypanosoma lewisi'') na beraye a 1878 (an ruwaito shi a 1879). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Timothy Richards |date=1879 |title=Memoirs: Flagellated Organisms in the Blood of Healthy Rats |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/s2-19/73/109/61774/Memoirs-Flagellated-Organisms-in-the-Blood-of |journal=Journal of Cell Science |language=en |volume=s2-19 |issue=73 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1242/jcs.s2-19.73.109 |issn=1477-9137}}</ref> Ya gamsu cewa trypanosome ba shi da lahani saboda ya gano su daga beraye masu lafiya kawai. Shi da David Douglas Cunningham (Profesor of Physiology in the Medical College, Calcutta, and Surgeon-General of India), don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da Griffith ya lura, a hukumance sun bayyana cewa "babu kwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin rayayyun dabba da ke haifar da cuta. " <ref name=":2" /> Daga baya an rubuta shi a cikin ''Halitta:'' " Ra'ayin hukuma ya yi tsayayya da shi sosai [Griffith" .<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=News and Views: Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136172a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3431 |pages=172–173 |doi=10.1038/136172a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136942a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3450 |pages=942–943 |doi=10.1038/136942a0 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> An kafa binciken Griffith da kansa. A cikin 1885, J. H. Steel ya ba da rahoton daga Birnin Burtaniya (yanzu Myanmar) irin wannan kwayar cutar da ya gano daga samfurori na jini na alfadarai na jigilar sojoji. Kamancin cutar da kwayar cuta ga waɗanda Griffith ya bayyana nan da nan ya zama bayyananne.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steel JH, Evans G |date=3 December 1880 |title=Report of veterinary surgeon JH Steel, AVD, on his investigation into an obscure and fatal disease among transport mules in British Burma, which he found to be a fever of relapsing type, and probably identical with the disorder first described by Dr. Griffith Evans under the name" Surra", in a report (herewith reprinted) |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hqve8a9f |journal=The Veterinary Journal |language=en |location=London |publisher=Punjab Government, Military Department, No. 439-4467 |access-date=2022-11-23 |via=Wellcome Collection}}</ref> Koyaya, Karfe ya gane kuskuren kwayar cutar a matsayin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Spirochaete kuma ya ba shi suna ''Spirochaeta evansi'', don girmama mai ganowa. Edgar Crookshank a Kwalejin King's London daidai ya gano shi a matsayin wani nau'i na protozoan sake masa suna ''Haematonomas evansi'', amma da sauri ya canza shi zuwa ''Trichomonas evansi'' a 1885. A shekara ta 1896, likitan dabbobi na Faransa J. Chauvrat ya ba da bayanin da ya dace da sabon sunan ''Trypanosoma evansi.'' . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith's Evan's 100th birthday |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=3893 |pages=313–314 |pmc=2461164}}</ref> An kafa kwayar cutar a matsayin trypanosome na farko wanda ya haifar da cuta (trypanosomiasis). <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evan's Hundredth Birthday |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=430–431 |pmc=1561448 |pmid=20320047}}</ref> === Batutuwan mutane === An bayar da rahoton mutum na farko daga [[Maharashtra]], Indiya, a cikin shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2004, wani manomi mai shekaru 45 daga ƙauyen Seoni an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda mummunar zazzabi da kuma rikicewar halayyar jijiyoyi. Gwajin serological, microscopic, da DNA (PCR) ya nuna cewa ya kamu da cutar T. b.''T.b.'' == Magani == Ana ba da shawarar Suramin.<ref name="Pharmaceutics-Resistance">{{Cite journal |last=Kasozi |first=Keneth Iceland |last2=MacLeod |first2=Ewan Thomas |last3=Ntulume |first3=Ibrahim |last4=Welburn |first4=Susan Christina |year=2022 |title=An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance |journal=[[Frontiers in Veterinary Science]] |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2022.828111 |pmc=8959112 |pmid=35356785 |s2cid=247245582 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Isometamidium chloride ba shi da tasiri.<ref name="Pharmaceutics-Resistance" /> === Tsayayyar Trypanocide === Trypanosoma brucei evansi juriya ta trypanocide ta yadu.[1] Diminazene aceturate sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri ga amfani da shanu, dawakai, alade, da giwa a Thailand.[1] Ba a ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da shanu saboda halin da yake da shi na samar da tsayayya tare da diminazene aceturate da isometamidium chloride.[1] Ana ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da doki da raƙumi kawai.[1] Ga Philippines ana ba da shawarar kula da dukkan dabbobi da abin ya shafa, yayin da maganin shekara-shekara na dabbobi na ƙauyen na iya zama mafi inganci amma yana da haɗarin haɓaka juriya.[1] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tuts04dooovfnvq6ua5iu6zsicdpg2f 856649 856648 2026-06-14T09:02:59Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Tsayayyar Trypanocide */ 856649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''''''Trypanosoma'' brucei evansi''''' wani nau'i ne na nau'in kwayar cuta ''T. brucei'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostygov |first=Alexei Y. |last2=Karnkowska |first2=Anna |last3=Votýpka |first3=Jan |last4=Tashyreva |first4=Daria |last5=Maciszewski |first5=Kacper |last6=Yurchenko |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Lukeš |first7=Julius |date=2021-03-10 |title=Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.200407 |journal=Open Biology |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.1098/rsob.200407 |pmc=8061765 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na tono trypanosome a cikin jinsin Trypanosoma wanda shine daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da surra a cikin dabbobi. <ref name="RjeibiBen Hamida2015">{{Cite journal |last=Aregawi |first=Weldegebrial G. |last2=Agga |first2=Getahun E. |last3=Abdi |first3=Reta D. |last4=Büscher |first4=Philippe |date=January 2019 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' |journal=[[Parasites & Vectors]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=67 |doi=10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4 |pmc=6357473 |pmid=30704516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Griffith Evans ne ya gano shi a cikin 1880 a Dera Ismail Khan (Birtaniya Indiya), shine farkon tripanosome da aka sani wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta. Yana da kwayar cuta ta yau da kullun a Indiya da Iran kuma yana haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani a cikin raƙuma da dawakai, da kuma cututtukan da ba su da tsanani a cikin shanu da buffalo.<ref name="SazmandJoachim2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sazmand A, Joachim A |year=2017 |title=Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017) - a literature review |journal=[[Parasite (journal)|Parasite]] |volume=24 |page=21 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2017024 |pmc=5479402 |pmid=28617666 |s2cid=13783061 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gharbi2025">{{Cite journal |last=Gharbi |first=Mohamed |last2=Kamoun |first2=Meha |last3=Khamassi |first3=Médiha |last4=Rekik |first4=Syrine |last5=Smida |first5=Boubaker Ben |last6=Ahmed |first6=Jawhar Fekih |last7=Boubaker |first7=Chayma |last8=Cecchi |first8=Giuliano |last9=Gimonneau |first9=Geoffrey |last10=Desquesnes |first10=Marc |date=2025 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' infection in Tunisia: current situation |url=https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/2025/01/parasite250013/parasite250013.html |journal=Parasite |language=en |volume=32 |page=65 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2025058 |issn=1776-1042 |pmc=12500233 |pmid=41052320 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Pakistan, an gano shi ne mafi yawan nau'in trypanosome a cikin jaki. Yanzu an kafa shi don kamuwa da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane.<ref name="Desquesnes-et-al-2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S |year=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/321237 |pmc=3789323 |pmid=24151595 |s2cid=18573610 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habila |first=Nathan |last2=Inuwa |first2=Mairo H. |last3=Aimola |first3=Idowu A. |last4=Udeh |first4=Michael U. |last5=Haruna |first5=Emmanuel |year=2012 |title=Pathogenic mechanisms of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' infections |journal=[[Research in Veterinary Science]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.011 |pmid=21940025 |s2cid=26549677}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa T. b.''T.b. evansi'' shine - kamar T. b,''T.b. equiperdum'' - wanda aka samo daga ''T. brucei'' . Saboda asarar wani ɓangare na mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA T. b.''T.b. evansi'' ba zai iya kamuwa da kwari ba, abubuwan da ba su da ƙwayoyin halitta na trypanosomes, da Bayanan da suka dace da dracunculiasis sun bayyana a cikin takardun da suka tsira daga [[likita|likitoci]] zamanin Girka da Roma. A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an yadu da dracunculiasis a duk faɗin [[Afirka]] da Asiya ta Kudu, yana shafar mutane miliyan 48 a kowace shekara. Kokarin kawar da cutar dracunculiasis ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1980 bayan nasarar [[Agana|kawar da]] [[Baboon|Kwando]] a shekarar 1977. A shekara ta 1995, kusan kowace ƙasa da ke fama da cutar dracunculiasis ta kafa shirin kawar da ƙasa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shari'o'in da suka faru sun ragu da sauri, sun faɗi ƙasa da 100,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 1997, ƙasa da 10,000 a cikin 2007, ƙasa da 1,000 a cikin 2012, ƙasa da 100 a cikin 2015, kuma zuwa kawai 10 a cikin 2025. Tun daga shekara ta 1986, kasashe 16 da suka kasance masu fama da cutar a baya sun kawar da cutar dracunculiasis, inda suka bar cutar ta farko a kasashe masu tasowa guda uku na Afirka ta tsakiya - [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Sudan]]" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Sudan">Sudan ta Kudu. Ƙarin ƙasashe uku sun kasance za a tabbatar da su ba tare da yaduwar cututtukan cututtukani ba waɗanda ba su da rahoton kamuwa da cutar tun ƙarshen 2023: [[Angola]], [[Mali]], da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, Sudan, an riga an tabbatar da shi amma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba tare da watsawa ba. Bugu da ƙari, kodayake [[Kamaru]] ta sami takardar shaidar kyauta daga watsawa ta ciki tun 2007, ta fuskanci shari'o'i uku tun daga 2019 tare da iyakarta da Chadi. ''D. medinensis&nbsp;'' kuma na iya kamuwa da [[Kare|karnuka]], [[Kyanwa|Cats]], da baboons, kodayake lokuta da ba na mutane ba suma suna fadowa saboda kokarin kawar da su. Sauran nau'in ''[[Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]]'' suna haifar da dracunculiasis a cikin [[Reptile|Dabbobi masu rarrafe]] a duk duniya da kuma [[Mammal|dabbobi masu shayarwa]] a [[Amurka]].&nbsp;{{Spaced en dash}} == Tarihi == T. b.''T.b. evansi'' kwayar cuta ce wacce ta haifar da mummunar cuta, sau da yawa mai kisa, a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar dawakai, jaki, shanu da raƙuma. A Indiya, inda ya kasance yadu tun zamanin d ̄ a, an san cutar da surra. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S |date=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/194176 |pmc=3760267 |pmid=24024184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A karkashin Mulkin Burtaniya, ya haifar da mummunar cikas ga Sojojin Burtaniya, yayin da da dawakai suka kamu da cutar. A watan Agustan 1880, an tura Griffith Evans na Royal Army Service Corps don bincika lamarin a sansanin soja a Dera Ismail Khan (yanzu a Pakistan). Nan da nan ya gane kwayar cuta mai kama da tsutsotsi daga samfurori na jini na duk dawakai marasa lafiya. Ya bayar da rahoto a cikin 1881:<blockquote>Lokacin da na fara ganin shi [tsuntsu] Na yi tunanin na ɗan lokaci wani nau'i ne na spirillum [wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta], amma nan da nan ya zo ya tabbatar mini cewa ba haka ba ne... Yana da jiki mai laushi, lokacin da yake sabo kuma yana aiki, wanda ke raguwa a gaba zuwa wuyansa wanda ya ƙare a cikin kai mai laushi wanda daga gare shi akwai dogon igiya mai laushi [wannan yanzu aka sani da flagella, kuma yana kusa da ƙarshen baya, ba a " wutsiya" ba], don haka yana da kyau don ba za'a iya gani ba... Na zo ga ƙarshe cewa yana da nau'i biyu masu kama da fin a kowane gefe, ɗaya kusa da inda wuyan ya fara kuma ɗayan kusa da inda wutsiyar ta fara [yanzu an fahimci cewa ɗaya ne mai juyawa, ba biyu ba, wanda flagellum ya kafa].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans G |date=1881 |title=On a Horse Disease in India Known as "Surra," Probably Due to a Hæmatozoon |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2543337717431542 |journal=[[The Veterinary Journal and Annals of Comparative Pathology]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=180–200 |doi=10.1016/S2543-3377(17)43154-2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref></blockquote>Griffith ta hanyar gwaji ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ita ce cutar da ke haifar da surra ta hanyar kamuwa da dawakai masu lafiya ta amfani da jini mai kamuwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1918-07-25 |title=Presentation of the Mary Kingsley Medal |url= |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1918.11684153 |issn=0003-4983}}</ref> Koyaya, ikon kiwon lafiya a Indiya ta Burtaniya ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa kwayar cutar na iya haifar da irin wannan cuta. Timothy Richards Lewis, Mataimakin Musamman ga Kwamishinan Kiwon Lafiya, ya tabbatar da kwayar cutar amma ba alaƙar da cutar ba. Lewis ya gano wani trypanosome (daga baya ake kira ''Trypanosoma lewisi'') na beraye a 1878 (an ruwaito shi a 1879). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Timothy Richards |date=1879 |title=Memoirs: Flagellated Organisms in the Blood of Healthy Rats |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/s2-19/73/109/61774/Memoirs-Flagellated-Organisms-in-the-Blood-of |journal=Journal of Cell Science |language=en |volume=s2-19 |issue=73 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1242/jcs.s2-19.73.109 |issn=1477-9137}}</ref> Ya gamsu cewa trypanosome ba shi da lahani saboda ya gano su daga beraye masu lafiya kawai. Shi da David Douglas Cunningham (Profesor of Physiology in the Medical College, Calcutta, and Surgeon-General of India), don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da Griffith ya lura, a hukumance sun bayyana cewa "babu kwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin rayayyun dabba da ke haifar da cuta. " <ref name=":2" /> Daga baya an rubuta shi a cikin ''Halitta:'' " Ra'ayin hukuma ya yi tsayayya da shi sosai [Griffith" .<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=News and Views: Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136172a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3431 |pages=172–173 |doi=10.1038/136172a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136942a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3450 |pages=942–943 |doi=10.1038/136942a0 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> An kafa binciken Griffith da kansa. A cikin 1885, J. H. Steel ya ba da rahoton daga Birnin Burtaniya (yanzu Myanmar) irin wannan kwayar cutar da ya gano daga samfurori na jini na alfadarai na jigilar sojoji. Kamancin cutar da kwayar cuta ga waɗanda Griffith ya bayyana nan da nan ya zama bayyananne.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steel JH, Evans G |date=3 December 1880 |title=Report of veterinary surgeon JH Steel, AVD, on his investigation into an obscure and fatal disease among transport mules in British Burma, which he found to be a fever of relapsing type, and probably identical with the disorder first described by Dr. Griffith Evans under the name" Surra", in a report (herewith reprinted) |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hqve8a9f |journal=The Veterinary Journal |language=en |location=London |publisher=Punjab Government, Military Department, No. 439-4467 |access-date=2022-11-23 |via=Wellcome Collection}}</ref> Koyaya, Karfe ya gane kuskuren kwayar cutar a matsayin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Spirochaete kuma ya ba shi suna ''Spirochaeta evansi'', don girmama mai ganowa. Edgar Crookshank a Kwalejin King's London daidai ya gano shi a matsayin wani nau'i na protozoan sake masa suna ''Haematonomas evansi'', amma da sauri ya canza shi zuwa ''Trichomonas evansi'' a 1885. A shekara ta 1896, likitan dabbobi na Faransa J. Chauvrat ya ba da bayanin da ya dace da sabon sunan ''Trypanosoma evansi.'' . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith's Evan's 100th birthday |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=3893 |pages=313–314 |pmc=2461164}}</ref> An kafa kwayar cutar a matsayin trypanosome na farko wanda ya haifar da cuta (trypanosomiasis). <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evan's Hundredth Birthday |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=430–431 |pmc=1561448 |pmid=20320047}}</ref> === Batutuwan mutane === An bayar da rahoton mutum na farko daga [[Maharashtra]], Indiya, a cikin shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2004, wani manomi mai shekaru 45 daga ƙauyen Seoni an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda mummunar zazzabi da kuma rikicewar halayyar jijiyoyi. Gwajin serological, microscopic, da DNA (PCR) ya nuna cewa ya kamu da cutar T. b.''T.b.'' == Magani == Ana ba da shawarar Suramin.<ref name="Pharmaceutics-Resistance">{{Cite journal |last=Kasozi |first=Keneth Iceland |last2=MacLeod |first2=Ewan Thomas |last3=Ntulume |first3=Ibrahim |last4=Welburn |first4=Susan Christina |year=2022 |title=An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance |journal=[[Frontiers in Veterinary Science]] |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2022.828111 |pmc=8959112 |pmid=35356785 |s2cid=247245582 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Isometamidium chloride ba shi da tasiri.<ref name="Pharmaceutics-Resistance" /> === Tsayayyar Trypanocide === Trypanosoma brucei evansi juriya ta trypanocide ta yadu.[1] Diminazene aceturate sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri ga amfani da shanu, dawakai, alade, da giwa a Thailand.[1] Ba a ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da shanu saboda halin da yake da shi na samar da tsayayya tare da diminazene aceturate da isometamidium chloride.[1] Ana ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da doki da raƙumi kawai. Ga Philippines ana ba da shawarar kula da dukkan dabbobi da abin ya shafa, yayin da maganin shekara-shekara na dabbobi na ƙauyen na iya zama mafi inganci amma yana da haɗarin haɓaka juriya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ciodea1ay0q4j1cluzmc8pirx1j8fnj 856650 856649 2026-06-14T09:03:19Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Tsayayyar Trypanocide */ 856650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''''''Trypanosoma'' brucei evansi''''' wani nau'i ne na nau'in kwayar cuta ''T. brucei'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostygov |first=Alexei Y. |last2=Karnkowska |first2=Anna |last3=Votýpka |first3=Jan |last4=Tashyreva |first4=Daria |last5=Maciszewski |first5=Kacper |last6=Yurchenko |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Lukeš |first7=Julius |date=2021-03-10 |title=Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.200407 |journal=Open Biology |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.1098/rsob.200407 |pmc=8061765 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na tono trypanosome a cikin jinsin Trypanosoma wanda shine daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da surra a cikin dabbobi. <ref name="RjeibiBen Hamida2015">{{Cite journal |last=Aregawi |first=Weldegebrial G. |last2=Agga |first2=Getahun E. |last3=Abdi |first3=Reta D. |last4=Büscher |first4=Philippe |date=January 2019 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' |journal=[[Parasites & Vectors]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=67 |doi=10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4 |pmc=6357473 |pmid=30704516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Griffith Evans ne ya gano shi a cikin 1880 a Dera Ismail Khan (Birtaniya Indiya), shine farkon tripanosome da aka sani wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta. Yana da kwayar cuta ta yau da kullun a Indiya da Iran kuma yana haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani a cikin raƙuma da dawakai, da kuma cututtukan da ba su da tsanani a cikin shanu da buffalo.<ref name="SazmandJoachim2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sazmand A, Joachim A |year=2017 |title=Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017) - a literature review |journal=[[Parasite (journal)|Parasite]] |volume=24 |page=21 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2017024 |pmc=5479402 |pmid=28617666 |s2cid=13783061 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gharbi2025">{{Cite journal |last=Gharbi |first=Mohamed |last2=Kamoun |first2=Meha |last3=Khamassi |first3=Médiha |last4=Rekik |first4=Syrine |last5=Smida |first5=Boubaker Ben |last6=Ahmed |first6=Jawhar Fekih |last7=Boubaker |first7=Chayma |last8=Cecchi |first8=Giuliano |last9=Gimonneau |first9=Geoffrey |last10=Desquesnes |first10=Marc |date=2025 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' infection in Tunisia: current situation |url=https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/2025/01/parasite250013/parasite250013.html |journal=Parasite |language=en |volume=32 |page=65 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2025058 |issn=1776-1042 |pmc=12500233 |pmid=41052320 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Pakistan, an gano shi ne mafi yawan nau'in trypanosome a cikin jaki. Yanzu an kafa shi don kamuwa da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane.<ref name="Desquesnes-et-al-2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S |year=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/321237 |pmc=3789323 |pmid=24151595 |s2cid=18573610 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habila |first=Nathan |last2=Inuwa |first2=Mairo H. |last3=Aimola |first3=Idowu A. |last4=Udeh |first4=Michael U. |last5=Haruna |first5=Emmanuel |year=2012 |title=Pathogenic mechanisms of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' infections |journal=[[Research in Veterinary Science]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.011 |pmid=21940025 |s2cid=26549677}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa T. b.''T.b. evansi'' shine - kamar T. b,''T.b. equiperdum'' - wanda aka samo daga ''T. brucei'' . Saboda asarar wani ɓangare na mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA T. b.''T.b. evansi'' ba zai iya kamuwa da kwari ba, abubuwan da ba su da ƙwayoyin halitta na trypanosomes, da Bayanan da suka dace da dracunculiasis sun bayyana a cikin takardun da suka tsira daga [[likita|likitoci]] zamanin Girka da Roma. A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an yadu da dracunculiasis a duk faɗin [[Afirka]] da Asiya ta Kudu, yana shafar mutane miliyan 48 a kowace shekara. Kokarin kawar da cutar dracunculiasis ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1980 bayan nasarar [[Agana|kawar da]] [[Baboon|Kwando]] a shekarar 1977. A shekara ta 1995, kusan kowace ƙasa da ke fama da cutar dracunculiasis ta kafa shirin kawar da ƙasa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shari'o'in da suka faru sun ragu da sauri, sun faɗi ƙasa da 100,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 1997, ƙasa da 10,000 a cikin 2007, ƙasa da 1,000 a cikin 2012, ƙasa da 100 a cikin 2015, kuma zuwa kawai 10 a cikin 2025. Tun daga shekara ta 1986, kasashe 16 da suka kasance masu fama da cutar a baya sun kawar da cutar dracunculiasis, inda suka bar cutar ta farko a kasashe masu tasowa guda uku na Afirka ta tsakiya - [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Sudan]]" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Sudan">Sudan ta Kudu. Ƙarin ƙasashe uku sun kasance za a tabbatar da su ba tare da yaduwar cututtukan cututtukani ba waɗanda ba su da rahoton kamuwa da cutar tun ƙarshen 2023: [[Angola]], [[Mali]], da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, Sudan, an riga an tabbatar da shi amma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba tare da watsawa ba. Bugu da ƙari, kodayake [[Kamaru]] ta sami takardar shaidar kyauta daga watsawa ta ciki tun 2007, ta fuskanci shari'o'i uku tun daga 2019 tare da iyakarta da Chadi. ''D. medinensis&nbsp;'' kuma na iya kamuwa da [[Kare|karnuka]], [[Kyanwa|Cats]], da baboons, kodayake lokuta da ba na mutane ba suma suna fadowa saboda kokarin kawar da su. Sauran nau'in ''[[Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]]'' suna haifar da dracunculiasis a cikin [[Reptile|Dabbobi masu rarrafe]] a duk duniya da kuma [[Mammal|dabbobi masu shayarwa]] a [[Amurka]].&nbsp;{{Spaced en dash}} == Tarihi == T. b.''T.b. evansi'' kwayar cuta ce wacce ta haifar da mummunar cuta, sau da yawa mai kisa, a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar dawakai, jaki, shanu da raƙuma. A Indiya, inda ya kasance yadu tun zamanin d ̄ a, an san cutar da surra. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S |date=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/194176 |pmc=3760267 |pmid=24024184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A karkashin Mulkin Burtaniya, ya haifar da mummunar cikas ga Sojojin Burtaniya, yayin da da dawakai suka kamu da cutar. A watan Agustan 1880, an tura Griffith Evans na Royal Army Service Corps don bincika lamarin a sansanin soja a Dera Ismail Khan (yanzu a Pakistan). Nan da nan ya gane kwayar cuta mai kama da tsutsotsi daga samfurori na jini na duk dawakai marasa lafiya. Ya bayar da rahoto a cikin 1881:<blockquote>Lokacin da na fara ganin shi [tsuntsu] Na yi tunanin na ɗan lokaci wani nau'i ne na spirillum [wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta], amma nan da nan ya zo ya tabbatar mini cewa ba haka ba ne... Yana da jiki mai laushi, lokacin da yake sabo kuma yana aiki, wanda ke raguwa a gaba zuwa wuyansa wanda ya ƙare a cikin kai mai laushi wanda daga gare shi akwai dogon igiya mai laushi [wannan yanzu aka sani da flagella, kuma yana kusa da ƙarshen baya, ba a " wutsiya" ba], don haka yana da kyau don ba za'a iya gani ba... Na zo ga ƙarshe cewa yana da nau'i biyu masu kama da fin a kowane gefe, ɗaya kusa da inda wuyan ya fara kuma ɗayan kusa da inda wutsiyar ta fara [yanzu an fahimci cewa ɗaya ne mai juyawa, ba biyu ba, wanda flagellum ya kafa].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans G |date=1881 |title=On a Horse Disease in India Known as "Surra," Probably Due to a Hæmatozoon |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2543337717431542 |journal=[[The Veterinary Journal and Annals of Comparative Pathology]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=180–200 |doi=10.1016/S2543-3377(17)43154-2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref></blockquote>Griffith ta hanyar gwaji ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ita ce cutar da ke haifar da surra ta hanyar kamuwa da dawakai masu lafiya ta amfani da jini mai kamuwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1918-07-25 |title=Presentation of the Mary Kingsley Medal |url= |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1918.11684153 |issn=0003-4983}}</ref> Koyaya, ikon kiwon lafiya a Indiya ta Burtaniya ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa kwayar cutar na iya haifar da irin wannan cuta. Timothy Richards Lewis, Mataimakin Musamman ga Kwamishinan Kiwon Lafiya, ya tabbatar da kwayar cutar amma ba alaƙar da cutar ba. Lewis ya gano wani trypanosome (daga baya ake kira ''Trypanosoma lewisi'') na beraye a 1878 (an ruwaito shi a 1879). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Timothy Richards |date=1879 |title=Memoirs: Flagellated Organisms in the Blood of Healthy Rats |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/s2-19/73/109/61774/Memoirs-Flagellated-Organisms-in-the-Blood-of |journal=Journal of Cell Science |language=en |volume=s2-19 |issue=73 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1242/jcs.s2-19.73.109 |issn=1477-9137}}</ref> Ya gamsu cewa trypanosome ba shi da lahani saboda ya gano su daga beraye masu lafiya kawai. Shi da David Douglas Cunningham (Profesor of Physiology in the Medical College, Calcutta, and Surgeon-General of India), don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da Griffith ya lura, a hukumance sun bayyana cewa "babu kwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin rayayyun dabba da ke haifar da cuta. " <ref name=":2" /> Daga baya an rubuta shi a cikin ''Halitta:'' " Ra'ayin hukuma ya yi tsayayya da shi sosai [Griffith" .<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=News and Views: Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136172a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3431 |pages=172–173 |doi=10.1038/136172a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136942a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3450 |pages=942–943 |doi=10.1038/136942a0 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> An kafa binciken Griffith da kansa. A cikin 1885, J. H. Steel ya ba da rahoton daga Birnin Burtaniya (yanzu Myanmar) irin wannan kwayar cutar da ya gano daga samfurori na jini na alfadarai na jigilar sojoji. Kamancin cutar da kwayar cuta ga waɗanda Griffith ya bayyana nan da nan ya zama bayyananne.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steel JH, Evans G |date=3 December 1880 |title=Report of veterinary surgeon JH Steel, AVD, on his investigation into an obscure and fatal disease among transport mules in British Burma, which he found to be a fever of relapsing type, and probably identical with the disorder first described by Dr. Griffith Evans under the name" Surra", in a report (herewith reprinted) |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hqve8a9f |journal=The Veterinary Journal |language=en |location=London |publisher=Punjab Government, Military Department, No. 439-4467 |access-date=2022-11-23 |via=Wellcome Collection}}</ref> Koyaya, Karfe ya gane kuskuren kwayar cutar a matsayin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Spirochaete kuma ya ba shi suna ''Spirochaeta evansi'', don girmama mai ganowa. Edgar Crookshank a Kwalejin King's London daidai ya gano shi a matsayin wani nau'i na protozoan sake masa suna ''Haematonomas evansi'', amma da sauri ya canza shi zuwa ''Trichomonas evansi'' a 1885. A shekara ta 1896, likitan dabbobi na Faransa J. Chauvrat ya ba da bayanin da ya dace da sabon sunan ''Trypanosoma evansi.'' . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith's Evan's 100th birthday |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=3893 |pages=313–314 |pmc=2461164}}</ref> An kafa kwayar cutar a matsayin trypanosome na farko wanda ya haifar da cuta (trypanosomiasis). <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evan's Hundredth Birthday |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=430–431 |pmc=1561448 |pmid=20320047}}</ref> === Batutuwan mutane === An bayar da rahoton mutum na farko daga [[Maharashtra]], Indiya, a cikin shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2004, wani manomi mai shekaru 45 daga ƙauyen Seoni an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda mummunar zazzabi da kuma rikicewar halayyar jijiyoyi. Gwajin serological, microscopic, da DNA (PCR) ya nuna cewa ya kamu da cutar T. b.''T.b.'' == Magani == Ana ba da shawarar Suramin.<ref name="Pharmaceutics-Resistance">{{Cite journal |last=Kasozi |first=Keneth Iceland |last2=MacLeod |first2=Ewan Thomas |last3=Ntulume |first3=Ibrahim |last4=Welburn |first4=Susan Christina |year=2022 |title=An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance |journal=[[Frontiers in Veterinary Science]] |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2022.828111 |pmc=8959112 |pmid=35356785 |s2cid=247245582 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Isometamidium chloride ba shi da tasiri.<ref name="Pharmaceutics-Resistance" /> === Tsayayyar Trypanocide === Trypanosoma brucei evansi juriya ta trypanocide ta yadu. Diminazene aceturate sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri ga amfani da shanu, dawakai, alade, da giwa a Thailand. Ba a ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da shanu saboda halin da yake da shi na samar da tsayayya tare da diminazene aceturate da isometamidium chloride. Ana ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da doki da raƙumi kawai. Ga Philippines ana ba da shawarar kula da dukkan dabbobi da abin ya shafa, yayin da maganin shekara-shekara na dabbobi na ƙauyen na iya zama mafi inganci amma yana da haɗarin haɓaka juriya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jmurrqdm6oc9bcaay0oq0fuuqz0e2aq 856651 856650 2026-06-14T09:03:36Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Tsayayyar Trypanocide */ 856651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''''''Trypanosoma'' brucei evansi''''' wani nau'i ne na nau'in kwayar cuta ''T. brucei'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostygov |first=Alexei Y. |last2=Karnkowska |first2=Anna |last3=Votýpka |first3=Jan |last4=Tashyreva |first4=Daria |last5=Maciszewski |first5=Kacper |last6=Yurchenko |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Lukeš |first7=Julius |date=2021-03-10 |title=Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.200407 |journal=Open Biology |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.1098/rsob.200407 |pmc=8061765 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na tono trypanosome a cikin jinsin Trypanosoma wanda shine daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da surra a cikin dabbobi. <ref name="RjeibiBen Hamida2015">{{Cite journal |last=Aregawi |first=Weldegebrial G. |last2=Agga |first2=Getahun E. |last3=Abdi |first3=Reta D. |last4=Büscher |first4=Philippe |date=January 2019 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' |journal=[[Parasites & Vectors]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=67 |doi=10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4 |pmc=6357473 |pmid=30704516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Griffith Evans ne ya gano shi a cikin 1880 a Dera Ismail Khan (Birtaniya Indiya), shine farkon tripanosome da aka sani wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta. Yana da kwayar cuta ta yau da kullun a Indiya da Iran kuma yana haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani a cikin raƙuma da dawakai, da kuma cututtukan da ba su da tsanani a cikin shanu da buffalo.<ref name="SazmandJoachim2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sazmand A, Joachim A |year=2017 |title=Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017) - a literature review |journal=[[Parasite (journal)|Parasite]] |volume=24 |page=21 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2017024 |pmc=5479402 |pmid=28617666 |s2cid=13783061 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gharbi2025">{{Cite journal |last=Gharbi |first=Mohamed |last2=Kamoun |first2=Meha |last3=Khamassi |first3=Médiha |last4=Rekik |first4=Syrine |last5=Smida |first5=Boubaker Ben |last6=Ahmed |first6=Jawhar Fekih |last7=Boubaker |first7=Chayma |last8=Cecchi |first8=Giuliano |last9=Gimonneau |first9=Geoffrey |last10=Desquesnes |first10=Marc |date=2025 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' infection in Tunisia: current situation |url=https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/2025/01/parasite250013/parasite250013.html |journal=Parasite |language=en |volume=32 |page=65 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2025058 |issn=1776-1042 |pmc=12500233 |pmid=41052320 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Pakistan, an gano shi ne mafi yawan nau'in trypanosome a cikin jaki. Yanzu an kafa shi don kamuwa da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane.<ref name="Desquesnes-et-al-2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S |year=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/321237 |pmc=3789323 |pmid=24151595 |s2cid=18573610 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habila |first=Nathan |last2=Inuwa |first2=Mairo H. |last3=Aimola |first3=Idowu A. |last4=Udeh |first4=Michael U. |last5=Haruna |first5=Emmanuel |year=2012 |title=Pathogenic mechanisms of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' infections |journal=[[Research in Veterinary Science]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.011 |pmid=21940025 |s2cid=26549677}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa T. b.''T.b. evansi'' shine - kamar T. b,''T.b. equiperdum'' - wanda aka samo daga ''T. brucei'' . Saboda asarar wani ɓangare na mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA T. b.''T.b. evansi'' ba zai iya kamuwa da kwari ba, abubuwan da ba su da ƙwayoyin halitta na trypanosomes, da Bayanan da suka dace da dracunculiasis sun bayyana a cikin takardun da suka tsira daga [[likita|likitoci]] zamanin Girka da Roma. A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an yadu da dracunculiasis a duk faɗin [[Afirka]] da Asiya ta Kudu, yana shafar mutane miliyan 48 a kowace shekara. Kokarin kawar da cutar dracunculiasis ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1980 bayan nasarar [[Agana|kawar da]] [[Baboon|Kwando]] a shekarar 1977. A shekara ta 1995, kusan kowace ƙasa da ke fama da cutar dracunculiasis ta kafa shirin kawar da ƙasa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shari'o'in da suka faru sun ragu da sauri, sun faɗi ƙasa da 100,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 1997, ƙasa da 10,000 a cikin 2007, ƙasa da 1,000 a cikin 2012, ƙasa da 100 a cikin 2015, kuma zuwa kawai 10 a cikin 2025. Tun daga shekara ta 1986, kasashe 16 da suka kasance masu fama da cutar a baya sun kawar da cutar dracunculiasis, inda suka bar cutar ta farko a kasashe masu tasowa guda uku na Afirka ta tsakiya - [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Sudan]]" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Sudan">Sudan ta Kudu. Ƙarin ƙasashe uku sun kasance za a tabbatar da su ba tare da yaduwar cututtukan cututtukani ba waɗanda ba su da rahoton kamuwa da cutar tun ƙarshen 2023: [[Angola]], [[Mali]], da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, Sudan, an riga an tabbatar da shi amma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba tare da watsawa ba. Bugu da ƙari, kodayake [[Kamaru]] ta sami takardar shaidar kyauta daga watsawa ta ciki tun 2007, ta fuskanci shari'o'i uku tun daga 2019 tare da iyakarta da Chadi. ''D. medinensis&nbsp;'' kuma na iya kamuwa da [[Kare|karnuka]], [[Kyanwa|Cats]], da baboons, kodayake lokuta da ba na mutane ba suma suna fadowa saboda kokarin kawar da su. Sauran nau'in ''[[Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]]'' suna haifar da dracunculiasis a cikin [[Reptile|Dabbobi masu rarrafe]] a duk duniya da kuma [[Mammal|dabbobi masu shayarwa]] a [[Amurka]].&nbsp;{{Spaced en dash}} == Tarihi == T. b.''T.b. evansi'' kwayar cuta ce wacce ta haifar da mummunar cuta, sau da yawa mai kisa, a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar dawakai, jaki, shanu da raƙuma. A Indiya, inda ya kasance yadu tun zamanin d ̄ a, an san cutar da surra. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S |date=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/194176 |pmc=3760267 |pmid=24024184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A karkashin Mulkin Burtaniya, ya haifar da mummunar cikas ga Sojojin Burtaniya, yayin da da dawakai suka kamu da cutar. A watan Agustan 1880, an tura Griffith Evans na Royal Army Service Corps don bincika lamarin a sansanin soja a Dera Ismail Khan (yanzu a Pakistan). Nan da nan ya gane kwayar cuta mai kama da tsutsotsi daga samfurori na jini na duk dawakai marasa lafiya. Ya bayar da rahoto a cikin 1881:<blockquote>Lokacin da na fara ganin shi [tsuntsu] Na yi tunanin na ɗan lokaci wani nau'i ne na spirillum [wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta], amma nan da nan ya zo ya tabbatar mini cewa ba haka ba ne... Yana da jiki mai laushi, lokacin da yake sabo kuma yana aiki, wanda ke raguwa a gaba zuwa wuyansa wanda ya ƙare a cikin kai mai laushi wanda daga gare shi akwai dogon igiya mai laushi [wannan yanzu aka sani da flagella, kuma yana kusa da ƙarshen baya, ba a " wutsiya" ba], don haka yana da kyau don ba za'a iya gani ba... Na zo ga ƙarshe cewa yana da nau'i biyu masu kama da fin a kowane gefe, ɗaya kusa da inda wuyan ya fara kuma ɗayan kusa da inda wutsiyar ta fara [yanzu an fahimci cewa ɗaya ne mai juyawa, ba biyu ba, wanda flagellum ya kafa].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans G |date=1881 |title=On a Horse Disease in India Known as "Surra," Probably Due to a Hæmatozoon |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2543337717431542 |journal=[[The Veterinary Journal and Annals of Comparative Pathology]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=180–200 |doi=10.1016/S2543-3377(17)43154-2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref></blockquote>Griffith ta hanyar gwaji ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ita ce cutar da ke haifar da surra ta hanyar kamuwa da dawakai masu lafiya ta amfani da jini mai kamuwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1918-07-25 |title=Presentation of the Mary Kingsley Medal |url= |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1918.11684153 |issn=0003-4983}}</ref> Koyaya, ikon kiwon lafiya a Indiya ta Burtaniya ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa kwayar cutar na iya haifar da irin wannan cuta. Timothy Richards Lewis, Mataimakin Musamman ga Kwamishinan Kiwon Lafiya, ya tabbatar da kwayar cutar amma ba alaƙar da cutar ba. Lewis ya gano wani trypanosome (daga baya ake kira ''Trypanosoma lewisi'') na beraye a 1878 (an ruwaito shi a 1879). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Timothy Richards |date=1879 |title=Memoirs: Flagellated Organisms in the Blood of Healthy Rats |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/s2-19/73/109/61774/Memoirs-Flagellated-Organisms-in-the-Blood-of |journal=Journal of Cell Science |language=en |volume=s2-19 |issue=73 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1242/jcs.s2-19.73.109 |issn=1477-9137}}</ref> Ya gamsu cewa trypanosome ba shi da lahani saboda ya gano su daga beraye masu lafiya kawai. Shi da David Douglas Cunningham (Profesor of Physiology in the Medical College, Calcutta, and Surgeon-General of India), don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da Griffith ya lura, a hukumance sun bayyana cewa "babu kwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin rayayyun dabba da ke haifar da cuta. " <ref name=":2" /> Daga baya an rubuta shi a cikin ''Halitta:'' " Ra'ayin hukuma ya yi tsayayya da shi sosai [Griffith" .<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=News and Views: Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136172a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3431 |pages=172–173 |doi=10.1038/136172a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136942a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3450 |pages=942–943 |doi=10.1038/136942a0 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> An kafa binciken Griffith da kansa. A cikin 1885, J. H. Steel ya ba da rahoton daga Birnin Burtaniya (yanzu Myanmar) irin wannan kwayar cutar da ya gano daga samfurori na jini na alfadarai na jigilar sojoji. Kamancin cutar da kwayar cuta ga waɗanda Griffith ya bayyana nan da nan ya zama bayyananne.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steel JH, Evans G |date=3 December 1880 |title=Report of veterinary surgeon JH Steel, AVD, on his investigation into an obscure and fatal disease among transport mules in British Burma, which he found to be a fever of relapsing type, and probably identical with the disorder first described by Dr. Griffith Evans under the name" Surra", in a report (herewith reprinted) |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hqve8a9f |journal=The Veterinary Journal |language=en |location=London |publisher=Punjab Government, Military Department, No. 439-4467 |access-date=2022-11-23 |via=Wellcome Collection}}</ref> Koyaya, Karfe ya gane kuskuren kwayar cutar a matsayin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Spirochaete kuma ya ba shi suna ''Spirochaeta evansi'', don girmama mai ganowa. Edgar Crookshank a Kwalejin King's London daidai ya gano shi a matsayin wani nau'i na protozoan sake masa suna ''Haematonomas evansi'', amma da sauri ya canza shi zuwa ''Trichomonas evansi'' a 1885. A shekara ta 1896, likitan dabbobi na Faransa J. Chauvrat ya ba da bayanin da ya dace da sabon sunan ''Trypanosoma evansi.'' . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith's Evan's 100th birthday |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=3893 |pages=313–314 |pmc=2461164}}</ref> An kafa kwayar cutar a matsayin trypanosome na farko wanda ya haifar da cuta (trypanosomiasis). <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evan's Hundredth Birthday |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=430–431 |pmc=1561448 |pmid=20320047}}</ref> === Batutuwan mutane === An bayar da rahoton mutum na farko daga [[Maharashtra]], Indiya, a cikin shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2004, wani manomi mai shekaru 45 daga ƙauyen Seoni an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda mummunar zazzabi da kuma rikicewar halayyar jijiyoyi. Gwajin serological, microscopic, da DNA (PCR) ya nuna cewa ya kamu da cutar T. b.''T.b.'' == Magani == Ana ba da shawarar Suramin.<ref name="Pharmaceutics-Resistance">{{Cite journal |last=Kasozi |first=Keneth Iceland |last2=MacLeod |first2=Ewan Thomas |last3=Ntulume |first3=Ibrahim |last4=Welburn |first4=Susan Christina |year=2022 |title=An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance |journal=[[Frontiers in Veterinary Science]] |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2022.828111 |pmc=8959112 |pmid=35356785 |s2cid=247245582 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Isometamidium chloride ba shi da tasiri.<ref name="Pharmaceutics-Resistance" /> === Tsayayyar Trypanocide === Trypanosoma brucei evansi juriya ta trypanocide ta yadu. Diminazene aceturate sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri ga amfani da shanu, dawakai, alade, da giwa a Thailand. Ba a ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da shanu saboda halin da yake da shi na samar da tsayayya tare da diminazene aceturate da isometamidium chloride. Ana ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da doki da raƙumi kawai. Ga Philippines ana ba da shawarar kula da dukkan dabbobi da abin ya shafa, yayin da maganin shekara-shekara na dabbobi na ƙauyen na iya zama mafi inganci amma yana da haɗarin haɓaka juriya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e618xuru97iwpevgo7ozrrwobbjebum 0 157015 856645 855642 2026-06-14T09:01:52Z Arabiyu 28508 856645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Trachoma''' cuta ce mai yaduwa da kwayalr cuta ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' ta haifar.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Cutar tana haifar da tsananin ciki na gashin ido.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Wannan tsananin na iya haifar da ciwon ido, rushewar waje ko cornea na idanu, da kuma makanta.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Ba tare da magani ba, maimaita cututtukan trachoma na iya haifar da wani nau'i na makanta na dindindin lokacin da idanu suka juya ciki.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Kwayoyin da ke haifar da cutar na iya yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da kai tsaye tare da idanun mutumin da ya shafa ko hanci.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Saduwa ta kai tsaye ta haɗa da tufafi ko kwari waɗanda suka haɗu da idanun ko hanci na mutumin da ya shafa.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Yara suna yaduwar cutar sau da yawa fiye da manya.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Rashin tsabtace muhalli, yanayin rayuwa mai yawa, da rashin isasshen ruwa mai tsabta da bayan gida suma suna ƙara yaduwar.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Kokarin hana cutar ya haɗa da inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da magani tare da maganin rigakafi don rage yawan mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cuta.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Wannan na iya haɗawa da warkarwa, duk a lokaci guda, dukan ƙungiyoyin mutanen da aka sani da cutar ta zama ruwan dare.<ref name="Evans2019">{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=Jennifer R. |last2=Solomon |first2=Anthony W. |last3=Kumar |first3=Rahul |last4=Perez |first4=Ángela |last5=Singh |first5=Balendra P. |last6=Srivastava |first6=Rajat Mohan |last7=Harding-Esch |first7=Emma |date=26 September 2019 |title=Antibiotics for trachoma |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=9 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001860.pub4 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=6760986 |pmid=31554017}}</ref> Yin wanka, da kansa, bai isa ya hana cuta ba, amma yana iya zama da amfani tare da wasu matakai.<ref name="Ejere2015">{{Cite journal |last=Ejere |first=HO |last2=Alhassan, MB |last3=Rabiu, M |date=20 February 2015 |title=Face washing promotion for preventing active trachoma. |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003659.pub4 |pmc=4441394 |pmid=25697765}}</ref> Zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da azithromycin na baki da tetracycline na yau da kullun.<ref name="Evans2019" /> An fi son Azithromycin saboda ana iya amfani dashi azaman kashi ɗaya na baki.<ref name="Mariotti2004">{{Cite journal |last=Mariotti SP |date=November 2004 |title=New steps toward eliminating blinding trachoma |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=351 |issue=19 |pages=2004–7 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe048205 |pmid=15525727}}</ref> Bayan an yi amfani da gashin ido, ana iya buƙatar tiyata don gyara matsayin gashin ido da hana makanta.<ref name="WHO2013" /> A duniya, kimanin mutane miliyan 80 suna da kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="Fen2012">{{Cite journal |last=Fenwick |first=A |date=Mar 2012 |title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases. |journal=Public Health |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=233–6 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015 |pmid=22325616}}</ref> A wasu yankuna, kamuwa da cuta na iya kasancewa a cikin yara da yawa kusan 60-90% . <ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Daga cikin manya yana shafar mata fiye da maza, mai yiwuwa saboda kusanci da yara.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Cutar ita ce sanadin raguwar hangen nesa a cikin mutane miliyan 2.2, daga cikinsu miliyan 1.2 makanta ne gaba ɗaya.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Trachoma matsala ce ta kiwon lafiyar jama'a a kasashe 38 a duk faɗin Afirka, Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin, da Ostiraliya.<ref name="WHO-trachoma-factsheet">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Trachoma |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]}}</ref> Akwai mutane miliyan 103 da ke cikin haɗari, daga miliyan 228.9 a cikin 2013. <ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ "Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382"]. </cite></ref><ref name="WHO-trachoma-factsheet" /> Yana haifar da asarar tattalin arziki na dala biliyan 8 a shekara.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Yana cikin rukuni na cututtukan da aka sani da cututtukani masu ban sha'awa.<ref name="Fen2012" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:Ellis_Island_Public_Health_Service_Physicians_(7844875428).jpg|left|thumb|Likitocin sabis na kiwon lafiya na Ellis Island suna nazarin sabbin baƙi don trachoma a cikin 1910]] Kwayar cuta tana da lokacin shayarwa na kwanaki 10, bayan haka mutumin da ya shafa yana fuskantar alamun [[conjunctivitis]] ko "pink eye".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=Allen |last2=Mabey |first2=David C W |last3=Peeling |first3=Rosanna W |last4=Solomon |first4=Anthony W |date=2004 |title=Diagnosis and Assessment of Trachoma |journal=[[Clinical Microbiology Reviews]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=982–1011 |doi=10.1128/CMR.17.4.982-1011.2004 |pmc=523557 |pmid=15489358}}</ref> Makantar trachoma mai kama da juna ya haifar da abubuwa da yawa na sake kamuwa da cuta wanda ke kula da kumburi mai tsanani a cikin conjunctiva. Ba tare da sake kamuwa da cuta ba, kumburi a hankali yana raguwa. Ana kiran kumburi na conjunctival "trachoma mai aiki" kuma yawanci ana ganinsa a cikin yara, musamman wadanda ke cikin makarantar sakandare. Ana nuna shi da fararen kumfa a ƙarƙaho gashin ido na sama (conjunctival follicles ko cibiyoyin ƙwayoyin lymphoid) da kuma kumburi da ƙuƙwalwa, sau da yawa ana danganta shi da papillae. Follicles na iya bayyana a mahaɗar cornea da sclera (follicles na ƙashi). Trachoma mai aiki sau da yawa yana iya zama mai ban haushi kuma yana da fitarwa mai ruwa. Cutar kwayar cuta ta biyu na iya faruwa kuma ta haifar da fitar da pus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trachoma - including symptoms, treatment and prevention |url=https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/Public+Content/SA+Health+Internet/Conditions/Infectious+diseases/Trachoma/Trachoma+-+including+symptoms%2C+treatment+and+prevention |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=South Australia Health}}</ref> Canje-canje na tsarin trachoma daga baya ana kiransu "cicatricial trachoma". Wadannan sun hada da scarring a karkashin ido (tarsal conjunctiva) wanda ke karkatar da ido tare da buckling na murfin (tarsus), don haka lashes suna shafawa akan ido (trichiasis). Wannan na iya haifar da rashin haske na corneal da scarring sannan kuma ga makanta. Ana kiran alamun layi a cikin sulcus subtarsalis [1] Layin Arlt (mai suna bayan Carl Ferdinand von Arlt). Bugu da kari, jijiyoyin jini da ƙwayoyin cuta na iya mamaye cornea na sama (pannus). Ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na iya barin ƙananan gibin a cikin pannus (ƙananan Herbert). [2] Yawancin lokaci, yara da ke fama da trachoma mai aiki ba sa nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka, kamar yadda ƙananan fushin da fitar da ido kawai an yarda da su kamar yadda ya saba, amma ƙarin alamun na iya haɗawa da: [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8jxw4vjbaxjv6r96vpfqgib1bhpejft 0 157016 856646 855641 2026-06-14T09:02:09Z Arabiyu 28508 856646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Kalmar haramtacciyar abinci yawanci tana nufin ka'idojin da suka haramta ciyar da mafi yawan sunadarai da aka samo daga dabbobi masu shayarwa ga shanu a matsayin hanyar hana yaduwar encephalopathy na bovine spongiform (BSE). An yi imanin cewa ciyar da kayan ruminant masu kamuwa da cuta ga ruminants shine hanyar da za a iya yaduwar cutar. == Amurka == A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, Will Hueston, wanda a lokacin shi ne darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Dabbobi da Tsaro a St. Paul, ya damu sosai game da rashin haramtacciyar abinci ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] akan [[Saniya|shanu]] don Kayan Hadari. == Kanada == A cikin shekara ta 1992, Kanada ta aiwatar da shirin sa ido na spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). A cikin wani littafi na 2011, Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Kanada (CFIA) ta yi ƙoƙari ta jaddada cewa "mataki da ƙirar gwajin BSE a Kanada koyaushe ya kasance, kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa, daidai da jagororin da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya (OIE) ta ba da shawarar".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, CFIA ta sanya haramtacciyar haramtacciya ta kayan abinci. Wannan shi ne canjin tsari na farko ga aikin gona na shanu a Kanada bayan Bala'in BSE na Burtaniya. <ref name="roos03" /> A lokacin, CFIA ta wuce taka tsantsan FDA.<ref name="roos03" /> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, CFIA ta sanya "Ƙarfafa Cin Hanci" (EFB), wanda Freeman Libby ya jagoranci.[1][2][3] A wannan ranar, an gano jimlar shari'o'in BSE 10, na ƙarshe a watan Mayu 2007 wanda ya haifar da mulkin EFB.[3] An tsara EFB don kula da matsayin Kanada a matsayin OIE "ƙasar haɗari mai sarrafawa". A karkashin EFB, ana buƙatar izinin CFIA don jigilar ko karɓar SRM a kowane nau'i, kuma "masu samar da dabbobi ba za su sake amfani da duk wani kayan abinci da ke dauke da SRM ba. " EFB ta haramta "amfani da kwakwalwar shanu, ƙwayoyin kashin baya, da wasu sassan jiki daga duk kayan aikin dabbobi, ƙwayoyi, ƙwayoyen da aka binne su, ƙwayoyanci, ƙwayocin kashin baya sun kasance a cikin watanni masu tsire-ƙwalwa, ƙwayohin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayojin ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayocen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ruwa, ƙwayo' a cikin ƙwayoyin suna karami, ƙwayo cikin ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyin ƙasa, ƙwayoyar cuta, a cikin ƙofofi, ƙwayowar ƙwayoyin ciki, ƙwayoƙwalwa, a cikin manyan ƙwayoyin 'ya' da ƙwayoyin' a cikin manyan' a cikin' a cikin tsoffin ƙwayoyin[2][3] A lokacin, CFIA ta gamsu da cewa: tare da EFB, "Ana sa ran za a kawar da BSE daga shanu na Kanada a cikin kimanin shekaru 10; ba tare da sabbin dokoki ba, ana sa ran kawarwa zai dauki shekaru da yawa. " == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bggfget7z8zv0vpvupymqq2flif44v2 856647 856646 2026-06-14T09:02:17Z Arabiyu 28508 856647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Kalmar haramtacciyar abinci yawanci tana nufin ka'idojin da suka haramta ciyar da mafi yawan sunadarai da aka samo daga dabbobi masu shayarwa ga shanu a matsayin hanyar hana yaduwar encephalopathy na bovine spongiform (BSE). An yi imanin cewa ciyar da kayan ruminant masu kamuwa da cuta ga ruminants shine hanyar da za a iya yaduwar cutar. == Amurka == A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, Will Hueston, wanda a lokacin shi ne darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Dabbobi da Tsaro a St. Paul, ya damu sosai game da rashin haramtacciyar abinci ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] akan [[Saniya|shanu]] don Kayan Hadari. == Kanada == A cikin shekara ta 1992, Kanada ta aiwatar da shirin sa ido na spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). A cikin wani littafi na 2011, Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Kanada (CFIA) ta yi ƙoƙari ta jaddada cewa "mataki da ƙirar gwajin BSE a Kanada koyaushe ya kasance, kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa, daidai da jagororin da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya (OIE) ta ba da shawarar".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, CFIA ta sanya haramtacciyar haramtacciya ta kayan abinci. Wannan shi ne canjin tsari na farko ga aikin gona na shanu a Kanada bayan Bala'in BSE na Burtaniya. <ref name="roos03" /> A lokacin, CFIA ta wuce taka tsantsan FDA.<ref name="roos03" /> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, CFIA ta sanya "Ƙarfafa Cin Hanci" (EFB), wanda Freeman Libby ya jagoranci.[1][2][3] A wannan ranar, an gano jimlar shari'o'in BSE 10, na ƙarshe a watan Mayu 2007 wanda ya haifar da mulkin EFB.[3] An tsara EFB don kula da matsayin Kanada a matsayin OIE "ƙasar haɗari mai sarrafawa". A karkashin EFB, ana buƙatar izinin CFIA don jigilar ko karɓar SRM a kowane nau'i, kuma "masu samar da dabbobi ba za su sake amfani da duk wani kayan abinci da ke dauke da SRM ba. " EFB ta haramta "amfani da kwakwalwar shanu, ƙwayoyin kashin baya, da wasu sassan jiki daga duk kayan aikin dabbobi, ƙwayoyi, ƙwayoyen da aka binne su, ƙwayoyanci, ƙwayocin kashin baya sun kasance a cikin watanni masu tsire-ƙwalwa, ƙwayohin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayojin ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayocen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ruwa, ƙwayo' a cikin ƙwayoyin suna karami, ƙwayo cikin ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyin ƙasa, ƙwayoyar cuta, a cikin ƙofofi, ƙwayowar ƙwayoyin ciki, ƙwayoƙwalwa, a cikin manyan ƙwayoyin 'ya' da ƙwayoyin' a cikin manyan' a cikin' a cikin tsoffin ƙwayoyin[2][3] A lokacin, CFIA ta gamsu da cewa: tare da EFB, "Ana sa ran za a kawar da BSE daga shanu na Kanada a cikin kimanin shekaru 10; ba tare da sabbin dokoki ba, ana sa ran kawarwa zai dauki shekaru da yawa. " == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7x9prx9u7pq7nj21gq8fgbk97r3fauw 0 157017 856251 855652 2026-06-13T17:17:23Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Release" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340025585|It's Her Day]]" 856251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=It's Her Day|image=It's Her Day.jpg|alt=|caption=|director=Aniedi Anwah|writer=[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]]|screenplay={{Plainlist| Bovi Ugboma }}|story=|based_on=<!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} -->|producer=Bovi Ugboma|starring={{Plainlist| *Bovi Ugboma *[[Ini Dima-Okojie]] *[[Shaffy Bello]] *[[Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] *[[Toni Tones]] *Adunni Ade *Najite Dede *Gregory Ojefua *Thelma Ezeamaka *Femi Durojaiye *Ese Lami George }}|narrator=|cinematography=Emeka Madu|editing=[[Akin Alabi]]|music={{Plainlist| *Harrison "Babariq" Eke }}|studio=Kountry Kulture Network|distributor=Silverbird Distribution|released={{Film date|2016|10|09|Lagos, Nigeria|df=y|ref1=<ref>[http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/08/bovis-movie-premiere-its-her-day/] http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/08/bovis-movie-premiere-its-her-day/ Retrieved 8 October 2016</ref>}}|runtime=|country=Nigeria|language=English|gross=₦55,021,150 (Raked ₦12M in the opening weekend)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viewngr.com/bovis-its-her-day-movie-gross-over-55m-nollywood-movies-2016/ |title=Bovi's It's Her Day Movie Bags Over 55m High Grossing Nollywood Movies In 2016 |author-link=View Nigeria |date=17 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117013546/http://www.viewngr.com/bovis-its-her-day-movie-gross-over-55m-nollywood-movies-2016/ |archive-date=17 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}{{Reflist}}'''''Ranarta''''' Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ( [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Victor ya dawo gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri amaryarsa, Nicole Hernández mai tsauri wacce ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen tsara bikin auren mafarkinta. Ganin cewa mahaifiyar Nicole mai wayo tana shiga cikin kowane abu, Victor ya ga cewa kuɗin ya wuce kasafin kuɗinsa. Duk da gargaɗin da aka yi masa daga babban abokinsa Omonigho wanda Nicole ba ta so - tare da danginsa da ke [[Warri]], gami da Anti Foweh - Victor ya fuskanci matsin lamba ba wai kawai don ya faranta wa Nicole da mahaifiyarta rai ba, har ma da 'yan'uwan Hernández masu buƙata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon wani mai shirya bikin aure mai kyau, Hernándezes ya yi watsi da duk wani abu da ya faru a babban ranar Nicole, yayin da shawarwarin Victor ko dai an yi watsi da su ko kuma an yi musu ba'a. Matsala ta biyo baya a [[Al'adun aure a Afirka|bikin auren]] ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya fesa wa amaryarsa [[Naira|takardun naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi afuwa, amma buƙatun amaryar Nicole sun ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadamar rabuwa da Angela, tsohuwar budurwar da ya tafi da ita don Nicole, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin dawo da ita. Duk da haka, ta fahimci fuskarsa ta kuma shawarce shi da ya guji ci gaba da bayyana kansa don samun nasara. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta fi mai da hankali kan Candy Crush ɗinta kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki da Omonigho ya amince da shi, amma da ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon namiji, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Ranarta Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 [1] game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, Nicole ( Ini Dima-Okojie ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. Bovi Ugboma ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. [2] [3] gidan Angela suka roƙe ta da ta yi la'akari da sake farfaɗo da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Duk da cewa ta karɓi uzurinsa, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta sha bayan ya yi watsi da ita ba, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena/Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] as Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] as Mrs Hernández * [[Toni Tones]] a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka as Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] as Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai tsara bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigo * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Ese Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Samarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda Silverbird Distribution ya rarraba. == Fitowa == An fara nuna fim ɗin a Lagos, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == 27zl2q4um7t6qz1feyxgr0x88wtd6s3 0 157099 856642 855881 2026-06-14T09:01:02Z Arabiyu 28508 856642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fungemia''' shine kasancewar fungi ko [[Yis|yisti]] a cikin [[jini]]. Mafi yawan nau'in, wanda aka fi sani da '''Candemia''', '''Candedemia''', ko '''tsarin Candidiasis''', nau'in ''Candida'' ne ke haifar da shi. Candidemia kuma yana daga cikin cututtukan jini na yau da kullun na kowane nau'i.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Statistics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/statistics.html |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=Invasive Candidiasis |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Cututtukan wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da ''Saccharomyces'', ''Aspergillus'' (kamar yadda yake a cikin aspergillemia, wanda kuma ake kira aspergillosis mai mamayewa) da ''Cryptococcus'', ana kiransu fungemia. Ana yawan ganin shi a cikin marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi ko marasa lafiya masu cutar da ke fama da neutropenia mai tsanani, marasa lafiya masu [[Oncology|ciwon daji]], ko kuma marasa lafiya tare da catheters na intravenous. An ba da shawarar cewa in ba haka ba marasa lafiya masu iya kamuwa da rigakafi da ke shan infliximab na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari mafi girma. Binciken yana da wahala, saboda al'adun jini na yau da kullun suna da ƙarancin hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Cornelius J. |last2=Nguyen |first2=M. Hong |date=1 May 2013 |title=Finding the "Missing 50%" of Invasive Candidiasis: How Nonculture Diagnostics Will Improve Understanding of Disease Spectrum and Transform Patient Care |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1284–1292 |doi=10.1093/cid/cit006 |pmid=23315320 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomin na iya kamawa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani—wanda galibi ana bayyana shi a matsayin alamun mura mai tsanani. Alamomin da yawa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da fungemia, gami da ciwo, rikicewa mai tsanani, gajiya mai ɗorewa, da kamuwa da cuta. Cututtukan fata na iya haɗawa da raunuka da raunuka masu ɗorewa ko marasa warkarwa, gumi, kaikayi, da fitar ruwa ko magudanar ruwa ba a saba gani ba. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Abubuwan haɗari == {{Columns-list|The most important risk factors are:{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} * Use of [[broad-spectrum antibiotic]]s * Active infection by fungi (see e.g. [[candidiasis]])|colwidth=30em}} == Kwayoyin cuta == ''Candida auris'' wani yisti ne Mai tsayayya da magunguna da yawa (MDR) wanda zai iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta kuma yana da alaƙa da mutuwa mai yawa. An fara bayyana shi a cikin 2009 bayan an ware shi daga fitar da kunne na waje na mai haƙuri a Japan. Tun daga rahoton 2009, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar ''C. auris'', musamman fungemia, daga Koriya ta Kudu, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Kuwait. Kodayake ba a samun rahotanni da aka buga ba, an kuma gano C. auris a Colombia, Venezuela, Pakistan, da Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=Clinical Alert to U.S. Healthcare Facilities – June 2016 &#124; Candida auris &#124; Fungal Diseases &#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/candida-auris-alert.html}}</ref> A cikin wani misali da aka ruwaito, an ruwaito cewa Psilocybe cubensis an al'ada ne daga wani lamari na fungemia wanda mutum ya yi wa kansa allurar da ba a sarrafa shi ba na kwayoyin fungal.[1] Mai haƙuri, wanda ke fama da baƙin ciki, ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi maganin kansa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta amma ya yi takaici da lokacin jinkiri tsakanin cin ƙwayoyin da fuskantar tasirin psychedelic. A cikin ƙoƙari na kauce wa wannan, mai haƙuri ya tafasa kuma ya tace ƙwayoyin a cikin 'shafi na ƙwayoyin' wanda aka ba da shi ta hanyar allura. Mai haƙuri yana da gazawar gabobin jiki da yawa, amma an sami nasarar juyawa kuma an kula da kamuwa da cuta da magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta.[2] Sauran misalai guda biyu na fungemia sakamakon yin allurar fungal ta wannan hanyar an bayyana su a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita, dukansu sun kasance tun daga shekara ta 1985.[3] == Binciken ganewa == Matsayin zinariya don ganewar asali na cutar candidiasis da candemia al'ada ce mai kyau. Ya kamata a samu al'adun jini a cikin duk marasa lafiya da ake zargi da cutar candemia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-candidemia-and-invasive-candidiasis-in-adults |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=www.uptodate.com}}</ref> == Magani == Neutropenic vs non-neutropentic candidemia ana bi da shi daban.<ref name="IDSA2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD |year=2016 |title=Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=409–17 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1194 |pmid=26810419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar Echinocandin mai narkewa kamar anidulafungin, caspofungin ko micafungin a matsayin magani na farko don fungemia, musamman candidemia.<ref name="IDSA2016" /> fluconazole na baki ko na intravenous wani zaɓi ne mai karɓa.<ref name="IDSA2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD |year=2016 |title=Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=409–17 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1194 |pmid=26810419 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPappasKauffmanAndesClancy2016">Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD (2016). [[doi:10.1093/cid/civ1194|"Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America"]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''62''' (4): <span class="nowrap">409–</span>17. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ1194|10.1093/cid/civ1194]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26810419 26810419].</cite></ref> Tsarin lipid amphotericin B shine madadin da ya dace idan akwai iyakancewar antifungal, juriya ta anti-fungal, ko rashin haƙuri na anti-fungus.<ref name="IDSA2016" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] boptj17o5bb21r6quugccxbbe5yoodn 856643 856642 2026-06-14T09:01:14Z Arabiyu 28508 856643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Fungemia''' shine kasancewar fungi ko [[Yis|yisti]] a cikin [[jini]]. Mafi yawan nau'in, wanda aka fi sani da '''Candemia''', '''Candedemia''', ko '''tsarin Candidiasis''', nau'in ''Candida'' ne ke haifar da shi. Candidemia kuma yana daga cikin cututtukan jini na yau da kullun na kowane nau'i.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Statistics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/statistics.html |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=Invasive Candidiasis |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Cututtukan wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da ''Saccharomyces'', ''Aspergillus'' (kamar yadda yake a cikin aspergillemia, wanda kuma ake kira aspergillosis mai mamayewa) da ''Cryptococcus'', ana kiransu fungemia. Ana yawan ganin shi a cikin marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi ko marasa lafiya masu cutar da ke fama da neutropenia mai tsanani, marasa lafiya masu [[Oncology|ciwon daji]], ko kuma marasa lafiya tare da catheters na intravenous. An ba da shawarar cewa in ba haka ba marasa lafiya masu iya kamuwa da rigakafi da ke shan infliximab na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari mafi girma. Binciken yana da wahala, saboda al'adun jini na yau da kullun suna da ƙarancin hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Cornelius J. |last2=Nguyen |first2=M. Hong |date=1 May 2013 |title=Finding the "Missing 50%" of Invasive Candidiasis: How Nonculture Diagnostics Will Improve Understanding of Disease Spectrum and Transform Patient Care |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1284–1292 |doi=10.1093/cid/cit006 |pmid=23315320 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomin na iya kamawa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani—wanda galibi ana bayyana shi a matsayin alamun mura mai tsanani. Alamomin da yawa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da fungemia, gami da ciwo, rikicewa mai tsanani, gajiya mai ɗorewa, da kamuwa da cuta. Cututtukan fata na iya haɗawa da raunuka da raunuka masu ɗorewa ko marasa warkarwa, gumi, kaikayi, da fitar ruwa ko magudanar ruwa ba a saba gani ba. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Abubuwan haɗari == {{Columns-list|The most important risk factors are:{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} * Use of [[broad-spectrum antibiotic]]s * Active infection by fungi (see e.g. [[candidiasis]])|colwidth=30em}} == Kwayoyin cuta == ''Candida auris'' wani yisti ne Mai tsayayya da magunguna da yawa (MDR) wanda zai iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta kuma yana da alaƙa da mutuwa mai yawa. An fara bayyana shi a cikin 2009 bayan an ware shi daga fitar da kunne na waje na mai haƙuri a Japan. Tun daga rahoton 2009, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar ''C. auris'', musamman fungemia, daga Koriya ta Kudu, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Kuwait. Kodayake ba a samun rahotanni da aka buga ba, an kuma gano C. auris a Colombia, Venezuela, Pakistan, da Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=Clinical Alert to U.S. Healthcare Facilities – June 2016 &#124; Candida auris &#124; Fungal Diseases &#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/candida-auris-alert.html}}</ref> A cikin wani misali da aka ruwaito, an ruwaito cewa Psilocybe cubensis an al'ada ne daga wani lamari na fungemia wanda mutum ya yi wa kansa allurar da ba a sarrafa shi ba na kwayoyin fungal.[1] Mai haƙuri, wanda ke fama da baƙin ciki, ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi maganin kansa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta amma ya yi takaici da lokacin jinkiri tsakanin cin ƙwayoyin da fuskantar tasirin psychedelic. A cikin ƙoƙari na kauce wa wannan, mai haƙuri ya tafasa kuma ya tace ƙwayoyin a cikin 'shafi na ƙwayoyin' wanda aka ba da shi ta hanyar allura. Mai haƙuri yana da gazawar gabobin jiki da yawa, amma an sami nasarar juyawa kuma an kula da kamuwa da cuta da magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta.[2] Sauran misalai guda biyu na fungemia sakamakon yin allurar fungal ta wannan hanyar an bayyana su a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita, dukansu sun kasance tun daga shekara ta 1985.[3] == Binciken ganewa == Matsayin zinariya don ganewar asali na cutar candidiasis da candemia al'ada ce mai kyau. Ya kamata a samu al'adun jini a cikin duk marasa lafiya da ake zargi da cutar candemia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-candidemia-and-invasive-candidiasis-in-adults |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=www.uptodate.com}}</ref> == Magani == Neutropenic vs non-neutropentic candidemia ana bi da shi daban.<ref name="IDSA2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD |year=2016 |title=Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=409–17 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1194 |pmid=26810419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar Echinocandin mai narkewa kamar anidulafungin, caspofungin ko micafungin a matsayin magani na farko don fungemia, musamman candidemia.<ref name="IDSA2016" /> fluconazole na baki ko na intravenous wani zaɓi ne mai karɓa.<ref name="IDSA2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD |year=2016 |title=Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=409–17 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1194 |pmid=26810419 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPappasKauffmanAndesClancy2016">Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD (2016). [[doi:10.1093/cid/civ1194|"Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America"]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''62''' (4): <span class="nowrap">409–</span>17. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ1194|10.1093/cid/civ1194]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26810419 26810419].</cite></ref> Tsarin lipid amphotericin B shine madadin da ya dace idan akwai iyakancewar antifungal, juriya ta anti-fungal, ko rashin haƙuri na anti-fungus.<ref name="IDSA2016" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i5hq7p297d1ey6vxg4zkqwng6oktopk 856644 856643 2026-06-14T09:01:30Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Abubuwan haɗari */ 856644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Fungemia''' shine kasancewar fungi ko [[Yis|yisti]] a cikin [[jini]]. Mafi yawan nau'in, wanda aka fi sani da '''Candemia''', '''Candedemia''', ko '''tsarin Candidiasis''', nau'in ''Candida'' ne ke haifar da shi. Candidemia kuma yana daga cikin cututtukan jini na yau da kullun na kowane nau'i.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Statistics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/statistics.html |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=Invasive Candidiasis |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Cututtukan wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da ''Saccharomyces'', ''Aspergillus'' (kamar yadda yake a cikin aspergillemia, wanda kuma ake kira aspergillosis mai mamayewa) da ''Cryptococcus'', ana kiransu fungemia. Ana yawan ganin shi a cikin marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi ko marasa lafiya masu cutar da ke fama da neutropenia mai tsanani, marasa lafiya masu [[Oncology|ciwon daji]], ko kuma marasa lafiya tare da catheters na intravenous. An ba da shawarar cewa in ba haka ba marasa lafiya masu iya kamuwa da rigakafi da ke shan infliximab na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari mafi girma. Binciken yana da wahala, saboda al'adun jini na yau da kullun suna da ƙarancin hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Cornelius J. |last2=Nguyen |first2=M. Hong |date=1 May 2013 |title=Finding the "Missing 50%" of Invasive Candidiasis: How Nonculture Diagnostics Will Improve Understanding of Disease Spectrum and Transform Patient Care |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1284–1292 |doi=10.1093/cid/cit006 |pmid=23315320 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomin na iya kamawa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani—wanda galibi ana bayyana shi a matsayin alamun mura mai tsanani. Alamomin da yawa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da fungemia, gami da ciwo, rikicewa mai tsanani, gajiya mai ɗorewa, da kamuwa da cuta. Cututtukan fata na iya haɗawa da raunuka da raunuka masu ɗorewa ko marasa warkarwa, gumi, kaikayi, da fitar ruwa ko magudanar ruwa ba a saba gani ba. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Abubuwan haɗari == {{Columns-list|The most important risk factors are:{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} * Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics * Active infection by fungi (see e.g. [[candidiasis]])|colwidth=30em}} == Kwayoyin cuta == ''Candida auris'' wani yisti ne Mai tsayayya da magunguna da yawa (MDR) wanda zai iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta kuma yana da alaƙa da mutuwa mai yawa. An fara bayyana shi a cikin 2009 bayan an ware shi daga fitar da kunne na waje na mai haƙuri a Japan. Tun daga rahoton 2009, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar ''C. auris'', musamman fungemia, daga Koriya ta Kudu, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Kuwait. Kodayake ba a samun rahotanni da aka buga ba, an kuma gano C. auris a Colombia, Venezuela, Pakistan, da Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=Clinical Alert to U.S. Healthcare Facilities – June 2016 &#124; Candida auris &#124; Fungal Diseases &#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/candida-auris-alert.html}}</ref> A cikin wani misali da aka ruwaito, an ruwaito cewa Psilocybe cubensis an al'ada ne daga wani lamari na fungemia wanda mutum ya yi wa kansa allurar da ba a sarrafa shi ba na kwayoyin fungal.[1] Mai haƙuri, wanda ke fama da baƙin ciki, ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi maganin kansa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta amma ya yi takaici da lokacin jinkiri tsakanin cin ƙwayoyin da fuskantar tasirin psychedelic. A cikin ƙoƙari na kauce wa wannan, mai haƙuri ya tafasa kuma ya tace ƙwayoyin a cikin 'shafi na ƙwayoyin' wanda aka ba da shi ta hanyar allura. Mai haƙuri yana da gazawar gabobin jiki da yawa, amma an sami nasarar juyawa kuma an kula da kamuwa da cuta da magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta.[2] Sauran misalai guda biyu na fungemia sakamakon yin allurar fungal ta wannan hanyar an bayyana su a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita, dukansu sun kasance tun daga shekara ta 1985.[3] == Binciken ganewa == Matsayin zinariya don ganewar asali na cutar candidiasis da candemia al'ada ce mai kyau. Ya kamata a samu al'adun jini a cikin duk marasa lafiya da ake zargi da cutar candemia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-candidemia-and-invasive-candidiasis-in-adults |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=www.uptodate.com}}</ref> == Magani == Neutropenic vs non-neutropentic candidemia ana bi da shi daban.<ref name="IDSA2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD |year=2016 |title=Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=409–17 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1194 |pmid=26810419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar Echinocandin mai narkewa kamar anidulafungin, caspofungin ko micafungin a matsayin magani na farko don fungemia, musamman candidemia.<ref name="IDSA2016" /> fluconazole na baki ko na intravenous wani zaɓi ne mai karɓa.<ref name="IDSA2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD |year=2016 |title=Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=409–17 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1194 |pmid=26810419 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPappasKauffmanAndesClancy2016">Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD (2016). [[doi:10.1093/cid/civ1194|"Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America"]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''62''' (4): <span class="nowrap">409–</span>17. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ1194|10.1093/cid/civ1194]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26810419 26810419].</cite></ref> Tsarin lipid amphotericin B shine madadin da ya dace idan akwai iyakancewar antifungal, juriya ta anti-fungal, ko rashin haƙuri na anti-fungus.<ref name="IDSA2016" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gzlitsea0vitp6qgcdynczedlq16jwf 0 157100 856641 855902 2026-06-14T09:00:44Z Arabiyu 28508 856641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Invasive Candidiasis kamuwa ne (candidiasis) wanda zai iya haifar da nau'ikan yisti daban-daban na <nowiki><i id="mwCA">Candida</i></nowiki>. Ba kamar cututtukan ''Candida'' na baki da makogwaro ba (Candidiasis na baki) ko farji (Candidal vulvovaginitis), cututtuken Candidiasis mai haɗari cuta ce mai tsanani, mai ci gaba, kuma mai yuwuwar mutuwa wanda zai iya shafar jini (fungemia), zuciya, kwakwalwa, idanu, ƙasusuwa, da sauran sassan jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Invasive Candidiasis {{!}} Candidiasis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/ |access-date=2017-04-02 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Ana iya rikitar da alamun cutar candidiasis tare da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya, duk da haka, alamun da aka fi sani da zazzabi da sanyi waɗanda ba su inganta tare da maganin rigakafi ba. Sauran alamun suna tasowa yayin da kamuwa da cuta ke yaduwa, dangane da waɗanne sassan jiki ne ke da hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symptoms {{!}} Invasive Candidiasis {{!}} Candidiasis {{!}} Types of Diseases {{!}} Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/symptoms.html |access-date=2017-04-03 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> === Gabatarwa === Invasive candidiasis na iya bayyana a matsayin cututtuka masu tsanani ciki har da fungemia, endocarditis, endophthalmitis, osteomyelitis, da cututtukan tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yapar |first=Nur |date=2014-01-01 |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=10 |pages=95–105 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S40160 |issn=1176-6336 |pmc=3928396 |pmid=24611015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilin da ya sa == Invasive candidiasis ya haifar da 15 daga cikin fiye da 150 da aka sani na nau'in Candida. Wadannan nau'o'in, duk an tabbatar da su ta hanyar warewa daga marasa lafiya, sune: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae, C. dubliniensis, C. pelliculosa, C. kefyr, C. lipolytica, C. famata, C' inconspicua, C. rugosa, da C. norvegensis.[1] A cikin shekaru 20-30 da suka gabata, C. albicans yana da alhakin 95% na kamuwa da cuta, tare da, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, da C. krusei wanda ke haifar da mafi yawan sauran lokuta.[1] Kwanan nan, C. auris, jinsin da aka fara bayar da rahoton a shekara ta 2009, an gano cewa yana haifar da cutar candidiasis. C. auris ya ja hankalin mutane saboda yana iya tsayayya da magungunan rigakafin fungus da aka yi amfani da su don magance candidiasis.[2] === Tsayayya === Tsayayya da maganin rigakafin fungus na iya tasowa daga jinsunan da ke da juriya ta ainihi waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin zabin ko ƙaddamar da juriya a cikin kwayoyin da ke warewa daga jinsunan masu saukin kamuwa. Ga ''Candida'', mafi yawanci shine tsohon, kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar fitowar mai tsayayya ''C. glabrata'' biyo bayan gabatarwar fluconazole da ''C. parapsilosis'' inda aka kara amfani da echinocandins. Rashin isasshen sashi na azoles ya haifar da fitowar juriya. Yawan da aka lura na juriya na echinocandin ga ''C. glabrata'' yana tsakanin 2 da 12%. An kuma bayar da rahoton juriya ta echinocandin ga ''C. albicans'', ''C. tropicalis'', ''C. krusei'', ''C. kefyr'', ''C. lusitaniae'', da ''C. dubliniensis''. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Nau'o'in da ke fitowa === ''Candida auris'' wani yisti ne Mai tsayayya da magunguna da yawa wanda zai iya haifar da cutar candidiasis kuma yana da alaƙa da mutuwa mai yawa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |title=Clinical Alert to U.S. Healthcare Facilities – Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/candida-auris-alert.html |access-date=2017-04-06 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> An fara bayyana shi a shekara ta 2009.<ref name=":5" /> Tun daga wannan lokacin, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar ''C. auris'', musamman fungemia, daga Koriya ta Kudu, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, Kuwait, Colombia, Venezuela, Pakistan, Ingila da Amurka.<ref name=":5" /> Kwayoyin da aka ware a kowane yanki sun bambanta da kwayoyin halitta, suna nuna cewa wannan nau'in yana fitowa a wurare daban-daban.<ref name=":5" /> Ba a san dalilin wannan tsari ba.<ref name=":5" /> == Abubuwan haɗari == Marasa lafiya tare da waɗannan yanayi, jiyya ko yanayi suna cikin haɗarin haɗari don cutar candidiasis. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yapar |first=Nur |date=2014-01-01 |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=10 |pages=95–105 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S40160 |issn=1176-6336 |pmc=3928396 |pmid=24611015 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYapar2014">Yapar, Nur (2014-01-01). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928396 "Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis"]. ''Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management''. '''10''': <span class="nowrap">95–</span>105. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2147/TCRM.S40160|10.2147/TCRM.S40160]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1176-6336 1176-6336]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928396 3928396]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24611015 24611015].</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kullberg |first=Bart Jan |last2=Arendrup |first2=Maiken C. |date=2015-10-08 |title=Invasive Candidiasis |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=373 |issue=15 |pages=1445–1456 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1315399 |issn=1533-4406 |pmid=26444731 |s2cid=43788 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> * Rashin lafiya mai tsanani * Kasancewar sashin kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci * Aikin tiyata na ciki (wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar leakage na anastomotic ko maimaita laparotomies) * Cututtukan da ke hana rigakafi * [[Ciwon hanta mai tsanani]] * Cutar jini mai cutarwa * Shigar da wani abu mai ƙarfi * Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation * Ciwon daji na jikiciwon daji na gabobin jiki * [[Jariri|Jarirai]] (musamman ƙananan nauyin haihuwa da jarirai da ba su cika ba) * Magungunan rigakafi masu yawa * Tsakanin jijiyoyin jini * Na'urar hannu ta ciki * Cikakken abinci mai gina jiki * Rashin jinin jini * Amfani da Glucocorticoid * [[Chemotherapy]] * Noninvasive ''Candida'' mulkin mallaka (musamman idan multifocal) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3bgh4wvicc9dd0yw7d7cmw8ktukgkah 0 157101 856640 855894 2026-06-14T09:00:28Z Arabiyu 28508 856640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Meningitis B, wani lokacin an taƙaita shi a matsayin MenB, wani nau'in Cutar meningococcal ne wanda ya haifar da serotype B na kwayar cutar ''Neisseria meningitidis''. Duk da sunansa, ba duk cututtukan meningococcal ba saboda kamuwa da cutar serotype B sun '''Maza''' da meningitis; da yawa kuma suna haifar da [[sepsis]] ko wasu rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=MenB vaccine for children |url=https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/menb-vaccine-for-children/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == [[Fayil:Percentage_serogroup_distribution_of_IMD_cases_worldwide_from_2017_to_2019.png|thumb|Kashi na rarrabawar serogroup na cututtukan meningococcal a duk duniya daga 2017 zuwa 2019.]] Serogroup B shine mafi yawan dalilin Cutar meningococcal a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda ke yin allurar rigakafi akan serotypes A, C, W, da Y.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Villena |first=Rodolfo |last2=Safadi |first2=Marco Aurelio P. |last3=Valenzuela |first3=María Teresa |last4=Torres |first4=Juan P. |last5=Finn |first5=Adam |last6=O'Ryan |first6=Miguel |date=2018-05-04 |title=Global epidemiology of serogroup B meningococcal disease and opportunities for prevention with novel recombinant protein vaccines |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1042–1057 |doi=10.1080/21645515.2018.1458175 |issn=2164-5515 |pmc=5989912 |pmid=29667483}}</ref> Koyaya, yaduwar cutar meningococcal gabaɗaya ba ta da yawa. Daga 2000 zuwa 2015, kasashe 2 ne kawai ke da yaduwar B-MD sama da 2/100,000 tare da yawancin kasashe da ke ba da rahoton abin da ya faru na kasa da 1/100,000.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sridhar |first=Shruti |last2=Greenwood |first2=Brian |last3=Head |first3=Christopher |last4=Plotkin |first4=Stanley A |last5=Sáfadi |first5=Marco A |last6=Saha |first6=Samir |last7=Taha |first7=Muhamed-Kheir |last8=Tomori |first8=Oyewale |last9=Gessner |first9=Bradford D |date=November 2015 |title=Global incidence of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease: a systematic review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473309915002170 |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=1334–1346 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00217-0 |pmid=26453240 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Adadin wadanda suka mutu yana da yawa, daga 10%-20% har ma bayan magani mai tsanani tare da maganin rigakafi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Kwayoyin halittar uku masu haɗari suna da alhakin yawancin barkewar cutar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Rashin alamun kwayar cuta ta serotype B a cikin nasopharyngneal ya zama ruwan dare.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> [[Alurar rigakafin meningococcal|Allurar rigakafi]] Meningococcal Group B ana kiranta allurar rigakafi ta MenB. [[Fayil:Meningococcal_B_vaccine.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Allurar rigakafin Meningococcal B]] Akwai allurar rigakafi guda biyu da aka ba da lasisi musamman game da cutar serotype B meningococcal da ke ko'ina; Bexsero (GSK) allurar rigakawa ta MenB (4CMenB) da Trumenba (Pfizer), [1] allurar rigar furotin mai ɗaure H (MenB-FHbp). A Burtaniya da Ostiraliya, an amince da Bexsero don shekaru 2 zuwa shekaru 50; a Burtaniya da Australia, ana ba da shi akai-akai a matsayin wani ɓangare na allurar rigakafin yara a matsayin jarirai ƙungiyar da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma daga meningitis B.[2][3] Kariya da aka bayar ba ta da tsawo kuma ba ta wuce ƙuruciya ba. A Amurka, duka Bexsero da Trumenba an amince da su ne kawai don shekaru 10-25 kuma an ba su ne kawai ga wasu kungiyoyin haɗari.[1] Akwai kuma allurar rigakafi guda biyu da ke samuwa da aka yi niyya da serogroups A, B, C, W, da Y: An amince da Penbraya don amfani a Amurka a watan Oktoba 2023. Ya haɗu da allurar rigakafin Trumenba da Nimenrix. An ba da izinin Penbraya don amfani da magani a Tarayyar Turai a watan Nuwamba 2024. An amince da shi don amfani da shi a cikin mutane masu shekaru 10 zuwa 25. An amince da Penmenvy don amfani a Amurka a watan Fabrairun 2025. An amince da Penmenvy don amfani da shi a cikin mutanen da ke da shekaru 10 zuwa 25. == Ci gaban allurar rigakafi da barkewar cutar == A tarihi, allurar rigakafin MenB tana da wuyar samarwa, kuma tana buƙatar hanyar da ta bambanta da allurar rigakawa akan wasu nau'ikan serotypes. Ganin cewa an samar da allurar rigakafin polysaccharide mai inganci akan nau'ikan A, C, W-135, da Y, capsular polysaccaride akan nau'in kwayar cuta ta B yayi kama da Kwayoyin mannewar jijiyoyin mutum don zama manufa mai amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finne J, Bitter-Suermann D, Goridis C, Finne U |date=June 1987 |title=An IgG monoclonal antibody to group B meningococci cross-reacts with developmentally regulated polysialic acid units of glycoproteins in neural and extraneural tissues |journal=Journal of Immunology |volume=138 |issue=12 |pages=4402–4407 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.138.12.4402 |pmid=3108388 |s2cid=24162009 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An samar da allurar rigakafin "serogroup B" da yawa. A takaice dai, waɗannan ba allurar rigakafin "serogroup B" ba ne, saboda ba sa nufin samar da magungunan rigakafi ga rukunin antigen na B: zai fi dacewa a bayyana su a matsayin allurar rigakanin serogroup-mai zaman kanta, yayin da suke amfani da bangarorin antigenic daban-daban na kwayoyin; hakika, wasu daga cikin antigens sun zama ruwan dare ga nau'in ''Neisseria'' daban-daban. [ana buƙatar bayanin likita] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (October 2019)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An kirkiro allurar rigakafin serogroup B a Cuba don mayar da martani ga babban barkewar cutar meningitis B a cikin shekarun 1980. Wannan allurar rigakafin ta dogara ne akan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da aka samar da su. Allurar rigakafin VA-MENGOC-BC ta tabbatar da aminci da tasiri a cikin binciken makafi biyu, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pérez O, Lastre M, Lapinet J, Bracho G, Díaz M, Zayas C, Taboada C, Sierra G |date=July 2001 |title=Immune Response Induction and New Effector Mechanisms Possibly Involved in Protection Conferred by the Cuban Anti-Meningococcal BC Vaccine |journal=Infect Immun |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=4502–8 |doi=10.1128/IAI.69.7.4502-4508.2001 |pmc=98525 |pmid=11401992}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Uli L, Castellanos-Serra L, Betancourt L, Domínguez F, Barberá R, Sotolongo F, Guillén G, Pajón Feyt R |date=June 2006 |title=Outer membrane vesicles of the VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine against serogroup B of Neisseria meningitidis: Analysis of protein components by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry |journal=Proteomics |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=3389–99 |doi=10.1002/pmic.200500502 |pmid=16673438 |s2cid=10828810}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finlay Institute VA-MENGOC-BC Most frequent questions and answers |url=http://www.finlay.sld.cu/english/products/pregunvamengocbcenglish.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108221151/http://www.finlay.sld.cu/english/products/pregunvamengocbcenglish.htm |archive-date=8 January 2011 |access-date=10 March 2009}}</ref> amma an ba shi lasisi ne kawai don dalilai na bincike a Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 1999 |title=World: Americas Cuba vaccine deal breaks embargo |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/406780.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203062429/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/406780.stm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |access-date=25 October 2009 |publisher=BBC News Online}}</ref> kamar yadda bambance-bambance na siyasa suka iyakance hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NBC News Digital |date=12 November 2015 |title=Cuban scientist barred from receiving U.S. prize |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10010619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607004818/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10010619/ns/world_news-americas/t/cuban-scientist-barred-receiving-us-prize/ |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019 |publisher=Associated Press |quote=A Cuban scientist who helped develop a low-cost synthetic vaccine that prevents meningitis and pneumonia in small children says he was offended the U.S. government denied his request to travel to the United States to receive an award.}}</ref> Saboda irin wannan yaduwar cutar B-serotype meningitis a Norway tsakanin 1974 da 1988, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na Norway sun kirkiro allurar rigakafin da aka tsara musamman ga yara da matasa na Norway. An dakatar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti bayan an nuna allurar rigakafin ta rufe dan kadan fiye da 50% na dukkan lokuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Djupesland PG, Bjune G, HØ E, Grønnesby JK, Mundal R |date=September 1997 |title=Serogroup B meningococcal disease in the Norwegian armed forces: What can we learn from an inconclusive vaccine protection trial? |url=https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/7/3/261/503242 |url-status=live |journal=European Journal of Public Health |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=261–266 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/7.3.261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028020230/https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/7/3/261/503242 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an shigar da karar lalacewa a kan Jihar Norway ta mutanen da ke fama da mummunar mummunar martani. Bayanan da hukumomin kiwon lafiya suka samu a lokacin ci gaban allurar rigakafin daga baya aka ba da shi ga Chiron (yanzu GlaxoSmithKline), wanda daga baya ya kirkiro irin wannan allurar rigakawa, MeNZB, don New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2005 |title=Investigation: The Meningococcal Gold Rush |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0502/S00064.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028020230/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0502/S00064.htm |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=Scoop}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l30z88dki5kuxxdc3xb4bqqz707yd4w 0 157102 856639 855936 2026-06-14T09:00:00Z Arabiyu 28508 856639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Tsinkaye na septic wani yanayi ne mai yuwuwa wanda ke faruwa lokacin da [[sepsis]], wanda aka bayyana a matsayin amsawar rigakafi mara kyau ga kamuwa da cuta wanda ke haifar da rashin aiki na jiki mai barazana, yana haifar da haɗarin hauhawar jini da rashin daidaituwa a cikin salula da rashin aiki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gauer |first=Robert |last2=Forbes |first2=Damon |last3=Boyer |first3=Nathan |date=2020-04-01 |title=Sepsis: Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=409–418 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=32227831}}</ref> Ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Uku don Sepsis da Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) ya bayyana firgici na septic a matsayin wani ɓangare na sepsis wanda musamman zurfin zagayawa, salula, da ƙarancin metabolism suna da alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa fiye da sepsis kadai.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Guarino |first=Matteo |last2=Perna |first2=Benedetta |last3=Cesaro |first3=Alice Eleonora |last4=Maritati |first4=Martina |last5=Spampinato |first5=Michele Domenico |last6=Contini |first6=Carlo |last7=De Giorgio |first7=Roberto |date=2023-04-28 |title=2023 Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients: Management in the Emergency Department |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=3188 |doi=10.3390/jcm12093188 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=10179263 |pmid=37176628 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da tsananin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin sashen gaggawa da rukunin kulawa mai tsanani.<ref name=":1" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Tsinkaye na septic shine sakamakon amsawar tsarin kamuwa da cuta ko dalilai masu yawa.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sepsis koyaushe yana gaba da girgizar septic; sabili da haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da girgijen septic su ne kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da girgiyar septic. Fiye da kashi 80 cikin dari na cututtukan sepsis suna haifar da numfashi, al'aura, fata da nama mai laushi, da cututtuken gastrointestinal.[1] Abin sha'awa, cutar huhu ita ce mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da sepsis.[2] Na'urorin da ke cikin gida, kamar su pacemakers ko maye gurbin gwiwa na iya haifar da sepsis. Cututtuka masu tsanani, kamar meningitis, encephalitis, da endocarditis suma suna haifar da sepsis. Dukkanin kayan aiki da cututtukan cututtuka masu tsanani sun hada da kashi 1 cikin 100 na lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kwayoyin cuta sune kwayoyin da ke da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kimanin kashi 62 cikin dari suna haifar da kwayoyin cuta marasa kyau kuma kashi 47 cikin dari suna faruwa ne daga kwayoyin cuti masu kyau.[3] Ƙananan marasa lafiya na iya samun sepsis da aka kawo ta hanyar fungi, parasites, ko cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.[4] Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa sepsis na iya haifar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a lokaci guda.[5] == Ilimin jiki == Ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtukat ba, amma an san cewa muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban cututtukayyar cututtukani ta hanyar rigakafi da amsawar jini ga kamuwa da cuta. Dukkanin martani na kumburi da na kumburi suna taka rawa a cikin firgici na septic.<ref name="Angusvan der Poll2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T |date=August 2013 |title=Severe sepsis and septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=9 |pages=840–51 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623 |pmid=23984731 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsinkaye na septic ya haɗa da amsawar kumburi da ke haifar da tasirin hypermetabolic. Wannan yana bayyana ta hanyar karuwar numfashi na sel, furotin catabolism, da kuma metabolic acidosis tare da amsawar numfashi.<ref name="SSC Guidelines">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R |date=February 2013 |title=Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012 |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=580–637 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af |pmid=23353941 |s2cid=34855187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dukansu kwayoyin gram positive da gram negative sune abubuwan da suka fi haifar da tsananin cututtukan cututtuka.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018">Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 "Sepsis and septic shock"]</span>. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].</cite></ref> Toxins da pathogens ke samarwa suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi; a cikin kwayoyin cuta masu guba waɗannan su ne endotoxins, waɗanda ke da lipopolysaccharides (LPS).<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Seymour |first=Christopher W. |last2=Liu |first2=Vincent X. |last3=Iwashyna |first3=Theodore J. |last4=Brunkhorst |first4=Frank M. |last5=Rea |first5=Thomas D. |last6=Scherag |first6=André |last7=Rubenfeld |first7=Gordon |last8=Kahn |first8=Jeremy M. |last9=Shankar-Hari |first9=Manu |last10=Singer |first10=Mervyn |last11=Deutschman |first11=Clifford S. |last12=Escobar |first12=Gabriel J. |last13=Angus |first13=Derek C. |date=2016-02-23 |title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=315 |issue=8 |pages=762–774 |bibcode=2016JAMA..315..762S |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 |issn=0098-7484 |pmc=5433435 |pmid=26903335}}</ref> Cytokines da aka saki a cikin babban amsawar kumburi yana haifar da vasodilation mai yawa, karuwar permeability, rage juriya na tsarin vascular, da ƙarancin hawan jini.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018">Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 "Sepsis and septic shock"]</span>. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].</cite></ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Nuala J. |last2=Prescott |first2=Hallie C. |author-link2=Hallie Prescott |date=2024-12-05 |editor-last=Hardin |editor-first=C. Corey |title=Sepsis and Septic Shock |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=22 |pages=2133–2146 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=39774315 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a cikin ƙoƙari na rage rage hauhawar jini, dysfunction na myocardial yana faruwa tare da duka systolic (ƙananan ikon zuciya don matsawa) da diastolic (ƙarancin ikon zuciya don shimfiɗa don karɓar ƙimar jini mai dacewa).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shields |first=Andrea D. |last2=Plante |first2=Lauren A. |last3=Pacheco |first3=Luis D. |last4=Louis |first4=Judette M. |date=September 2023 |title=Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #67: Maternal sepsis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002937823003277 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=229 |issue=3 |pages=B2–B19 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2023.05.019 |pmid=37236495}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fyzp2e9bfgx5jt30dd3i4bj152g4uv3 0 157103 856638 855926 2026-06-14T08:59:41Z Arabiyu 28508 856638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} [[sepsis]] shida shine sunan da aka ba da tarin magungunan kiwon lafiya da aka tsara don rage mutuwa a cikin marasa lafiya tare da sepsis. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An samo shi daga jagororin kasa da kasa waɗanda suka fito daga Kamfen ɗin Surviving Sepsis [1] Sepsis Six ya samo asali ne daga The UK Sepsis Trust . [2][3] (Daniels, Nutbeam, Laver) a cikin 2006 a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don taimakawa ƙwararrun likitoci su ba da mahimman abubuwan kulawa cikin sauri da abin dogaro. A cikin 2011, The UK Sepsis Trust ya buga shaidar cewa amfani da Sepsis shida yana da alaƙa da raguwar kashi 50% a cikin Mutuwa, raguwar tsawon zama a asibiti, da ƙananan kwanakin kulawa mai tsanani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Daniels |first=Ron |last2=Nutbeam |first2=Tim |last3=McNamara |first3=Georgina |last4=Galvin |first4=Clare |date=2011 |editor-last=Godlee |editor-first=Fiona |editor2-last=Abbasi |editor2-first=Kamran |editor3-last=Bloom |editor3-first=Theodora |editor4-last=Loder |editor4-first=Elizabeth |editor5-last=Coombes |editor5-first=Rebecca |editor6-last=Dobson |editor6-first=Juliet |editor7-last=Kmietowicz |editor7-first=Zosia |editor8-last=Simpson |editor8-first=Paul |editor9-last=Tonks |editor9-first=Alison |title=The sepsis six and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle: a prospective observational cohort study |url=https://emj.bmj.com/content/28/6/507 |journal=Emergency Medicine Journal |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Publishing Group Ltd]]/[[British Medical Association]] |publication-place=[[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=507–512 |doi=10.1136/emj.2010.095067 |issn=1472-0213 |jstor=09598138 |lccn=97640199 |oclc=32595642 |pmid=21036796 |s2cid=26693613 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602062804/https://emj.bmj.com/content/28/6/507 |archive-date=2 June 2018}}</ref> Kodayake marubutan suna neman taka tsantsan a cikin fassarar abubuwan da suka faru na waɗannan binciken. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Sepsis na shida ya ƙunshi matakai uku na bincike da na warkewa guda uku - duk za a isar da su a cikin sa'a daya na ganewar asali na sepsis: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} # Titrate oxygen zuwa burin saturating na 94% # Ɗauki al'adun jini kuma la'akari da kula da tushe # Bayar da maganin rigakafi na intravenousMagungunan rigakafi # Auna nau'ikan lactates # Farawa da sake farfado da ruwa na intravenous # Fara daidaitattun ma'aunin fitar da [[fitsari]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2iol0v2hh7xph8f9ew9zfhgrez4ruu9 0 157126 856001 2026-06-13T12:00:22Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314794555|Nyassachromis breviceps]]" 856001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Nyassachromis breviceps''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake samunsa ne kawai a kudancin tafkin. Yana fifita yankunan da ke da yashi amma yana buƙatar samar da ƙananan duwatsu don gina gida. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|15.4|cm|in}} a jimillar tsawonsa . An ga wannan nau'in a ƙarshe a Tafkin Malawi a shekarar 1997 kuma ana tsammanin zai iya ɓacewa, sakamakon [[Wuce gona da Iri|yawan amfani]] da masunta masu sana'a ke yi. == Tsarin Haraji == Charles Tate Regan ne ya fara bayyana '''nau'in breviceps na Nyassachromis''' a shekarar 1922. An rarraba shi a cikin dangin Cichlidae (cichlids) a cikin ajin Actinopterygii . An ambaci nau'in ta hanyar ma'anar ''Cyrtocara breviceps'' da ''Haplochromis breviceps'' . <ref name="irmng">{{Cite web |title=Nyassachromis breviceps (Regan, 1922) |url=https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10982107 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=[[IRMNG]]}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == ''N. breviceps'' ya fi yawa a yankin kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Idan har yanzu yana nan, zai sami ƙaramin yanki da ya rage na zama mai nisan kilomita ^4. == Ilimin Halittu == ''N. breviceps'' ya fi son wuraren zama na yashi, kodayake mazan suna buƙatar ƙananan duwatsu don gidajen da suke ginawa. Mazan suna haƙa kogo kusa da dutse don samar da wurin haifuwarsu. Lokacin haihuwa shine Agusta zuwa Disamba. Wannan nau'in yana cin phytoplankton . Matan suna yin yawo a cikin ruwa mai faɗi. Kifin yana faruwa a zurfin har zuwa mita 16. Kifin yana girma har zuwa matsakaicin 14.0 zuwa 15.4 cm. An kiyasta ''N. breviceps'' a matsayin nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar karewa kuma mai yiwuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ya ɓace]] a cikin Jerin Ja na IUCN . Wannan nau'in ya fuskanci raguwar yawan jama'a sakamakon yawan kamun kifi ; babu wani mutum da aka tattara tun 1997, kuma an ga ƙungiyar kiwo ta ƙarshe a 1988. == Manazarta == kyfp76n3h7q48fjkwhutkukx7mwkie6 856002 856001 2026-06-13T12:00:42Z Engineer014 44591 856002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Nyassachromis breviceps''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake samunsa ne kawai a kudancin tafkin. Yana fifita yankunan da ke da yashi amma yana buƙatar samar da ƙananan duwatsu don gina gida. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|15.4|cm|in}} a jimillar tsawonsa . An ga wannan nau'in a ƙarshe a Tafkin Malawi a shekarar 1997 kuma ana tsammanin zai iya ɓacewa, sakamakon [[Wuce gona da Iri|yawan amfani]] da masunta masu sana'a ke yi. == Tsarin Haraji == Charles Tate Regan ne ya fara bayyana '''nau'in breviceps na Nyassachromis''' a shekarar 1922. An rarraba shi a cikin dangin Cichlidae (cichlids) a cikin ajin Actinopterygii . An ambaci nau'in ta hanyar ma'anar ''Cyrtocara breviceps'' da ''Haplochromis breviceps'' . <ref name="irmng">{{Cite web |title=Nyassachromis breviceps (Regan, 1922) |url=https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10982107 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=[[IRMNG]]}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == ''N. breviceps'' ya fi yawa a yankin kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Idan har yanzu yana nan, zai sami ƙaramin yanki da ya rage na zama mai nisan kilomita ^4. == Ilimin Halittu == ''N. breviceps'' ya fi son wuraren zama na yashi, kodayake mazan suna buƙatar ƙananan duwatsu don gidajen da suke ginawa. Mazan suna haƙa kogo kusa da dutse don samar da wurin haifuwarsu. Lokacin haihuwa shine Agusta zuwa Disamba. Wannan nau'in yana cin phytoplankton . Matan suna yin yawo a cikin ruwa mai faɗi. Kifin yana faruwa a zurfin har zuwa mita 16. Kifin yana girma har zuwa matsakaicin 14.0 zuwa 15.4 cm. An kiyasta ''N. breviceps'' a matsayin nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar karewa kuma mai yiwuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ya ɓace]] a cikin Jerin Ja na IUCN . Wannan nau'in ya fuskanci raguwar yawan jama'a sakamakon yawan kamun kifi ; babu wani mutum da aka tattara tun 1997, kuma an ga ƙungiyar kiwo ta ƙarshe a 1988. == Manazarta == cnrwlmakkzgf0xifwv2adpgxzs4rc09 0 157127 856003 2026-06-13T12:02:38Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336835084|Gephyrochromis lawsi]]" 856003 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Gephyrochromis lawsi''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a arewacin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Malawi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Wannan nau'in yawanci ana samunsa a matakai masu zurfi, inda bakin teku masu tsayi da duwatsu suka haɗu da ƙasan yashi. Yana fifita wurare masu yashi a matsakaicin zurfin kusan {{Convert|20|m|ft}} . <ref name="FishBase" /> Suna cin abinci ne galibi daga aufwuchs marasa tsari. Maza ba su da ƙarfi sosai kuma za su kare yankunansu daga masu kutse, yayin da mata ke kaɗaita. Masunta na iya fuskantar barazanar kamun kifi fiye da kima ta hanyar amfani da ragar teku, kodayake kama kifi ne maimakon ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da ake nema. Wani lokaci ana tattara shi don cinikin kifaye . Sunan da aka ambata yana girmama Robert Laws, mai wa'azin Scotland (1851–1934). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == aq1s3htd876lnph7fe490gspy87c2ux 856004 856003 2026-06-13T12:03:06Z Engineer014 44591 856004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Gephyrochromis lawsi''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a arewacin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Malawi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Wannan nau'in yawanci ana samunsa a matakai masu zurfi, inda bakin teku masu tsayi da duwatsu suka haɗu da ƙasan yashi. Yana fifita wurare masu yashi a matsakaicin zurfin kusan {{Convert|20|m|ft}} . <ref name="FishBase" /> Suna cin abinci ne galibi daga aufwuchs marasa tsari. Maza ba su da ƙarfi sosai kuma za su kare yankunansu daga masu kutse, yayin da mata ke kaɗaita. Masunta na iya fuskantar barazanar kamun kifi fiye da kima ta hanyar amfani da ragar teku, kodayake kama kifi ne maimakon ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da ake nema. Wani lokaci ana tattara shi don cinikin kifaye . Sunan da aka ambata yana girmama Robert Laws, mai wa'azin Scotland (1851–1934). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == te89t5dmgbxi17s0v6kc4l23joyof6q 0 157128 856005 2026-06-13T12:12:56Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645702|Melanochromis]]" 856005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Melanochromis''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . [[Ecology|A fannin muhalli]], suna cikin tsaunukan mbuna cichlids na Tafkin Malawi. ''Melanochromis'' yawanci ƙanana ne, siriri amma masu tsoka, suna da layuka masu tsayi na baƙi, rawaya da shuɗi. Yawanci suna nuna bambancin jima'i . == Nau'o'i == A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 15 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: <ref name="KS2012">{{Cite journal |last=Konings, Adrianus F. |last2=Stauffer Jr., Jay R. |year=2012 |title=Review of the Lake Malaŵi genus ''Melanochromis'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a description of a new species |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03258p027.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3258 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3258.1.1}}</ref> * ''[[Melanochromis auratus]]'' <small>( Boulenger, 1897)</small> (Golden Mbuna, Auratus Cichlid, Malawi Golden Cichlid) * ''Melanochromis baliodigma'' <small>[[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997</small> * ''[[Melanochromis chipokae]]'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1975</small> * ''Melanochromis dialeptos'' <small>[[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997</small> * ''Melanochromis heterochromis'' <small>[[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1993</small> * ''[[Melanochromis kaskazini]]'' <small>[[Gertrude Konings-Dudin|Konings-Dudin]], Konings & Stauffer, 2009</small> * ''Melanochromis lepidiadaptes'' <small>[[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997</small> * ''Melanochromis loriae'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1975</small> * ''Melanochromis melanopterus'' <small>Trewavas, 1935</small> * ''[[Melanochromis mossambiquensis]]'' <small>[[Gertrude Konings-Dudin|Konings-Dudin]], Konings & Stauffer, 2009</small> * ''[[Melanochromis mpoto]]'' <small>Konings & Stauffer, 2012.</small> <ref name="KS2012">{{Cite journal |last=Konings, Adrianus F. |last2=Stauffer Jr., Jay R. |year=2012 |title=Review of the Lake Malaŵi genus ''Melanochromis'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a description of a new species |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03258p027.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3258 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3258.1.1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonings,_Adrianus_F.Stauffer_Jr.,_Jay_R.2012">Konings, Adrianus F.; Stauffer Jr., Jay R. (2012). [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03258p027.pdf "Review of the Lake Malaŵi genus ''Melanochromis'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a description of a new species"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[Zootaxa]]''. '''3258''': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>27. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3258.1.1|10.11646/zootaxa.3258.1.1]].</cite></ref> * ''Melanochromis robustus'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1985</small> * ''Melanochromis simulans'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]], 1973</small> * ''Melanochromis vermivorus'' <small>Trewavas, 1935</small> (Mbuna mai launin shuɗi) * ''[[Melanochromis wochepa]]'' <small>[[Gertrude Konings-Dudin|Konings-Dudin]], Konings & Stauffer, 2009</small> == Manazarta == nw6dd0zgwy3xzd54fuvhlgapet4luq5 856006 856005 2026-06-13T12:13:36Z Engineer014 44591 856006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Melanochromis''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . [[Ecology|A fannin muhalli]], suna cikin tsaunukan mbuna cichlids na Tafkin Malawi. ''Melanochromis'' yawanci ƙanana ne, siriri amma masu tsoka, suna da layuka masu tsayi na baƙi, rawaya da shuɗi. Yawanci suna nuna bambancin jima'i . == Nau'o'i == A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 15 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: <ref name="KS2012">{{Cite journal |last=Konings, Adrianus F. |last2=Stauffer Jr., Jay R. |year=2012 |title=Review of the Lake Malaŵi genus ''Melanochromis'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a description of a new species |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03258p027.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3258 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3258.1.1}}</ref> * ''[[Melanochromis auratus]]'' <small>( Boulenger, 1897)</small> (Golden Mbuna, Auratus Cichlid, Malawi Golden Cichlid) * ''Melanochromis baliodigma'' <small>[[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997</small> * ''[[Melanochromis chipokae]]'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1975</small> * ''Melanochromis dialeptos'' <small>[[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997</small> * ''Melanochromis heterochromis'' <small>[[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1993</small> * ''[[Melanochromis kaskazini]]'' <small>[[Gertrude Konings-Dudin|Konings-Dudin]], Konings & Stauffer, 2009</small> * ''Melanochromis lepidiadaptes'' <small>[[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997</small> * ''Melanochromis loriae'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1975</small> * ''Melanochromis melanopterus'' <small>Trewavas, 1935</small> * ''[[Melanochromis mossambiquensis]]'' <small>[[Gertrude Konings-Dudin|Konings-Dudin]], Konings & Stauffer, 2009</small> * ''[[Melanochromis mpoto]]'' <small>Konings & Stauffer, 2012.</small> <ref name="KS2012">{{Cite journal |last=Konings, Adrianus F. |last2=Stauffer Jr., Jay R. |year=2012 |title=Review of the Lake Malaŵi genus ''Melanochromis'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a description of a new species |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03258p027.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3258 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3258.1.1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonings,_Adrianus_F.Stauffer_Jr.,_Jay_R.2012">Konings, Adrianus F.; Stauffer Jr., Jay R. (2012). [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03258p027.pdf "Review of the Lake Malaŵi genus ''Melanochromis'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a description of a new species"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[Zootaxa]]''. '''3258''': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>27. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3258.1.1|10.11646/zootaxa.3258.1.1]].</cite></ref> * ''Melanochromis robustus'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1985</small> * ''Melanochromis simulans'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]], 1973</small> * ''Melanochromis vermivorus'' <small>Trewavas, 1935</small> (Mbuna mai launin shuɗi) * ''[[Melanochromis wochepa]]'' <small>[[Gertrude Konings-Dudin|Konings-Dudin]], Konings & Stauffer, 2009</small> == Manazarta == nmt8vw4p2vc4x083pt6gwyyzvyzrce4 0 157129 856008 2026-06-13T12:18:30Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354823337|Pseudotropheus]]" 856008 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''''Pseudotropheus''''' nau'in [[Kifi|kifaye]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Waɗannan nau'ikan cichlids na mbuna suna da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . == Tsarin Haraji == Kamar wasu manyan nau'ikan cichlid, kamar ''Cichlasoma'', an sake mayar da wasu nau'ikan [[Kifi|kifaye]] masu alaƙa zuwa nau'ikan halittu daban-daban kamar ''Tropheops'' ko ''Maylandia'' . Wasu nau'ikan ''[[Melanochromis]]'' kuma an mayar da su cikin ''Pseudotropheus'' . A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 25 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Pseudotropheus ater'' <small>Stauffer, 1988</small> * ''Pseudotropheus benetos'' <small>( [[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus brevis'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus crabro'' <small>( [[Anthony James Gerrit van Lier Ribbink|Ribbink]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus cyaneorhabdos'' <small>( [[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus cyaneus'' <small>Stauffer, 1988</small> * ''Pseudotropheus demasoni'' <small>Konings, 1994</small> * ''Pseudotropheus elegans'' <small>Trewavas, 1935</small> * ''Pseudotropheus elongatus'' <small>Fryer, 1956</small> * ''Pseudotropheus flavus'' <small>Stauffer, 1988</small> * ''Fuscoides na Pseudotropheus'' <small>, 1956</small> * ''Pseudotropheus fuscus'' <small>Trewavas, 1935</small> * ''Pseudotropheus galanos'' <small>Stauffer & [[Karen Anne Kellogg|Kellogg]], 2002</small> * ''Pseudotropheus interruptus'' <small>( [[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1975)</small> * ''[[Lu'u-lu'u na Likoma|Pseudotropheus joanjohnsonae]]'' <small>( [[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1974)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus johannii'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]], 1973</small> * ''[[Pseudotropheus likomae]]'' <small>Konings, Miller, & Stauffer 2024</small> * ''Pseudotropheus Longior'' <small>Seegers, 1996</small> * ''Pseudotropheus minutus'' <small>Fryer, 1956</small> * ''Pseudotropheus perileucos'' <small>( [[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus perspicax'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus purpuratus'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1976</small> * Konings ''na Pseudotropheus saulosi'' <small>, 1990</small> * ''Pseudotropheus socolofi'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1974</small> * ''Tursiops na Pseudotropheus'' <small>WE Burgess & HR Axelrod, 1975</small> * ''Pseudotropheus williamsi'' <small>( Günther, 1894)</small> An mayar da wasu daga cikinsu zuwa sabon nau'in ''[[Chindongo]]'' a shekarar 2016. <ref>Li, S.; A.F. Konings; and J.R. Stauffer Jr. (2016). A Revision of the Pseudotropheus elongatus species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae) With Description of a New Genus and Seven New Species. Zootaxa 4168 (2): 353–381. {{Doi|10.11646/zootaxa.4168.2.9}}</ref> == Ilimin halittu == Mbuna a zahiri yana nufin "mai kama da dutse" kuma wannan bayanin ya nuna salon rayuwar waɗannan cichlids waɗanda galibi ke zaune a wuraren duwatsu. Yawancin cichlids na pseudotrophine suna kiwon algae a cikin daji. Kamar yawancin nau'in cichlids daga Tafkin Malawi, kifaye daga wannan nau'in suna haifuwa ta hanyar shayarwa ta mahaifa. Mazan galibi suna da tabo a kan fika- fikan dubura waɗanda ke jawo hankalin mata masu shirin haihuwa zuwa gare su inda suke ƙoƙarin ɗauko ƙwai na kwaikwayo yayin da namijin ke fitar da maniyyi a cikin bakinta mai cizo, don haka yana ba da taki ga ƙwai. Mace da namiji galibi suna motsawa cikin motsi mai ƙarfi yayin da suke haihuwa. Daga ƙarshe, macen tana ɗauko dukkan ƙwai nata ta saka su a bakinta ba tare da cin abinci ba na tsawon makonni 2-4 ya danganta da nau'in da kuma takamaiman kifin sannan a sake soya. Yawancin, wataƙila duk nau'in ''Pseudotropheus'' za su haihu tare idan aka ba su yanayi mai kyau. == A cikin kifin ruwa == Kifin wannan nau'in yana da shahara a tsakanin [[Aquarium|masu ruwa da tsaki]] a yanayin zafi. Kifi ne mai ƙarfi, yawanci yana buƙatar babban kifin ruwa tare da isasshen rufin dutse don ɓuya da kuma samar da mafaka daga tashin hankali. Yawanci yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye yawan kifaye a cikin kifin ruwa don yaɗa tashin hankalin . Kifi ne masu ƙarfi sosai kuma suna iya rayuwa kusan shekaru goma. Ya fi kyau a ajiye su tare da sauran kifin Afirka masu girma iri ɗaya. == Manazarta == gcfggiipwn3intbuzgj8ncqkox7h3ua 856010 856008 2026-06-13T12:18:55Z Engineer014 44591 856010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''''Pseudotropheus''''' nau'in [[Kifi|kifaye]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Waɗannan nau'ikan cichlids na mbuna suna da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . == Tsarin Haraji == Kamar wasu manyan nau'ikan cichlid, kamar ''Cichlasoma'', an sake mayar da wasu nau'ikan [[Kifi|kifaye]] masu alaƙa zuwa nau'ikan halittu daban-daban kamar ''Tropheops'' ko ''Maylandia'' . Wasu nau'ikan ''[[Melanochromis]]'' kuma an mayar da su cikin ''Pseudotropheus'' . A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 25 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Pseudotropheus ater'' <small>Stauffer, 1988</small> * ''Pseudotropheus benetos'' <small>( [[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus brevis'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus crabro'' <small>( [[Anthony James Gerrit van Lier Ribbink|Ribbink]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus cyaneorhabdos'' <small>( [[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus cyaneus'' <small>Stauffer, 1988</small> * ''Pseudotropheus demasoni'' <small>Konings, 1994</small> * ''Pseudotropheus elegans'' <small>Trewavas, 1935</small> * ''Pseudotropheus elongatus'' <small>Fryer, 1956</small> * ''Pseudotropheus flavus'' <small>Stauffer, 1988</small> * ''Fuscoides na Pseudotropheus'' <small>, 1956</small> * ''Pseudotropheus fuscus'' <small>Trewavas, 1935</small> * ''Pseudotropheus galanos'' <small>Stauffer & [[Karen Anne Kellogg|Kellogg]], 2002</small> * ''Pseudotropheus interruptus'' <small>( [[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1975)</small> * ''[[Lu'u-lu'u na Likoma|Pseudotropheus joanjohnsonae]]'' <small>( [[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1974)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus johannii'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]], 1973</small> * ''[[Pseudotropheus likomae]]'' <small>Konings, Miller, & Stauffer 2024</small> * ''Pseudotropheus Longior'' <small>Seegers, 1996</small> * ''Pseudotropheus minutus'' <small>Fryer, 1956</small> * ''Pseudotropheus perileucos'' <small>( [[Nancy Jean Bowers|Bowers]] & Stauffer, 1997)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus perspicax'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Pseudotropheus purpuratus'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1976</small> * Konings ''na Pseudotropheus saulosi'' <small>, 1990</small> * ''Pseudotropheus socolofi'' <small>[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1974</small> * ''Tursiops na Pseudotropheus'' <small>WE Burgess & HR Axelrod, 1975</small> * ''Pseudotropheus williamsi'' <small>( Günther, 1894)</small> An mayar da wasu daga cikinsu zuwa sabon nau'in ''[[Chindongo]]'' a shekarar 2016. <ref>Li, S.; A.F. Konings; and J.R. Stauffer Jr. (2016). A Revision of the Pseudotropheus elongatus species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae) With Description of a New Genus and Seven New Species. Zootaxa 4168 (2): 353–381. {{Doi|10.11646/zootaxa.4168.2.9}}</ref> == Ilimin halittu == Mbuna a zahiri yana nufin "mai kama da dutse" kuma wannan bayanin ya nuna salon rayuwar waɗannan cichlids waɗanda galibi ke zaune a wuraren duwatsu. Yawancin cichlids na pseudotrophine suna kiwon algae a cikin daji. Kamar yawancin nau'in cichlids daga Tafkin Malawi, kifaye daga wannan nau'in suna haifuwa ta hanyar shayarwa ta mahaifa. Mazan galibi suna da tabo a kan fika- fikan dubura waɗanda ke jawo hankalin mata masu shirin haihuwa zuwa gare su inda suke ƙoƙarin ɗauko ƙwai na kwaikwayo yayin da namijin ke fitar da maniyyi a cikin bakinta mai cizo, don haka yana ba da taki ga ƙwai. Mace da namiji galibi suna motsawa cikin motsi mai ƙarfi yayin da suke haihuwa. Daga ƙarshe, macen tana ɗauko dukkan ƙwai nata ta saka su a bakinta ba tare da cin abinci ba na tsawon makonni 2-4 ya danganta da nau'in da kuma takamaiman kifin sannan a sake soya. Yawancin, wataƙila duk nau'in ''Pseudotropheus'' za su haihu tare idan aka ba su yanayi mai kyau. == A cikin kifin ruwa == Kifin wannan nau'in yana da shahara a tsakanin [[Aquarium|masu ruwa da tsaki]] a yanayin zafi. Kifi ne mai ƙarfi, yawanci yana buƙatar babban kifin ruwa tare da isasshen rufin dutse don ɓuya da kuma samar da mafaka daga tashin hankali. Yawanci yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye yawan kifaye a cikin kifin ruwa don yaɗa tashin hankalin . Kifi ne masu ƙarfi sosai kuma suna iya rayuwa kusan shekaru goma. Ya fi kyau a ajiye su tare da sauran kifin Afirka masu girma iri ɗaya. == Manazarta == 4nhdvvoxr6tao6k1m6k8gv2jumqtmtu 0 157130 856009 2026-06-13T12:18:34Z Amama24 45707 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302901717|Oksana Kiselyova]]" 856009 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oksana Kiselyova''' (an haife shi 30 ga Mayu 1992, a [[Baku]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Oksana Kiselyova |url=http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/AZE-Azerbaijan/players/oksana-kiselyova?id=41485 |access-date=2015-03-24 |website=italy2014.fivb.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Волейболистка Оксана Киселева: «В моем гардеробе преобладают спортивные вещи» |url=http://www.fcg.az/ru/read/3226/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%C2%AB%D0%92-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%C2%BB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117042236/http://www.fcg.az/ru/read/3226/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%C2%AB%D0%92-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%C2%BB |archive-date=2018-01-17 |access-date=2015-03-24}}</ref> [[Azerbaijan]] ) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Azerbaijan . Tana da shekaru 177&nbsp;Tana da tsayi cm kuma tana taka rawa a matsayin libero . Tana bugawa Lokomotiv Baku . Kiselyova memba ce a ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta Azerbaijan a yanzu. Kiselyova tana auren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Azerbaijan Farid Guliyev . == Ƙungiyoyi == Kiselyova ta buga wasa a ƙungiyoyi kamar haka, duk a Azerbaijan: * Azerrail Baku (2006-2012, 2013-2014) * Azeryol Baku (2012–2013) * Lokomotiv Baku (2014–) == Kyaututtuka == === Kulob === * 2006–07 Azerbaijan Mata Wasan Volleyball Super League -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran, tare da Azerrail Baku * Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta Azerbaijan ta 2007–08 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran, tare da Azerrail Baku * 2008–09 Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta Azerbaijan -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Azerrail Baku * Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta Azerbaijan ta 2010–11 -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Azerrail Baku * Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta Azerbaijan ta 2014–15 -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Lokomotiv Baku == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] a9zy3yxacolz7ukq6cypk0nlb8mj1ra 856011 856009 2026-06-13T12:19:22Z Amama24 45707 856011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oksana Kiselyova''' (an haife shi 30 ga Mayu 1992, a [[Baku]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Oksana Kiselyova |url=http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/AZE-Azerbaijan/players/oksana-kiselyova?id=41485 |access-date=2015-03-24 |website=italy2014.fivb.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Волейболистка Оксана Киселева: «В моем гардеробе преобладают спортивные вещи» |url=http://www.fcg.az/ru/read/3226/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%C2%AB%D0%92-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%C2%BB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117042236/http://www.fcg.az/ru/read/3226/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%C2%AB%D0%92-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%C2%BB |archive-date=2018-01-17 |access-date=2015-03-24}}</ref> [[Azerbaijan]] ) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Azerbaijan . Tana da shekaru 177&nbsp;Tana da tsayi cm kuma tana taka rawa a matsayin libero . Tana bugawa Lokomotiv Baku . Kiselyova memba ce a ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta Azerbaijan a yanzu. Kiselyova tana auren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Azerbaijan Farid Guliyev . == Ƙungiyoyi == Kiselyova ta buga wasa a ƙungiyoyi kamar haka, duk a Azerbaijan: * Azerrail Baku (2006-2012, 2013-2014) * Azeryol Baku (2012–2013) * Lokomotiv Baku (2014–) == Kyaututtuka == === Kulob === * 2006–07 Azerbaijan Mata Wasan Volleyball Super League -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran, tare da Azerrail Baku * Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta Azerbaijan ta 2007–08 -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran, tare da Azerrail Baku * 2008–09 Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta Azerbaijan -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Azerrail Baku * Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta Azerbaijan ta 2010–11 -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Azerrail Baku * Gasar Kwallon Volleyball ta Mata ta Azerbaijan ta 2014–15 -[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Lokomotiv Baku == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] bw22t5mjp9822wklnjo3yeij7wf8u5f 0 157131 856012 2026-06-13T12:19:55Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645685|Mchenga cyclicos]]" 856012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mchenga cyclicos''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka tattara shi kusa da Tsibirin Nankumba na [[Malawi]] . Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa. == Manazarta == 8n2b5z4cc98p518mpavzcbjwxrrcwbj 856013 856012 2026-06-13T12:20:14Z Engineer014 44591 856013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mchenga cyclicos''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka tattara shi kusa da Tsibirin Nankumba na [[Malawi]] . Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa. == Manazarta == hphlypky86z3iq6urxuy5map7jkndy5 0 157132 856019 2026-06-13T12:31:36Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346198813|Clarias ngamensis]]" 856019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Clarias ngamensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''kifin Afirka mai hakora marasa kaifi''', nau'in kifin ruwa ne mai tsafta a cikin dangin Clariidae, kifin da ke numfashi da iska. François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ya fara bayyana kifin a cikin fadama da ambaliyar ruwa a yawancin kudancin Afirka. Girmansa ya kai {{Convert|73|cm|in}} a cikin jimillar tsawonsa da {{Convert|4.0|kg|lb}} . Kifin zai iya shaƙar iska kuma ya rayu ba tare da ruwa ba na tsawon lokaci. Abincinsa ya haɗa da ƙwari, kwari, da kaguwa. Ana kamun kifi da noma wannan nau'in don amfanin ɗan adam. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Clarias ngamensis'' yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan 62 a cikin nau'in ''Clarias'', waɗanda ake samun su a Afirka da Asiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Genus: Clarias |url=https://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Clarias |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117183541/https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Clarias |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[FishBase]]}}</ref> Wani bincike a shekarar 1983 ya sanya ''C. ngamensis'' da ''C. lamottei'' a cikin ƙananan nau'ikan ''Dinotopteroides'', wanda ya bambanta su da sauran nau'ikan ''Clarias'' ta hanyar kasancewar ƙaramin fin ɗin adipose wanda ba koyaushe ake iya gani ba, amma ana iya gano shi ta hanyar kasancewar kashin baya na jijiyoyi waɗanda ke tallafawa fin ɗin. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ya fara bayyana ''C. ngamensis'' a shekarar 1861 daga [[Tafkin Ngami]] a Botswana. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Nau'in holotype ( samfurin asali), wanda ya kai {{Convert|250|mm|in}}an tattara daga Sesheke, Zambia, a shekarar 1916. An ajiye samfurin a Cibiyar Nazarin Bambancin Halittu ta Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Occurrence 1230428852 |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230428852 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260107231456/https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230428852 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[GBIF]]}}</ref> An ambaci wannan nau'in da kalmomi masu kama da juna kamar ''C. mellandi'', ''C. prentissgrayi'', da ''Dinopteroides prentissgrayi'' . George Albert Boulenger ya bayyana ''C. mellandi'' daga samfurin da aka ɗauko daga [[Tafkin Bangweulu]], Zambia, a shekarar 1905, bisa ga girman da siffar farantin haƙoran vomerine . Henry Weed Fowler ya bayyana ''Dinopteroides prentissgrayi'' a shekarar 1930 daga [[Kogin Cuanza|Kogin Quanza]] da ke Angola, yana mai ambaton kasancewar fin ɗin adipose a matsayin wata siffa ta musamman; an mayar da nau'in zuwa ga halittar ''Clarias'' a shekarar 1935. A shekarar 1983, an nuna cewa waɗannan nau'in suna da alaƙa da ''C. ngamensis'' . <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Wani ma'anar, ''Dinotopterus jallae'', John Gilchrist da William Wardlaw Thompson ne suka bayyana shi a shekarar 1917 daga Kudancin Rhodesia (Zimbabwe ta zamani). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=P. H. |date=February 1961 |title=A revision of the genus ''Dinotopterus'' Blgr. (Pisces, Clariidae) with notes on the comparative anatomy of the suprabranchial organs in the Clariidae |url=https://ia801503.us.archive.org/3/items/biostor-20528/biostor-20528.pdf |journal=[[Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=215–241 |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == ''C. ngamensis'' kuma an san shi da sunaye da aka fi sani da ƙurar Afirka mai hakora, ƙurar bluntooth, da kuma ƙurar clarid. Sunan gama gari ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''χλᾱρός'' ( ''chlaros'' ), ma'ana "mai rai", yana bayyana ikon kifayen na rayuwa daga ruwa na tsawon lokaci. Sunan takamaiman ya fito ne daga sunan yankin nau'in, [[Tafkin Ngami]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |date=26 July 2025 |title=Family CLARIIDAE Bonaparte 1845 (Airbreathing or Labyrinth Catfishes) |url=https://etyfish.org/clariidae/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811093151/https://etyfish.org/clariidae/ |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=etyfish.org}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == [[Fayil:Clarias_ngamensis_range.svg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|Range na ''Clarias ngamensis'' a Afirka]] Ana samun ''C. ngamensis'' a kudancin Afirka, yana faruwa a Angola, Botswana, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu, Zambia, Zimbabwe, da kuma wataƙila Tanzania. An same shi a cikin tsarin koguna da yawa, ciki har da tsarin kogin [[Kogin Cuanza|Quanza]], [[Kogin Cunene|Cunene]], [[Kogin Okavango|Okavango]], [[Kogin Cuando|Chobe]], [[Kogin Kafue|Kafue]], [[Kogin Luapula|Luapula]], [[Kogin Pungwe|Pungwe]], [[Rio Buzi|Buzi]], [[Ajiye Kogin (Afirka)|Save]], [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]], da [[Kogin Komati|Incomati]] . An kuma lura da shi a cikin tsarin kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] na sama, na sama na [[Kogin Lualaba|Lualaba]], na ƙasa na [[Kogin Pongola|Polgola]], na ƙasa na [[Kogin Runde|Lundi]], da na ƙasa [[Rafin Shire|na Shire]], da kuma [[Tafkin Ngami]], [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Mweru|Tafkin Moero]], da [[Tafkin Bangweulu]] . Ya fi son filayen ambaliyar ruwa da fadama kamar su [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|Barotse Floodplain]] da [[Yankin Elephant Marsh|Elephant Marsh]] . Kifi ne mai rarrafe (wanda ke zaune kusa da ƙasan ruwan) kuma yana jure wa ruwan da ke da ruwa . == Bayani == Kifin ya kai har zuwa {{Convert|73|cm|in}} a cikin jimlar tsawon, kuma har zuwa {{Convert|4.0|kg|lb}} . Fishen duwawu yana da haskoki masu laushi 56-62; fishen duburarsa yana da haskoki masu laushi 50-58. Babu ɗayan fishen da ke da kashin baya. Fishen adipose gajere ne, a 5.9-12.5% na tsawon kifin. Kowane fishen pectoral yana da kashin baya mai ƙarfi, mai lanƙwasa kaɗan. Farantin haƙorin vomerine yana da tsayi sosai, a 5.9-14.4% na tsawon kai, kuma yana da siffar ƙwai tare da haƙoran da ba su da ƙarfi. Kwanyar tana da fontanelles guda biyu - ɗaya a gaban kwanyar, wanda yake dogo kuma kunkuntar, ɗaya kuma a baya, wanda yake ƙarami kuma mai siffar oval. Akwai ƙasusuwa 56-60 a cikin kashin baya. Kifin yana da siffar jiki mai tsayi. Yana da nau'ikan barbels guda huɗu. <ref name="lushimba">{{Cite journal |last=Lushimba |first=Ipungu |last2=Makila |first2=Kayuma |last3=Nziel |first3=Labe Nkum |last4=Binemo |first4=Malangu |last5=Kanyama |first5=Binemo |last6=Ishwishsom |first6=Ompey |last7=Bulundu |first7=Ilunga Nkulu |last8=Malale |first8=Numbi |last9=Mako |first9=Kidinda |last10=Katangu |first10=Kapemba |last11=Kiayima |first11=Ngoy |date=2019 |title=Étude comparative de la croissance de ''Clarias gariepinus'' et ''Clarias ngamensis'' en élevage semiintensif de la ferme Mwema a Lubumbashi. |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193520237 |journal=Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences |language=French |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=6805–6809 |doi=10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v41-1.7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905044024/https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/7.Ipungu.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> Mazan nau'in suna da ƙwai baƙi, yayin da ƙwai na haɗuwa da shi (wani memba na halittarsa) ''C. gariepinus'', ko kifin kifin Afirka mai kaifi, fari ne. Wani bincike ya gano cewa akwai ƙarin ƙwayoyin haɗin kai da cibiyoyin melano-macrophage (ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu ɗauke da pigment ) a cikin ƙwai na ''C. ngamensis'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mokae |first=L. M. |last2=Smit |first2=N. J. |last3=Wagenaar |first3=G. M. |date=February 2013 |title=Comparative histomorphological assessment of the testes of two ''Clarias'' species from the Okavango Delta Panhandle, Botswana |journal=Tissue and Cell |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.1016/j.tice.2012.08.007 |pmid=23009978}}</ref> == Ilimin halittu da ilimin halittu == Wannan nau'in yana cin molluscs (musamman katantanwa), kifaye, jatan lande, kwari, kaguwa, da hatsi. Yana iya murkushe harsashin ganima kamar mussels da faranti kafin ya cinye su. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeugels1983">Teugels, Guy G. (1983). </cite></ref> Binciken abubuwan da ke cikin ciki na ''C. ngamensis'' a cikin magudanar ruwan Kogin Shire ya gano cewa nymphs na dragonfly da tsutsotsi na chironomid sune mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren abincin kifin. <ref name="teugels" /> <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}</ref> Ko da yake wani lokacin ana cewa suna mamaye saman sarkar trophic, <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ana farautar kifin ta hanyar shoebill, tsuntsu mai kama da shamuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullers |first=Falf H. E. |last2=Amar |first2=Arjun |date=2015 |title=Parental Nesting Behavior, Chick Growth and Breeding Success of Shoebills (''Balaeniceps rex'') in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24641098 |journal=Waterbirds |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |jstor=24641098 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> Kamar sauran membobin iyalinsa, ''C. ngamensis'' yana da wani ɓangare na jiki wanda ke ba kifin damar shaƙar iska. Kifin yana fifita ƙasa mai laka tare da shuke-shuke. Tsawon rayuwarsa shine shekaru 5-6. Mazan nau'in suna girma da sauri fiye da mata. <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilloughbyTweddle1978">Willoughby, N. G.; Tweddle, D. (1978). </cite></ref> Jerin kifayen yana da alaƙa, ko kuma ya haɗu, da ''C. gariepinus'' . <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKasembeleVanhoveChocha_MandaJorissen2024">Kasembele, Gyrhaiss K.; Vanhove, Maarten P. M.; Chocha Manda, Auguste; Jorissen, Michiel W. P.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Smit, Willem J.; Bilong Bilong, Charles F.; Bahanak, Dieu-Ne-Dort (2024). </cite></ref> Nau'ikan biyu suna da halaye iri ɗaya na kiwo da abinci iri ɗaya kuma an lura da farautar fakiti tare. <ref name="packhunt" /> A cikin Okavango Delta na Botswana, kifayen catfish guda biyu suna farautar kifayen mormyrid tare, suna gina ajiyar makamashi a cikin watanni kafin lokacin haihuwa. <ref name="packhunt">{{Cite journal |last=Merron |first=G. S. |date=October 1993 |title=Pack-hunting in two species of catfish, ''Clavias gariepinus'' and ''C. ngamensis'', in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00440.x |journal=[[Journal of Fish Biology]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=575–584 |bibcode=1993JFBio..43..575M |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00440.x |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Nau'ikan biyu kuma suna iya haɗakar su . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monde |first=Concillia |last2=Syampungani |first2=Stephen |last3=Van den Brink |first3=Paul |date=2016 |title=Effects of Endosulfan on Predator–Prey Interactions Between Catfish and ''Schistosoma'' Host Snails |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |journal=[[Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology]] |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=257–266 |bibcode=2016ArECT..71..257M |doi=10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |pmc=4935736 |pmid=27033099 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826175716/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |archive-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> [[Fayil:Clarias_ngamensis_in_Botswana.jpg|alt=A living fish specimen held in a person's hand|thumb|Wani matashi ''Clarias ngamensis'' a Botswana]] ''C. ngamensis'' [[Tafiya tafiyan dabbobi|yana ƙaura]] zuwa ƙananan hanyoyin ruwa a lokacin damina na bazara don haihuwa, tare da lokacin haihuwa mafi girma a watan Disamba. <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilloughbyTweddle1978">Willoughby, N. G.; Tweddle, D. (1978). </cite></ref> A lokacin haihuwa, macen tana watsa ƙwai a cikin ƙasa, inda namijin ke yin taki. A matsayinsu na waɗanda ba sa kula da ita, nau'in ba ya nuna kulawar iyaye . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reproduction of Clarias ngamensis |url=https://fishbase.org/Reproduction/2089 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108000304/https://fishbase.org/Reproduction/2089 |archive-date=8 January 2026 |access-date=13 August 2025 |website=[[FishBase]]}}</ref> Tsawon jikin ''C. ngamensis'' yana kimanin {{Convert|25|cm|in}} lokacin da kifin ya kai ga girman jima'i, yawanci yana da shekaru biyu. Farkon shekarun kifin yana da alaƙa da farkon lokacin damina, kuma da alama farkon lokacin damina da wuri ba kamar yadda aka saba ba yana sa kifin ya kai ga girman jima'i da wuri. <ref name="zoology" /> Ba a gudanar da bincike sosai kan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da ''C. ngamensis'' ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo a shekarar 2024 ya gano sabbin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyar na ''[[Quadriacanthus]]'' ( tsutsotsi masu faɗi na dangin Ancylodiscoididae ) a kan gills na ''C. ngamensis'', da kuma ƙarin nau'ikan ''Quadriacanthus'' guda biyu waɗanda aka san su da cutar ''C. gariepinus a'' da. <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKasembeleVanhoveChocha_MandaJorissen2024">Kasembele, Gyrhaiss K.; Vanhove, Maarten P. M.; Chocha Manda, Auguste; Jorissen, Michiel W. P.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Smit, Willem J.; Bilong Bilong, Charles F.; Bahanak, Dieu-Ne-Dort (2024). </cite></ref> == Kariya da amfani == An kiyasta ''C. ngamensis'' a matsayin nau'in da ba a damu da shi ba a cikin Jerin Ja na IUCN saboda yawan nau'ikansa da kuma rashin manyan barazanar da aka gano ga yawan jama'arta. Yankinsa ya haɗa da yankuna da yawa da aka kare, kuma ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da dama. Ana kamun kifi da kuma noma nau'in don abinci. A [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], ana kamun kifi tan 2,400 zuwa 2,800 na nau'in a kowace shekara, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 20% na kamun kifi na wannan kogin. <ref name="zoology" /> An gano cewa ''C. ngamensis'' yana girma a hankali fiye da irin wannan ''C. gariepinus'' a cikin yanayin kiwon kifi, don haka ana fifita ''C. gariepinus'' don kiwon kamun kifi. <ref name="lushimba" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pgnwfj1u0rmop5dqoscwmzkmtrvpf9h 856020 856019 2026-06-13T12:32:21Z Engineer014 44591 856020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Clarias ngamensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''kifin Afirka mai hakora marasa kaifi''', nau'in kifin ruwa ne mai tsafta a cikin dangin Clariidae, kifin da ke numfashi da iska. François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ya fara bayyana kifin a cikin fadama da ambaliyar ruwa a yawancin kudancin Afirka. Girmansa ya kai {{Convert|73|cm|in}} a cikin jimillar tsawonsa da {{Convert|4.0|kg|lb}} . Kifin zai iya shaƙar iska kuma ya rayu ba tare da ruwa ba na tsawon lokaci. Abincinsa ya haɗa da ƙwari, kwari, da kaguwa. Ana kamun kifi da noma wannan nau'in don amfanin ɗan adam. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Clarias ngamensis'' yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan 62 a cikin nau'in ''Clarias'', waɗanda ake samun su a Afirka da Asiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Genus: Clarias |url=https://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Clarias |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117183541/https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Clarias |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[FishBase]]}}</ref> Wani bincike a shekarar 1983 ya sanya ''C. ngamensis'' da ''C. lamottei'' a cikin ƙananan nau'ikan ''Dinotopteroides'', wanda ya bambanta su da sauran nau'ikan ''Clarias'' ta hanyar kasancewar ƙaramin fin ɗin adipose wanda ba koyaushe ake iya gani ba, amma ana iya gano shi ta hanyar kasancewar kashin baya na jijiyoyi waɗanda ke tallafawa fin ɗin. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ya fara bayyana ''C. ngamensis'' a shekarar 1861 daga [[Tafkin Ngami]] a Botswana. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Nau'in holotype ( samfurin asali), wanda ya kai {{Convert|250|mm|in}}an tattara daga Sesheke, Zambia, a shekarar 1916. An ajiye samfurin a Cibiyar Nazarin Bambancin Halittu ta Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Occurrence 1230428852 |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230428852 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260107231456/https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230428852 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[GBIF]]}}</ref> An ambaci wannan nau'in da kalmomi masu kama da juna kamar ''C. mellandi'', ''C. prentissgrayi'', da ''Dinopteroides prentissgrayi'' . George Albert Boulenger ya bayyana ''C. mellandi'' daga samfurin da aka ɗauko daga [[Tafkin Bangweulu]], Zambia, a shekarar 1905, bisa ga girman da siffar farantin haƙoran vomerine . Henry Weed Fowler ya bayyana ''Dinopteroides prentissgrayi'' a shekarar 1930 daga [[Kogin Cuanza|Kogin Quanza]] da ke Angola, yana mai ambaton kasancewar fin ɗin adipose a matsayin wata siffa ta musamman; an mayar da nau'in zuwa ga halittar ''Clarias'' a shekarar 1935. A shekarar 1983, an nuna cewa waɗannan nau'in suna da alaƙa da ''C. ngamensis'' . <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Wani ma'anar, ''Dinotopterus jallae'', John Gilchrist da William Wardlaw Thompson ne suka bayyana shi a shekarar 1917 daga Kudancin Rhodesia (Zimbabwe ta zamani). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=P. H. |date=February 1961 |title=A revision of the genus ''Dinotopterus'' Blgr. (Pisces, Clariidae) with notes on the comparative anatomy of the suprabranchial organs in the Clariidae |url=https://ia801503.us.archive.org/3/items/biostor-20528/biostor-20528.pdf |journal=[[Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=215–241 |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == ''C. ngamensis'' kuma an san shi da sunaye da aka fi sani da ƙurar Afirka mai hakora, ƙurar bluntooth, da kuma ƙurar clarid. Sunan gama gari ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''χλᾱρός'' ( ''chlaros'' ), ma'ana "mai rai", yana bayyana ikon kifayen na rayuwa daga ruwa na tsawon lokaci. Sunan takamaiman ya fito ne daga sunan yankin nau'in, [[Tafkin Ngami]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |date=26 July 2025 |title=Family CLARIIDAE Bonaparte 1845 (Airbreathing or Labyrinth Catfishes) |url=https://etyfish.org/clariidae/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811093151/https://etyfish.org/clariidae/ |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=etyfish.org}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == [[Fayil:Clarias_ngamensis_range.svg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|Range na ''Clarias ngamensis'' a Afirka]] Ana samun ''C. ngamensis'' a kudancin Afirka, yana faruwa a Angola, Botswana, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu, Zambia, Zimbabwe, da kuma wataƙila Tanzania. An same shi a cikin tsarin koguna da yawa, ciki har da tsarin kogin [[Kogin Cuanza|Quanza]], [[Kogin Cunene|Cunene]], [[Kogin Okavango|Okavango]], [[Kogin Cuando|Chobe]], [[Kogin Kafue|Kafue]], [[Kogin Luapula|Luapula]], [[Kogin Pungwe|Pungwe]], [[Rio Buzi|Buzi]], [[Ajiye Kogin (Afirka)|Save]], [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]], da [[Kogin Komati|Incomati]] . An kuma lura da shi a cikin tsarin kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] na sama, na sama na [[Kogin Lualaba|Lualaba]], na ƙasa na [[Kogin Pongola|Polgola]], na ƙasa na [[Kogin Runde|Lundi]], da na ƙasa [[Rafin Shire|na Shire]], da kuma [[Tafkin Ngami]], [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Mweru|Tafkin Moero]], da [[Tafkin Bangweulu]] . Ya fi son filayen ambaliyar ruwa da fadama kamar su [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|Barotse Floodplain]] da [[Yankin Elephant Marsh|Elephant Marsh]] . Kifi ne mai rarrafe (wanda ke zaune kusa da ƙasan ruwan) kuma yana jure wa ruwan da ke da ruwa . == Bayani == Kifin ya kai har zuwa {{Convert|73|cm|in}} a cikin jimlar tsawon, kuma har zuwa {{Convert|4.0|kg|lb}} . Fishen duwawu yana da haskoki masu laushi 56-62; fishen duburarsa yana da haskoki masu laushi 50-58. Babu ɗayan fishen da ke da kashin baya. Fishen adipose gajere ne, a 5.9-12.5% na tsawon kifin. Kowane fishen pectoral yana da kashin baya mai ƙarfi, mai lanƙwasa kaɗan. Farantin haƙorin vomerine yana da tsayi sosai, a 5.9-14.4% na tsawon kai, kuma yana da siffar ƙwai tare da haƙoran da ba su da ƙarfi. Kwanyar tana da fontanelles guda biyu - ɗaya a gaban kwanyar, wanda yake dogo kuma kunkuntar, ɗaya kuma a baya, wanda yake ƙarami kuma mai siffar oval. Akwai ƙasusuwa 56-60 a cikin kashin baya. Kifin yana da siffar jiki mai tsayi. Yana da nau'ikan barbels guda huɗu. <ref name="lushimba">{{Cite journal |last=Lushimba |first=Ipungu |last2=Makila |first2=Kayuma |last3=Nziel |first3=Labe Nkum |last4=Binemo |first4=Malangu |last5=Kanyama |first5=Binemo |last6=Ishwishsom |first6=Ompey |last7=Bulundu |first7=Ilunga Nkulu |last8=Malale |first8=Numbi |last9=Mako |first9=Kidinda |last10=Katangu |first10=Kapemba |last11=Kiayima |first11=Ngoy |date=2019 |title=Étude comparative de la croissance de ''Clarias gariepinus'' et ''Clarias ngamensis'' en élevage semiintensif de la ferme Mwema a Lubumbashi. |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193520237 |journal=Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences |language=French |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=6805–6809 |doi=10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v41-1.7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905044024/https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/7.Ipungu.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> Mazan nau'in suna da ƙwai baƙi, yayin da ƙwai na haɗuwa da shi (wani memba na halittarsa) ''C. gariepinus'', ko kifin kifin Afirka mai kaifi, fari ne. Wani bincike ya gano cewa akwai ƙarin ƙwayoyin haɗin kai da cibiyoyin melano-macrophage (ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu ɗauke da pigment ) a cikin ƙwai na ''C. ngamensis'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mokae |first=L. M. |last2=Smit |first2=N. J. |last3=Wagenaar |first3=G. M. |date=February 2013 |title=Comparative histomorphological assessment of the testes of two ''Clarias'' species from the Okavango Delta Panhandle, Botswana |journal=Tissue and Cell |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.1016/j.tice.2012.08.007 |pmid=23009978}}</ref> == Ilimin halittu da ilimin halittu == Wannan nau'in yana cin molluscs (musamman katantanwa), kifaye, jatan lande, kwari, kaguwa, da hatsi. Yana iya murkushe harsashin ganima kamar mussels da faranti kafin ya cinye su. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeugels1983">Teugels, Guy G. (1983). </cite></ref> Binciken abubuwan da ke cikin ciki na ''C. ngamensis'' a cikin magudanar ruwan Kogin Shire ya gano cewa nymphs na dragonfly da tsutsotsi na chironomid sune mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren abincin kifin. <ref name="teugels" /> <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}</ref> Ko da yake wani lokacin ana cewa suna mamaye saman sarkar trophic, <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ana farautar kifin ta hanyar shoebill, tsuntsu mai kama da shamuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullers |first=Falf H. E. |last2=Amar |first2=Arjun |date=2015 |title=Parental Nesting Behavior, Chick Growth and Breeding Success of Shoebills (''Balaeniceps rex'') in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24641098 |journal=Waterbirds |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |jstor=24641098 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> Kamar sauran membobin iyalinsa, ''C. ngamensis'' yana da wani ɓangare na jiki wanda ke ba kifin damar shaƙar iska. Kifin yana fifita ƙasa mai laka tare da shuke-shuke. Tsawon rayuwarsa shine shekaru 5-6. Mazan nau'in suna girma da sauri fiye da mata. <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilloughbyTweddle1978">Willoughby, N. G.; Tweddle, D. (1978). </cite></ref> Jerin kifayen yana da alaƙa, ko kuma ya haɗu, da ''C. gariepinus'' . <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKasembeleVanhoveChocha_MandaJorissen2024">Kasembele, Gyrhaiss K.; Vanhove, Maarten P. M.; Chocha Manda, Auguste; Jorissen, Michiel W. P.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Smit, Willem J.; Bilong Bilong, Charles F.; Bahanak, Dieu-Ne-Dort (2024). </cite></ref> Nau'ikan biyu suna da halaye iri ɗaya na kiwo da abinci iri ɗaya kuma an lura da farautar fakiti tare. <ref name="packhunt" /> A cikin Okavango Delta na Botswana, kifayen catfish guda biyu suna farautar kifayen mormyrid tare, suna gina ajiyar makamashi a cikin watanni kafin lokacin haihuwa. <ref name="packhunt">{{Cite journal |last=Merron |first=G. S. |date=October 1993 |title=Pack-hunting in two species of catfish, ''Clavias gariepinus'' and ''C. ngamensis'', in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00440.x |journal=[[Journal of Fish Biology]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=575–584 |bibcode=1993JFBio..43..575M |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00440.x |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Nau'ikan biyu kuma suna iya haɗakar su . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monde |first=Concillia |last2=Syampungani |first2=Stephen |last3=Van den Brink |first3=Paul |date=2016 |title=Effects of Endosulfan on Predator–Prey Interactions Between Catfish and ''Schistosoma'' Host Snails |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |journal=[[Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology]] |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=257–266 |bibcode=2016ArECT..71..257M |doi=10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |pmc=4935736 |pmid=27033099 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826175716/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |archive-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> [[Fayil:Clarias_ngamensis_in_Botswana.jpg|alt=A living fish specimen held in a person's hand|thumb|Wani matashi ''Clarias ngamensis'' a Botswana]] ''C. ngamensis'' [[Tafiya tafiyan dabbobi|yana ƙaura]] zuwa ƙananan hanyoyin ruwa a lokacin damina na bazara don haihuwa, tare da lokacin haihuwa mafi girma a watan Disamba. <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilloughbyTweddle1978">Willoughby, N. G.; Tweddle, D. (1978). </cite></ref> A lokacin haihuwa, macen tana watsa ƙwai a cikin ƙasa, inda namijin ke yin taki. A matsayinsu na waɗanda ba sa kula da ita, nau'in ba ya nuna kulawar iyaye . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reproduction of Clarias ngamensis |url=https://fishbase.org/Reproduction/2089 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108000304/https://fishbase.org/Reproduction/2089 |archive-date=8 January 2026 |access-date=13 August 2025 |website=[[FishBase]]}}</ref> Tsawon jikin ''C. ngamensis'' yana kimanin {{Convert|25|cm|in}} lokacin da kifin ya kai ga girman jima'i, yawanci yana da shekaru biyu. Farkon shekarun kifin yana da alaƙa da farkon lokacin damina, kuma da alama farkon lokacin damina da wuri ba kamar yadda aka saba ba yana sa kifin ya kai ga girman jima'i da wuri. <ref name="zoology" /> Ba a gudanar da bincike sosai kan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da ''C. ngamensis'' ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo a shekarar 2024 ya gano sabbin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyar na ''[[Quadriacanthus]]'' ( tsutsotsi masu faɗi na dangin Ancylodiscoididae ) a kan gills na ''C. ngamensis'', da kuma ƙarin nau'ikan ''Quadriacanthus'' guda biyu waɗanda aka san su da cutar ''C. gariepinus a'' da. <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKasembeleVanhoveChocha_MandaJorissen2024">Kasembele, Gyrhaiss K.; Vanhove, Maarten P. M.; Chocha Manda, Auguste; Jorissen, Michiel W. P.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Smit, Willem J.; Bilong Bilong, Charles F.; Bahanak, Dieu-Ne-Dort (2024). </cite></ref> == Kariya da amfani == An kiyasta ''C. ngamensis'' a matsayin nau'in da ba a damu da shi ba a cikin Jerin Ja na IUCN saboda yawan nau'ikansa da kuma rashin manyan barazanar da aka gano ga yawan jama'arta. Yankinsa ya haɗa da yankuna da yawa da aka kare, kuma ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da dama. Ana kamun kifi da kuma noma nau'in don abinci. A [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], ana kamun kifi tan 2,400 zuwa 2,800 na nau'in a kowace shekara, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 20% na kamun kifi na wannan kogin. <ref name="zoology" /> An gano cewa ''C. ngamensis'' yana girma a hankali fiye da irin wannan ''C. gariepinus'' a cikin yanayin kiwon kifi, don haka ana fifita ''C. gariepinus'' don kiwon kamun kifi. <ref name="lushimba" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b4qdsxm038k93jvr2efdu9p9ynnx45b 856661 856020 2026-06-14T09:21:42Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346198813|Clarias ngamensis]]" 856661 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Clarias ngamensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''kifin Afirka mai hakora marasa kaifi''', nau'in kifin ruwa ne mai tsafta a cikin dangin Clariidae, kifin da ke numfashi da iska. François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ya fara bayyana kifin a cikin fadama da ambaliyar ruwa a yawancin kudancin Afirka. Girmansa ya kai {{Convert|73|cm|in}} a cikin jimillar tsawonsa da {{Convert|4.0|kg|lb}} . Kifin zai iya shaƙar iska kuma ya rayu ba tare da ruwa ba na tsawon lokaci. Abincinsa ya haɗa da ƙwari, kwari, da kaguwa. Ana kamun kifi da noma wannan nau'in don amfanin ɗan adam. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Clarias ngamensis'' yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan 62 a cikin nau'in ''Clarias'', waɗanda ake samun su a Afirka da Asiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Genus: Clarias |url=https://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Clarias |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117183541/https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Clarias |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[FishBase]]}}</ref> Wani bincike a shekarar 1983 ya sanya ''C. ngamensis'' da ''C. lamottei'' a cikin ƙananan nau'ikan ''Dinotopteroides'', wanda ya bambanta su da sauran nau'ikan ''Clarias'' ta hanyar kasancewar ƙaramin fin ɗin adipose wanda ba koyaushe ake iya gani ba, amma ana iya gano shi ta hanyar kasancewar kashin baya na jijiyoyi waɗanda ke tallafawa fin ɗin. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ya fara bayyana ''C. ngamensis'' a shekarar 1861 daga [[Tafkin Ngami]] a Botswana. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeugels1983">Teugels, Guy G. (1983). </cite></ref> Nau'in holotype ( samfurin asali), wanda ya kai {{Convert|250|mm|in}}an tattara daga Sesheke, Zambia, a shekarar 1916. An ajiye samfurin a Cibiyar Nazarin Bambancin Halittu ta Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Occurrence 1230428852 |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230428852 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260107231456/https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230428852 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[GBIF]]}}</ref> An ambaci wannan nau'in da kalmomi masu kama da juna kamar ''C. mellandi'', ''C. prentissgrayi'', da ''Dinopteroides prentissgrayi'' . George Albert Boulenger ya bayyana ''C. mellandi'' daga samfurin da aka ɗauko daga [[Tafkin Bangweulu]], Zambia, a shekarar 1905, bisa ga girman da siffar farantin haƙoran vomerine . Henry Weed Fowler ya bayyana ''Dinopteroides prentissgrayi'' a shekarar 1930 daga [[Kogin Cuanza|Kogin Quanza]] da ke Angola, yana mai ambaton kasancewar fin ɗin adipose a matsayin wata siffa ta musamman; an mayar da nau'in zuwa ga halittar ''Clarias'' a shekarar 1935. A shekarar 1983, an nuna cewa waɗannan nau'in suna da alaƙa da ''C. ngamensis'' . <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeugels1983">Teugels, Guy G. (1983). </cite></ref> Wani ma'anar, ''Dinotopterus jallae'', John Gilchrist da William Wardlaw Thompson ne suka bayyana shi a shekarar 1917 daga Kudancin Rhodesia (Zimbabwe ta zamani). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=P. H. |date=February 1961 |title=A revision of the genus ''Dinotopterus'' Blgr. (Pisces, Clariidae) with notes on the comparative anatomy of the suprabranchial organs in the Clariidae |url=https://ia801503.us.archive.org/3/items/biostor-20528/biostor-20528.pdf |journal=[[Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=215–241 |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == ''C. ngamensis'' kuma an san shi da sunaye da aka fi sani da ƙurar Afirka mai hakora, ƙurar bluntooth, da kuma ƙurar clarid. Sunan gama gari ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''χλᾱρός'' ( ''chlaros'' ), ma'ana "mai rai", yana bayyana ikon kifayen na rayuwa daga ruwa na tsawon lokaci. Sunan takamaiman ya fito ne daga sunan yankin nau'in, [[Tafkin Ngami]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |date=26 July 2025 |title=Family CLARIIDAE Bonaparte 1845 (Airbreathing or Labyrinth Catfishes) |url=https://etyfish.org/clariidae/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811093151/https://etyfish.org/clariidae/ |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=etyfish.org}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == [[Fayil:Clarias_ngamensis_range.svg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|Range na ''Clarias ngamensis'' a Afirka]] Ana samun ''C. ngamensis'' a kudancin Afirka, yana faruwa a Angola, Botswana, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu, Zambia, Zimbabwe, da kuma wataƙila Tanzania. An same shi a cikin tsarin koguna da yawa, ciki har da tsarin kogin [[Kogin Cuanza|Quanza]], [[Kogin Cunene|Cunene]], [[Kogin Okavango|Okavango]], [[Kogin Cuando|Chobe]], [[Kogin Kafue|Kafue]], [[Kogin Luapula|Luapula]], [[Kogin Pungwe|Pungwe]], [[Rio Buzi|Buzi]], [[Ajiye Kogin (Afirka)|Save]], [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]], da [[Kogin Komati|Incomati]] . An kuma lura da shi a cikin tsarin kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] na sama, na sama na [[Kogin Lualaba|Lualaba]], na ƙasa na [[Kogin Pongola|Polgola]], na ƙasa na [[Kogin Runde|Lundi]], da na ƙasa [[Rafin Shire|na Shire]], da kuma [[Tafkin Ngami]], [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Mweru|Tafkin Moero]], da [[Tafkin Bangweulu]] . Ya fi son filayen ambaliyar ruwa da fadama kamar su [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|Barotse Floodplain]] da [[Yankin Elephant Marsh|Elephant Marsh]] . Kifi ne mai rarrafe (wanda ke zaune kusa da ƙasan ruwan) kuma yana jure wa ruwan da ke da ruwa . == Bayani == Kifin ya kai har zuwa {{Convert|73|cm|in}} a cikin jimlar tsawon, kuma har zuwa {{Convert|4.0|kg|lb}} . Fishen duwawu yana da haskoki masu laushi 56-62; fishen duburarsa yana da haskoki masu laushi 50-58. Babu ɗayan fishen da ke da kashin baya. Fishen adipose gajere ne, a 5.9-12.5% na tsawon kifin. Kowane fishen pectoral yana da kashin baya mai ƙarfi, mai lanƙwasa kaɗan. Farantin haƙorin vomerine yana da tsayi sosai, a 5.9-14.4% na tsawon kai, kuma yana da siffar ƙwai tare da haƙoran da ba su da ƙarfi. Kwanyar tana da fontanelles guda biyu - ɗaya a gaban kwanyar, wanda yake dogo kuma kunkuntar, ɗaya kuma a baya, wanda yake ƙarami kuma mai siffar oval. Akwai ƙasusuwa 56-60 a cikin kashin baya. Kifin yana da siffar jiki mai tsayi. Yana da nau'ikan barbels guda huɗu. <ref name="lushimba">{{Cite journal |last=Lushimba |first=Ipungu |last2=Makila |first2=Kayuma |last3=Nziel |first3=Labe Nkum |last4=Binemo |first4=Malangu |last5=Kanyama |first5=Binemo |last6=Ishwishsom |first6=Ompey |last7=Bulundu |first7=Ilunga Nkulu |last8=Malale |first8=Numbi |last9=Mako |first9=Kidinda |last10=Katangu |first10=Kapemba |last11=Kiayima |first11=Ngoy |date=2019 |title=Étude comparative de la croissance de ''Clarias gariepinus'' et ''Clarias ngamensis'' en élevage semiintensif de la ferme Mwema a Lubumbashi. |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193520237 |journal=Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences |language=French |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=6805–6809 |doi=10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v41-1.7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905044024/https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/7.Ipungu.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> Mazan nau'in suna da ƙwai baƙi, yayin da ƙwai na haɗuwa da shi (wani memba na halittarsa) ''C. gariepinus'', ko kifin kifin Afirka mai kaifi, fari ne. Wani bincike ya gano cewa akwai ƙarin ƙwayoyin haɗin kai da cibiyoyin melano-macrophage (ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu ɗauke da pigment ) a cikin ƙwai na ''C. ngamensis'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mokae |first=L. M. |last2=Smit |first2=N. J. |last3=Wagenaar |first3=G. M. |date=February 2013 |title=Comparative histomorphological assessment of the testes of two ''Clarias'' species from the Okavango Delta Panhandle, Botswana |journal=Tissue and Cell |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.1016/j.tice.2012.08.007 |pmid=23009978}}</ref> == Ilimin halittu da ilimin halittu == Wannan nau'in yana cin molluscs (musamman katantanwa), kifaye, jatan lande, kwari, kaguwa, da hatsi. Yana iya murkushe harsashin ganima kamar mussels da faranti kafin ya cinye su. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeugels1983">Teugels, Guy G. (1983). </cite></ref> Binciken abubuwan da ke cikin ciki na ''C. ngamensis'' a cikin magudanar ruwan Kogin Shire ya gano cewa nymphs na dragonfly da tsutsotsi na chironomid sune mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren abincin kifin. <ref name="teugels" /> <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}</ref> Ko da yake wani lokacin ana cewa suna mamaye saman sarkar trophic, <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ana farautar kifin ta hanyar shoebill, tsuntsu mai kama da shamuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullers |first=Falf H. E. |last2=Amar |first2=Arjun |date=2015 |title=Parental Nesting Behavior, Chick Growth and Breeding Success of Shoebills (''Balaeniceps rex'') in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24641098 |journal=Waterbirds |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |jstor=24641098 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> Kamar sauran membobin iyalinsa, ''C. ngamensis'' yana da wani ɓangare na jiki wanda ke ba kifin damar shaƙar iska. Kifin yana fifita ƙasa mai laka tare da shuke-shuke. Tsawon rayuwarsa shine shekaru 5-6. Mazan nau'in suna girma da sauri fiye da mata. <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilloughbyTweddle1978">Willoughby, N. G.; Tweddle, D. (1978). </cite></ref> Jerin kifayen yana da alaƙa, ko kuma ya haɗu, da ''C. gariepinus'' . <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKasembeleVanhoveChocha_MandaJorissen2024">Kasembele, Gyrhaiss K.; Vanhove, Maarten P. M.; Chocha Manda, Auguste; Jorissen, Michiel W. P.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Smit, Willem J.; Bilong Bilong, Charles F.; Bahanak, Dieu-Ne-Dort (2024). </cite></ref> Nau'ikan biyu suna da halaye iri ɗaya na kiwo da abinci iri ɗaya kuma an lura da farautar fakiti tare. <ref name="packhunt" /> A cikin Okavango Delta na Botswana, kifayen catfish guda biyu suna farautar kifayen mormyrid tare, suna gina ajiyar makamashi a cikin watanni kafin lokacin haihuwa. <ref name="packhunt">{{Cite journal |last=Merron |first=G. S. |date=October 1993 |title=Pack-hunting in two species of catfish, ''Clavias gariepinus'' and ''C. ngamensis'', in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00440.x |journal=[[Journal of Fish Biology]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=575–584 |bibcode=1993JFBio..43..575M |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00440.x |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Nau'ikan biyu kuma suna iya haɗakar su . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monde |first=Concillia |last2=Syampungani |first2=Stephen |last3=Van den Brink |first3=Paul |date=2016 |title=Effects of Endosulfan on Predator–Prey Interactions Between Catfish and ''Schistosoma'' Host Snails |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |journal=[[Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology]] |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=257–266 |bibcode=2016ArECT..71..257M |doi=10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |pmc=4935736 |pmid=27033099 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826175716/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |archive-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> == Kariya da amfani == An kiyasta ''C. ngamensis'' a matsayin nau'in da ba a damu da shi ba a cikin Jerin Ja na IUCN saboda yawan nau'ikansa da kuma rashin manyan barazanar da aka gano ga yawan jama'arta. Yankinsa ya haɗa da yankuna da yawa da aka kare, kuma ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da dama. Ana kamun kifi da kuma noma nau'in don abinci. A [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], ana kamun kifi tan 2,400 zuwa 2,800 na nau'in a kowace shekara, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 20% na kamun kifi na wannan kogin. <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilloughbyTweddle1978">Willoughby, N. G.; Tweddle, D. (1978). </cite></ref> An gano cewa ''C. ngamensis'' yana girma a hankali fiye da irin wannan ''C. gariepinus'' a cikin yanayin kiwon kifi, don haka ana fifita ''C. gariepinus'' don kiwon kamun kifi. <ref name="lushimba">{{Cite journal |last=Lushimba |first=Ipungu |last2=Makila |first2=Kayuma |last3=Nziel |first3=Labe Nkum |last4=Binemo |first4=Malangu |last5=Kanyama |first5=Binemo |last6=Ishwishsom |first6=Ompey |last7=Bulundu |first7=Ilunga Nkulu |last8=Malale |first8=Numbi |last9=Mako |first9=Kidinda |last10=Katangu |first10=Kapemba |last11=Kiayima |first11=Ngoy |date=2019 |title=Étude comparative de la croissance de ''Clarias gariepinus'' et ''Clarias ngamensis'' en élevage semiintensif de la ferme Mwema a Lubumbashi. |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193520237 |journal=Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences |language=French |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=6805–6809 |doi=10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v41-1.7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905044024/https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/7.Ipungu.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=10 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLushimbaMakilaNzielBinemo2019">Lushimba, Ipungu; Makila, Kayuma; Nziel, Labe Nkum; Binemo, Malangu; Kanyama, Binemo; Ishwishsom, Ompey; Bulundu, Ilunga Nkulu; Malale, Numbi; Mako, Kidinda; Katangu, Kapemba; Kiayima, Ngoy (2019). </cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j9oahsgnqsd2eg14iszin4482tclyzb 856662 856661 2026-06-14T09:22:17Z Engineer014 44591 856662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Clarias ngamensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''kifin Afirka mai hakora marasa kaifi''', nau'in kifin ruwa ne mai tsafta a cikin dangin Clariidae, kifin da ke numfashi da iska. François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ya fara bayyana kifin a cikin fadama da ambaliyar ruwa a yawancin kudancin Afirka. Girmansa ya kai {{Convert|73|cm|in}} a cikin jimillar tsawonsa da {{Convert|4.0|kg|lb}} . Kifin zai iya shaƙar iska kuma ya rayu ba tare da ruwa ba na tsawon lokaci. Abincinsa ya haɗa da ƙwari, kwari, da kaguwa. Ana kamun kifi da noma wannan nau'in don amfanin ɗan adam. == Tsarin Haraji == ''Clarias ngamensis'' yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan 62 a cikin nau'in ''Clarias'', waɗanda ake samun su a Afirka da Asiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Genus: Clarias |url=https://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Clarias |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117183541/https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Clarias |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[FishBase]]}}</ref> Wani bincike a shekarar 1983 ya sanya ''C. ngamensis'' da ''C. lamottei'' a cikin ƙananan nau'ikan ''Dinotopteroides'', wanda ya bambanta su da sauran nau'ikan ''Clarias'' ta hanyar kasancewar ƙaramin fin ɗin adipose wanda ba koyaushe ake iya gani ba, amma ana iya gano shi ta hanyar kasancewar kashin baya na jijiyoyi waɗanda ke tallafawa fin ɗin. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ya fara bayyana ''C. ngamensis'' a shekarar 1861 daga [[Tafkin Ngami]] a Botswana. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeugels1983">Teugels, Guy G. (1983). </cite></ref> Nau'in holotype ( samfurin asali), wanda ya kai {{Convert|250|mm|in}}an tattara daga Sesheke, Zambia, a shekarar 1916. An ajiye samfurin a Cibiyar Nazarin Bambancin Halittu ta Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Occurrence 1230428852 |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230428852 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260107231456/https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230428852 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[GBIF]]}}</ref> An ambaci wannan nau'in da kalmomi masu kama da juna kamar ''C. mellandi'', ''C. prentissgrayi'', da ''Dinopteroides prentissgrayi'' . George Albert Boulenger ya bayyana ''C. mellandi'' daga samfurin da aka ɗauko daga [[Tafkin Bangweulu]], Zambia, a shekarar 1905, bisa ga girman da siffar farantin haƙoran vomerine . Henry Weed Fowler ya bayyana ''Dinopteroides prentissgrayi'' a shekarar 1930 daga [[Kogin Cuanza|Kogin Quanza]] da ke Angola, yana mai ambaton kasancewar fin ɗin adipose a matsayin wata siffa ta musamman; an mayar da nau'in zuwa ga halittar ''Clarias'' a shekarar 1935. A shekarar 1983, an nuna cewa waɗannan nau'in suna da alaƙa da ''C. ngamensis'' . <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeugels1983">Teugels, Guy G. (1983). </cite></ref> Wani ma'anar, ''Dinotopterus jallae'', John Gilchrist da William Wardlaw Thompson ne suka bayyana shi a shekarar 1917 daga Kudancin Rhodesia (Zimbabwe ta zamani). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=P. H. |date=February 1961 |title=A revision of the genus ''Dinotopterus'' Blgr. (Pisces, Clariidae) with notes on the comparative anatomy of the suprabranchial organs in the Clariidae |url=https://ia801503.us.archive.org/3/items/biostor-20528/biostor-20528.pdf |journal=[[Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=215–241 |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == ''C. ngamensis'' kuma an san shi da sunaye da aka fi sani da ƙurar Afirka mai hakora, ƙurar bluntooth, da kuma ƙurar clarid. Sunan gama gari ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''χλᾱρός'' ( ''chlaros'' ), ma'ana "mai rai", yana bayyana ikon kifayen na rayuwa daga ruwa na tsawon lokaci. Sunan takamaiman ya fito ne daga sunan yankin nau'in, [[Tafkin Ngami]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |date=26 July 2025 |title=Family CLARIIDAE Bonaparte 1845 (Airbreathing or Labyrinth Catfishes) |url=https://etyfish.org/clariidae/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811093151/https://etyfish.org/clariidae/ |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=etyfish.org}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == [[Fayil:Clarias_ngamensis_range.svg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|Range na ''Clarias ngamensis'' a Afirka]] Ana samun ''C. ngamensis'' a kudancin Afirka, yana faruwa a Angola, Botswana, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu, Zambia, Zimbabwe, da kuma wataƙila Tanzania. An same shi a cikin tsarin koguna da yawa, ciki har da tsarin kogin [[Kogin Cuanza|Quanza]], [[Kogin Cunene|Cunene]], [[Kogin Okavango|Okavango]], [[Kogin Cuando|Chobe]], [[Kogin Kafue|Kafue]], [[Kogin Luapula|Luapula]], [[Kogin Pungwe|Pungwe]], [[Rio Buzi|Buzi]], [[Ajiye Kogin (Afirka)|Save]], [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]], da [[Kogin Komati|Incomati]] . An kuma lura da shi a cikin tsarin kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] na sama, na sama na [[Kogin Lualaba|Lualaba]], na ƙasa na [[Kogin Pongola|Polgola]], na ƙasa na [[Kogin Runde|Lundi]], da na ƙasa [[Rafin Shire|na Shire]], da kuma [[Tafkin Ngami]], [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Mweru|Tafkin Moero]], da [[Tafkin Bangweulu]] . Ya fi son filayen ambaliyar ruwa da fadama kamar su [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|Barotse Floodplain]] da [[Yankin Elephant Marsh|Elephant Marsh]] . Kifi ne mai rarrafe (wanda ke zaune kusa da ƙasan ruwan) kuma yana jure wa ruwan da ke da ruwa . == Bayani == Kifin ya kai har zuwa {{Convert|73|cm|in}} a cikin jimlar tsawon, kuma har zuwa {{Convert|4.0|kg|lb}} . Fishen duwawu yana da haskoki masu laushi 56-62; fishen duburarsa yana da haskoki masu laushi 50-58. Babu ɗayan fishen da ke da kashin baya. Fishen adipose gajere ne, a 5.9-12.5% na tsawon kifin. Kowane fishen pectoral yana da kashin baya mai ƙarfi, mai lanƙwasa kaɗan. Farantin haƙorin vomerine yana da tsayi sosai, a 5.9-14.4% na tsawon kai, kuma yana da siffar ƙwai tare da haƙoran da ba su da ƙarfi. Kwanyar tana da fontanelles guda biyu - ɗaya a gaban kwanyar, wanda yake dogo kuma kunkuntar, ɗaya kuma a baya, wanda yake ƙarami kuma mai siffar oval. Akwai ƙasusuwa 56-60 a cikin kashin baya. Kifin yana da siffar jiki mai tsayi. Yana da nau'ikan barbels guda huɗu. <ref name="lushimba">{{Cite journal |last=Lushimba |first=Ipungu |last2=Makila |first2=Kayuma |last3=Nziel |first3=Labe Nkum |last4=Binemo |first4=Malangu |last5=Kanyama |first5=Binemo |last6=Ishwishsom |first6=Ompey |last7=Bulundu |first7=Ilunga Nkulu |last8=Malale |first8=Numbi |last9=Mako |first9=Kidinda |last10=Katangu |first10=Kapemba |last11=Kiayima |first11=Ngoy |date=2019 |title=Étude comparative de la croissance de ''Clarias gariepinus'' et ''Clarias ngamensis'' en élevage semiintensif de la ferme Mwema a Lubumbashi. |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193520237 |journal=Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences |language=French |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=6805–6809 |doi=10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v41-1.7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905044024/https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/7.Ipungu.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> Mazan nau'in suna da ƙwai baƙi, yayin da ƙwai na haɗuwa da shi (wani memba na halittarsa) ''C. gariepinus'', ko kifin kifin Afirka mai kaifi, fari ne. Wani bincike ya gano cewa akwai ƙarin ƙwayoyin haɗin kai da cibiyoyin melano-macrophage (ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu ɗauke da pigment ) a cikin ƙwai na ''C. ngamensis'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mokae |first=L. M. |last2=Smit |first2=N. J. |last3=Wagenaar |first3=G. M. |date=February 2013 |title=Comparative histomorphological assessment of the testes of two ''Clarias'' species from the Okavango Delta Panhandle, Botswana |journal=Tissue and Cell |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.1016/j.tice.2012.08.007 |pmid=23009978}}</ref> == Ilimin halittu da ilimin halittu == Wannan nau'in yana cin molluscs (musamman katantanwa), kifaye, jatan lande, kwari, kaguwa, da hatsi. Yana iya murkushe harsashin ganima kamar mussels da faranti kafin ya cinye su. <ref name="teugels">{{Cite journal |last=Teugels |first=Guy G. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the status of ''Clarias ngamensis'' Castelnau, 1861, ''C. mellandi'' Boulenger, 1905, ''C. prentissgrayi'' (Fowler, 1930) and ''C. lamottei'' Daget & Planquette, 1967 (Pisces, Clariidae) with the rehabilitation of ''Dinotopteroides'' Fowler, 1930 as a subgenus of ''Clarias'' |url=https://www.sfi-cybium.fr/en/notes-status-clarias-ngamensis-castelnau-1861-c-mellandi-boulenger-1905-c-prentissgrayi-fowler-1930 |journal=Cybium |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827125709/https://sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/04-TEugels%5B71%5D15-28.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeugels1983">Teugels, Guy G. (1983). </cite></ref> Binciken abubuwan da ke cikin ciki na ''C. ngamensis'' a cikin magudanar ruwan Kogin Shire ya gano cewa nymphs na dragonfly da tsutsotsi na chironomid sune mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren abincin kifin. <ref name="teugels" /> <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}</ref> Ko da yake wani lokacin ana cewa suna mamaye saman sarkar trophic, <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ana farautar kifin ta hanyar shoebill, tsuntsu mai kama da shamuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullers |first=Falf H. E. |last2=Amar |first2=Arjun |date=2015 |title=Parental Nesting Behavior, Chick Growth and Breeding Success of Shoebills (''Balaeniceps rex'') in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24641098 |journal=Waterbirds |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |jstor=24641098 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> Kamar sauran membobin iyalinsa, ''C. ngamensis'' yana da wani ɓangare na jiki wanda ke ba kifin damar shaƙar iska. Kifin yana fifita ƙasa mai laka tare da shuke-shuke. Tsawon rayuwarsa shine shekaru 5-6. Mazan nau'in suna girma da sauri fiye da mata. <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilloughbyTweddle1978">Willoughby, N. G.; Tweddle, D. (1978). </cite></ref> Jerin kifayen yana da alaƙa, ko kuma ya haɗu, da ''C. gariepinus'' . <ref name="scielo">{{Cite journal |last=Kasembele |first=Gyrhaiss K. |last2=Vanhove |first2=Maarten P. M. |last3=Chocha Manda |first3=Auguste |last4=Jorissen |first4=Michiel W. P. |last5=Luus-Powell |first5=Wilmien J. |last6=Smit |first6=Willem J. |last7=Bilong Bilong |first7=Charles F. |last8=Bahanak |first8=Dieu-Ne-Dort |date=2024 |title=Diversity of ''Quadriacanthus'' (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Upper Congo Basin: new geographical records and description of five new species from the gills of ''Clarias ngamensis'' (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |journal=Zoologia (Curitiba) |volume=41 |doi=10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622052553/https://www.scielo.br/j/zool/a/GMyWvd37fVkvNGjjGtHb4pk/?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKasembeleVanhoveChocha_MandaJorissen2024">Kasembele, Gyrhaiss K.; Vanhove, Maarten P. M.; Chocha Manda, Auguste; Jorissen, Michiel W. P.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Smit, Willem J.; Bilong Bilong, Charles F.; Bahanak, Dieu-Ne-Dort (2024). </cite></ref> Nau'ikan biyu suna da halaye iri ɗaya na kiwo da abinci iri ɗaya kuma an lura da farautar fakiti tare. <ref name="packhunt" /> A cikin Okavango Delta na Botswana, kifayen catfish guda biyu suna farautar kifayen mormyrid tare, suna gina ajiyar makamashi a cikin watanni kafin lokacin haihuwa. <ref name="packhunt">{{Cite journal |last=Merron |first=G. S. |date=October 1993 |title=Pack-hunting in two species of catfish, ''Clavias gariepinus'' and ''C. ngamensis'', in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00440.x |journal=[[Journal of Fish Biology]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=575–584 |bibcode=1993JFBio..43..575M |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00440.x |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Nau'ikan biyu kuma suna iya haɗakar su . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monde |first=Concillia |last2=Syampungani |first2=Stephen |last3=Van den Brink |first3=Paul |date=2016 |title=Effects of Endosulfan on Predator–Prey Interactions Between Catfish and ''Schistosoma'' Host Snails |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |journal=[[Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology]] |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=257–266 |bibcode=2016ArECT..71..257M |doi=10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |pmc=4935736 |pmid=27033099 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826175716/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7 |archive-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> == Kariya da amfani == An kiyasta ''C. ngamensis'' a matsayin nau'in da ba a damu da shi ba a cikin Jerin Ja na IUCN saboda yawan nau'ikansa da kuma rashin manyan barazanar da aka gano ga yawan jama'arta. Yankinsa ya haɗa da yankuna da yawa da aka kare, kuma ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da dama. Ana kamun kifi da kuma noma nau'in don abinci. A [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], ana kamun kifi tan 2,400 zuwa 2,800 na nau'in a kowace shekara, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 20% na kamun kifi na wannan kogin. <ref name="zoology">{{Cite journal |last=Willoughby |first=N. G. |last2=Tweddle |first2=D. |date=1978 |title=The ecology of the catfish ''Clarias gariepinus'' and ''Clarias ngamensis'' in the Shire Valley, Malawi |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03936.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilloughbyTweddle1978">Willoughby, N. G.; Tweddle, D. (1978). </cite></ref> An gano cewa ''C. ngamensis'' yana girma a hankali fiye da irin wannan ''C. gariepinus'' a cikin yanayin kiwon kifi, don haka ana fifita ''C. gariepinus'' don kiwon kamun kifi. <ref name="lushimba">{{Cite journal |last=Lushimba |first=Ipungu |last2=Makila |first2=Kayuma |last3=Nziel |first3=Labe Nkum |last4=Binemo |first4=Malangu |last5=Kanyama |first5=Binemo |last6=Ishwishsom |first6=Ompey |last7=Bulundu |first7=Ilunga Nkulu |last8=Malale |first8=Numbi |last9=Mako |first9=Kidinda |last10=Katangu |first10=Kapemba |last11=Kiayima |first11=Ngoy |date=2019 |title=Étude comparative de la croissance de ''Clarias gariepinus'' et ''Clarias ngamensis'' en élevage semiintensif de la ferme Mwema a Lubumbashi. |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193520237 |journal=Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences |language=French |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=6805–6809 |doi=10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v41-1.7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905044024/https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/7.Ipungu.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=10 August 2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLushimbaMakilaNzielBinemo2019">Lushimba, Ipungu; Makila, Kayuma; Nziel, Labe Nkum; Binemo, Malangu; Kanyama, Binemo; Ishwishsom, Ompey; Bulundu, Ilunga Nkulu; Malale, Numbi; Mako, Kidinda; Katangu, Kapemba; Kiayima, Ngoy (2019). </cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mhfx766y1xz1wnq2jyf21knv1fq6i1i 0 157133 856021 2026-06-13T12:33:37Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353280824|Lethrinops]]" 856021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lethrinops''''' nau'in cichlids ne na haplochromine da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Musamman a cikin sha'awar [[Aquarium|kifaye]], an san su da '''masu cin nama''' ko '''masu cin nama''' . An yi nazarin kifin Cichlid na nau'in ''Lethrinops'' a fannin ilmin halitta da ichthyology, galibi saboda yanayinsu mai haske da kuma saurin juyin halitta a mazauninsu na [[Malawi]] . A fannin ilmin halitta, nau'in da aka gani a cikin waɗannan kifaye ana kiransa da [[Explosive speciation|nau'in fashewa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MJ van Staaden |last2=Robert Huber |last3=Lesley S. Kaufman |last4=Karel F. Liem |year=1994 |title=Brain evolution in cichlids of the African Great Lakes Brain and body size general patterns and evolutionary trends |journal=Zoology |volume=98 |issue=1994/95 |page=165 |issn=0944-2006 |eissn=1873-2720}}</ref> Matsi da yawa na muhalli, kamar kamun kifi fiye da kima, nau'in da ke mamaye su, da gurɓatawa suna barazana ga nau'in halittar ''Lethrinops'' . Malawi ta kafa wurin shakatawa na ƙasa don kare nau'in cichlid a cikin tafkunan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tweddle |first=D. |date=1992 |title=Conservation and threats to the resources of Lake Malawi |journal=Sil Communications, 1953-1996 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |bibcode=1992SILC...23...17T |doi=10.1080/05384680.1992.11904004}}</ref> == Nau'o'i == A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 25 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Lethrinops albus'' <small>Regan, 1922</small> * ''[[Lethrinops altus]]'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''Lethrinops argenteus'' <small>CGE Ahl, 1926</small> * ''[[Lethrinops atrilabris]]'' <small>[[George F. Turner|GF Turner]] .</small> <small>2022</small> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=George F. Turner |year=2022 |title=A New Species of Deep-water ''Lethrinops'' (Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=1405–1410 |bibcode=2022JFBio.101.1405T |doi=10.1111/jfb.15208 |pmc=10086864 |pmid=36059123}}</ref> * ''Lethrinops auritus'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> (mai cin yashi mai launin zinare) * ''[[Lethrinops chilingali]]'' <small>Turner, Crampton & Genner, 2023</small> * ''Lethrinops christyi'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''Lethrinops furcifer'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> (sandsifter mai launin kore) * ''[[Lethrinops gossei]]'' <small>WE Burgess & HR Axelrod, 1973</small> * ''Lethrinops leptodon'' <small>Regan, 1922</small> * ''Lethrinops lethrinus'' <small>( Günther, 1894)</small> * ''Lethrinops longimanus'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''[[Lethrinops longipinnis]]'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1978</small> * ''[[Lethrinops lunaris|Lethrinops Lunaris]]'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''[[Lethrinops macracanthus]]'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''[[Lethrinops macrochir]]'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> * ''Lethrinops macrophthalmus'' <small>( Boulenger, 1908)</small> * ''Lethrinops marginatus'' <small>CGE Ahl, 1926</small> (Lethrinops mai zagaye kai) * ''Lethrinops micrentodon'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> * ''Lethrinops microdon'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1977</small> * ''Lethrinops microstoma'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> (littletooth sandeater) * ''[[Lethrinops mylodon]]'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1979</small> * ''Lethrinops parvidens'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> (Lethrinops ja flush) * ''[[Lethrinops stridei]]'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1977</small> * ''Lethrinops turneri'' <small>[[Benjamin Peter Ngatunga|Ngatunga]] & Snoeks, 2003</small> * ''[[Lethrinops oculatus|Letrinops oculatus]]'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> ; inganci kamar ''L. marginatus'' == Duba kuma == * Masu kallon ƙasa, ƙungiyar cichlids ta Kudancin Amurka masu irin wannan matsayi == Manazarta == 2l2y35csizeb2i3tf0ob545th0891j7 856022 856021 2026-06-13T12:34:17Z Engineer014 44591 856022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Lethrinops''''' nau'in cichlids ne na haplochromine da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Musamman a cikin sha'awar [[Aquarium|kifaye]], an san su da '''masu cin nama''' ko '''masu cin nama''' . An yi nazarin kifin Cichlid na nau'in ''Lethrinops'' a fannin ilmin halitta da ichthyology, galibi saboda yanayinsu mai haske da kuma saurin juyin halitta a mazauninsu na [[Malawi]] . A fannin ilmin halitta, nau'in da aka gani a cikin waɗannan kifaye ana kiransa da [[Explosive speciation|nau'in fashewa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MJ van Staaden |last2=Robert Huber |last3=Lesley S. Kaufman |last4=Karel F. Liem |year=1994 |title=Brain evolution in cichlids of the African Great Lakes Brain and body size general patterns and evolutionary trends |journal=Zoology |volume=98 |issue=1994/95 |page=165 |issn=0944-2006 |eissn=1873-2720}}</ref> Matsi da yawa na muhalli, kamar kamun kifi fiye da kima, nau'in da ke mamaye su, da gurɓatawa suna barazana ga nau'in halittar ''Lethrinops'' . Malawi ta kafa wurin shakatawa na ƙasa don kare nau'in cichlid a cikin tafkunan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tweddle |first=D. |date=1992 |title=Conservation and threats to the resources of Lake Malawi |journal=Sil Communications, 1953-1996 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |bibcode=1992SILC...23...17T |doi=10.1080/05384680.1992.11904004}}</ref> == Nau'o'i == A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 25 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Lethrinops albus'' <small>Regan, 1922</small> * ''[[Lethrinops altus]]'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''Lethrinops argenteus'' <small>CGE Ahl, 1926</small> * ''[[Lethrinops atrilabris]]'' <small>[[George F. Turner|GF Turner]] .</small> <small>2022</small> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=George F. Turner |year=2022 |title=A New Species of Deep-water ''Lethrinops'' (Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=1405–1410 |bibcode=2022JFBio.101.1405T |doi=10.1111/jfb.15208 |pmc=10086864 |pmid=36059123}}</ref> * ''Lethrinops auritus'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> (mai cin yashi mai launin zinare) * ''[[Lethrinops chilingali]]'' <small>Turner, Crampton & Genner, 2023</small> * ''Lethrinops christyi'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''Lethrinops furcifer'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> (sandsifter mai launin kore) * ''[[Lethrinops gossei]]'' <small>WE Burgess & HR Axelrod, 1973</small> * ''Lethrinops leptodon'' <small>Regan, 1922</small> * ''Lethrinops lethrinus'' <small>( Günther, 1894)</small> * ''Lethrinops longimanus'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''[[Lethrinops longipinnis]]'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1978</small> * ''[[Lethrinops lunaris|Lethrinops Lunaris]]'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''[[Lethrinops macracanthus]]'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> * ''[[Lethrinops macrochir]]'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> * ''Lethrinops macrophthalmus'' <small>( Boulenger, 1908)</small> * ''Lethrinops marginatus'' <small>CGE Ahl, 1926</small> (Lethrinops mai zagaye kai) * ''Lethrinops micrentodon'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> * ''Lethrinops microdon'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1977</small> * ''Lethrinops microstoma'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> (littletooth sandeater) * ''[[Lethrinops mylodon]]'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1979</small> * ''Lethrinops parvidens'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> (Lethrinops ja flush) * ''[[Lethrinops stridei]]'' <small>[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]] & [[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1977</small> * ''Lethrinops turneri'' <small>[[Benjamin Peter Ngatunga|Ngatunga]] & Snoeks, 2003</small> * ''[[Lethrinops oculatus|Letrinops oculatus]]'' <small>Trewavas, 1931</small> ; inganci kamar ''L. marginatus'' == Duba kuma == * Masu kallon ƙasa, ƙungiyar cichlids ta Kudancin Amurka masu irin wannan matsayi == Manazarta == qfcgwd73xywlkjnx2n19qmw62wo2ec6 0 157134 856031 2026-06-13T12:46:44Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330644903|Aulonocara guentheri]]" 856031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Aulonocara guentheri''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka takaita su zuwa yankin kudu maso gabas, da kuma [[Tafkin Malombe]], ma'ana a iya sani cewa wannan kifi ya fi zama ruwan dare a Malawi. Yana fifita wurin zama mai yashi mara zurfi inda yake kiwo a ƙananan makarantu, maza masu launin kiwo an kama su a watan Nuwamba da Disamba, wanda ke nuna cewa lokacin ne suke kiwo. <ref name="Konings">{{Cite journal |last=Ad Konings |year=1995 |title=A review of the sand-dwelling species of the genus ''Aulonocara'', with the description of three new species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237091725 |journal=The Cichlids Yearbook |volume=5 |pages=26–36}}</ref> Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama masanin ilmin dabbobi na [[Jamus]] kuma masanin ilimin dabbobi [[Birtaniya|na Burtaniya]] Albert Günther (1830-1914), wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya na farko da suka gane bambancin techilds a Tafkin Malawi. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == cqlkmhxs8thkqwy68mw4dqe3gk47fzg 856033 856031 2026-06-13T12:47:08Z Engineer014 44591 856033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Aulonocara guentheri''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka takaita su zuwa yankin kudu maso gabas, da kuma [[Tafkin Malombe]], ma'ana a iya sani cewa wannan kifi ya fi zama ruwan dare a Malawi. Yana fifita wurin zama mai yashi mara zurfi inda yake kiwo a ƙananan makarantu, maza masu launin kiwo an kama su a watan Nuwamba da Disamba, wanda ke nuna cewa lokacin ne suke kiwo. <ref name="Konings">{{Cite journal |last=Ad Konings |year=1995 |title=A review of the sand-dwelling species of the genus ''Aulonocara'', with the description of three new species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237091725 |journal=The Cichlids Yearbook |volume=5 |pages=26–36}}</ref> Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama masanin ilmin dabbobi na [[Jamus]] kuma masanin ilimin dabbobi [[Birtaniya|na Burtaniya]] Albert Günther (1830-1914), wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya na farko da suka gane bambancin techilds a Tafkin Malawi. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == j2p0p8mbj1tpt4ky6489uqgw3ph180i 856041 856033 2026-06-13T12:51:00Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330644903|Aulonocara guentheri]]" 856041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|status=EN|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |year=2019 |title=''Aulonocara guentheri'' |amends=2018 |article-number=e.T61062A155050729 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61062A155050729.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Aulonocara guentheri|authority=[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]], 1989|synonyms=}} '''''Aulonocara guentheri''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka takaita su zuwa yankin kudu maso gabas, da kuma [[Tafkin Malombe]], ma'ana a iya sani cewa wannan kifi ya fi zama ruwan dare a Malawi. Yana fifita wurin zama mai yashi mara zurfi inda yake kiwo a ƙananan makarantu, maza masu launin kiwo an kama su a watan Nuwamba da Disamba, wanda ke nuna cewa lokacin ne suke kiwo. <ref name="Konings">{{Cite journal |last=Ad Konings |year=1995 |title=A review of the sand-dwelling species of the genus ''Aulonocara'', with the description of three new species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237091725 |journal=The Cichlids Yearbook |volume=5 |pages=26–36}}</ref> Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama masanin ilmin dabbobi na [[Jamus]] kuma masanin ilimin dabbobi [[Birtaniya|na Burtaniya]] Albert Günther (1830-1914), wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya na farko da suka gane bambancin techilds a Tafkin Malawi. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} tsdv8snb7tziwtdfqafdqho0s98inbf 856042 856041 2026-06-13T12:51:22Z Engineer014 44591 856042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=|status=EN|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |year=2019 |title=''Aulonocara guentheri'' |amends=2018 |article-number=e.T61062A155050729 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61062A155050729.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Aulonocara guentheri|authority=[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]], 1989|synonyms=}} '''''Aulonocara guentheri''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka takaita su zuwa yankin kudu maso gabas, da kuma [[Tafkin Malombe]], ma'ana a iya sani cewa wannan kifi ya fi zama ruwan dare a Malawi. Yana fifita wurin zama mai yashi mara zurfi inda yake kiwo a ƙananan makarantu, maza masu launin kiwo an kama su a watan Nuwamba da Disamba, wanda ke nuna cewa lokacin ne suke kiwo. <ref name="Konings">{{Cite journal |last=Ad Konings |year=1995 |title=A review of the sand-dwelling species of the genus ''Aulonocara'', with the description of three new species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237091725 |journal=The Cichlids Yearbook |volume=5 |pages=26–36}}</ref> Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama masanin ilmin dabbobi na [[Jamus]] kuma masanin ilimin dabbobi [[Birtaniya|na Burtaniya]] Albert Günther (1830-1914), wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya na farko da suka gane bambancin techilds a Tafkin Malawi. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2kqdjw6vfpu8mzwugbkdrfsunexyq1g 0 157135 856035 2026-06-13T12:48:13Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646408|Stigmatochromis]]" 856035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Stigmatochromis''''' wani ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . == Nau'o'i == A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda shida da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''[[Stigmatochromis macrorhynchos]]'' <small>Stauffer, [[Rachel M. Cleaver-Yoder|Cleaver-Yoder]] & Konings, 2011</small> * ''[[Stigmatochromis melanchros]]'' <small>Stauffer, [[Rachel M. Cleaver-Yoder|Cleaver-Yoder]] & Konings, 2011</small> * ''Yanayin Stigmatochromis'' <small>( Günther, 1894)</small> * ''Stigmatochromis pholidophorus'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> (Kyandir Hap) * ''[[Stigmatochromis pleurospilus]]'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Stigmatochromis woodi'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> == Manazarta == 5ovskuae5y0vl9w12qt4nku79ag9rgi 856036 856035 2026-06-13T12:48:33Z Engineer014 44591 856036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Stigmatochromis''''' wani ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . == Nau'o'i == A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda shida da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''[[Stigmatochromis macrorhynchos]]'' <small>Stauffer, [[Rachel M. Cleaver-Yoder|Cleaver-Yoder]] & Konings, 2011</small> * ''[[Stigmatochromis melanchros]]'' <small>Stauffer, [[Rachel M. Cleaver-Yoder|Cleaver-Yoder]] & Konings, 2011</small> * ''Yanayin Stigmatochromis'' <small>( Günther, 1894)</small> * ''Stigmatochromis pholidophorus'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> (Kyandir Hap) * ''[[Stigmatochromis pleurospilus]]'' <small>( Trewavas, 1935)</small> * ''Stigmatochromis woodi'' <small>( Regan, 1922)</small> == Manazarta == mtx30glvj0qzd8zr2pw58u4hf4n9a5a 0 157136 856038 2026-06-13T12:49:30Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314122948|Eclectochromis ornatus]]" 856038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Eclectochromis ornatus''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda ya shahara a Malawi. inda yake faruwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da [[Tafkin Malombe]] . Mafarauci ne na ƙananan kifaye waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ƙananan yankuna na tafkin waɗanda ke da laushi ko gauraye. == Manazarta == np8zfvqjkswdo8uqrc4spmnne4e59g4 856039 856038 2026-06-13T12:49:54Z Engineer014 44591 856039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Eclectochromis ornatus''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda ya shahara a Malawi. inda yake faruwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da [[Tafkin Malombe]] . Mafarauci ne na ƙananan kifaye waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ƙananan yankuna na tafkin waɗanda ke da laushi ko gauraye. == Manazarta == o6uvkzozcrv0wc15h6o3xp9y6dwanjp 0 157137 856049 2026-06-13T13:27:19Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645066|Copadichromis mbenjii]]" 856049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Copadichromis mbenjii''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Ana samunsa ne kawai a kusa da [[Mbenje Island|Tsibirin Mbenje]] daga inda ya samo sunansa na musamman . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=3 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == pn7ti7g8yq3885m1w6jzlqle8kuo51a 856050 856049 2026-06-13T13:27:44Z Engineer014 44591 856050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Copadichromis mbenjii''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Ana samunsa ne kawai a kusa da [[Mbenje Island|Tsibirin Mbenje]] daga inda ya samo sunansa na musamman . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=3 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == tdupdgll61irfpnzo4ux2kfykts5v6h 0 157138 856051 2026-06-13T13:34:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645675|Mchenga conophoros]]" 856051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mchenga conophoros''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka tattara shi a kusa da Tsibirin Nankumba a [[Malawi]] . Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa. == Manazarta == 0urelci8s6ntof6o2ye2hdagqdbggul 856052 856051 2026-06-13T13:34:53Z Engineer014 44591 856052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mchenga conophoros''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka tattara shi a kusa da Tsibirin Nankumba a [[Malawi]] . Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa. == Manazarta == 5090t1b1gsp7bg8uj2lwp0ljjyvf7j0 0 157139 856053 2026-06-13T13:35:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1170022435|Broadband barb]]" 856053 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barb ɗin broadband''' ( '''''Enteromius macrotaenia''''' ) nau'in kifin cyprinid ne a cikin nau'in ''Enteromius'' . Ana samunsa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da ƙananan [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], [[Kogin Pungwe]] da [[Rio Buzi|Kogin Buzi]] . <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite journal |last=Bills, R. |last2=Kazembe, J. |last3=Marshall, B. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Barbus macrotaenia |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |page=2010: e.T182655A7935780 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182655A7935780.en |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da barb ɗin broadband don amfanin ɗan adam da kuma cinikin akwatin kifaye. == Manazarta == g1ju55x89xjyci3u96wzezk2a0mrhjk 856054 856053 2026-06-13T13:35:58Z Engineer014 44591 856054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barb ɗin broadband''' ( '''''Enteromius macrotaenia''''' ) nau'in kifin cyprinid ne a cikin nau'in ''Enteromius'' . Ana samunsa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da ƙananan [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], [[Kogin Pungwe]] da [[Rio Buzi|Kogin Buzi]] . <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite journal |last=Bills, R. |last2=Kazembe, J. |last3=Marshall, B. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Barbus macrotaenia |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |page=2010: e.T182655A7935780 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182655A7935780.en |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da barb ɗin broadband don amfanin ɗan adam da kuma cinikin akwatin kifaye. == Manazarta == ioax8dms9xauv70vo2hk840fxxvxvxr 0 157140 856055 2026-06-13T13:36:45Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645547|Lethrinops micrentodon]]" 856055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lethrinops micrentodon''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|11.5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == f5d03bvegelwgobzgklxaoaw9vakv21 856056 856055 2026-06-13T13:37:08Z Engineer014 44591 856056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Lethrinops micrentodon''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|11.5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == ad5i7lqt877zfdttt90a031w1dws70w 0 157141 856057 2026-06-13T13:38:40Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645541|Lethrinops marginatus]]" 856057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lethrinops marginatus''''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''''Lethrinops'' 'mai zagaye'<nowiki/>''' a cinikin kifi [[Aquarium|na aquarium]], nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake yaɗuwa kuma yana faruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi akan ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|11|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == kr8dy0mm6dmt9bccfluzq9p4hdfle7c 856058 856057 2026-06-13T13:39:03Z Engineer014 44591 856058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Lethrinops marginatus''''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''''Lethrinops'' 'mai zagaye'<nowiki/>''' a cinikin kifi [[Aquarium|na aquarium]], nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake yaɗuwa kuma yana faruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi akan ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|11|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == bqprb8uoe81cf3mfnwdcp4va0nzp3g4 0 157142 856059 2026-06-13T13:39:58Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345140260|Mchenga inornata]]" 856059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mchenga inornata''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Malawi]] . Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa. == Manazarta == 0izlkhhkjf5se1t58xx5ud726pamw3p 856060 856059 2026-06-13T13:40:25Z Engineer014 44591 856060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mchenga inornata''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Malawi]] . Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa. == Manazarta == 0mfjmn4le0c2uor24pjghodf3gsed22 0 157143 856061 2026-06-13T14:05:52Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346302684|Meirav Ben-Ari]]" 856061 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Meirav Ben-Ari''' ( Hebrew ; an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1975) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Members of the 25th Knesset |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/mk/apps/mk/mk-personal-details/915 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Knesset}}</ref> 'yar siyasa ce ta Isra'ila. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Yesh Atid kuma a da ta kasance memba na Knesset na Kulanu tsakanin 2015 da 2019. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Ben-Ari a Raanana <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Members of the 25th Knesset |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/mk/apps/mk/mk-personal-details/915 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Knesset}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/mk/apps/mk/mk-personal-details/915 "Members of the 25th Knesset"]. ''Knesset''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Netanya tare da iyalinta tun tana ƙarama. Mahaifinta, Rafael Ben-Ari (wanda asali Ayubi ne) baƙon Iran ne da Bayahude zuwa Isra'ila kuma mahaifiyarta, Esther Ben-Ari (née Sa'adon) 'yar asalin Isra'ila ce kuma asalinta Bayahude ne daga ƙasar Libya. A lokacin hidimar ƙasa ta Sojojin Tsaron Isra'ila, ta yi aiki a Hukumar Ilimi da Matasa, inda matsayinta na ƙarshe ya kasance jami'ar ilimi ta rundunar Golani . Ta yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a da gwamnati da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci a Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Herzliya . Tsakanin 2003 da 2004, ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar ɗalibai a kwalejin. == Aikin siyasa == A zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na 2013, ta kasance ta huɗu a jerin Rov HaIr na Majalisar Birnin [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] . An zaɓe ta a majalisar kuma aka ba ta aikin da ya shafi haɓaka matasa. Kafin zaɓen 2015, ta shiga jam'iyyar Kulanu, kuma an sanya ta a matsayi na goma a jerinta. An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Knesset yayin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru goma. An sanya ta a matsayi na shida a jerin jam'iyyar don zaɓen Afrilu 2019, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da aka rage wa jam'iyyar zuwa kujeru huɗu. A shekarar 2021, Ben-Ari ta shiga Yesh Atid kuma an sanya ta a matsayi na bakwai a jerinta don zaɓen Maris 2021. Ta sake shiga Knesset lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru goma sha bakwai. An sake zaɓenta a zaɓen 2022. Ben-Ari ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa shugabar Kwamitin Tsaron Ƙasa na Knesset a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2021 |title=Public Security Committee votes to appoint MK Merav Ben Ari as committee chair |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/News/PressReleases/Pages/press11821l.aspx |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=Knesset |language=en-US}}</ref> Ben-Ari, a matsayinsa na memba na Kwamitin Kula da Jiha, ya kaɗa ƙuri'a a watan Oktoban 2025 don amincewa da kafa kwamitin bincike kan hare-haren 7 ga Oktoba, kodayake an kaɗa ƙuri'a don a yi watsi da su. Ta yi aiki a matsayin "mai kula da" 'yan adawa a Knesset. == Takaddama == A watan Oktoban 2023, yayin muhawarar Knesset, Ben-Ari ya bayyana cewa ''"yaran Gaza ne suka jawo wa kansu wannan",'' yana mai dagewa cewa "babu daidaito" tsakanin wadanda Isra'ila ta kashe da kuma Falasdinawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ofir |first=Jonathan |date=18 October 2023 |title=Israeli Politician Says “Children of Gaza Have Brought This Upon Themselves” |url=https://truthout.org/articles/israeli-politician-says-children-of-gaza-have-brought-this-upon-themselves/ |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=Truthout |language=en-US}}</ref> Bidiyon jawabin ya bazu sosai a yanar gizo <ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/Nimrod_Flash/status/1713970306262458505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119063929/https://x.com/Nimrod_Flash/status/1713970306262458505 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> kuma masu sharhi kan kare hakkin dan adam sun yi Allah wadai da shi saboda zargin ƙananan yara kanana da laifin rikicin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekara ta 2005 ta shiga cikin shirin gaskiya mai suna "Needed: A Leader". Ta lashe gasar, inda ta lashe kyautar shekel miliyan biyar. Tana zaune a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] kuma tana da 'ya mace. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merav |first=Ben Ari |date=9 April 2018 |title=Merav Ben Ari Knesset Member and Single Mom |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfDWvf0arf4 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=YouTube}}</ref> == Duba kuma == == Nazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] k9le4ezsga6400dhdqc9yjckf0c1747 856062 856061 2026-06-13T14:07:03Z D son203 45710 856062 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Meirav Ben-Ari''' ( Hebrew ; an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1975) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Members of the 25th Knesset |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/mk/apps/mk/mk-personal-details/915 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Knesset}}</ref> 'yar siyasa ce ta Isra'ila. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Yesh Atid kuma a da ta kasance memba na Knesset na Kulanu tsakanin 2015 da 2019. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Ben-Ari a Raanana <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Members of the 25th Knesset |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/mk/apps/mk/mk-personal-details/915 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Knesset}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/mk/apps/mk/mk-personal-details/915 "Members of the 25th Knesset"]. ''Knesset''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Netanya tare da iyalinta tun tana ƙarama. Mahaifinta, Rafael Ben-Ari (wanda asali Ayubi ne) baƙon Iran ne da Bayahude zuwa Isra'ila kuma mahaifiyarta, Esther Ben-Ari (née Sa'adon) 'yar asalin Isra'ila ce kuma asalinta Bayahude ne daga ƙasar Libya. A lokacin hidimar ƙasa ta Sojojin Tsaron Isra'ila, ta yi aiki a Hukumar Ilimi da Matasa, inda matsayinta na ƙarshe ya kasance jami'ar ilimi ta rundunar Golani . Ta yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a da gwamnati da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci a Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Herzliya . Tsakanin 2003 da 2004, ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar ɗalibai a kwalejin. == Aikin siyasa == A zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na 2013, ta kasance ta huɗu a jerin Rov HaIr na Majalisar Birnin [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] . An zaɓe ta a majalisar kuma aka ba ta aikin da ya shafi haɓaka matasa. Kafin zaɓen 2015, ta shiga jam'iyyar Kulanu, kuma an sanya ta a matsayi na goma a jerinta. An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Knesset yayin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru goma. An sanya ta a matsayi na shida a jerin jam'iyyar don zaɓen Afrilu 2019, amma ta rasa kujerarta lokacin da aka rage wa jam'iyyar zuwa kujeru huɗu. A shekarar 2021, Ben-Ari ta shiga Yesh Atid kuma an sanya ta a matsayi na bakwai a jerinta don zaɓen Maris 2021. Ta sake shiga Knesset lokacin da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru goma sha bakwai. An sake zaɓenta a zaɓen 2022. Ben-Ari ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa shugabar Kwamitin Tsaron Ƙasa na Knesset a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2021 |title=Public Security Committee votes to appoint MK Merav Ben Ari as committee chair |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/News/PressReleases/Pages/press11821l.aspx |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=Knesset |language=en-US}}</ref> Ben-Ari, a matsayinsa na memba na Kwamitin Kula da Jiha, ya kaɗa ƙuri'a a watan Oktoban 2025 don amincewa da kafa kwamitin bincike kan hare-haren 7 ga Oktoba, kodayake an kaɗa ƙuri'a don a yi watsi da su. Ta yi aiki a matsayin "mai kula da" 'yan adawa a Knesset. == Takaddama == A watan Oktoban 2023, yayin muhawarar Knesset, Ben-Ari ya bayyana cewa ''"yaran Gaza ne suka jawo wa kansu wannan",'' yana mai dagewa cewa "babu daidaito" tsakanin wadanda Isra'ila ta kashe da kuma Falasdinawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ofir |first=Jonathan |date=18 October 2023 |title=Israeli Politician Says “Children of Gaza Have Brought This Upon Themselves” |url=https://truthout.org/articles/israeli-politician-says-children-of-gaza-have-brought-this-upon-themselves/ |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=Truthout |language=en-US}}</ref> Bidiyon jawabin ya bazu sosai a yanar gizo <ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/Nimrod_Flash/status/1713970306262458505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119063929/https://x.com/Nimrod_Flash/status/1713970306262458505 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> kuma masu sharhi kan kare hakkin dan adam sun yi Allah wadai da shi saboda zargin ƙananan yara kanana da laifin rikicin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekara ta 2005 ta shiga cikin shirin gaskiya mai suna "Needed: A Leader". Ta lashe gasar, inda ta lashe kyautar shekel miliyan biyar. Tana zaune a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] kuma tana da 'ya mace. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merav |first=Ben Ari |date=9 April 2018 |title=Merav Ben Ari Knesset Member and Single Mom |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfDWvf0arf4 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=YouTube}}</ref> == Duba kuma == == Nazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] 18akjob23hph0galfee2jc8zvjbw4qn 0 157144 856114 2026-06-13T15:24:45Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350948231|Cornered (Breaking Bad)]]" 856114 wikitext text/x-wiki " '''Cornered''' " shine kashi na shida na kakar wasa ta huɗu ta shirin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na Amurka mai suna ''Breaking Bad'', kuma kashi na 39 gaba ɗaya na shirin. An fara nuna shi a AMC a Amurka a watan Agusta.&nbsp;21,&nbsp;2011 == Labari == Wata motar Los Pollos Hermanos ta shiga hannun 'yan daba. A wannan karon, masu gadi biyu da ke cikin motar sun mutu sakamakon shakar motar da ke shaƙar iska ta cikin hanyoyin iska, kuma 'yan daba sun sami baho masu launin shuɗin meth. Skyler White ta damu da [[Walter White (Breaking Bad)|Walter White]], tana zargin cewa yana cikin haɗari saboda mutuwar Gale Boetticher . Walt ya mayar da martani cikin fushi, yana gaya mata muhimmancinsa a harkar miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma yana nuna cewa shi ne ya kashe Gale, wanda hakan ya sa Skyler ta ɗauki Holly White ta gudu daga gidan. A wurin Four Corners Monument, ta yi tunanin tserewa zuwa [[Colorado]], amma daga ƙarshe ta sake tunani. Walt ya karɓi makullan wanke mota daga Bogdan Wolynetz, kuma ya rama zagin da ya yi masa a baya ta hanyar sa Bogdan ya bar kuɗinsa na farko da ya samu a cikin firam, wanda Walt ke amfani da shi wajen siyan soda. Daga baya, Walt ya amince da roƙon Walter Jr. na neman sabuwar mota ya kuma saya masa Dodge Challenger . Walter ya haɗu da Jesse Pinkman a dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya yi masa tambayoyi game da ayyukansa akai-akai da Mike Ehrmantraut . Jesse ya amsa cikin fushi cewa a ƙarshe yana jin yana da amfani kuma ya zargi Walt da ɓata masa suna. Kamar yadda suke jayayya, Walt ya fahimci cewa Gus Fring yana ƙoƙarin kawo matsala a tsakaninsu. Bayan sun gama girki, Mike ya kira Jesse don wani aiki, ya bar Walt ya wanke shi kaɗai. Cikin fushi, Walt ya ba wa ma'aikatan wanki guda uku cin hanci don taimaka masa ya tsaftace dakin gwaje-gwaje. Daga baya Tyrus Kitt ya gaya wa Walter cewa saboda sun ga fiye da abin da ya kamata su yi, zai mayar da su [[Honduras]] . Jesse and Mike scout a drug house where the blue meth from the hijacked truck is being sold, but Jesse grows impatient and tricks one of the meth users into letting him inside, where he knocks out the other. Mike notices the words "¿Estás listo para platicar?" (transl. Are you ready to talk?) written on the stolen container. Gus meets Mike at a diner that night and they decide to negotiate with the cartel. Outside the diner, Gus compliments Jesse's work in his errands with Mike, further boosting his self-esteem and loyalty. Skyler ta dawo gida, amma ta gaya wa Walt ya mayar da Dodge Challenger saboda ya saba wa labarinsu na murfin. Ta yarda cewa Walter Jr. zai yi mata fushi, amma ta gaya wa Walt cewa "dole ne wani ya kare wannan iyalin daga mutumin da ke kare wannan iyalin". == Accolades == Saboda zaɓenta, Anna Gunn ta gabatar da wannan shiri don la'akari da kyautar Primetime Emmy Award don Fitacciyar Jarumar Tallafawa a cikin Jerin Wasannin Kwaikwayo don bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Primetime Emmy Awards na 64. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riley |first=Jenelle |date=August 16, 2012 |title=Episodes Submitted by Drama Emmy Nominees Revealed |url=http://www.backstage.com/news/awards-season/episodes-submitted-drama-emmy-nominees-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304161916/http://www.backstage.com/news/awards-season/episodes-submitted-drama-emmy-nominees-revealed/ |archive-date=March 4, 2013 |access-date=April 9, 2013 |publisher=Backstage}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana yaba masa, Bob Odenkirk, Dean Norris da Betsy Brandt ba su bayyana ba. == Liyafar maraba == Seth Amitin mai bita ga ''IGN'' ya ba wa shirin kashi 9.5 cikin 10 yana mai kiransa "wani shiri na musamman daga sama zuwa ƙasa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amitin |first=Seth |date=August 22, 2011 |title=Breaking Bad: "Cornered" Review |url=http://ign.com/articles/2011/08/22/breaking-bad-cornered-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417211319/http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/08/22/breaking-bad-cornered-review |archive-date=April 17, 2013 |access-date=April 9, 2013 |website=IGN}}</ref> Alan Sepinwall na HitFix ya ce shirin shine "wani shiri da ya fi so a kakar wasa ta 4 zuwa yanzu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sepinwall |first=Alan |date=August 21, 2011 |title=Review: 'Breaking Bad' – 'Cornered': I am the one who knocks! |url=http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/breaking-bad-cornered-flip-a-coin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324120406/http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/breaking-bad-cornered-flip-a-coin |archive-date=March 24, 2013 |access-date=April 9, 2013 |website=HitFix}}</ref> Donna Bowman na ''The AV Club'' ya ba shirin "B+". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Donna |date=August 21, 2011 |title=Cornered |url=https://www.avclub.com/breaking-bad-cornered-1798169338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731110608/https://www.avclub.com/breaking-bad-cornered-1798169338 |archive-date=July 31, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2013 |website=The A.V. Club}}</ref> An lissafa layin [[Walter White (Breaking Bad)|Walter White]] na "Ni ne wanda ya buga" ta ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun layukan talabijin na 2011. A shekarar 2019, <nowiki><i id="mwVw">The Ringer</i></nowiki> ya sanya "Cornered" a matsayin na 22 mafi kyau daga cikin jimillar shirye-shiryen ''Breaking Bad'' guda 62. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Justin Sayles |date=September 30, 2019 |title=The Ringer's Definitive 'Breaking Bad' Episodes Ranking |url=https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030073808/https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=November 5, 2019 |publisher=The Ringer}}</ref> == Nazarta == ftj9vlktb666wssc8qvc1igte2uvy7v 856115 856114 2026-06-13T15:25:44Z D son203 45710 856115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} " '''Cornered''' " shine kashi na shida na kakar wasa ta huɗu ta shirin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na Amurka mai suna ''Breaking Bad'', kuma kashi na 39 gaba ɗaya na shirin. An fara nuna shi a AMC a Amurka a watan Agusta.&nbsp;21,&nbsp;2011 == Labari == Wata motar Los Pollos Hermanos ta shiga hannun 'yan daba. A wannan karon, masu gadi biyu da ke cikin motar sun mutu sakamakon shakar motar da ke shaƙar iska ta cikin hanyoyin iska, kuma 'yan daba sun sami baho masu launin shuɗin meth. Skyler White ta damu da [[Walter White (Breaking Bad)|Walter White]], tana zargin cewa yana cikin haɗari saboda mutuwar Gale Boetticher . Walt ya mayar da martani cikin fushi, yana gaya mata muhimmancinsa a harkar miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma yana nuna cewa shi ne ya kashe Gale, wanda hakan ya sa Skyler ta ɗauki Holly White ta gudu daga gidan. A wurin Four Corners Monument, ta yi tunanin tserewa zuwa [[Colorado]], amma daga ƙarshe ta sake tunani. Walt ya karɓi makullan wanke mota daga Bogdan Wolynetz, kuma ya rama zagin da ya yi masa a baya ta hanyar sa Bogdan ya bar kuɗinsa na farko da ya samu a cikin firam, wanda Walt ke amfani da shi wajen siyan soda. Daga baya, Walt ya amince da roƙon Walter Jr. na neman sabuwar mota ya kuma saya masa Dodge Challenger . Walter ya haɗu da Jesse Pinkman a dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya yi masa tambayoyi game da ayyukansa akai-akai da Mike Ehrmantraut . Jesse ya amsa cikin fushi cewa a ƙarshe yana jin yana da amfani kuma ya zargi Walt da ɓata masa suna. Kamar yadda suke jayayya, Walt ya fahimci cewa Gus Fring yana ƙoƙarin kawo matsala a tsakaninsu. Bayan sun gama girki, Mike ya kira Jesse don wani aiki, ya bar Walt ya wanke shi kaɗai. Cikin fushi, Walt ya ba wa ma'aikatan wanki guda uku cin hanci don taimaka masa ya tsaftace dakin gwaje-gwaje. Daga baya Tyrus Kitt ya gaya wa Walter cewa saboda sun ga fiye da abin da ya kamata su yi, zai mayar da su [[Honduras]] . Jesse and Mike scout a drug house where the blue meth from the hijacked truck is being sold, but Jesse grows impatient and tricks one of the meth users into letting him inside, where he knocks out the other. Mike notices the words "¿Estás listo para platicar?" (transl. Are you ready to talk?) written on the stolen container. Gus meets Mike at a diner that night and they decide to negotiate with the cartel. Outside the diner, Gus compliments Jesse's work in his errands with Mike, further boosting his self-esteem and loyalty. Skyler ta dawo gida, amma ta gaya wa Walt ya mayar da Dodge Challenger saboda ya saba wa labarinsu na murfin. Ta yarda cewa Walter Jr. zai yi mata fushi, amma ta gaya wa Walt cewa "dole ne wani ya kare wannan iyalin daga mutumin da ke kare wannan iyalin". == Accolades == Saboda zaɓenta, Anna Gunn ta gabatar da wannan shiri don la'akari da kyautar Primetime Emmy Award don Fitacciyar Jarumar Tallafawa a cikin Jerin Wasannin Kwaikwayo don bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Primetime Emmy Awards na 64. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riley |first=Jenelle |date=August 16, 2012 |title=Episodes Submitted by Drama Emmy Nominees Revealed |url=http://www.backstage.com/news/awards-season/episodes-submitted-drama-emmy-nominees-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304161916/http://www.backstage.com/news/awards-season/episodes-submitted-drama-emmy-nominees-revealed/ |archive-date=March 4, 2013 |access-date=April 9, 2013 |publisher=Backstage}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana yaba masa, Bob Odenkirk, Dean Norris da Betsy Brandt ba su bayyana ba. == Liyafar maraba == Seth Amitin mai bita ga ''IGN'' ya ba wa shirin kashi 9.5 cikin 10 yana mai kiransa "wani shiri na musamman daga sama zuwa ƙasa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amitin |first=Seth |date=August 22, 2011 |title=Breaking Bad: "Cornered" Review |url=http://ign.com/articles/2011/08/22/breaking-bad-cornered-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417211319/http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/08/22/breaking-bad-cornered-review |archive-date=April 17, 2013 |access-date=April 9, 2013 |website=IGN}}</ref> Alan Sepinwall na HitFix ya ce shirin shine "wani shiri da ya fi so a kakar wasa ta 4 zuwa yanzu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sepinwall |first=Alan |date=August 21, 2011 |title=Review: 'Breaking Bad' – 'Cornered': I am the one who knocks! |url=http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/breaking-bad-cornered-flip-a-coin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324120406/http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/breaking-bad-cornered-flip-a-coin |archive-date=March 24, 2013 |access-date=April 9, 2013 |website=HitFix}}</ref> Donna Bowman na ''The AV Club'' ya ba shirin "B+". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Donna |date=August 21, 2011 |title=Cornered |url=https://www.avclub.com/breaking-bad-cornered-1798169338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731110608/https://www.avclub.com/breaking-bad-cornered-1798169338 |archive-date=July 31, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2013 |website=The A.V. Club}}</ref> An lissafa layin [[Walter White (Breaking Bad)|Walter White]] na "Ni ne wanda ya buga" ta ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun layukan talabijin na 2011. A shekarar 2019, <nowiki><i id="mwVw">The Ringer</i></nowiki> ya sanya "Cornered" a matsayin na 22 mafi kyau daga cikin jimillar shirye-shiryen ''Breaking Bad'' guda 62. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Justin Sayles |date=September 30, 2019 |title=The Ringer's Definitive 'Breaking Bad' Episodes Ranking |url=https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030073808/https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=November 5, 2019 |publisher=The Ringer}}</ref> == Nazarta == slfkienms4cbcipot6zk6zra54vaibv 0 157145 856116 2026-06-13T15:37:20Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350052536|Free base]]" 856116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lewis_bases_and_acids.jpg|thumb|Lewis bases da acid]] A [[Kimiyya|fannin ilmin sunadarai]], '''tushen kyauta''' ( '''freebase''', '''free-base''' ) kalma ce ta tsaka-tsaki ta amine ko wani tushen Lewis . Ana amfani da kalmar a masana'antar magunguna sabanin yadda ake amfani da gishiri kamar hydrochloride . Amine sau da yawa alkaloid ne, kamar nicotine, morphine, da cocaine, ko abubuwan da suka samo asali daga gare shi. A taƙaice, "free-basing" kuma yana nufin maganin gishiri ko wasu magunguna don mayar da su zuwa nau'in tushe kyauta, musamman ga magungunan nishaɗi . == Kadarorin == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Wasu alkaloids sun fi karko kamar gishirin ionic fiye da tushe mai 'yanci. Gishirin yawanci suna nuna yawan narkewar ruwa. Abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali a kai sun haɗa da chloride, bromide, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, citrate, da tartrate . Gishirin Amine da aka samar daga amsawar acid-base tare da hydrochloric acid ana kiransu hydrochloride . Misali, kwatanta tushen free hydroxylamine ( _NH2 OH) da gishirin hydroxylamine hydrochloride ( _NH3 OH ⁺ Cl- ⁻ ). == Freebasering == Ba za a iya tururin Cocaine hydrochloride ("foda cocaine") ba ("an shaƙa"); yana ruɓewa a yanayin zafi mai yawa. A gefe guda kuma, Freebase cocaine ( crack cocaine ), yana da wurin narkewa na 98°C kuma yana [[Magungunan kwayoyin halitta masu tashi|canzawa]] a yanayin zafi sama da 90°C, kuma ana iya tururinsa da shaƙa. Bayan shaƙa, alkaloid ɗin yana shiga cikin jini kuma yana yawo cikin sauri a cikin jiki. Duk da haka, tunda jini yana cike da carbonate a pH na jiki (kusan 7.4), za a mayar da amine masu tushe cikin sauri zuwa sifar acid ɗinsu. A zahiri, kashi 94.19% na cocaine zai wanzu a matsayin sifar acid a ƙarƙashin daidaito a pH=7.4, wanda aka ƙididdige ta amfani da lissafin Henderson-Hasselbalch wanda ke ɗaukar pKa na 8.61. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pubchem |title=Cocaine |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/cocaine#section=pKa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218210136/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/cocaine#section=pKa |archive-date=2018-02-18 |access-date=2018-02-18 |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Ƙaramin ɓangare (5.81%) na cocaine zai ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin tushen da ba shi da tushe kuma ya ratsa ta shingen jini-kwakwalwa; bisa ga ƙa'idar Le Chatelier, nau'in acid na cocaine za a ci gaba da canza shi zuwa tushen da ba shi da tushe yayin da ake ci gaba da cire sifar tushe a kan shingen jini-kwakwalwa. Kayan cirewa don canza hydrochloride zuwa tushe suna samuwa a kasuwa. === Shiri === Ana shirya nau'in cocaine mai kyauta daga cocaine hydrochloride ta hanyar cire cocaine da maganin alkaline ( sodium hydroxide ko ammonia ) sannan a ƙara wani sinadari mara polar kamar diethyl ether ko [[benzene]] . Haɗin yana raba zuwa layuka biyu, Layer na halitta wanda ke ɗauke da cocaine da aka narkar, wanda daga nan aka raba shi aka ƙafe shi, yana barin kusan lu'ulu'u na cocaine masu tsarki waɗanda suke fari da tarkace. A madadin haka, ana iya samun tushe mai kyauta ta amfani da dabarar sunadarai ta halitta da ake kira trituration . Ana yin Trituration na tushe mai kyauta daga cocaine hydrochloride (ko "girki") ta hanyar narkar da cocaine hydrochloride a cikin ruwa akan zafi mai ɗorewa, yayin da a lokaci guda ake ƙara tushe (kamar baking soda ) don samar da cocaine mai kyauta. Tushen cocaine mai kyauta yana samar da "dutse" mai ƙarfi, wanda za'a iya shansa kai tsaye (crack cocaine). === Wani === A Kudancin Amurka, ana tauna ganyen coca da sinadarin lemun tsami, wanda aka samo daga toka. == Giya ta Betel == Kamar yadda ake yi da ganyen coca, ana tauna goro na betel da ƙarin dutse mai laushi, wanda ke mayar da sinadarin da ke aiki arecoline zuwa siffar freebase, yana ba da damar shanye shi a ƙarƙashin harshe. == Nazarta == cf9u15j3piclk9zs2pyug7ce7ok331f 856117 856116 2026-06-13T15:38:37Z D son203 45710 856117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lewis_bases_and_acids.jpg|thumb|Lewis bases da acid]]{{Databox}} A [[Kimiyya|fannin ilmin sunadarai]], '''tushen kyauta''' ( '''freebase''', '''free-base''' ) kalma ce ta tsaka-tsaki ta amine ko wani tushen Lewis . Ana amfani da kalmar a masana'antar magunguna sabanin yadda ake amfani da gishiri kamar hydrochloride . Amine sau da yawa alkaloid ne, kamar nicotine, morphine, da cocaine, ko abubuwan da suka samo asali daga gare shi. A taƙaice, "free-basing" kuma yana nufin maganin gishiri ko wasu magunguna don mayar da su zuwa nau'in tushe kyauta, musamman ga magungunan nishaɗi . == Kadarorin == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Wasu alkaloids sun fi karko kamar gishirin ionic fiye da tushe mai 'yanci. Gishirin yawanci suna nuna yawan narkewar ruwa. Abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali a kai sun haɗa da chloride, bromide, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, citrate, da tartrate . Gishirin Amine da aka samar daga amsawar acid-base tare da hydrochloric acid ana kiransu hydrochloride . Misali, kwatanta tushen free hydroxylamine ( _NH2 OH) da gishirin hydroxylamine hydrochloride ( _NH3 OH ⁺ Cl- ⁻ ). == Freebasering == Ba za a iya tururin Cocaine hydrochloride ("foda cocaine") ba ("an shaƙa"); yana ruɓewa a yanayin zafi mai yawa. A gefe guda kuma, Freebase cocaine ( crack cocaine ), yana da wurin narkewa na 98°C kuma yana [[Magungunan kwayoyin halitta masu tashi|canzawa]] a yanayin zafi sama da 90°C, kuma ana iya tururinsa da shaƙa. Bayan shaƙa, alkaloid ɗin yana shiga cikin jini kuma yana yawo cikin sauri a cikin jiki. Duk da haka, tunda jini yana cike da carbonate a pH na jiki (kusan 7.4), za a mayar da amine masu tushe cikin sauri zuwa sifar acid ɗinsu. A zahiri, kashi 94.19% na cocaine zai wanzu a matsayin sifar acid a ƙarƙashin daidaito a pH=7.4, wanda aka ƙididdige ta amfani da lissafin Henderson-Hasselbalch wanda ke ɗaukar pKa na 8.61. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pubchem |title=Cocaine |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/cocaine#section=pKa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218210136/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/cocaine#section=pKa |archive-date=2018-02-18 |access-date=2018-02-18 |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Ƙaramin ɓangare (5.81%) na cocaine zai ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin tushen da ba shi da tushe kuma ya ratsa ta shingen jini-kwakwalwa; bisa ga ƙa'idar Le Chatelier, nau'in acid na cocaine za a ci gaba da canza shi zuwa tushen da ba shi da tushe yayin da ake ci gaba da cire sifar tushe a kan shingen jini-kwakwalwa. Kayan cirewa don canza hydrochloride zuwa tushe suna samuwa a kasuwa. === Shiri === Ana shirya nau'in cocaine mai kyauta daga cocaine hydrochloride ta hanyar cire cocaine da maganin alkaline ( sodium hydroxide ko ammonia ) sannan a ƙara wani sinadari mara polar kamar diethyl ether ko [[benzene]] . Haɗin yana raba zuwa layuka biyu, Layer na halitta wanda ke ɗauke da cocaine da aka narkar, wanda daga nan aka raba shi aka ƙafe shi, yana barin kusan lu'ulu'u na cocaine masu tsarki waɗanda suke fari da tarkace. A madadin haka, ana iya samun tushe mai kyauta ta amfani da dabarar sunadarai ta halitta da ake kira trituration . Ana yin Trituration na tushe mai kyauta daga cocaine hydrochloride (ko "girki") ta hanyar narkar da cocaine hydrochloride a cikin ruwa akan zafi mai ɗorewa, yayin da a lokaci guda ake ƙara tushe (kamar baking soda ) don samar da cocaine mai kyauta. Tushen cocaine mai kyauta yana samar da "dutse" mai ƙarfi, wanda za'a iya shansa kai tsaye (crack cocaine). === Wani === A Kudancin Amurka, ana tauna ganyen coca da sinadarin lemun tsami, wanda aka samo daga toka. == Giya ta Betel == Kamar yadda ake yi da ganyen coca, ana tauna goro na betel da ƙarin dutse mai laushi, wanda ke mayar da sinadarin da ke aiki arecoline zuwa siffar freebase, yana ba da damar shanye shi a ƙarƙashin harshe. == Nazarta == g37r2ulcg29j4kh3d3ut9fxljs1n420 0 157146 856130 2026-06-13T16:30:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1265739963|Coffee production in Democratic Republic of the Congo]]" 856130 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Problems_on_the_border_(6940585060).jpg|thumb|Shuka kofi na DRC]] '''Samar da kofi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo''' ('''DRC''') yana tsakiyar lardunan Lake Kivu. Akwai kimanin manoman kofi 11,000 a kasar wadanda ke samar da manyan nau'ikan kofi guda biyu, ''Robusta'' da Arabica. == Manoma da hadin gwiwa == Akwai fiye da manoman kofi 11,000 a cikin DRC a cikin 2013. Kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa, irin su Furaha, Muungano, da Sopacdi abokan hulɗa ne masu mahimmanci ga manoman kofi a tallace-tallace da rarrabawa.<ref name="Foote2013" /> == Nau'o'in == Ana shuka nau'ikan kofi da yawa a cikin DRC amma manyan nau'ikan biyu sune <nowiki><i id="mwKA">Robusta</i></nowiki>, wanda aka shuka galibi a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar kamar a Isiro, da kuma a cikin ƙasashen Ubangi, Uele, Kivu, [[Kasaï Region|Kasai]], da Bas-Congo; da kuma ƙananan nau'ikan Arabica waɗanda aka shuka a mafi girma a Kivu da Ituri. Arabica tana da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na jimlar samar da kofi.{{Sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2009}} == Fitarwa == A shekara ta 1989, fitar da kofi ya kasance a saman tan 121,235 (ton 119,320), amma sun ragu sosai a cikin 1994-2003, mai yiwuwa saboda yakin basasa na 1997 da 1998. Cutar bushewar kofi ta kuma shafi ci gaba a wasu yankuna.<ref name="Commission" /> Bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, bayan karshen yakin basasa, samar da kofi ya tashi zuwa tan 40,642 (ton 40,000) a shekara ta 2003 daga adadi na tan 32,514 (ton 32,000) a shekara.{{Sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2009}} A shekara ta 2006, samar da kofi, dangane da jaka 60 kilogram (130 , ya kasance jaka 100,000 na Arabica da jaka 470,000 na ''Robusta''.<ref name="Mundi">{{Cite web |title=Congo, Democratic Republic of the – Coffee; Green – Production, Consumption, Imports, & Exports |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/democratic_republic_of_the_congo/agriculture/coffee-green.html |access-date=2 June 2015 |publisher=indexmundi.com}}</ref> Jimlar fitarwa sun kasance jaka 400,000 na kilogram 60 (130 , amma a shekara ta 2010 samar da kofi har yanzu ya kasance tan 6,096 (ton 6,000 mai tsawo) kasa da 10% na abin da ya kasance shekaru 20 da suka gabata a 1989 [121,235 tan (1,31920 mai tsawo). <ref name="Recover" /><ref name="Mundi" /><ref name="Recover" /> A cikin shekara ta 2012, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri don dawo da sashin kofi mai taken Strategy Document for the Recovery of the Coffee Sector 2011-2015 kuma ta ba da tanadin kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 100 don manufar. An kiyasta cewa shirin farfadowa zai haifar da karuwar samarwa zuwa tan 121,926 (ton 120,000) nan da shekara ta 2015. Yankunan da aka shirya farfado da ci gaban kofi sune gundumomi takwas na lardin Kivu ta Kudu, nau'ikan kofi na Robusta a lardin Orientale, da kuma kimanin hekta 700 (1,700 acres) na kofi na Arabica a lardin Bandundu.<ref name="Recover" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar samar da kofi == Manazarta == 8hl43g42gruubqrpzz2eluacctcsv4x 856131 856130 2026-06-13T16:31:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 856131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Problems_on_the_border_(6940585060).jpg|thumb|Shuka kofi na DRC]] '''Samar da kofi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo''' ('''DRC''') yana tsakiyar lardunan Lake Kivu. Akwai kimanin manoman kofi 11,000 a kasar wadanda ke samar da manyan nau'ikan kofi guda biyu, ''Robusta'' da Arabica. == Manoma da hadin gwiwa == Akwai fiye da manoman kofi 11,000 a cikin DRC a cikin 2013. Kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa, irin su Furaha, Muungano, da Sopacdi abokan hulɗa ne masu mahimmanci ga manoman kofi a tallace-tallace da rarrabawa.<ref name="Foote2013" /> == Nau'o'in == Ana shuka nau'ikan kofi da yawa a cikin DRC amma manyan nau'ikan biyu sune <nowiki><i id="mwKA">Robusta</i></nowiki>, wanda aka shuka galibi a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar kamar a Isiro, da kuma a cikin ƙasashen Ubangi, Uele, Kivu, [[Kasaï Region|Kasai]], da Bas-Congo; da kuma ƙananan nau'ikan Arabica waɗanda aka shuka a mafi girma a Kivu da Ituri. Arabica tana da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na jimlar samar da kofi.{{Sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2009}} == Fitarwa == A shekara ta 1989, fitar da kofi ya kasance a saman tan 121,235 (ton 119,320), amma sun ragu sosai a cikin 1994-2003, mai yiwuwa saboda yakin basasa na 1997 da 1998. Cutar bushewar kofi ta kuma shafi ci gaba a wasu yankuna.<ref name="Commission" /> Bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, bayan karshen yakin basasa, samar da kofi ya tashi zuwa tan 40,642 (ton 40,000) a shekara ta 2003 daga adadi na tan 32,514 (ton 32,000) a shekara.{{Sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2009}} A shekara ta 2006, samar da kofi, dangane da jaka 60 kilogram (130 , ya kasance jaka 100,000 na Arabica da jaka 470,000 na ''Robusta''.<ref name="Mundi">{{Cite web |title=Congo, Democratic Republic of the – Coffee; Green – Production, Consumption, Imports, & Exports |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/democratic_republic_of_the_congo/agriculture/coffee-green.html |access-date=2 June 2015 |publisher=indexmundi.com}}</ref> Jimlar fitarwa sun kasance jaka 400,000 na kilogram 60 (130 , amma a shekara ta 2010 samar da kofi har yanzu ya kasance tan 6,096 (ton 6,000 mai tsawo) kasa da 10% na abin da ya kasance shekaru 20 da suka gabata a 1989 [121,235 tan (1,31920 mai tsawo). <ref name="Recover" /><ref name="Mundi" /><ref name="Recover" /> A cikin shekara ta 2012, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri don dawo da sashin kofi mai taken Strategy Document for the Recovery of the Coffee Sector 2011-2015 kuma ta ba da tanadin kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 100 don manufar. An kiyasta cewa shirin farfadowa zai haifar da karuwar samarwa zuwa tan 121,926 (ton 120,000) nan da shekara ta 2015. Yankunan da aka shirya farfado da ci gaban kofi sune gundumomi takwas na lardin Kivu ta Kudu, nau'ikan kofi na Robusta a lardin Orientale, da kuma kimanin hekta 700 (1,700 acres) na kofi na Arabica a lardin Bandundu.<ref name="Recover" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar samar da kofi == Manazarta == 8up85tb9tnxozyzddljv6nux2o89xb1 0 157147 856132 2026-06-13T16:32:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340735354|Adrien Deschryver]]" 856132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adrien Deschryver''' ((1939-05-11) - (1989-03-23) ) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Belgium kuma mai kiyayewa, [[Ruwanda|Rwandan]] ya kafa kuma ya kasance babban mai kula da wurin shakatawa na Kahuzi-Biega kusa da yammacin Tekun Kivu da iyakar Rwanda a 1970, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Kahuzi Biega National Park |url=http://mammothsafaris.com/democratic-republic-congo/kahuzi-biega-national-park/ |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Mammoth Safaris}}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki don kula da doka da tsari a cikin wurin shakatawa a lokacin yakin basasa a kusa da [[Bukavu]]. == Aiki a Afirka == === Ayyuka na farko tare da Gorillas === A cikin shekarun 1960, Deschryver da Dian Fossey sun sami babban matsayi a cikin kusanci da nau'ikan gorillas guda biyu a Rwanda da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]. Tsohon ya fara kusantar gorillas a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 don yawon bude ido, tare da masu bin diddigin biyu na kabilar Pygmy, Pili Pili Purusi da Mishebere Patrice . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Story of Two Pioneers in the Habituation of Eastern Gorillas |url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/general/history/articles-history/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/ |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Berggorilla and Regenwald}}</ref> === Halitta da aiki a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Kahuzi-Biega === A cikin 1970, Deschryver ya shawo kan gwamnatin Kongo da aka kirkira kwanan nan game da bukatar tsawaitaccen ajiyar halitta a yankin, farautar gorillas ta rage yawan su zuwa matakin mahimmanci. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar wannan shekarar na Kahuzi-Biega National Park . Shirin ''Gorilla'' na 1974 ya nuna Deschryver yana kawo jaririn gorilla da aka watsar a cikin gandun daji don taimaka masa ya daidaita da mazauninta na halitta. Jaririn gorilla ya fara kira lokacin da ya ji wasu gorillas, kuma daga baya Deschryver ya sauke shi lokacin da mai rinjaye ya yi masa kururuwa sau da yawa sannan ya yi masa caji na ƙarshe. Silverback ya riga ya yi ƙoƙari ya kai farmaki ko ya tsoratar da Deschryver, amma a ƙarshe ya koma baya lokacin da Deschlyver bai motsa ba ko ya yi tsalle. Hoton Deschryver yana tsayayya da cajin da ya gabata na silverback tun daga lokacin ya zama sananne, tare da memes game da ƙarfin hali na Deschryvers. Wasu sun lura cewa shirin ya nuna yadda halin kirki da rashin tsoro zasu iya kafa rinjaye akan girman da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2012 |title=Why Photographing Gorillas in the Wild Takes a Huge Amount of Guts |url=https://petapixel.com/2012/10/12/why-photographing-gorillas-in-the-wild-takes-a-huge-amount-of-guts/ |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=PetaPixel}}</ref> Dian Fossey ya soki Deschryver saboda wannan matakin da kuma guduwa kawai daga baya. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba a sake ganin jaririn gorilla ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Deschryver ya gano wuraren zama na gorillas na gabashin bayan tuntuɓar mazaunan kauyen Twa a wurin shakatawa a farkon shekarun 1970. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, ya koma ƙauyukansu tare da Sojojin Kongo da masu tsaron wurin shakatawa, ya hallaka da yawa kuma ya tilasta wa mazaunansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=DRC's indigenous Batwa being wiped out in the name of conservation: NGO |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220408-ngo-recounts-horrors-of-drc-indigenous-batwa-being-wiped-out-in-the-name-of-conservation/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=RFI}}</ref> Deschryver ya mutu a cikin yanayi mara kyau, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar guba, kuma an binne shi a hedkwatar Tshivanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Two Pioneers in the Habituation of Eastern Gorillas |url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe e.V. |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] ani9nrlhu05ustqadr30sfhthhqwm2f 856133 856132 2026-06-13T16:32:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 856133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adrien Deschryver''' ((1939-05-11) - (1989-03-23) ) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Belgium kuma mai kiyayewa, [[Ruwanda|Rwandan]] ya kafa kuma ya kasance babban mai kula da wurin shakatawa na Kahuzi-Biega kusa da yammacin Tekun Kivu da iyakar Rwanda a 1970, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Kahuzi Biega National Park |url=http://mammothsafaris.com/democratic-republic-congo/kahuzi-biega-national-park/ |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Mammoth Safaris}}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki don kula da doka da tsari a cikin wurin shakatawa a lokacin yakin basasa a kusa da [[Bukavu]]. == Aiki a Afirka == === Ayyuka na farko tare da Gorillas === A cikin shekarun 1960, Deschryver da Dian Fossey sun sami babban matsayi a cikin kusanci da nau'ikan gorillas guda biyu a Rwanda da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]. Tsohon ya fara kusantar gorillas a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 don yawon bude ido, tare da masu bin diddigin biyu na kabilar Pygmy, Pili Pili Purusi da Mishebere Patrice . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Story of Two Pioneers in the Habituation of Eastern Gorillas |url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/general/history/articles-history/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/ |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Berggorilla and Regenwald}}</ref> === Halitta da aiki a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Kahuzi-Biega === A cikin 1970, Deschryver ya shawo kan gwamnatin Kongo da aka kirkira kwanan nan game da bukatar tsawaitaccen ajiyar halitta a yankin, farautar gorillas ta rage yawan su zuwa matakin mahimmanci. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar wannan shekarar na Kahuzi-Biega National Park . Shirin ''Gorilla'' na 1974 ya nuna Deschryver yana kawo jaririn gorilla da aka watsar a cikin gandun daji don taimaka masa ya daidaita da mazauninta na halitta. Jaririn gorilla ya fara kira lokacin da ya ji wasu gorillas, kuma daga baya Deschryver ya sauke shi lokacin da mai rinjaye ya yi masa kururuwa sau da yawa sannan ya yi masa caji na ƙarshe. Silverback ya riga ya yi ƙoƙari ya kai farmaki ko ya tsoratar da Deschryver, amma a ƙarshe ya koma baya lokacin da Deschlyver bai motsa ba ko ya yi tsalle. Hoton Deschryver yana tsayayya da cajin da ya gabata na silverback tun daga lokacin ya zama sananne, tare da memes game da ƙarfin hali na Deschryvers. Wasu sun lura cewa shirin ya nuna yadda halin kirki da rashin tsoro zasu iya kafa rinjaye akan girman da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2012 |title=Why Photographing Gorillas in the Wild Takes a Huge Amount of Guts |url=https://petapixel.com/2012/10/12/why-photographing-gorillas-in-the-wild-takes-a-huge-amount-of-guts/ |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=PetaPixel}}</ref> Dian Fossey ya soki Deschryver saboda wannan matakin da kuma guduwa kawai daga baya. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba a sake ganin jaririn gorilla ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Deschryver ya gano wuraren zama na gorillas na gabashin bayan tuntuɓar mazaunan kauyen Twa a wurin shakatawa a farkon shekarun 1970. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, ya koma ƙauyukansu tare da Sojojin Kongo da masu tsaron wurin shakatawa, ya hallaka da yawa kuma ya tilasta wa mazaunansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=DRC's indigenous Batwa being wiped out in the name of conservation: NGO |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220408-ngo-recounts-horrors-of-drc-indigenous-batwa-being-wiped-out-in-the-name-of-conservation/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=RFI}}</ref> Deschryver ya mutu a cikin yanayi mara kyau, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar guba, kuma an binne shi a hedkwatar Tshivanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Two Pioneers in the Habituation of Eastern Gorillas |url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe e.V. |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] of0wxeqwb4rseyt1990ya0rn4jtrtk1 0 157148 856136 2026-06-13T16:33:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341860226|Idjwi]]" 856136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Idjwi''', ko '''Ijwi''', wani tsibiri ne na bakin ciki a [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] wanda ya kasance wani yanki na lardin Kivu ta kudu a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]. Na {{Convert|70|km}} tsayi kuma yana da faɗin {{Convert|340|km2|0}} , ita ce tsibiri tafki na biyu mafi girma a [[Afirka]] kuma ta goma mafi girma a duniya. Idjwi tana da nisan da ya yi daidai da Congo da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], tana da {{Convert|10|to|15|km|0}} ya raba gabar yammacinta daga babban yankin DRC da kuma irin wannan tazara tsakanin gabar gabashinta da gabar tekun Rwanda. Duk da haka, ƙarshen kudancin tsibirin yana da nisan {{Convert|1|km}} daga wani yanki na gabar tekun Rwanda. Ana iya isa gare shi ta jirgin ruwa daga [[Bukavu]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now |url=https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Worldcrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> == Al'adu == A tarihi al'ummar Bahavu da ke da tushe da kabilar Bashi, tsibirin Idjwi ya zama masarauta a ƙarshen karni na 18 (kimanin tsakanin 1780 da 1840). A yau, tsibirin ya kasu kashi biyu: Rubenga a arewa, da Ntambuka a kudu. Ana samun Pygmies a cikin masarautun biyu, amma a cikin Rubenga, inda suke yin aikin gona ga shugabanni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ndiwayesu |first=John Santos |title=Communauté-Havu{{!}}Site Officiel |url=https://muhavu.com/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=muhavu.com |language=fr}}</ref> Baya ga abin da aka shuka a tsibirin, dole ne a kai dukkan kayayyaki zuwa Idjwi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now |url=https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Worldcrunch |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ "Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now"]. ''Worldcrunch''. 2024-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Babban amfanin gonar su shine cassava, wake, kofi, da ayaba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ndiwayesu |first=John Santos |title=Communauté-Havu{{!}}Site Officiel |url=https://muhavu.com/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=muhavu.com |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNdiwayesu">Ndiwayesu, John Santos. [https://muhavu.com/ "Communauté-Havu|Site Officiel"]. ''muhavu.com'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-22</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Abubuwan more rayuwa na jama'a ba su da yawa, kuma yawan jama'a galibi suna fama da cututtukan cututtuka irin su zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Background on Idjwi. |url=https://wafmag.org/2016/02/eliminating-neglected-tropical-diseases-idjwi/2015-12-1774/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Women Across Frontiers Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, warewa ta ta tarihi ta keɓe ta daga Rikicin Kivu. <ref name=":0" /> == Yawan jama'a == 95% na mazauna Bahavu ne, tare da sanannen 'yan tsiraru na pygmies da [[Hutu]]. A sakamakon haka, yaren da aka fi magana a tsibirin shine Kihavu, kodayake ana magana da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a ko'ina. Yawancin jama'a suna da hannu a cikin yashi na hakar ma'adinai, an yi amfani da adadi mai yawa don gina biranen [[Bukavu]] da [[Goma (birni)|Goma]]. Wasu mazauna suna ganin hakar yashi a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga na tsibirin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Akwai makarantu 311 a tsibirin, daga cikinsu 203 sune firamare kuma 108 sune sakandare.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ndiwayesu |first=John Santos |title=Communauté-Havu{{!}}Site Officiel |url=https://muhavu.com/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=muhavu.com |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNdiwayesu">Ndiwayesu, John Santos. [https://muhavu.com/ "Communauté-Havu|Site Officiel"]. ''muhavu.com'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-22</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Koyaya, ba su da yawa saboda talauci da kuɗin makarantar sakandare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now |url=https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Worldcrunch |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ "Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now"]. ''Worldcrunch''. 2024-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == r5su0535hy0sqgkd3uvdz6txoej7uag 856138 856136 2026-06-13T16:34:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 856138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Idjwi''', ko '''Ijwi''', wani tsibiri ne na bakin ciki a [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] wanda ya kasance wani yanki na lardin Kivu ta kudu a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]. Na {{Convert|70|km}} tsayi kuma yana da faɗin {{Convert|340|km2|0}} , ita ce tsibiri tafki na biyu mafi girma a [[Afirka]] kuma ta goma mafi girma a duniya. Idjwi tana da nisan da ya yi daidai da Congo da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], tana da {{Convert|10|to|15|km|0}} ya raba gabar yammacinta daga babban yankin DRC da kuma irin wannan tazara tsakanin gabar gabashinta da gabar tekun Rwanda. Duk da haka, ƙarshen kudancin tsibirin yana da nisan {{Convert|1|km}} daga wani yanki na gabar tekun Rwanda. Ana iya isa gare shi ta jirgin ruwa daga [[Bukavu]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now |url=https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Worldcrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> == Al'adu == A tarihi al'ummar Bahavu da ke da tushe da kabilar Bashi, tsibirin Idjwi ya zama masarauta a ƙarshen karni na 18 (kimanin tsakanin 1780 da 1840). A yau, tsibirin ya kasu kashi biyu: Rubenga a arewa, da Ntambuka a kudu. Ana samun Pygmies a cikin masarautun biyu, amma a cikin Rubenga, inda suke yin aikin gona ga shugabanni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ndiwayesu |first=John Santos |title=Communauté-Havu{{!}}Site Officiel |url=https://muhavu.com/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=muhavu.com |language=fr}}</ref> Baya ga abin da aka shuka a tsibirin, dole ne a kai dukkan kayayyaki zuwa Idjwi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now |url=https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Worldcrunch |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ "Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now"]. ''Worldcrunch''. 2024-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Babban amfanin gonar su shine cassava, wake, kofi, da ayaba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ndiwayesu |first=John Santos |title=Communauté-Havu{{!}}Site Officiel |url=https://muhavu.com/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=muhavu.com |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNdiwayesu">Ndiwayesu, John Santos. [https://muhavu.com/ "Communauté-Havu|Site Officiel"]. ''muhavu.com'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-22</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Abubuwan more rayuwa na jama'a ba su da yawa, kuma yawan jama'a galibi suna fama da cututtukan cututtuka irin su zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Background on Idjwi. |url=https://wafmag.org/2016/02/eliminating-neglected-tropical-diseases-idjwi/2015-12-1774/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Women Across Frontiers Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, warewa ta ta tarihi ta keɓe ta daga Rikicin Kivu. <ref name=":0" /> == Yawan jama'a == 95% na mazauna Bahavu ne, tare da sanannen 'yan tsiraru na pygmies da [[Hutu]]. A sakamakon haka, yaren da aka fi magana a tsibirin shine Kihavu, kodayake ana magana da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a ko'ina. Yawancin jama'a suna da hannu a cikin yashi na hakar ma'adinai, an yi amfani da adadi mai yawa don gina biranen [[Bukavu]] da [[Goma (birni)|Goma]]. Wasu mazauna suna ganin hakar yashi a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga na tsibirin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Akwai makarantu 311 a tsibirin, daga cikinsu 203 sune firamare kuma 108 sune sakandare.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ndiwayesu |first=John Santos |title=Communauté-Havu{{!}}Site Officiel |url=https://muhavu.com/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=muhavu.com |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNdiwayesu">Ndiwayesu, John Santos. [https://muhavu.com/ "Communauté-Havu|Site Officiel"]. ''muhavu.com'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-22</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Koyaya, ba su da yawa saboda talauci da kuɗin makarantar sakandare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now |url=https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Worldcrunch |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://worldcrunch.com/food-travel/idjwi-a-quiet-island-sheltered-from-congo039s-woes-for-now/ "Idjwi, A Quiet Island Sheltered From Congo's Woes. For Now"]. ''Worldcrunch''. 2024-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == k9j9a8seynh16mzzlfo2q3t2xmas9qt 0 157149 856140 2026-06-13T16:35:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356057338|Islands of Lake Kivu]]" 856140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibirin [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]]''' rukuni ne na tsibirai da ke cikin Tafkin Kilu, tafkin da ke [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] wanda aka raba tsakanin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Wadannan tsibirai sun bambanta da girman da muhimmancin, tare da wasu da ake zaune da wasu ba a zaune ba. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin manyan tabkuna na Afirka . Ya ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa da aka rarraba tsakanin gabarta biyu: • gefen yamma (babban bangare da mafi yawan tsibirai): Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . • gefen gabas: Rwanda. Wasu tsibirai suna da dutsen wuta, wasu sun fito ne daga tsarin da ke cikin ruwa. == Tsibirin Idjwi (babban tsibirin) == Tsibirin Idjwi shine tsibirin mafi girma a Tafkin Kivu, tsibirin mafi yawa na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, tsibirin tafkin na biyu mafi girma a Afirka, kuma ɗayan mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka. Ya samar, tare da wasu kananan tsibirai a cikin tafkin, wani tsibiri da aka sani da tsibirin Idjwi . == Yawan jama'a da ayyukan == Tsibirin da aka zauna na Tafkin Kivu galibi suna zaune ne daga al'ummomin kamun kifi, manoma, da makiyaya. Ayyukan tattalin arziki Tsibirin sun kasu tsakanin shugabannin da yawa ciki har da shugabancin Kabare, shugabancin Rubenga, shugabancin Ntambuka, da shugabancin Buhavu. Mazaunan tsibirin sune kabilanci na Shi. Harshen da ake magana a tsibirin shine Mashi ko Amashi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ndiwayesu |first=John Santos |title=Communauté-Havu{{!}}Site Officiel |url=https://muhavu.com/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=muhavu.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Tsibirin a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo == {| class="wikitable" !Tsibirin !Girma !Yawan jama'a |- |Tsibirin Idjwi |~340 km2&nbsp; |~Mutanen 300,000 (kimanin) |- |Tsibirin Bugarula | - | - |- |Tsibirin Tshibati | - | - |- |Tsibirin Tchegera | - | - |- |Tsibirin Nyakizi | - | - |- |Tsibirin Ntaligera 1 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Mukondwe 1 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Mukondwe 2 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Tchugi | - | - |- |Tsibirin Birhembe | - | - |- |Tsibirin Shushu 1 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Shushu 2 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Nyamizi | - | - |- |Tsibirin [[Ibinja]] | - | - |- |Tsibirin Cinyabalanga | - | - |- |Tsibirin Irhe | - | - |- |Tsibirin Iko | - | - |- |Tsibirin Cheya | - | - |- |Tsibirin Ihoka | - | - |- |Tsibirin Ishovu | - | - |- |} == Tsibirin a Rwanda == {| class="wikitable" !Tsibirin !Girma !Yawan jama'a |- |Tsibirin Nkombo <ref name="visitrusizi">{{Cite web |title=About Rusizi |url=https://visitrusizi.com/about/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |publisher=Rusizi District |quote=Residents of Nkombo Island also speak Amashi}}</ref> |~20-25 km2 (kimanin) &nbsp; |~15,000 zuwa 20,000 mazauna |- |Tsibirin Napoleon |~0.5 km2 (kimanin) &nbsp; |Ba a zaune ba |- |Tsibirin Amahoro |Ƙananan |Ba a zaune ba |- |Tsibirin Monkey |Ƙananan |Ba a zaune ba (kasancewar dabbobi masu kama da juna) |- |Iwawa | | |- |} == Manazarta == 0fww0opqpxjhxwbgdh07n3r7j34dl4a 856143 856140 2026-06-13T16:36:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 856143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsibirin [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]]''' rukuni ne na tsibirai da ke cikin Tafkin Kilu, tafkin da ke [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] wanda aka raba tsakanin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Wadannan tsibirai sun bambanta da girman da muhimmancin, tare da wasu da ake zaune da wasu ba a zaune ba. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin manyan tabkuna na Afirka . Ya ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa da aka rarraba tsakanin gabarta biyu: • gefen yamma (babban bangare da mafi yawan tsibirai): Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . • gefen gabas: Rwanda. Wasu tsibirai suna da dutsen wuta, wasu sun fito ne daga tsarin da ke cikin ruwa. == Tsibirin Idjwi (babban tsibirin) == Tsibirin Idjwi shine tsibirin mafi girma a Tafkin Kivu, tsibirin mafi yawa na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, tsibirin tafkin na biyu mafi girma a Afirka, kuma ɗayan mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka. Ya samar, tare da wasu kananan tsibirai a cikin tafkin, wani tsibiri da aka sani da tsibirin Idjwi . == Yawan jama'a da ayyukan == Tsibirin da aka zauna na Tafkin Kivu galibi suna zaune ne daga al'ummomin kamun kifi, manoma, da makiyaya. Ayyukan tattalin arziki Tsibirin sun kasu tsakanin shugabannin da yawa ciki har da shugabancin Kabare, shugabancin Rubenga, shugabancin Ntambuka, da shugabancin Buhavu. Mazaunan tsibirin sune kabilanci na Shi. Harshen da ake magana a tsibirin shine Mashi ko Amashi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ndiwayesu |first=John Santos |title=Communauté-Havu{{!}}Site Officiel |url=https://muhavu.com/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=muhavu.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Tsibirin a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo == {| class="wikitable" !Tsibirin !Girma !Yawan jama'a |- |Tsibirin Idjwi |~340 km2&nbsp; |~Mutanen 300,000 (kimanin) |- |Tsibirin Bugarula | - | - |- |Tsibirin Tshibati | - | - |- |Tsibirin Tchegera | - | - |- |Tsibirin Nyakizi | - | - |- |Tsibirin Ntaligera 1 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Mukondwe 1 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Mukondwe 2 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Tchugi | - | - |- |Tsibirin Birhembe | - | - |- |Tsibirin Shushu 1 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Shushu 2 | - | - |- |Tsibirin Nyamizi | - | - |- |Tsibirin [[Ibinja]] | - | - |- |Tsibirin Cinyabalanga | - | - |- |Tsibirin Irhe | - | - |- |Tsibirin Iko | - | - |- |Tsibirin Cheya | - | - |- |Tsibirin Ihoka | - | - |- |Tsibirin Ishovu | - | - |- |} == Tsibirin a Rwanda == {| class="wikitable" !Tsibirin !Girma !Yawan jama'a |- |Tsibirin Nkombo <ref name="visitrusizi">{{Cite web |title=About Rusizi |url=https://visitrusizi.com/about/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |publisher=Rusizi District |quote=Residents of Nkombo Island also speak Amashi}}</ref> |~20-25 km2 (kimanin) &nbsp; |~15,000 zuwa 20,000 mazauna |- |Tsibirin Napoleon |~0.5 km2 (kimanin) &nbsp; |Ba a zaune ba |- |Tsibirin Amahoro |Ƙananan |Ba a zaune ba |- |Tsibirin Monkey |Ƙananan |Ba a zaune ba (kasancewar dabbobi masu kama da juna) |- |Iwawa | | |- |} == Manazarta == tmh6wbiywinqba3s5g6ycqgoiydu5oz 0 157150 856147 2026-06-13T16:37:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337971855|Iwawa]]" 856147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iwawa''' tsibiri ne a cikin Gundumar Rutsiro, Lardin Yamma, [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a kan [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] . Shi ne shafin yanar gizon Iwawa Rehabilitation and Vocational Skills and Development Center (Iwawa RC), cibiyar farfadowa da aka kafa a cikin 2010. Cibiyar, wacce ke aiki da Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Rwanda, an zarge ta da zama sansanin kurkuku ga marasa gida, masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da yara a titi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iwawa RC |url=https://www.nrs.gov.rw/index.php?id=138 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628184951/https://www.nrs.gov.rw/index.php?id=138 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.nrs.gov.rw |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Rwanda Broadcasting |title='From Saul to Paul'; A story of Iwawa's relentless drug rehabilitation path |url=https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Saul-to-Paul-Iwawas-drug-rehabilitation-path |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223225331/https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Saul-to-Paul-Iwawas-drug-rehabilitation-path |archive-date=2025-02-23 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=RBA news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-02 |title=Rwanda's controversial Iwawa Island |url=https://api.theworld.org/stories/2016/08/02/rwandas-controversial-iwawa-island |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda island rehab haven has dark side |url=https://www.news24.com/rwanda-island-rehab-haven-has-dark-side-20140805 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> An gudanar da allurar rigakafi a cibiyar a watan Satumbar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |date=2021-09-16 |title=COVID-19: Vaccination Goes to Iwawa Island |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/09/covid-19-vaccination-goes-to-iwawa-island/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne shafin sansanin 'yan bindiga na Hutu wanda Rwandan Patriotic Front na [[Paul Kagame]] ya kai hari. == Manazarta == hkn2tolo5f5vasaq61jo0jy19cltzvr 856149 856147 2026-06-13T16:37:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 856149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iwawa''' tsibiri ne a cikin Gundumar Rutsiro, Lardin Yamma, [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a kan [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] . Shi ne shafin yanar gizon Iwawa Rehabilitation and Vocational Skills and Development Center (Iwawa RC), cibiyar farfadowa da aka kafa a cikin 2010. Cibiyar, wacce ke aiki da Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Rwanda, an zarge ta da zama sansanin kurkuku ga marasa gida, masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da yara a titi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iwawa RC |url=https://www.nrs.gov.rw/index.php?id=138 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628184951/https://www.nrs.gov.rw/index.php?id=138 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.nrs.gov.rw |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Rwanda Broadcasting |title='From Saul to Paul'; A story of Iwawa's relentless drug rehabilitation path |url=https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Saul-to-Paul-Iwawas-drug-rehabilitation-path |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223225331/https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Saul-to-Paul-Iwawas-drug-rehabilitation-path |archive-date=2025-02-23 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=RBA news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-02 |title=Rwanda's controversial Iwawa Island |url=https://api.theworld.org/stories/2016/08/02/rwandas-controversial-iwawa-island |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda island rehab haven has dark side |url=https://www.news24.com/rwanda-island-rehab-haven-has-dark-side-20140805 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> An gudanar da allurar rigakafi a cibiyar a watan Satumbar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |date=2021-09-16 |title=COVID-19: Vaccination Goes to Iwawa Island |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/09/covid-19-vaccination-goes-to-iwawa-island/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne shafin sansanin 'yan bindiga na Hutu wanda Rwandan Patriotic Front na [[Paul Kagame]] ya kai hari. == Manazarta == pm27l50e22drp7yeey2xr8jlf5ubbzi 0 157151 856157 2026-06-13T16:39:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350543847|Nyamyumba Hot Springs]]" 856157 wikitext text/x-wiki Nyamyumba Hot Springs, wanda aka sani da sunan Kinya[[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ''Amashyuza'', maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ne mai zafi da ke gabashin Tekun Kivu a Yankin Nyamyumba, Gundumar Rubavu, Lardin Yamma, Rwanda . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Where Are Rwanda's Hot Springs? |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202401190180.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> Yana da kusan kilomita 7 daga garin Gisenyi (wanda aka fi sani da Rubavu), maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙunshi tafkuna biyu da ake kira "maza" da "mata. " Suna kwance a cikin reshe na yammacin Gabashin Afirka, kusa da Virunga volcanic complex, wanda ke da asusun tsarin dumama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2017 |title=Hot springs in Nyambyumba |url=https://terrain-safaris.com/our-blog/1955hot-springs-in-nyambyumba/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Terrain Safaris}}</ref><ref name="hategekimana2022">{{Cite journal |last=Hategekimana |first=Francois |last2=Mugerwa |first2=Theophile |year=2022 |title=Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda |journal=AppliedChem |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.3390/appliedchem2040017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa da ayyukan wanka na warkewa sun bunkasa a kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, waɗanda mazauna yankin da masu yawon bude ido na duniya ke ziyarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2024 |title=Residents Seek Improved Facilities at Nyamyumba Hot Springs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202401090030.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Yana da nisan kilomita 7 daga garin Gisenyi, a yammacin Rwanda a bakin tekun Kivu, Nyamyumba Hot Springs ya ƙunshi ƙananan tafkunan zafi, kuma wani lokacin tafasa, ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Guide de Voyage du Rwanda - Gisenyi {{!}} Le Voyage Autrement |url=https://www.le-voyage-autrement.com/rwanda/incontournables/gisenyi |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=www.le-voyage-autrement.com}}</ref> Ana zaton ruwan yana da halaye na warkarwa.<ref name=":0" /> An san maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin gida kamar Amashyuza kuma suna kan gabar gabashin Tafkin Kivu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les secrets du lac Kivu |url=https://www.reflexions.uliege.be/cms/c_340052/fr/les-secrets-du-lac-kivu |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=www.reflexions.uliege.be |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Where Are Rwanda's Hot Springs? |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202401190180.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> An raba maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa tafkuna biyu, waɗanda ake kira "maza" da "mata," yarjejeniyar suna da ta samo asali ne daga mutanen yankin bisa ga yankunan da aka tanada don maza da mata bi da bi.<ref name="hategekimana2022">{{Cite journal |last=Hategekimana |first=Francois |last2=Mugerwa |first2=Theophile |year=2022 |title=Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda |journal=AppliedChem |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.3390/appliedchem2040017 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2025 |title=Day tour of Nyamyumba hot springs in Rubavu |url=https://www.kisorotoursuganda.com/day-tour-of-nyamyumba-hot-springs-in-rubavu/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Kisoro Tours Uganda}}</ref> == Ilimin ƙasa == Nyamyumba Hot Springs suna cikin reshe na yammacin Gabashin Afirka Rift System, kusa da Virunga volcanic complex, wanda ke bayyana tasowa da kuma dumama tsarin ruwan bazara.<ref name="hategekimana2022">{{Cite journal |last=Hategekimana |first=Francois |last2=Mugerwa |first2=Theophile |year=2022 |title=Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda |journal=AppliedChem |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.3390/appliedchem2040017 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHategekimanaMugerwa2022">Hategekimana, Francois; Mugerwa, Theophile (2022). [[doi:10.3390/appliedchem2040017|"Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda"]]. ''AppliedChem''. '''2''' (4): <span class="nowrap">247–</span>258. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/appliedchem2040017|10.3390/appliedchem2040017]]</span>.</cite></ref> Binciken Geochemical na Hategekimana et al. (2022) sun gano cewa ruwan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na nau'in Na-HCO3, tare da mafi girman ma'adanai da aka narke fiye da ruwan Tafkin Kivu da ke kusa, daidai da rushewar duwatsu masu karɓar bakuncin ta hanyar ruwan zafi da ke yawo ta hanyar tsarin rift. An kwatanta ma'aunin da aka auna da ka'idojin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) don ruwan nishaɗi.<ref name="hategekimana2022" /> Binciken ya kuma lura da yiwuwar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a matsayin tushen makamashi na geothermal, kuma ya tattauna yiwuwar haɗuwa da ruwan zafi na asali tare da ruwan sanyi na kusa.<ref name="hategekimana2022" /> == Yawon shakatawa == Ayyukan tattalin arziki da yawon bude ido sun bunkasa a kusa da waɗannan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a bakin tekun Kivu. Wurin wanka mai zafi na sararin samaniya yana ba da damar yin hulɗa tare da mazaunan Gisenyi, garin da ke kusa da arewa, wanda ke kan iyaka da Goma a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=Une heure au Rwanda : Profitez des eaux du lac Kivu, ce lieu de relax et de baignade aux propriétés thérapeutiques |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/rwanda/one-hour-rwanda-relax-swim-heal-waters-lake-kivu/fr |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Kusa da babban kasuwar kifi a kudancin Gisenyi, masu gudanar da tattalin arziki da masu shafawa suna ba da ayyukansu ga mazauna yankin kuma musamman ga masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar Tafkin Kivu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2019 |title=Rwanda : les incontournables du pays des Mille Collines |url=https://photo.geo.fr/rwanda-les-incontournables-du-pays-des-milles-collines-36363 |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=GEO |language=fr}}</ref> Wadannan na ƙarshe sun isa yayin tsayawa a kan jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya a fadin Tafkin Kivu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nature - Sources de Nyamyumba - Gisenyi Rubavu |url=https://www.petitfute.com/v45351-gisenyi-rubavu/c1173-visites-points-d-interet/c976-archeologie-artisanat-science-et-technique/c981-nature/682957-sources-de-nyamyumba.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=www.petitfute.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] * Gisenyi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rwanda]] aq7cp6rgzdjx4vwdgw92d98jf2jf0nt 856161 856157 2026-06-13T16:39:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 856161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nyamyumba Hot Springs''', wanda aka sani da sunan Kinya[[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ''Amashyuza'', maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ne mai zafi da ke gabashin Tekun Kivu a Yankin Nyamyumba, Gundumar Rubavu, Lardin Yamma, Rwanda . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Where Are Rwanda's Hot Springs? |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202401190180.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> Yana da kusan kilomita 7 daga garin Gisenyi (wanda aka fi sani da Rubavu), maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙunshi tafkuna biyu da ake kira "maza" da "mata. " Suna kwance a cikin reshe na yammacin Gabashin Afirka, kusa da Virunga volcanic complex, wanda ke da asusun tsarin dumama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2017 |title=Hot springs in Nyambyumba |url=https://terrain-safaris.com/our-blog/1955hot-springs-in-nyambyumba/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Terrain Safaris}}</ref><ref name="hategekimana2022">{{Cite journal |last=Hategekimana |first=Francois |last2=Mugerwa |first2=Theophile |year=2022 |title=Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda |journal=AppliedChem |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.3390/appliedchem2040017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa da ayyukan wanka na warkewa sun bunkasa a kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, waɗanda mazauna yankin da masu yawon bude ido na duniya ke ziyarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2024 |title=Residents Seek Improved Facilities at Nyamyumba Hot Springs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202401090030.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Yana da nisan kilomita 7 daga garin Gisenyi, a yammacin Rwanda a bakin tekun Kivu, Nyamyumba Hot Springs ya ƙunshi ƙananan tafkunan zafi, kuma wani lokacin tafasa, ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Guide de Voyage du Rwanda - Gisenyi {{!}} Le Voyage Autrement |url=https://www.le-voyage-autrement.com/rwanda/incontournables/gisenyi |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=www.le-voyage-autrement.com}}</ref> Ana zaton ruwan yana da halaye na warkarwa.<ref name=":0" /> An san maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin gida kamar Amashyuza kuma suna kan gabar gabashin Tafkin Kivu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les secrets du lac Kivu |url=https://www.reflexions.uliege.be/cms/c_340052/fr/les-secrets-du-lac-kivu |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=www.reflexions.uliege.be |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Where Are Rwanda's Hot Springs? |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202401190180.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> An raba maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa tafkuna biyu, waɗanda ake kira "maza" da "mata," yarjejeniyar suna da ta samo asali ne daga mutanen yankin bisa ga yankunan da aka tanada don maza da mata bi da bi.<ref name="hategekimana2022">{{Cite journal |last=Hategekimana |first=Francois |last2=Mugerwa |first2=Theophile |year=2022 |title=Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda |journal=AppliedChem |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.3390/appliedchem2040017 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2025 |title=Day tour of Nyamyumba hot springs in Rubavu |url=https://www.kisorotoursuganda.com/day-tour-of-nyamyumba-hot-springs-in-rubavu/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Kisoro Tours Uganda}}</ref> == Ilimin ƙasa == Nyamyumba Hot Springs suna cikin reshe na yammacin Gabashin Afirka Rift System, kusa da Virunga volcanic complex, wanda ke bayyana tasowa da kuma dumama tsarin ruwan bazara.<ref name="hategekimana2022">{{Cite journal |last=Hategekimana |first=Francois |last2=Mugerwa |first2=Theophile |year=2022 |title=Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda |journal=AppliedChem |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.3390/appliedchem2040017 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHategekimanaMugerwa2022">Hategekimana, Francois; Mugerwa, Theophile (2022). [[doi:10.3390/appliedchem2040017|"Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda"]]. ''AppliedChem''. '''2''' (4): <span class="nowrap">247–</span>258. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/appliedchem2040017|10.3390/appliedchem2040017]]</span>.</cite></ref> Binciken Geochemical na Hategekimana et al. (2022) sun gano cewa ruwan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na nau'in Na-HCO3, tare da mafi girman ma'adanai da aka narke fiye da ruwan Tafkin Kivu da ke kusa, daidai da rushewar duwatsu masu karɓar bakuncin ta hanyar ruwan zafi da ke yawo ta hanyar tsarin rift. An kwatanta ma'aunin da aka auna da ka'idojin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) don ruwan nishaɗi.<ref name="hategekimana2022" /> Binciken ya kuma lura da yiwuwar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a matsayin tushen makamashi na geothermal, kuma ya tattauna yiwuwar haɗuwa da ruwan zafi na asali tare da ruwan sanyi na kusa.<ref name="hategekimana2022" /> == Yawon shakatawa == Ayyukan tattalin arziki da yawon bude ido sun bunkasa a kusa da waɗannan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a bakin tekun Kivu. Wurin wanka mai zafi na sararin samaniya yana ba da damar yin hulɗa tare da mazaunan Gisenyi, garin da ke kusa da arewa, wanda ke kan iyaka da Goma a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=Une heure au Rwanda : Profitez des eaux du lac Kivu, ce lieu de relax et de baignade aux propriétés thérapeutiques |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/rwanda/one-hour-rwanda-relax-swim-heal-waters-lake-kivu/fr |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Kusa da babban kasuwar kifi a kudancin Gisenyi, masu gudanar da tattalin arziki da masu shafawa suna ba da ayyukansu ga mazauna yankin kuma musamman ga masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar Tafkin Kivu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2019 |title=Rwanda : les incontournables du pays des Mille Collines |url=https://photo.geo.fr/rwanda-les-incontournables-du-pays-des-milles-collines-36363 |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=GEO |language=fr}}</ref> Wadannan na ƙarshe sun isa yayin tsayawa a kan jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya a fadin Tafkin Kivu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nature - Sources de Nyamyumba - Gisenyi Rubavu |url=https://www.petitfute.com/v45351-gisenyi-rubavu/c1173-visites-points-d-interet/c976-archeologie-artisanat-science-et-technique/c981-nature/682957-sources-de-nyamyumba.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=www.petitfute.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] * Gisenyi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rwanda]] 82e05435dlqpsc5zphahtpbdabi4fxp 0 157152 856168 2026-06-13T16:41:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346808376|Western Province, Rwanda]]" 856168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lardin Yamma''' (Kinyarwanda ; French ; Dutch) ɗaya ce daga cikin larduna biyar na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. An ƙirƙiro ta a farkon watan Janairun 2006 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gwamnati na raba iko wanda ya sake tsara tsarin gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi na ƙasar. Yankin Yamma ya ƙunshi tsoffin larduna na Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye, da kuma karamin yanki na Ruhengeri. An raba shi zuwa gundumomin Karongi, Nyabihu, Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Nyamasheke, da Rutsiro . Babban birnin lardin Yamma shine Kibuye.{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Religion in Western Province (2012 Census){{cn|date=December 2021}}|label1=[[Roman Catholic]]|value1=35.0|color1=DarkOrchid|label2=[[Protestant]]|value2=43.9|color2=DodgerBlue|label3=[[Seventh-day Adventist]]|value3=14.8|color3=Blue|label4=[[Muslim]]|value4=1.5|color4=Green|label5=[[Jehovah Witness]]|value5=0.7|color5=Purple|label6=No Religion|value6=2.5|color6=Black|label7=Other|value7=0.3|color7=White|label8=Not Stated|value8=1.4|color8=Grey}} == Manazarta == 12mudd9luw9dq6rjo1uka4isf61r2ov 856171 856168 2026-06-13T16:41:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 856171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lardin Yamma''' (Kinyarwanda ; French ; Dutch) ɗaya ce daga cikin larduna biyar na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. An ƙirƙiro ta a farkon watan Janairun 2006 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gwamnati na raba iko wanda ya sake tsara tsarin gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi na ƙasar.<ref>Global Data Lab: Sub-national HDI". Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Retrieved 23 November 2025</ref> Yankin Yamma ya ƙunshi tsoffin larduna na Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye, da kuma karamin yanki na Ruhengeri. An raba shi zuwa gundumomin Karongi, Nyabihu, Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Nyamasheke, da Rutsiro . Babban birnin lardin Yamma shine Kibuye.{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Religion in Western Province (2012 Census){{cn|date=December 2021}}|label1=[[Roman Catholic]]|value1=35.0|color1=DarkOrchid|label2=[[Protestant]]|value2=43.9|color2=DodgerBlue|label3=[[Seventh-day Adventist]]|value3=14.8|color3=Blue|label4=[[Muslim]]|value4=1.5|color4=Green|label5=[[Jehovah Witness]]|value5=0.7|color5=Purple|label6=No Religion|value6=2.5|color6=Black|label7=Other|value7=0.3|color7=White|label8=Not Stated|value8=1.4|color8=Grey}} == Manazarta == 33q7hzoo9zogg4zwagk8egxzsghm5qm 856174 856171 2026-06-13T16:42:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 856174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lardin Yamma''' (Kinyarwanda ; French ; Dutch) ɗaya ce daga cikin larduna biyar na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. An ƙirƙiro ta a farkon watan Janairun 2006 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gwamnati na raba iko wanda ya sake tsara tsarin gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi na ƙasar.<ref>Global Data Lab: Sub-national HDI". Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Retrieved 23 November 2025</ref> Yankin Yamma ya ƙunshi tsoffin larduna na Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye, da kuma karamin yanki na Ruhengeri. An raba shi zuwa gundumomin Karongi, Nyabihu, Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Nyamasheke, da Rutsiro . Babban birnin lardin Yamma shine Kibuye.{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Religion in Western Province (2012 Census){{cn|date=December 2021}}|label1=[[Roman Catholic]]|value1=35.0|color1=DarkOrchid|label2=[[Protestant]]|value2=43.9|color2=DodgerBlue|label3=[[Seventh-day Adventist]]|value3=14.8|color3=Blue|label4=[[Muslim]]|value4=1.5|color4=Green|label5=[[Jehovah Witness]]|value5=0.7|color5=Purple|label6=No Religion|value6=2.5|color6=Black|label7=Other|value7=0.3|color7=White|label8=Not Stated|value8=1.4|color8=Grey}} == Manazarta == bh8oeyxtr0osadi9wb4vc93yx108zg1 0 157153 856177 2026-06-13T16:42:35Z Bembety 20498 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | name = Smart Water Management | image = Smart water network diagram.png | image_size = 250px | caption = Tsarin gudanar da ruwa mai amfani da fasahar zamani | type = Fasahar kula da ruwa | industry = [[Water management]] | application = Samar da ruwa, ban ruwa, kula da ambaliya da tsaftar muhalli | purpose = Inganta amfani da ruwa da rage asara | related = [[Internet of things]], [[Artificial intelligence]], [[Smart city]], [[Water supply and sanitation]]... 856177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Smart Water Management | image = Smart water network diagram.png | image_size = 250px | caption = Tsarin gudanar da ruwa mai amfani da fasahar zamani | type = Fasahar kula da ruwa | industry = [[Water management]] | application = Samar da ruwa, ban ruwa, kula da ambaliya da tsaftar muhalli | purpose = Inganta amfani da ruwa da rage asara | related = [[Internet of things]], [[Artificial intelligence]], [[Smart city]], [[Water supply and sanitation]] }} '''Smart Water Management''' (a Hausa: '''Gudanar da Ruwa Mai Basira''') wata hanya ce ta amfani da fasahohin dijital da na'urorin zamani domin sa ido, sarrafawa da inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin yana haɗa [[Internet of things]] (IoT), na'urorin auna bayanai (sensors), tsarin sadarwa, [[Artificial intelligence]] (AI), da nazarin bayanai domin rage asarar ruwa, gano malala, sa ido kan ingancin ruwa da inganta rabon ruwa ga masu amfani.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Applications of Smart Water Management Systems: A Literature Review |journal=Water |volume=15 |issue=19 |year=2023 |doi=10.3390/w15193492}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Smart water management |journal=River |year=2023 |doi=10.1002/rvr2.29}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ra'ayin Smart Water Management ya samo asali ne daga bunƙasar fasahohin [[Smart city]] da tsarin sarrafa bayanai na zamani. Tun daga shekarun 2010, hukumomin ruwa a ƙasashe da dama suka fara amfani da na'urorin sa ido da tsarin nazarin bayanai domin magance matsalolin ƙarancin ruwa, sauyin yanayi da asarar ruwa a hanyoyin rarrabawa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Smart Water Management: the way to (artificially) intelligent water management, or just another pretty name? |journal=Water International |year=2020 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2020.1830581}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Smart Water Management yana haɗa tattara bayanai, sadarwa, nazari da yanke shawara ta atomatik domin samar da ingantaccen tsarin kula da ruwa. Ana amfani da bayanan da aka tattara daga na'urori daban-daban wajen gano matsaloli, hasashen buƙatar ruwa da inganta aikin cibiyoyin samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Applications of Smart Water Management Systems: A Literature Review |journal=Water |year=2023 |doi=10.3390/w15193492}}</ref> == Fasahohin da ake amfani da su == === Internet of Things (IoT) === Ana amfani da na'urorin IoT domin tattara bayanai kai tsaye daga rijiyoyi, tankuna, bututun ruwa da sauran cibiyoyin ruwa. Waɗannan na'urori suna aika bayanai a lokaci na ainihi domin sa ido da sarrafawa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=IoT based smart water management systems: A systematic review |journal=Materials Today: Proceedings |year=2021 |doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.588}}</ref> === Smart Meters === Smart meters na auna yawan ruwan da ake amfani da shi tare da aika bayanai kai tsaye zuwa cibiyar sarrafawa. Hakan yana taimakawa wajen rage asara da gano malala cikin gaggawa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Smart water management |journal=River |year=2023 |doi=10.1002/rvr2.29}}</ref> === Artificial Intelligence === Ana amfani da [[Artificial intelligence]] wajen hasashen buƙatar ruwa, gano matsaloli da kuma inganta tsarin rarraba ruwa ta hanyar nazarin manyan bayanai.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Smart Technologies for Water Resource Management: An Overview |journal=Sensors |volume=22 |issue=16 |year=2022 |doi=10.3390/s22166225}}</ref> === SCADA Systems === Tsarin ''Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition'' (SCADA) yana ba da damar sa ido da sarrafa cibiyoyin ruwa daga nesa ta hanyar kwamfuta da hanyoyin sadarwa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Smart Technologies for Water Resource Management: An Overview |journal=Sensors |year=2022 |doi=10.3390/s22166225}}</ref> == Aikace-aikace == === Samar da Ruwa === Ana amfani da Smart Water Management wajen rage asarar ruwa a hanyoyin rarrabawa da tabbatar da cewa ruwa ya isa ga masu amfani cikin inganci.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Applications of Smart Water Management Systems: A Literature Review |journal=Water |year=2023}}</ref> === Noma Mai Basira === Tsarin yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da bayanan yanayi da yanayin ƙasa domin rage ɓarnar ruwa da ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Smart Technologies for Water Resource Management: An Overview |journal=Sensors |year=2022}}</ref> === Kula da Ambaliya === Ana amfani da na'urorin sa ido da tsarin hasashe domin gano yiwuwar ambaliya da ɗaukar matakan kariya kafin ta faru.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Applications of Smart Water Management Systems: A Literature Review |journal=Water |year=2023}}</ref> === Kula da Ingancin Ruwa === Ana amfani da na'urorin auna sinadarai, zafin jiki, pH da sauran alamomi domin tabbatar da amincin ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite journal |title=IoT based smart water management systems: A systematic review |journal=Materials Today: Proceedings |year=2021}}</ref> == Fa'idodi == * Rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar gano malala cikin sauri. * Inganta rabon ruwa ga jama'a. * Rage kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. * Kare muhalli da albarkatun ruwa. * Taimakawa wajen cimma [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]]. * Inganta tsaron ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Smart water management |journal=River |year=2023}}</ref> == Ƙalubale == Duk da fa'idodinsa, Smart Water Management yana fuskantar wasu ƙalubale: * Tsadar kayan aiki da girkawa. * Bukatar ingantaccen tsarin sadarwa. * Matsalolin tsaro na bayanai. * Rashin ƙwararrun ma'aikata a wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Intelligent Water Management Through Edge-Enabled IoT, AI, and Big Data Technologies |journal=Smart Cities |year=2025}}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Masana suna kallon Smart Water Management a matsayin wata muhimmiyar hanya ta magance matsalolin ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa yawan jama'a da tasirin [[Climate change]]. Tsarin yana taimakawa hukumomin ruwa da masu amfani wajen yanke shawara bisa sahihan bayanai da aka tattara a ainihin lokaci.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Smart Water Management: the way to (artificially) intelligent water management, or just another pretty name? |journal=Water International |year=2020}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Water management]] * [[Water resources management]] * [[Internet of things]] * [[Artificial intelligence]] * [[Smart city]] * [[Water supply and sanitation]] * [[Water recycling]] * [[Sustainable sanitation]] * [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Water management]] [[Category:Water technology]] [[Category:Environmental technology]] [[Category:Internet of things]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Smart cities]] [[Category:Water supply and sanitation]] [[Category:Sustainable development]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Water resources management]] 48ria755izxp1svcfs51rnva3wzbo4o 0 157154 856186 2026-06-13T16:44:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350541915|Gisenyi]]" 856186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gisenyi''', wanda aka fassara a tarihi a matsayin '''Kisenyi''', shine birni na biyu mafi girma a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], wanda ke cikin gundumar Rubavu a Lardin Yammacin Rwanda. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Lake_Kivu_shoreline_at_Gisenyi.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Yankin bakin teku a Gisenyi.]] Birnin yana da wurin shakatawa a bakin tekun Kivu, tare da Otal-otal da yawa da rairayin bakin teku guda uku. An kuma san yankin da [[Jerin wasanni na ruwa|Wasanni na ruwa]]. Yankin arewacin tafkin da Goma da Gisenyi ke kwance yana da fili mai laushi wanda ke nuna tsarin tsaunuka daga fashewar [[Dutsen Nyiragongo]] da ke kusa. Ya bambanta da Goma, Gisenyi ya tsere wa kwararar dutse na 1977 da 2002 fashewa, wanda ya lalata tsakanin 15 da 40% na tsohon. Cibiyar Gisenyi tana kusa da tuddai a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin tafkin, kuma fadada ƙarancin yawa yana faruwa a cikin tuddai, waɗanda ake sa ran su kasance lafiya daga fashewa a nan gaba. Gisenyi kuma gida ne ga Bralirwa, wanda ke ƙera giya daban-daban na gida - Primus, Mützig, Amstel da Guinness - da kuma kewayon abin sha mai laushi na [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]]. Gisenyi karamin gari ne idan aka kwatanta da makwabciyar Goma a cikin DRC, kodayake Gisenyi tana girma da sauri. A cikin shekara ta 2011, sabon kantin sayar da kayayyaki mai hawa da yawa ya Farko ginawa a kan tsohuwar tashar bas. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, an shimfiɗa manyan hanyoyi na garin, kuma hanyoyi suna gab da kammalawa ga mafi yawansu. Gisenyi tana da iyakoki biyu tare da Goma, "Petite Barrière" da "Grand Barrière". Wadannan sunayen suna da ɗan yaudara saboda Petite Barrière ya fi girma a jiki kuma yana da ƙididdigar zirga-zirga mafi girma. Kimanin mutane 6,000 sun haye Petite Barrière kowace rana a cikin shekara ta 2011. A gefen Gisenyi, an gina babban ofishin kwastomomi da shige da fice tare da babban damar, har yanzu ba a daidaita shi da kayan aikin Kongo ba. Hakazalika, hanyar zuwa Petite Barrière an shimfiɗa ta a gefen Rwanda amma ba a gefen Kongo ba. An shimfiɗa Grande Barrière a bangarorin biyu kuma yana karɓar ƙarin zirga-zirgar manyan motoci. Har ila yau iyakar diflomasiyya ce. A lokacin [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda]], Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta kasance a cikin birni. Gisenyi shine birni inda ake gudanar da Laurent Nkunda - wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta zarge shi da jagorantar rundunar da ta dauki 'yan Sojojin Kongo ba bisa ka'ida ba - har sai an yanke shawara kan bukatar fitar da DRC. == Ilimi == Cibiyar Gisenyi ta Jami'ar Kigali mai zaman kanta tana da ɗalibai 3413 a cikin shekara ta 2012-2013. Dalibai suna bin shirye-shirye a fannonin Tattalin Arziki da Nazarin Kasuwanci, Kimiyya ta Jama'a, da Shari'a.<ref>Sekibibi Ezechiel, ''[http://www.ulk-kigali.net/IMG/pdf/ULK_ANNUAL_BOOK_2013.pdf Seventeenth Year Book 2013] {{Webarchive}}'', pages 7 and 10. Kigali: April 2014. Retrieved on 19 March 2015.</ref> Jami'ar yawon bude ido Fasaha da Nazarin Kasuwanci (UTB) da ake kira RTUC a baya tana da harabar Gisenyi. Garin yana da kimanin makarantu 30 na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, gami da makarantun yara, firamare da sakandare. == Yanayi == {{Weather box}} == Dubi kuma == * [[Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta Nyamyumba]] == Manazarta == dulvqwetximgl3g31jzqs43qxc4i3nn 856190 856186 2026-06-13T16:45:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 856190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gisenyi''', wanda aka fassara a tarihi a matsayin '''Kisenyi''', shine birni na biyu mafi girma a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], wanda ke cikin gundumar Rubavu a Lardin Yammacin Rwanda. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Lake_Kivu_shoreline_at_Gisenyi.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Yankin bakin teku a Gisenyi.]] Birnin yana da wurin shakatawa a bakin tekun Kivu, tare da Otal-otal da yawa da rairayin bakin teku guda uku. An kuma san yankin da [[Jerin wasanni na ruwa|Wasanni na ruwa]]. Yankin arewacin tafkin da Goma da Gisenyi ke kwance yana da fili mai laushi wanda ke nuna tsarin tsaunuka daga fashewar [[Dutsen Nyiragongo]] da ke kusa. Ya bambanta da Goma, Gisenyi ya tsere wa kwararar dutse na 1977 da 2002 fashewa, wanda ya lalata tsakanin 15 da 40% na tsohon. Cibiyar Gisenyi tana kusa da tuddai a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin tafkin, kuma fadada ƙarancin yawa yana faruwa a cikin tuddai, waɗanda ake sa ran su kasance lafiya daga fashewa a nan gaba. Gisenyi kuma gida ne ga Bralirwa, wanda ke ƙera giya daban-daban na gida - Primus, Mützig, Amstel da Guinness - da kuma kewayon abin sha mai laushi na [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]]. Gisenyi karamin gari ne idan aka kwatanta da makwabciyar Goma a cikin DRC, kodayake Gisenyi tana girma da sauri. A cikin shekara ta 2011, sabon kantin sayar da kayayyaki mai hawa da yawa ya Farko ginawa a kan tsohuwar tashar bas. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, an shimfiɗa manyan hanyoyi na garin, kuma hanyoyi suna gab da kammalawa ga mafi yawansu. Gisenyi tana da iyakoki biyu tare da Goma, "Petite Barrière" da "Grand Barrière". Wadannan sunayen suna da ɗan yaudara saboda Petite Barrière ya fi girma a jiki kuma yana da ƙididdigar zirga-zirga mafi girma. Kimanin mutane 6,000 sun haye Petite Barrière kowace rana a cikin shekara ta 2011. A gefen Gisenyi, an gina babban ofishin kwastomomi da shige da fice tare da babban damar, har yanzu ba a daidaita shi da kayan aikin Kongo ba. Hakazalika, hanyar zuwa Petite Barrière an shimfiɗa ta a gefen Rwanda amma ba a gefen Kongo ba. An shimfiɗa Grande Barrière a bangarorin biyu kuma yana karɓar ƙarin zirga-zirgar manyan motoci. Har ila yau iyakar diflomasiyya ce. A lokacin [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda]], Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta kasance a cikin birni. Gisenyi shine birni inda ake gudanar da Laurent Nkunda - wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta zarge shi da jagorantar rundunar da ta dauki 'yan Sojojin Kongo ba bisa ka'ida ba - har sai an yanke shawara kan bukatar fitar da DRC. == Ilimi == Cibiyar Gisenyi ta Jami'ar Kigali mai zaman kanta tana da ɗalibai 3413 a cikin shekara ta 2012-2013. Dalibai suna bin shirye-shirye a fannonin Tattalin Arziki da Nazarin Kasuwanci, Kimiyya ta Jama'a, da Shari'a.<ref>Sekibibi Ezechiel, ''[http://www.ulk-kigali.net/IMG/pdf/ULK_ANNUAL_BOOK_2013.pdf Seventeenth Year Book 2013] {{Webarchive}}'', pages 7 and 10. Kigali: April 2014. Retrieved on 19 March 2015.</ref> Jami'ar yawon bude ido Fasaha da Nazarin Kasuwanci (UTB) da ake kira RTUC a baya tana da harabar Gisenyi. Garin yana da kimanin makarantu 30 na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, gami da makarantun yara, firamare da sakandare. == Yanayi == {{Weather box}} == Dubi kuma == * [[Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta Nyamyumba]] == Manazarta == 8sohh3vohnkrzg3nc1gadytm5ju4j0e 0 157155 856193 2026-06-13T16:47:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347378260|Kamuronza]]" 856193 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Kamuronza''' ɗaya ce daga cikin ''rukunonin'' masarautun Bahunde guda shida, waɗanda ke yankin Masisi, Arewacin Kivu, a gabashin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Cibiyar gudanarwa ita ce garin Sake . Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, ''ƙungiyar'' tana da kimanin mutane 43,616 kuma tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 162. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Aspect politico-administratif et démographique |trans-title=Political, administrative, and demographic aspects |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC12.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=Rapport d'une visite "Go and See" à Sake, groupement Kamuronza, territoire de Masisi, le 22 novembre 2022 |url=https://fscluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_mission_de_go_and_see_a_sake_du_22_novembre_2022_intersos_ocha_vf.pdf |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Fscluster.org |publisher=[[Intersos]] and [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |pages=1–4 |language=fr}}</ref> Kamuronza tana gabashin yankin Masisi, tana da iyaka da [[Bashali Chiefdom|Masarautar Bashali]] a arewa, a kudu kuma tana da iyaka da [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]], wanda ya raba ta da Yankin Kalehe a lardin Kudancin Kivu maƙwabtaka, a gabas kuma tana da birnin [[Goma (birni)|Goma]], a yamma kuma tana da ''ƙungiyar'' Mupfuni-Karuba, kuma a kudu maso yamma kuma tana da ''ƙungiyar'' Mupfuni-Shanga. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Deuxième chapitre: présentation du milieu d'étude |trans-title=Chapter Two: Presentation of the study area |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC11.html#toc42 |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Kamuronza ta kasu kashi bakwai: Matcha, Malehe, Kimoka, Kingi, Katembe, Murambi, da Nzulo, tare da yawan mutanen da Hunde, [[Hutu]], da [[Tutsi]] suka mamaye, tare da ƙananan kungiyoyi kamar Batwa, Bashi, Nande, Havu, Tembo, Nyanga, da sauransu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Aspect politico-administratif et démographique |trans-title=Political, administrative, and demographic aspects |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC12.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sambili |first=Rodrigue Bozi |date=2014 |title=La problematique de la scolarisation fille-garçon et son impact sur la scolarisation des enfants du groupement Kamuronza |trans-title=The problem of gendered schooling and its impact on the education of children in the Kamuronza grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/03/17/9688/m_La-problematique-de-la-scolarisation-fille-garon-et-son-impact-sur-la-scolarisation-des-enfants-du6.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural des Grands-Lacs (ISDR-GL) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yankin da yanayi ===   Kamuronza yana cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na Mitumba kuma yana da yanayin tsaunuka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Deuxième chapitre: présentation du milieu d'étude |trans-title=Chapter Two: Presentation of the study area |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC11.html#toc42 |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sambili |first=Rodrigue Bozi |date=2014 |title=La problematique de la scolarisation fille-garçon et son impact sur la scolarisation des enfants du groupement Kamuronza |trans-title=The problem of gendered schooling and its impact on the education of children in the Kamuronza grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/03/17/9688/m_La-problematique-de-la-scolarisation-fille-garon-et-son-impact-sur-la-scolarisation-des-enfants-du6.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural des Grands-Lacs (ISDR-GL) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Hawan tsawo ya kasance daga kimanin mita 1,460 tare da gabar [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] zuwa kimanin mita 2,750 a arewa maso yammacin tsaunuka. Ƙungiyar tana fuskantar yanayi mai sanyi da zafi, tare da matsakaici [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi|Yanayin zafi]] gabaɗaya tsakanin 15 ° C da 25 ° C.<ref name=":4" /> Ana rarraba ruwan sama a cikin manyan lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu wanda ke da tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 8 a kowace shekara, tare da dogon Lokacin ruwan sama daga Satumba zuwa Disamba da kuma ɗan gajeren daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu. Wadannan an raba su da lokutan bushewa guda biyu, gami da lokacin bushewa mai tsawo daga Yuni zuwa ƙarshen Agusta da kuma ɗan gajeren bushewa a ƙarshen Disamba zuwa Janairu.<ref name=":4" /> Ƙasa galibi [[Grass|kitse]]="Sand">yashi ne a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma asalin dutsen wuta da dutse. Wani babban nau'in ƙasa na biyu ya ƙunshi toka mai fitattun wuta wanda ya shimfiɗa daga ƙasƙanci kusa da Tafkin Kivu (mita 1,460) zuwa tsaunuka na kimanin mita 2,600.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Deuxième chapitre: présentation du milieu d'étude |trans-title=Chapter Two: Presentation of the study area |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC11.html#toc42 |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Wadannan ajiyar aeolian sun rufe yanki mai faɗi, gami da sassa na Buzi Peninsula da yankunan da ke kusa da Sake da Kirotshe. Shuke-shuke sun mamaye shimfidar wurare na Savanna, wanda ya ƙunshi ciyawa da aka gauraya da bishiyoyi da aka warwatsa. Sassan gabashin Kamuronza sun fada cikin iyakokin Virunga National Park . <ref name=":4" /> A cikin ruwa, kuma ban da iyakar kudancin tare da Tafkin Kivu, koguna da rafi da yawa sun haye ''rukuni'', gami da kogin Kyabiringa da Kyamuhuwe a Matcha, Kogin Katahanwa a Malehe, da kogin Buroha, Kahow, da Kinyabatsi a Katembe.<ref name=":4" /> Sauran hanyoyin ruwa sun hada da kogin Mwambi, Butengetenge, Kalonge, da Kibati, yayin da Kogin Mutahyo ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakar yamma. Kamuronza kuma tana da [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugar ruwa]] da yawa, kodayake da yawa ba su da haɓaka kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da cututtukan ruwa saboda iyakantaccen ababen more rayuwa.<ref name=":4" /> === Gudanarwa da gudanarwa === Gudanarwa ta dogara ne akan tsarin al'ada na Bahunde Chiefdom, tare da ikon da aka ba shi a cikin chef de groupement (''shugaban ''rukuni''''), wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban shugaban gida da wakilin ''Mwami'' (babban shugaban). Wannan rawar ta gado ce a cikin zuriyar mai mulki na ''''Mwami'''' kuma ta haɗa da ayyukan gudanarwa da aiwatar da dokar al'ada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Aspect politico-administratif et démographique |trans-title=Political, administrative, and demographic aspects |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC12.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKapfitsi2010">Kapfitsi, Bilain Bauma (2010). [https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC12.html "Aspect politico-administratif et démographique"] &#x5B;Political, administrative, and demographic aspects&#x5D; (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 July 1998 |title=Décret-Loi 081 du 02 juillet 1998 portant organisation territoriale et administrative de la République démocratique du Congo |trans-title=Decree-Law 081 of 2 July 1998 concerning the territorial and administrative organization of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/DL.081.02.07.1998.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2010 |title=Loi organique n°10/011 du 18 mai 2010 portant fixation des subdivisions territoriales à l'intérieur des provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 10/011 of 18 May 2010 establishing territorial subdivisions within the provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.10.011.18.05.2010.htm |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2015 |title=Loi n° 15/015 du 25 aout 2015 fixant le statut des chefs coutumiers |trans-title=Law No. 15/015 of 25 August 2015 establishing the status of traditional chiefs |url=https://leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/Loi.15.015.25.08.2015.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Kwamitin dattawa ne ke taimaka wa mai kula da rukuni, wanda aikin ba da shawara ya mai da hankali kan kiyayewa da fassara ka'idojin gargajiya. A matakin rukuni, ana gudanar da adalci ta hanyar haɗuwa da tsarin al'ada da ba da izini, tare da ƙananan rikice-rikice da masu yanke hukunci na gida ke kula da su, yayin da ake tura batutuwa masu tsanani ga manyan hukumomin al'ada a ƙarƙashin Mwami.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> s9jjfofwvugofq9qt1ptotdaur81njo 856195 856193 2026-06-13T16:48:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 856195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamuronza''' ɗaya ce daga cikin ''rukunonin'' masarautun Bahunde guda shida, waɗanda ke yankin Masisi, Arewacin Kivu, a gabashin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Cibiyar gudanarwa ita ce garin Sake . Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, ''ƙungiyar'' tana da kimanin mutane 43,616 kuma tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 162. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Aspect politico-administratif et démographique |trans-title=Political, administrative, and demographic aspects |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC12.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=Rapport d'une visite "Go and See" à Sake, groupement Kamuronza, territoire de Masisi, le 22 novembre 2022 |url=https://fscluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_mission_de_go_and_see_a_sake_du_22_novembre_2022_intersos_ocha_vf.pdf |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Fscluster.org |publisher=[[Intersos]] and [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |pages=1–4 |language=fr}}</ref> Kamuronza tana gabashin yankin Masisi, tana da iyaka da [[Bashali Chiefdom|Masarautar Bashali]] a arewa, a kudu kuma tana da iyaka da [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]], wanda ya raba ta da Yankin Kalehe a lardin Kudancin Kivu maƙwabtaka, a gabas kuma tana da birnin [[Goma (birni)|Goma]], a yamma kuma tana da ''ƙungiyar'' Mupfuni-Karuba, kuma a kudu maso yamma kuma tana da ''ƙungiyar'' Mupfuni-Shanga. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Deuxième chapitre: présentation du milieu d'étude |trans-title=Chapter Two: Presentation of the study area |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC11.html#toc42 |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Kamuronza ta kasu kashi bakwai: Matcha, Malehe, Kimoka, Kingi, Katembe, Murambi, da Nzulo, tare da yawan mutanen da Hunde, [[Hutu]], da [[Tutsi]] suka mamaye, tare da ƙananan kungiyoyi kamar Batwa, Bashi, Nande, Havu, Tembo, Nyanga, da sauransu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Aspect politico-administratif et démographique |trans-title=Political, administrative, and demographic aspects |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC12.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sambili |first=Rodrigue Bozi |date=2014 |title=La problematique de la scolarisation fille-garçon et son impact sur la scolarisation des enfants du groupement Kamuronza |trans-title=The problem of gendered schooling and its impact on the education of children in the Kamuronza grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/03/17/9688/m_La-problematique-de-la-scolarisation-fille-garon-et-son-impact-sur-la-scolarisation-des-enfants-du6.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural des Grands-Lacs (ISDR-GL) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yankin da yanayi ===   Kamuronza yana cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na Mitumba kuma yana da yanayin tsaunuka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Deuxième chapitre: présentation du milieu d'étude |trans-title=Chapter Two: Presentation of the study area |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC11.html#toc42 |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sambili |first=Rodrigue Bozi |date=2014 |title=La problematique de la scolarisation fille-garçon et son impact sur la scolarisation des enfants du groupement Kamuronza |trans-title=The problem of gendered schooling and its impact on the education of children in the Kamuronza grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/03/17/9688/m_La-problematique-de-la-scolarisation-fille-garon-et-son-impact-sur-la-scolarisation-des-enfants-du6.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural des Grands-Lacs (ISDR-GL) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Hawan tsawo ya kasance daga kimanin mita 1,460 tare da gabar [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] zuwa kimanin mita 2,750 a arewa maso yammacin tsaunuka. Ƙungiyar tana fuskantar yanayi mai sanyi da zafi, tare da matsakaici [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi|Yanayin zafi]] gabaɗaya tsakanin 15 ° C da 25 ° C.<ref name=":4" /> Ana rarraba ruwan sama a cikin manyan lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu wanda ke da tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 8 a kowace shekara, tare da dogon Lokacin ruwan sama daga Satumba zuwa Disamba da kuma ɗan gajeren daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu. Wadannan an raba su da lokutan bushewa guda biyu, gami da lokacin bushewa mai tsawo daga Yuni zuwa ƙarshen Agusta da kuma ɗan gajeren bushewa a ƙarshen Disamba zuwa Janairu.<ref name=":4" /> Ƙasa galibi [[Grass|kitse]]="Sand">yashi ne a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma asalin dutsen wuta da dutse. Wani babban nau'in ƙasa na biyu ya ƙunshi toka mai fitattun wuta wanda ya shimfiɗa daga ƙasƙanci kusa da Tafkin Kivu (mita 1,460) zuwa tsaunuka na kimanin mita 2,600.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Deuxième chapitre: présentation du milieu d'étude |trans-title=Chapter Two: Presentation of the study area |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC11.html#toc42 |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Wadannan ajiyar aeolian sun rufe yanki mai faɗi, gami da sassa na Buzi Peninsula da yankunan da ke kusa da Sake da Kirotshe. Shuke-shuke sun mamaye shimfidar wurare na Savanna, wanda ya ƙunshi ciyawa da aka gauraya da bishiyoyi da aka warwatsa. Sassan gabashin Kamuronza sun fada cikin iyakokin Virunga National Park . <ref name=":4" /> A cikin ruwa, kuma ban da iyakar kudancin tare da Tafkin Kivu, koguna da rafi da yawa sun haye ''rukuni'', gami da kogin Kyabiringa da Kyamuhuwe a Matcha, Kogin Katahanwa a Malehe, da kogin Buroha, Kahow, da Kinyabatsi a Katembe.<ref name=":4" /> Sauran hanyoyin ruwa sun hada da kogin Mwambi, Butengetenge, Kalonge, da Kibati, yayin da Kogin Mutahyo ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakar yamma. Kamuronza kuma tana da [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugar ruwa]] da yawa, kodayake da yawa ba su da haɓaka kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da cututtukan ruwa saboda iyakantaccen ababen more rayuwa.<ref name=":4" /> === Gudanarwa da gudanarwa === Gudanarwa ta dogara ne akan tsarin al'ada na Bahunde Chiefdom, tare da ikon da aka ba shi a cikin chef de groupement (''shugaban ''rukuni''''),''' wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban shugaban gida da wakilin Mwami (babban shugaban). Wannan rawar ta gado ce a cikin zuriyar mai mulki na 'Mwami' kuma ta haɗa da ayyukan gudanarwa da aiwatar da dokar al'ada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kapfitsi |first=Bilain Bauma |date=2010 |title=Aspect politico-administratif et démographique |trans-title=Political, administrative, and demographic aspects |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC12.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma) |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKapfitsi2010">Kapfitsi, Bilain Bauma (2010). [https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6242/m_Part-de-soins-de-sante-dans-le-revenu-des-menages-Cas-des-menages-du-groupement-Kamuronza-en-RDC12.html "Aspect politico-administratif et démographique"] &#x5B;Political, administrative, and demographic aspects&#x5D; (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Goma (ISC-Goma)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 July 1998 |title=Décret-Loi 081 du 02 juillet 1998 portant organisation territoriale et administrative de la République démocratique du Congo |trans-title=Decree-Law 081 of 2 July 1998 concerning the territorial and administrative organization of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/DL.081.02.07.1998.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2010 |title=Loi organique n°10/011 du 18 mai 2010 portant fixation des subdivisions territoriales à l'intérieur des provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 10/011 of 18 May 2010 establishing territorial subdivisions within the provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.10.011.18.05.2010.htm |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2015 |title=Loi n° 15/015 du 25 aout 2015 fixant le statut des chefs coutumiers |trans-title=Law No. 15/015 of 25 August 2015 establishing the status of traditional chiefs |url=https://leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/Loi.15.015.25.08.2015.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Kwamitin dattawa ne ke taimaka wa mai kula da rukuni, wanda aikin ba da shawara ya mai da hankali kan kiyayewa da fassara ka'idojin gargajiya. A matakin rukuni, ana gudanar da adalci ta hanyar haɗuwa da tsarin al'ada da ba da izini, tare da ƙananan rikice-rikice da masu yanke hukunci na gida ke kula da su, yayin da ake tura batutuwa masu tsanani ga manyan hukumomin al'ada a ƙarƙashin Mwami.'''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />''' == Manazarta == bmel2uei0ey6btzq5eivptt7ekjg99o 0 157156 856201 2026-06-13T16:50:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358499593|Kibuye, Rwanda]]" 856201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kibuye''' (Pronunciationⓘ) birni ne a cikin Gundumar Karongi, kuma hedkwatar Lardin Yamma a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. == Wurin da yake == Birnin yana kan gabar gabashin [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]], tsakanin Gisenyi da [[Cyangugu]], kimanin kilomita 135 (84 , ta hanyar hanya, yammacin [[Kigali]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=6 March 2016 |title=Distance between Kigali, Rwanda and Kibuye, Western Province, Rwanda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kigali%2C%20Rwanda&toplace=Kibuye%2C%20Western%20Province%2C%20Rwanda%2C&dt1=ChIJl-fYjiWk3BkRyAsdQaU2K_M&dt2=ChIJcTzNrxUp3RkRAQZEMIXy-XI |access-date=6 March 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Yanayin ƙasa na garin sune: 2°03'42.0"S, 29°20'54.0"E (Latitude:-2.061672; Longitude:29.348344). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kibuye an san shi da wurin shakatawa na rairayin bakin teku kuma yana cikin nisan tuki daga wuraren shakatawa na kasa guda biyu. Gida ce ga wani abin tunawa da [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] wanda ke nuna kisan kiyashi na kashi 90% na yawan mutanen [[Tutsi]] na garin a cikin kisan kare kare dangi na Rwanda . <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=29 March 2004 |title='It's so difficult to live with what we know' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/29/rwanda.chrismcgreal |access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Ndaba Falls suna kusa da birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LPC |date=7 March 2016 |title=Things to do in Kibuye |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/kibuye/things-to-do |access-date=7 March 2016 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)}}</ref> Dukansu Kibuye Power Plant 1 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Zack |date=31 August 2010 |title=Rwandan power plant converts methane from exploding lake into clean energy |url=http://www.lakescientist.com/rwandan-power-plant-converts-methane-from-exploding-lake-into-clean-energy/ |access-date=7 March 2016 |publisher=Lakescientist.com}}</ref> da KivuWatt Power Station <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tumwebaze |first=Peterson |date=17 July 2015 |title=Rwanda: Government Moves To Fix Power Challenges |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507170669.html |access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> suna cikin Kibuye. == Dubi kuma == * Komawa a Tafkin Kivu * Gitesi * Rubura * Gasenyi * Birambo == Manazarta == j0grulmqegti8c8nh825qrqq42jh1ug 856204 856201 2026-06-13T16:50:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 856204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kibuye''' (Pronunciationⓘ) birni ne a cikin Gundumar Karongi, kuma hedkwatar Lardin Yamma a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. == Wurin da yake == Birnin yana kan gabar gabashin [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]], tsakanin Gisenyi da [[Cyangugu]], kimanin kilomita 135 (84 , ta hanyar hanya, yammacin [[Kigali]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=6 March 2016 |title=Distance between Kigali, Rwanda and Kibuye, Western Province, Rwanda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kigali%2C%20Rwanda&toplace=Kibuye%2C%20Western%20Province%2C%20Rwanda%2C&dt1=ChIJl-fYjiWk3BkRyAsdQaU2K_M&dt2=ChIJcTzNrxUp3RkRAQZEMIXy-XI |access-date=6 March 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> Yanayin ƙasa na garin sune: 2°03'42.0"S, 29°20'54.0"E (Latitude:-2.061672; Longitude:29.348344). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kibuye an san shi da wurin shakatawa na rairayin bakin teku kuma yana cikin nisan tuki daga wuraren shakatawa na kasa guda biyu. Gida ce ga wani abin tunawa da [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] wanda ke nuna kisan kiyashi na kashi 90% na yawan mutanen [[Tutsi]] na garin a cikin kisan kare kare dangi na Rwanda . <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=29 March 2004 |title='It's so difficult to live with what we know' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/29/rwanda.chrismcgreal |access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Ndaba Falls suna kusa da birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LPC |date=7 March 2016 |title=Things to do in Kibuye |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/kibuye/things-to-do |access-date=7 March 2016 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)}}</ref> Dukansu Kibuye Power Plant 1 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Zack |date=31 August 2010 |title=Rwandan power plant converts methane from exploding lake into clean energy |url=http://www.lakescientist.com/rwandan-power-plant-converts-methane-from-exploding-lake-into-clean-energy/ |access-date=7 March 2016 |publisher=Lakescientist.com}}</ref> da KivuWatt Power Station <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tumwebaze |first=Peterson |date=17 July 2015 |title=Rwanda: Government Moves To Fix Power Challenges |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507170669.html |access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> suna cikin Kibuye. == Dubi kuma == * Komawa a Tafkin Kivu * Gitesi * Rubura * Gasenyi * Birambo == Manazarta == 001lycyj9wywqnt0gn4thuzbt6n0f1g 0 157157 856210 2026-06-13T16:52:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357590090|Mbinga-Sud]]" 856210 wikitext text/x-wiki Mbinga-Sud na ɗaya daga cikin ''ƙungiyoyi'' bakwai na Buhavu Chiefdom, wanda ke cikin Yankin Kalehe a lardin Kivu ta Kudu, gabashin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Ya mamaye yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 369 kuma yana da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a 136,575 a shekarar 2012. Matsayinta na gudanarwa shine Kasheke . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cegemera |first=Clarisse Emina |date=2016 |title=Chapitre deuxième: Milieu, matériel et méthode du travail |trans-title=Chapter Two: Environment, Materials, and Work Method |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-chapitre-deuxieme-milieu-materiel-et-metode-du-travail-638.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Mbinga-Sud tana da iyaka da [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] a gabas, ƙungiyar Irhambi-Katana (a Yankin Kabare) zuwa yamma, da ƙungiyar Mbinga-Nord zuwa arewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> An raba shi zuwa ''Yankunan'' goma (ƙauyuka): Bushushu, Cibanda (ko Chibandja), Cibanja (ko Ibinja), Ihoka, Iko, Munanira, Kasheke, Ishovu, Tchofi, da Muhongoza . Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta haɗa da tsibirai da yawa a Tafkin Kivu, musamman Ishungu, Ibidja, Iko, Ihoka, da Cime.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Chapitre premier: Présentation du groupement Mbinga-Sud |trans-title=Chapter One: Presentation of the Mbinga-Sud Groupement |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.3-chapitre-premier-presentation-du-groupement-mbinga-sud-1018.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawREIpxleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFnWXNCcnF3em1aeEdsalVOc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHpQLR6y0bPvcOTiQ_cHW2Nvr-Y4cw9KmgeDc24n_mOKr0LiL8NU9vJV6hb_9_aem_No_U5B1QTEMwjsr0Y5KguQ |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=Africmemoire.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Taimako, yanayi, da ciyayi === Mbinga-Sud tana da halayyar tsayi mai tsayi da tsayi sosai, wanda ya dace da tsaunuka na yammacin [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]] a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Yankin ya kunshi duwatsu, tuddai, tsaunuka, gangaren da ke da tsaunuka masu tsawo, da kuma raƙuman ruwa da yawa suka haɗu da raƙuman raƙuman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNabudabaga2016">Nabudabaga, Mwenyezi (2016). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html "Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes"] &#x5B;Chapter II: Materials and Methods&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Yankunan filayen suna da iyaka kuma galibi ana samun su kusa da bakin tekun [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] da kuma yankuna masu ƙasƙanci a kan gangaren yammacin Dutsen Mitumba . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Saboda wurin da yake tare da Dutsen Mitumba, ƙungiyar tana fuskantar [[Yanayin Alpine|Yanayin dutse]] tare da dogon Lokacin ruwan sama wanda ke gudana daga Satumba zuwa Mayu, da kuma ɗan gajeren Lokacin fari wanda ke gudada daga Yuni zuwa Agusta. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 1,300 da 1,680 mm, kodayake matakan da suka fi girma, waɗanda suka kai kusan 2,000 mm, an rubuta su a yankunan yammacin yankin Kalehe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNabudabaga2016">Nabudabaga, Mwenyezi (2016). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html "Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes"] &#x5B;Chapter II: Materials and Methods&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKamera2019">Kamera, Pepe (2019). [https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html "L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud"] &#x5B;Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Yawan zafin jiki yana da ƙasa a cikin tsaunuka na yamma da yankunan gandun daji, yayin da yanayin da ya fi dacewa ya kasance a yankunan gabas, wanda ke da tasiri ta hanyar kusanci da Tafkin Kivu. shuke-shuke sun mamaye gandun daji masu yawa a yamma, kodayake sare gandun daji ya rage su sosai, wanda ya ba da hanyar ciyawa da Savanna.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> === Hydrography da ƙasa ===   Mbinga-Sud yana da iyaka kuma yana da tasiri daga Tafkin Kivu, wanda ruwansa ke ba da ƙauyuka da yawa a bakin tafkin, gami da Ishovu, Ihoka, Iko, Ibindja, da Cime. Tafkin ya shimfiɗa tare da ɓangaren kudu maso gabashin ''rukuni'' kuma ya ci gaba zuwa arewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNabudabaga2016">Nabudabaga, Mwenyezi (2016). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html "Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes"] &#x5B;Chapter II: Materials and Methods&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> A cikin ƙasa, ana samun [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]] daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa, rafi, da koguna. Manyan [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]] sun hada da kogin [[Kogin Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], Nyakashungula, Cibira, Kangola, Ntungulu, Ndindi, Luzira, Sangano, Nyamikubi, Nyamuhondo, da Lwanjoka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKamera2019">Kamera, Pepe (2019). [https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html "L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud"] &#x5B;Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Nau'ikan ƙasa sun bambanta a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙasa mai [[yashi]] da aka samu a ƙauyukan Bushushu da sassa na Munanira, yayin da ƙasa mai nauyi ta mamaye yankunan tsaunuka kamar tuddai, duwatsu, gangara, da tsibirai tafkin. Wadannan ƙasa suna da saukin lalacewa da leaching, musamman a wurare masu tsawo. Kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin [[Kongo Basin|Kogin Kongo]], ƙasa da ba ta dutsen wuta ba ta da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki da humus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKamera2019">Kamera, Pepe (2019). [https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html "L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud"] &#x5B;Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> === Gudanarwa da gudanarwa === Mbinga-Sud tana karkashin tsarin gudanarwa na al'ada na Buhavu Chiefdom . Babban iko shine chef de groupement, wanda ke wakiltar ''Mwami'' (babban shugaban) kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban farko na gida. Wannan ofishin yawanci ana ba da shi ta hanyar gado kuma ya haɗa da ayyukan gudanarwa da aiwatar da dokokin al'ada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bahizire |first=Solange Furaha |date=2022 |title=La sociotherapie et la résilience communautaire en situation des conflits en groupement Mbinga-sud, territoire de Kalehe |trans-title=Sociotherapy and community resilience in conflict situations in the Mbinga-Sud groupement, Kalehe Territory |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/23/14340/m_La-sociotherapie-et-la-resilience-communautaire-en-situation-des-conflits-en-groupement-Mbinga-sud7.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur des Techniques de Développement de (ISTD-Kalehe) |language=fr |publication-place=Kalehe Territory, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2010 |title=Loi organique n°10/011 du 18 mai 2010 portant fixation des subdivisions territoriales à l'intérieur des provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 10/011 of 18 May 2010 establishing territorial subdivisions within the provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.10.011.18.05.2010.htm |access-date=8 April 2026 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2015 |title=Loi n° 15/015 du 25 aout 2015 fixant le statut des chefs coutumiers |trans-title=Law No. 15/015 of 25 August 2015 establishing the status of traditional chiefs |url=https://leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/Loi.15.015.25.08.2015.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |website=leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Majalisar dattawa tana tallafawa chef de groupement ta hanyar ba da shawara kan yanke shawara da kare al'adun gargajiya. Tsarin shari'a ya haɗu da ayyukan al'ada tare da ikon da aka ba da izini kuma ya warware ƙananan rikice-rikice a matakin gida yayin da yake jagorantar manyan shari'o'i ga jagorancin al'ada mafi girma a ƙarƙashin ''Mwami''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Mbinga-Sud an raba shi zuwa ''Yankunan'' goma (ƙauyuka), kowannensu yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin chef de localité (shugaban ƙauye), wanda ke aiki a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin yawan jama'ar yankin da chef de groupement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNabudabaga2016">Nabudabaga, Mwenyezi (2016). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html "Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes"] &#x5B;Chapter II: Materials and Methods&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKamera2019">Kamera, Pepe (2019). [https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html "L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud"] &#x5B;Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Manazarta == 0fkqj7yw8f21t7r5add44yrzub7xwfw 856213 856210 2026-06-13T16:53:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 856213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mbinga-Sud''' na ɗaya daga cikin ''ƙungiyoyi'' bakwai na Buhavu Chiefdom, wanda ke cikin Yankin Kalehe a lardin Kivu ta Kudu, gabashin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Ya mamaye yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 369 kuma yana da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a 136,575 a shekarar 2012. Matsayinta na gudanarwa shine Kasheke . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cegemera |first=Clarisse Emina |date=2016 |title=Chapitre deuxième: Milieu, matériel et méthode du travail |trans-title=Chapter Two: Environment, Materials, and Work Method |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-chapitre-deuxieme-milieu-materiel-et-metode-du-travail-638.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Mbinga-Sud tana da iyaka da [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] a gabas, ƙungiyar Irhambi-Katana (a Yankin Kabare) zuwa yamma, da ƙungiyar Mbinga-Nord zuwa arewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> An raba shi zuwa ''Yankunan'' goma (ƙauyuka): Bushushu, Cibanda (ko Chibandja), Cibanja (ko Ibinja), Ihoka, Iko, Munanira, Kasheke, Ishovu, Tchofi, da Muhongoza . Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta haɗa da tsibirai da yawa a Tafkin Kivu, musamman Ishungu, Ibidja, Iko, Ihoka, da Cime.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Chapitre premier: Présentation du groupement Mbinga-Sud |trans-title=Chapter One: Presentation of the Mbinga-Sud Groupement |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.3-chapitre-premier-presentation-du-groupement-mbinga-sud-1018.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawREIpxleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFnWXNCcnF3em1aeEdsalVOc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHpQLR6y0bPvcOTiQ_cHW2Nvr-Y4cw9KmgeDc24n_mOKr0LiL8NU9vJV6hb_9_aem_No_U5B1QTEMwjsr0Y5KguQ |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=Africmemoire.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Taimako, yanayi, da ciyayi === Mbinga-Sud tana da halayyar tsayi mai tsayi da tsayi sosai, wanda ya dace da tsaunuka na yammacin [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]] a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Yankin ya kunshi duwatsu, tuddai, tsaunuka, gangaren da ke da tsaunuka masu tsawo, da kuma raƙuman ruwa da yawa suka haɗu da raƙuman raƙuman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNabudabaga2016">Nabudabaga, Mwenyezi (2016). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html "Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes"] &#x5B;Chapter II: Materials and Methods&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Yankunan filayen suna da iyaka kuma galibi ana samun su kusa da bakin tekun [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] da kuma yankuna masu ƙasƙanci a kan gangaren yammacin Dutsen Mitumba . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Saboda wurin da yake tare da Dutsen Mitumba, ƙungiyar tana fuskantar [[Yanayin Alpine|Yanayin dutse]] tare da dogon Lokacin ruwan sama wanda ke gudana daga Satumba zuwa Mayu, da kuma ɗan gajeren Lokacin fari wanda ke gudada daga Yuni zuwa Agusta. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 1,300 da 1,680 mm, kodayake matakan da suka fi girma, waɗanda suka kai kusan 2,000 mm, an rubuta su a yankunan yammacin yankin Kalehe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNabudabaga2016">Nabudabaga, Mwenyezi (2016). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html "Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes"] &#x5B;Chapter II: Materials and Methods&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKamera2019">Kamera, Pepe (2019). [https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html "L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud"] &#x5B;Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Yawan zafin jiki yana da ƙasa a cikin tsaunuka na yamma da yankunan gandun daji, yayin da yanayin da ya fi dacewa ya kasance a yankunan gabas, wanda ke da tasiri ta hanyar kusanci da Tafkin Kivu. shuke-shuke sun mamaye gandun daji masu yawa a yamma, kodayake sare gandun daji ya rage su sosai, wanda ya ba da hanyar ciyawa da Savanna.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> === Hydrography da ƙasa ===   Mbinga-Sud yana da iyaka kuma yana da tasiri daga Tafkin Kivu, wanda ruwansa ke ba da ƙauyuka da yawa a bakin tafkin, gami da Ishovu, Ihoka, Iko, Ibindja, da Cime. Tafkin ya shimfiɗa tare da ɓangaren kudu maso gabashin ''rukuni'' kuma ya ci gaba zuwa arewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNabudabaga2016">Nabudabaga, Mwenyezi (2016). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html "Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes"] &#x5B;Chapter II: Materials and Methods&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> A cikin ƙasa, ana samun [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]] daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa, rafi, da koguna. Manyan [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]] sun hada da kogin [[Kogin Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], Nyakashungula, Cibira, Kangola, Ntungulu, Ndindi, Luzira, Sangano, Nyamikubi, Nyamuhondo, da Lwanjoka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKamera2019">Kamera, Pepe (2019). [https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html "L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud"] &#x5B;Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Nau'ikan ƙasa sun bambanta a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙasa mai [[yashi]] da aka samu a ƙauyukan Bushushu da sassa na Munanira, yayin da ƙasa mai nauyi ta mamaye yankunan tsaunuka kamar tuddai, duwatsu, gangara, da tsibirai tafkin. Wadannan ƙasa suna da saukin lalacewa da leaching, musamman a wurare masu tsawo. Kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin [[Kongo Basin|Kogin Kongo]], ƙasa da ba ta dutsen wuta ba ta da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki da humus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKamera2019">Kamera, Pepe (2019). [https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html "L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud"] &#x5B;Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> === Gudanarwa da gudanarwa === Mbinga-Sud tana karkashin tsarin gudanarwa na al'ada na Buhavu Chiefdom . Babban iko shine chef de groupement, wanda ke wakiltar ''Mwami'' (babban shugaban) kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban farko na gida. Wannan ofishin yawanci ana ba da shi ta hanyar gado kuma ya haɗa da ayyukan gudanarwa da aiwatar da dokokin al'ada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bahizire |first=Solange Furaha |date=2022 |title=La sociotherapie et la résilience communautaire en situation des conflits en groupement Mbinga-sud, territoire de Kalehe |trans-title=Sociotherapy and community resilience in conflict situations in the Mbinga-Sud groupement, Kalehe Territory |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/23/14340/m_La-sociotherapie-et-la-resilience-communautaire-en-situation-des-conflits-en-groupement-Mbinga-sud7.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur des Techniques de Développement de (ISTD-Kalehe) |language=fr |publication-place=Kalehe Territory, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2010 |title=Loi organique n°10/011 du 18 mai 2010 portant fixation des subdivisions territoriales à l'intérieur des provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 10/011 of 18 May 2010 establishing territorial subdivisions within the provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.10.011.18.05.2010.htm |access-date=8 April 2026 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2015 |title=Loi n° 15/015 du 25 aout 2015 fixant le statut des chefs coutumiers |trans-title=Law No. 15/015 of 25 August 2015 establishing the status of traditional chiefs |url=https://leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/Loi.15.015.25.08.2015.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |website=leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Majalisar dattawa tana tallafawa chef de groupement ta hanyar ba da shawara kan yanke shawara da kare al'adun gargajiya. Tsarin shari'a ya haɗu da ayyukan al'ada tare da ikon da aka ba da izini kuma ya warware ƙananan rikice-rikice a matakin gida yayin da yake jagorantar manyan shari'o'i ga jagorancin al'ada mafi girma a ƙarƙashin ''Mwami''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Mbinga-Sud an raba shi zuwa ''Yankunan'' goma (ƙauyuka), kowannensu yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin chef de localité (shugaban ƙauye), wanda ke aiki a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin yawan jama'ar yankin da chef de groupement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balolae |first=Marcelin Safari |date=2013 |title=Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce |trans-title=Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalolae2013">Balolae, Marcelin Safari (2013). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.2-chapitre-i-presentation-du-territoire-de-kalehe-et-generalite-sur-le-petit-commerce-1022.html "Chapitre I: Présentation du territoire de Kalehe et généralités sur le petit commerce"] &#x5B;Chapter I: Overview of the Kalehe Territory and General Information on Small-Scale Trade&#x5D;. ''Africmemoire.com'' (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nabudabaga |first=Mwenyezi |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes |trans-title=Chapter II: Materials and Methods |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNabudabaga2016">Nabudabaga, Mwenyezi (2016). [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.7-chapitre-ii-materiels-et-methodes-73.html "Chapitre II: Matériels et méthodes"] &#x5B;Chapter II: Materials and Methods&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kamera |first=Pepe |date=2019 |title=L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud |trans-title=Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKamera2019">Kamera, Pepe (2019). [https://www.memoireonline.com/06/22/12998/m_L-exploitation-des-enfants-dans-la-fabrication-des-briques-et-son-incidence-socio-environnementale-e11.html "L'exploitation des enfants dans la fabrication des briques et son incidence socio-environnementale et éducative en milieux ruraux: Cas du territoire de Kalehe, groupement Mbinga-sud"] &#x5B;Child Labor in Brickmaking and Its Socio-Environmental and Educational Impacts in Rural Areas: Case of Kalehe Territory, Mbinga-Sud Grouping&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur pour la Promotion de la Paix, du Développement et de l'Environnement de Bukavu (ISPDE-Bukavu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Manazarta == e1muu8vnat2w943vtgw4g34l80v8mnh 0 157158 856214 2026-06-13T16:54:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1064346644|Rubona, Rwanda]]" 856214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubona''', kuma Rubona Peninsula, unguwa ce a kudancin garin Gisenyi a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]].<ref name="It">{{Cite web |last=LPC |date=21 August 2017 |title=Gisenyi Attractions: Rubona Peninsula: Hot springs in Gisenyi |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/gisenyi/attractions/rubona-peninsula/a/poi-sig/1462273/1331542 |access-date=21 August 2017 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Garin yana kan Tekun Kivu, kimanin kilomita 4 (2 , kudu da Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta Gisenyi, Gundumar Rubavu, a Lardin Yammacin Rwanda . <ref name="It">{{Cite web |last=LPC |date=21 August 2017 |title=Gisenyi Attractions: Rubona Peninsula: Hot springs in Gisenyi |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/gisenyi/attractions/rubona-peninsula/a/poi-sig/1462273/1331542 |access-date=21 August 2017 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)}}</ref> Matsayin Rubona sune:01°43'42.0"S, 29°15'22.0"E (Latitude:-1.728333; Longitude:29.256111). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Duwatsun da ke cikin Rubona suna cike da ƙananan gidaje tare da lambunan da ke kewaye da su. Yankin tafkin yana da dutse, a mafi yawan yankuna, tare da wuraren yashi na lokaci-lokaci da wuraren da suka dace da yin iyo. Yana jan hankalin baƙi da yawa a karshen mako. Rubona kuma shine wurin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi, waɗanda ake amfani da su don tafasa dankali kuma ana bayar da rahoton warkar da cututtuka iri-iri.<ref name="It">{{Cite web |last=LPC |date=21 August 2017 |title=Gisenyi Attractions: Rubona Peninsula: Hot springs in Gisenyi |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/gisenyi/attractions/rubona-peninsula/a/poi-sig/1462273/1331542 |access-date=21 August 2017 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLPC2017">LPC (21 August 2017). [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/gisenyi/attractions/rubona-peninsula/a/poi-sig/1462273/1331542 "Gisenyi Attractions: Rubona Peninsula: Hot springs in Gisenyi"]. Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An bayyana iyakokin Congo Free State ta hanyar Dokar Neutrality a lokacin [[Taron Berlin]] na 1885, inda manyan kasashen Turai suka gabatar da ikirarin yankinsu a Afirka. Wannan ya sanya duk Tafkin Kivu a cikin Free State . {{Sfn|Lederer|1993}} A watan Yunin 1909 John Methuen Coote ya fara Lamarin kan iyakar Kivu lokacin da ya yi tafiya kudu maso yamma daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Uganda kuma ya kafa sansanoni masu garu a Burungu da Rubona (Lubuna). {{Sfn|Lederer|1993}} Sojojin Burtaniya a karkashin Coote sun janye daga gidan Rubona a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1909, kuma 'yan Belgium sun mamaye mukamin.{{Sfn|Rutanga|2011}} Bayan jerin abubuwan da suka faru an daidaita iyakokin Kongo, Uganda da Rwanda a watan Mayu 1910, tare da Rubona da aka sanya wa mulkin mallaka na Jamus na Rwanda.{{Sfn|Rutanga|2011}} == Manazarta == 6xw8412pvlz9doppp1pi2cci8fqa7ie 856215 856214 2026-06-13T16:54:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 856215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubona''', kuma Rubona Peninsula, unguwa ce a kudancin garin Gisenyi a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]].<ref name="It">{{Cite web |last=LPC |date=21 August 2017 |title=Gisenyi Attractions: Rubona Peninsula: Hot springs in Gisenyi |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/gisenyi/attractions/rubona-peninsula/a/poi-sig/1462273/1331542 |access-date=21 August 2017 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Garin yana kan Tekun Kivu, kimanin kilomita 4 (2 , kudu da Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta Gisenyi, Gundumar Rubavu, a Lardin Yammacin Rwanda . <ref name="It">{{Cite web |last=LPC |date=21 August 2017 |title=Gisenyi Attractions: Rubona Peninsula: Hot springs in Gisenyi |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/gisenyi/attractions/rubona-peninsula/a/poi-sig/1462273/1331542 |access-date=21 August 2017 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)}}</ref> Matsayin Rubona sune:01°43'42.0"S, 29°15'22.0"E (Latitude:-1.728333; Longitude:29.256111). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Duwatsun da ke cikin Rubona suna cike da ƙananan gidaje tare da lambunan da ke kewaye da su. Yankin tafkin yana da dutse, a mafi yawan yankuna, tare da wuraren yashi na lokaci-lokaci da wuraren da suka dace da yin iyo. Yana jan hankalin baƙi da yawa a karshen mako. Rubona kuma shine wurin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi, waɗanda ake amfani da su don tafasa dankali kuma ana bayar da rahoton warkar da cututtuka iri-iri.<ref name="It">{{Cite web |last=LPC |date=21 August 2017 |title=Gisenyi Attractions: Rubona Peninsula: Hot springs in Gisenyi |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/gisenyi/attractions/rubona-peninsula/a/poi-sig/1462273/1331542 |access-date=21 August 2017 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLPC2017">LPC (21 August 2017). [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/gisenyi/attractions/rubona-peninsula/a/poi-sig/1462273/1331542 "Gisenyi Attractions: Rubona Peninsula: Hot springs in Gisenyi"]. Lonelyplanet.com (LPC)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An bayyana iyakokin Congo Free State ta hanyar Dokar Neutrality a lokacin [[Taron Berlin]] na 1885, inda manyan kasashen Turai suka gabatar da ikirarin yankinsu a Afirka. Wannan ya sanya duk Tafkin Kivu a cikin Free State . {{Sfn|Lederer|1993}} A watan Yunin 1909 John Methuen Coote ya fara Lamarin kan iyakar Kivu lokacin da ya yi tafiya kudu maso yamma daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Uganda kuma ya kafa sansanoni masu garu a Burungu da Rubona (Lubuna). {{Sfn|Lederer|1993}} Sojojin Burtaniya a karkashin Coote sun janye daga gidan Rubona a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1909, kuma 'yan Belgium sun mamaye mukamin.{{Sfn|Rutanga|2011}} Bayan jerin abubuwan da suka faru an daidaita iyakokin Kongo, Uganda da Rwanda a watan Mayu 1910, tare da Rubona da aka sanya wa mulkin mallaka na Jamus na Rwanda.{{Sfn|Rutanga|2011}} == Manazarta == 3l397ckza1fifa8f4wct1alyo65oo4f 0 157159 856221 2026-06-13T16:59:08Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349997215|Rhamphochromis woodi]]" 856221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Rhamphochromis woodi''''' nau'in cichlid ne mai kama da piscivorous wanda ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita ruwa mai buɗaɗɗen yanayi daga zurfin {{Convert|8|to|121|m|ft}} . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|42|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . Sunan da aka ambata a matsayin Rodney C. Wood, wanda tarin cichlids daga Tafkin Malawi, wanda ya haɗa da nau'in wannan nau'in, aka gabatar da shi ga Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5s3u0l5vg654myurya4t8dpgir20sjm 856223 856221 2026-06-13T16:59:42Z Engineer014 44591 856223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Rhamphochromis woodi''''' nau'in cichlid ne mai kama da piscivorous wanda ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita ruwa mai buɗaɗɗen yanayi daga zurfin {{Convert|8|to|121|m|ft}} . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|42|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . Sunan da aka ambata a matsayin Rodney C. Wood, wanda tarin cichlids daga Tafkin Malawi, wanda ya haɗa da nau'in wannan nau'in, aka gabatar da shi ga Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == izoh3le9mb8r9i7co17jsiij67nu3f4 0 157160 856225 2026-06-13T17:00:37Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330644885|Aulonocara aquilonium]]" 856225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Aulonocara aquilonium''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da yawa a [[Malawi]] . Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna masu ruwa mai tsafta]] inda yake faruwa a yankunan da ke da yashi inda mazan da suka manyanta ke kare ƙaramin yanki na yashi daga sauran mazan da suka manyanta na wannan nau'in. Matan da ke neman abinci da mazan da ba sa kiwo suna samar da manyan makarantu . Ana samunsa a zurfin da ya kama daga {{Convert|12-25|m|ft}} . A cikin watannin Nuwamba da Disamba ''A. aquilonium'' yana da yawa inda akwai mahaɗi tsakanin tsaunuka da yashi kusa da Mdoka a arewa maso yammacin gabar tafkin Malawi == Manazarta == md88rf6lgmx2jxm26ev9e5ro5q7yxyu 856227 856225 2026-06-13T17:01:09Z Engineer014 44591 856227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Aulonocara aquilonium''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da yawa a [[Malawi]] . Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna masu ruwa mai tsafta]] inda yake faruwa a yankunan da ke da yashi inda mazan da suka manyanta ke kare ƙaramin yanki na yashi daga sauran mazan da suka manyanta na wannan nau'in. Matan da ke neman abinci da mazan da ba sa kiwo suna samar da manyan makarantu . Ana samunsa a zurfin da ya kama daga {{Convert|12-25|m|ft}} . A cikin watannin Nuwamba da Disamba ''A. aquilonium'' yana da yawa inda akwai mahaɗi tsakanin tsaunuka da yashi kusa da Mdoka a arewa maso yammacin gabar tafkin Malawi == Manazarta == 7qpwtmacssu4w226pqf7bq07wzkf35s 0 157161 856228 2026-06-13T17:02:16Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645820|Mylochromis plagiotaenia]]" 856228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mylochromis plagiotaenia''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi daga kudancin tafkin. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11|cm|in}} TL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . == Manazarta == jqcxrm0ouq7zdv27z9l0eama1d98uat 856229 856228 2026-06-13T17:02:54Z Engineer014 44591 856229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mylochromis plagiotaenia''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi daga kudancin tafkin. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11|cm|in}} TL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . == Manazarta == tiogjth1ydblgvlojmu5grhtctebeks 0 157162 856231 2026-06-13T17:03:46Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645732|Melanochromis heterochromis]]" 856231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Melanochromis heterochromis''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|9.7|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == fxnuheousjanohi24c1aaxer8dub5rn 856232 856231 2026-06-13T17:04:11Z Engineer014 44591 856232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Melanochromis heterochromis''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|9.7|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == 4rif53w4q06fdd745p2se9sikijss3g 0 157163 856233 2026-06-13T17:05:06Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646203|Protomelas triaenodon]]" 856233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Protomelas triaenodon''''' nau'in cichlid ne da aka samo asali daga yankin kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]] da [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|15.4|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 7j21ob2mn7qw1f2etm7dp52iqijirdj 856234 856233 2026-06-13T17:05:40Z Engineer014 44591 856234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Protomelas triaenodon''''' nau'in cichlid ne da aka samo asali daga yankin kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]] da [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|15.4|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> ld91xyzarn5gawz424b5vhhv6bte4mk 0 157164 856236 2026-06-13T17:06:53Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358603055|Aulonocara stonemani]]" 856236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Aulonocara stonemani''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. Yana da yawa a yankin kudu maso gabas da kudu maso yammacin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Ana samun ''Aulonocara stonemani'' a cikin zurfin ruwa ( {{Convert|55-80|m|ft}} ), a kan wani abu da ya ƙunshi laka ko yashi mai laka. Abincinsa ya ƙunshi ciyarwa akan ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi da aka tace daga laka. Matsakaicin tsawon shine {{Convert|6|cm|in}} . Ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana daga IUCN ba. Sunan da aka ambata ya ambaci Babban Jami'in Kamun Kifi na Malawi, J. Stoneman, wanda ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da nasarar wannan tafiya da aka tattara . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order Cichliformes: Family Cichlidae: Subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == bbny78lc6gv9t9lrd029xzdjkvx3h0p 856237 856236 2026-06-13T17:07:16Z Engineer014 44591 856237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Aulonocara stonemani''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. Yana da yawa a yankin kudu maso gabas da kudu maso yammacin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Ana samun ''Aulonocara stonemani'' a cikin zurfin ruwa ( {{Convert|55-80|m|ft}} ), a kan wani abu da ya ƙunshi laka ko yashi mai laka. Abincinsa ya ƙunshi ciyarwa akan ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi da aka tace daga laka. Matsakaicin tsawon shine {{Convert|6|cm|in}} . Ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana daga IUCN ba. Sunan da aka ambata ya ambaci Babban Jami'in Kamun Kifi na Malawi, J. Stoneman, wanda ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da nasarar wannan tafiya da aka tattara . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order Cichliformes: Family Cichlidae: Subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3zn5ppzay63y0ccolu9a66e1f3gn66j 0 157165 856241 2026-06-13T17:10:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347278270|Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo]]" 856241 wikitext text/x-wiki Sake babban birni ne kuma ƙauyen ƙungiyar Kamuronza, a cikin Bahunde Chiefdom, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="109" href="./Goma" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Goma">Goma]]<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;fr<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;publication-place<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwXw\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt12\" class=\"citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source\" id=\"CITEREFIkunji2013\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Ikunji, Patrick (2013). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.memoireonline.com/11/15/9302/m_Essai-d-adaptation-de-quelques-varietes-de-riz-pluvial-oryza-sativa--irat112-irat13-et-r66-dan9.html\" id=\"mwYA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Essai d'adaptation de quelques variétés de riz pluvial (oryza sativa: irat112, irat13 et r66) dans les conditions agro-écologiques de territoire de Masisi: Cas du village de Sake en RDC\"</a></nowiki> <nowiki><span id=\"mwYQ\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">[</span></nowiki>Trial adaptation of some upland rice varieties (Oryza sativa: IRAT112, IRAT13, and R66) under the agro-ecological conditions of the Masisi Territory: Case of the village of Sake in the DRC<nowiki><span id=\"mwYg\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">]</span></nowiki> (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"150\" href=\"./University_of_Goma\" id=\"mwYw\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"University of Goma\">University of Goma</a></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwZA\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwZQ\">17 March</span></nowiki> 2026<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki><nowiki><link about=\"#mwt12\" href=\"./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)\" id=\"mwZw\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Sake,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#cite_note-:0-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Tana a iyakar arewa maso yammacin [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]], 25 km (15 mi) yammacin arewa maso yamma na Goma a kan National Road No. 2, a gefen filayen dutsen wuta a '''Kawai''' kwarin Yammacin Rift, a tsawo na kimanin 1500 m. Yammacin kwarin rift ya tashi zuwa 800 m sama da Sake.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ruwan ya fito ne daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na [[Nyamuragira]] da [[Dutsen Nyiragongo|Nyiragongo]], kilomita ² a arewa maso yamma, da kuma ƙananan tsaunuka masu yawa waɗanda ke ciyar da su ta hanyar fissures daga waɗannan tsaunuka. Ana iya ganin cones da yawa a cikin hotunan tauraron dan adam 7-8 km gabashin Sake. Sun kuma nuna cewa kwararar dutse a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta rufe wasu sassan hanyar zuwa Goma (National Road No. 2) kuma sun isa tafkin, suna yanke bayin da Sake yake, don samar da karamin tafkin kasa da murabba'in kilomita 1. Yankin da ke kusa, wanda ke da kimanin 40 km2 a girman, kusan an yanke shi da laka kuma tashar 160 m kawai ta rage don haɗa shi da babban jikin Tafkin Kivu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sake ya karbi bakuncin [[Ruwanda|'Yan Rwanda]] a lokacin rikicin' yan gudun hijira na Great Lakes na tsakiyar shekarun 1990 da mazaunan Goma da ke tserewa daga fashewar [[Dutsen Nyiragongo]] na 2002. Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sojoji da sojojin da Laurent Nkunda ke jagoranta sun jagoranci dubban mazauna Sake su gudu a watan Agustan shekara ta 2006. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2006, dubu goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin sun tsere wa yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sojojin Nkunda da sojojin DRC a wani hari da tsohon ya yi a yankin Sake. Yaƙin ya faru kusan kwana ɗaya kafin Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci kan sakamakon takarar shugaban kasa ta 2006. Yaƙin ya bayyana ya ɓace washegari. Sake kuma ta kasance gida ga Brigade na Intervention na Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun watan Yulin 2013. == Yanayin ƙasa == Yanayin Sake an rarraba shi azaman Cfb a ƙarƙ[[Tokar dutse mai aman wuta|ash]] tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, wanda ke nufin yana da yanayin zafi mai tsawo tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 19 ° C da matsakaitan ruwan sama na 1207 mm.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ikunji |first=Patrick |date=2013 |title=Essai d'adaptation de quelques variétés de riz pluvial (oryza sativa: irat112, irat13 et r66) dans les conditions agro-écologiques de territoire de Masisi: Cas du village de Sake en RDC |trans-title=Trial adaptation of some upland rice varieties (Oryza sativa: IRAT112, IRAT13, and R66) under the agro-ecological conditions of the Masisi Territory: Case of the village of Sake in the DRC |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/15/9302/m_Essai-d-adaptation-de-quelques-varietes-de-riz-pluvial-oryza-sativa--irat112-irat13-et-r66-dan9.html |access-date=17 March 2026 |publisher=[[University of Goma]] |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Ƙasa tana da nau'in andosol, wanda aka kafa daga canjin duwatsun dutse, musamman toka, kuma ana nuna shi da babban abun ciki na [[Silicon dioxide|silica]] da alumina, mai wadata sosai a cikin kwayoyin halitta (5-8%), tare da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa mai kyau (12-15%) da pH na 7.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == 4qupzt0sqwmb6mtlejnm327go7sg77v 856243 856241 2026-06-13T17:10:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 856243 wikitext text/x-wiki Sake babban birni ne kuma ƙauyen ƙungiyar Kamuronza, a cikin Bahunde Chiefdom, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Tana a iyakar arewa maso yammacin [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]], 25 km (15 mi) yammacin arewa maso yamma na Goma a kan National Road No. 2, a gefen filayen dutsen wuta a '''Kawai''' kwarin Yammacin Rift, a tsawo na kimanin 1500 m. Yammacin kwarin rift ya tashi zuwa 800 m sama da Sake.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ruwan ya fito ne daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na [[Nyamuragira]] da [[Dutsen Nyiragongo|Nyiragongo]], kilomita ² a arewa maso yamma, da kuma ƙananan tsaunuka masu yawa waɗanda ke ciyar da su ta hanyar fissures daga waɗannan tsaunuka. Ana iya ganin cones da yawa a cikin hotunan tauraron dan adam 7-8 km gabashin Sake. Sun kuma nuna cewa kwararar dutse a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta rufe wasu sassan hanyar zuwa Goma (National Road No. 2) kuma sun isa tafkin, suna yanke bayin da Sake yake, don samar da karamin tafkin kasa da murabba'in kilomita 1. Yankin da ke kusa, wanda ke da kimanin 40 km2 a girman, kusan an yanke shi da laka kuma tashar 160 m kawai ta rage don haɗa shi da babban jikin Tafkin Kivu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sake ya karbi bakuncin [[Ruwanda|'Yan Rwanda]] a lokacin rikicin' yan gudun hijira na Great Lakes na tsakiyar shekarun 1990 da mazaunan Goma da ke tserewa daga fashewar [[Dutsen Nyiragongo]] na 2002. Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sojoji da sojojin da Laurent Nkunda ke jagoranta sun jagoranci dubban mazauna Sake su gudu a watan Agustan shekara ta 2006. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2006, dubu goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin sun tsere wa yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sojojin Nkunda da sojojin DRC a wani hari da tsohon ya yi a yankin Sake. Yaƙin ya faru kusan kwana ɗaya kafin Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci kan sakamakon takarar shugaban kasa ta 2006. Yaƙin ya bayyana ya ɓace washegari. Sake kuma ta kasance gida ga Brigade na Intervention na Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun watan Yulin 2013. == Yanayin ƙasa == Yanayin Sake an rarraba shi azaman Cfb a ƙarƙ[[Tokar dutse mai aman wuta|ash]] tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, wanda ke nufin yana da yanayin zafi mai tsawo tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 19 ° C da matsakaitan ruwan sama na 1207 mm.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ikunji |first=Patrick |date=2013 |title=Essai d'adaptation de quelques variétés de riz pluvial (oryza sativa: irat112, irat13 et r66) dans les conditions agro-écologiques de territoire de Masisi: Cas du village de Sake en RDC |trans-title=Trial adaptation of some upland rice varieties (Oryza sativa: IRAT112, IRAT13, and R66) under the agro-ecological conditions of the Masisi Territory: Case of the village of Sake in the DRC |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/15/9302/m_Essai-d-adaptation-de-quelques-varietes-de-riz-pluvial-oryza-sativa--irat112-irat13-et-r66-dan9.html |access-date=17 March 2026 |publisher=[[University of Goma]] |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Ƙasa tana da nau'in andosol, wanda aka kafa daga canjin duwatsun dutse, musamman toka, kuma ana nuna shi da babban abun ciki na [[Silicon dioxide|silica]] da alumina, mai wadata sosai a cikin kwayoyin halitta (5-8%), tare da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa mai kyau (12-15%) da pH na 7.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == e7b8kneidishs7c3xf65t90l7ia6kqm 856244 856243 2026-06-13T17:11:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 856244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sake babban birni ne kuma ƙauyen ƙungiyar Kamuronza, a cikin Bahunde Chiefdom, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Tana a iyakar arewa maso yammacin [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]], 25 km (15 mi) yammacin arewa maso yamma na Goma a kan National Road No. 2, a gefen filayen dutsen wuta a '''Kawai''' kwarin Yammacin Rift, a tsawo na kimanin 1500 m. Yammacin kwarin rift ya tashi zuwa 800 m sama da Sake.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ruwan ya fito ne daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na [[Nyamuragira]] da [[Dutsen Nyiragongo|Nyiragongo]], kilomita ² a arewa maso yamma, da kuma ƙananan tsaunuka masu yawa waɗanda ke ciyar da su ta hanyar fissures daga waɗannan tsaunuka. Ana iya ganin cones da yawa a cikin hotunan tauraron dan adam 7-8 km gabashin Sake. Sun kuma nuna cewa kwararar dutse a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta rufe wasu sassan hanyar zuwa Goma (National Road No. 2) kuma sun isa tafkin, suna yanke bayin da Sake yake, don samar da karamin tafkin kasa da murabba'in kilomita 1. Yankin da ke kusa, wanda ke da kimanin 40 km2 a girman, kusan an yanke shi da laka kuma tashar 160 m kawai ta rage don haɗa shi da babban jikin Tafkin Kivu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sake ya karbi bakuncin [[Ruwanda|'Yan Rwanda]] a lokacin rikicin' yan gudun hijira na Great Lakes na tsakiyar shekarun 1990 da mazaunan Goma da ke tserewa daga fashewar [[Dutsen Nyiragongo]] na 2002. Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sojoji da sojojin da Laurent Nkunda ke jagoranta sun jagoranci dubban mazauna Sake su gudu a watan Agustan shekara ta 2006. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2006, dubu goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin sun tsere wa yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sojojin Nkunda da sojojin DRC a wani hari da tsohon ya yi a yankin Sake. Yaƙin ya faru kusan kwana ɗaya kafin Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci kan sakamakon takarar shugaban kasa ta 2006. Yaƙin ya bayyana ya ɓace washegari. Sake kuma ta kasance gida ga Brigade na Intervention na Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun watan Yulin 2013. == Yanayin ƙasa == Yanayin Sake an rarraba shi azaman Cfb a ƙarƙ[[Tokar dutse mai aman wuta|ash]] tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, wanda ke nufin yana da yanayin zafi mai tsawo tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 19 ° C da matsakaitan ruwan sama na 1207 mm.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ikunji |first=Patrick |date=2013 |title=Essai d'adaptation de quelques variétés de riz pluvial (oryza sativa: irat112, irat13 et r66) dans les conditions agro-écologiques de territoire de Masisi: Cas du village de Sake en RDC |trans-title=Trial adaptation of some upland rice varieties (Oryza sativa: IRAT112, IRAT13, and R66) under the agro-ecological conditions of the Masisi Territory: Case of the village of Sake in the DRC |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/15/9302/m_Essai-d-adaptation-de-quelques-varietes-de-riz-pluvial-oryza-sativa--irat112-irat13-et-r66-dan9.html |access-date=17 March 2026 |publisher=[[University of Goma]] |language=fr |publication-place=Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Ƙasa tana da nau'in andosol, wanda aka kafa daga canjin duwatsun dutse, musamman toka, kuma ana nuna shi da babban abun ciki na [[Silicon dioxide|silica]] da alumina, mai wadata sosai a cikin kwayoyin halitta (5-8%), tare da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa mai kyau (12-15%) da pH na 7.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == djowu3f8r2payi6sqdx01y68885yju2 0 157166 856246 2026-06-13T17:13:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358500582|Shangi, Rwanda]]" 856246 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shangi''' (pronunciationⓘ) wani bangare ne a cikin Gundumar Nyamasheke a Lardin Yamma, [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Tana a kudancin Tekun Kivu. == Tarihi == Kigeli IV Rwabugiri, mai mulkin [[Masarautar Ruwanda|Masarautar Rwanda]], an ruwaito cewa ya sami babban nasara a kan Mutanen Nkore a Shangi a lokacin ayyukan soja na ƙarshe ({{Circa}} 1894/95). {{Sfn|Newbury|2009}} A shekara ta 1896, wani yunkuri na Congo Free State ya haye iyakokin Masarautar Rwanda. Sojojin Congo-Belgium "ɗari da yawa" a ƙarƙashin Lieutenant Constantin Sandrart sun kafa sansani mai garu a kan tudu a Shangi, suna kalubalantar ikon Rwanda a yankin. A sakamakon haka, sojojin sarauta na Rwanda sun kai hari sansanin a [[Yaƙin Shangi]], amma an ci su.{{Sfn|Cantrell|2022}}{{Sfn|Des Forges|2011}} Duk da wannan, rundunar Congo Free State ta janye cikin lumana a ƙarshen 1897 saboda matsalolin cikin gida.{{Sfn|Strizek|2006}} A wannan lokacin, Rwanda ta miƙa wuya ga Daular Jamus, kuma ''Schutztruppe'' na Jamus daga baya ya kafa sansanin soja a Shangi don tabbatar da iyakar.{{Sfn|Strizek|2006}} An ci gaba da jayayya tsakanin Jamus da Congo Free State game da yankin, amma an warware "Matsalar Shangi" ta hanyar ƙarin tattaunawa da aikin kwamishinan kan iyaka.{{Sfn|Strizek|2006}} Har ila yau, 'yan Belgium sun kafa sabon matsayi a kusa da Shangi.{{Sfn|Des Forges|2011}} Shangi daga baya ya zama cibiyar binciken Turai na yankin, tare da Richard Kandt yana amfani da shi azaman tushe.{{Sfn|Des Forges|2011}} A cikin [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda]] na 1994, cocin Shangi ya zama "tarkon mutuwa", yayin da yawancin [[Tutsi]] suka taru a wurin don kariya amma daga bisani 'yan bindiga na [[Interahamwe]] suka kashe su.{{Sfn|Prunier|1999}} == Manazarta == o0bce2fs89uvz5dju98b17txkryfk11 856247 856246 2026-06-13T17:13:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 856247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shangi''' (pronunciationⓘ) wani bangare ne a cikin Gundumar Nyamasheke a Lardin Yamma, [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Tana a kudancin Tekun Kivu. == Tarihi == Kigeli IV Rwabugiri, mai mulkin [[Masarautar Ruwanda|Masarautar Rwanda]], an ruwaito cewa ya sami babban nasara a kan Mutanen Nkore a Shangi a lokacin ayyukan soja na ƙarshe ({{Circa}} 1894/95). {{Sfn|Newbury|2009}} A shekara ta 1896, wani yunkuri na Congo Free State ya haye iyakokin Masarautar Rwanda. Sojojin Congo-Belgium "ɗari da yawa" a ƙarƙashin Lieutenant Constantin Sandrart sun kafa sansani mai garu a kan tudu a Shangi, suna kalubalantar ikon Rwanda a yankin. A sakamakon haka, sojojin sarauta na Rwanda sun kai hari sansanin a [[Yaƙin Shangi]], amma an ci su.{{Sfn|Cantrell|2022}}{{Sfn|Des Forges|2011}} Duk da wannan, rundunar Congo Free State ta janye cikin lumana a ƙarshen 1897 saboda matsalolin cikin gida.{{Sfn|Strizek|2006}} A wannan lokacin, Rwanda ta miƙa wuya ga Daular Jamus, kuma ''Schutztruppe'' na Jamus daga baya ya kafa sansanin soja a Shangi don tabbatar da iyakar.{{Sfn|Strizek|2006}} An ci gaba da jayayya tsakanin Jamus da Congo Free State game da yankin, amma an warware "Matsalar Shangi" ta hanyar ƙarin tattaunawa da aikin kwamishinan kan iyaka.{{Sfn|Strizek|2006}} Har ila yau, 'yan Belgium sun kafa sabon matsayi a kusa da Shangi.{{Sfn|Des Forges|2011}} Shangi daga baya ya zama cibiyar binciken Turai na yankin, tare da Richard Kandt yana amfani da shi azaman tushe.{{Sfn|Des Forges|2011}} A cikin [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda]] na 1994, cocin Shangi ya zama "tarkon mutuwa", yayin da yawancin [[Tutsi]] suka taru a wurin don kariya amma daga bisani 'yan bindiga na [[Interahamwe]] suka kashe su.{{Sfn|Prunier|1999}} == Manazarta == 2oqljor0hvaewtw5id2797f7dd43a1p 0 157167 856248 2026-06-13T17:14:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306284491|Diocese of Cyangugu]]" 856248 wikitext text/x-wiki Roman Catholic diocese of [[Cyangugu]] (Latin: ) diocese ne da ke cikin birnin Cyangugu a lardin Ikklisiya na Kigali a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. Tun daga 2021, an ba da Diocese na Katolika na Cyangugu ga Bishop Edouard Sinayobye. Diocese na Cyangugu (a cikin Diocèse Catholique de Cyangugu na Faransa) [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ne ya kafa shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1981. An danƙa wa Bishop [[Thaddeus Ntihinyurwa]] a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1982, a matsayin bishop na diocesan har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Archbishop na [[Kigali]] a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1996, kuma a matsayin Apostolic Administrator na Cyangugu har zuwa 2 ga Janairu 1997, lokacin da Paparoma ya nada magajinsa, Bishop Jean Damascène Bimenyimana, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na diocese na Cyanggu har sai ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2018. == Jagora == ; Bishops na Cyangugu * Thaddée Ntihinyurwa (1981.11.05 - 1996.03.09), an nada shi Babban Bishop na Kigali amma nan da nan ya zama Mai Gudanar da Manzanni a nan Babban Bishop Thaddée ntihinyurwa (Mai Gudanar da manzanni 1996.03.25 - 1997.01.02) ** Archbishop Thaddée Ntihinyurwa (Mai Gudanar da Manzo 1996.03.25 - 1997.01.02) * Jean Damascène Bimenyimana (1997.01.02 - 2018.03.11) * Edouard Sinayobye (2021.02.06 - ...) == Ikklisiya == * [[Shangi]] * [[Nkanka]] * [[Mibilizi]] * [[Mwezi]] * Muyange * Nyamasheke * [[Yove]] * [[Cyangugu]] * [[Nyabitimbo]] * [[Hanika (Parish)|Hanika]] * [[Tyazo]] * [[Mashyuza]] * [[Mushaka]] * [[Nyakabuye|Yana soyayya]] == Dubi kuma == * Roman Katolika a Rwanda == Manazarta == joxgh7tflmiksp6zkmpvt6qkrfti4mf 856249 856248 2026-06-13T17:15:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 856249 wikitext text/x-wiki Roman Catholic diocese of [[Cyangugu]] (Latin: ) diocese ne da ke cikin birnin Cyangugu a lardin Ikklisiya na Kigali a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. Tun daga 2021, an ba da Diocese na Katolika na Cyangugu ga Bishop Edouard Sinayobye. Diocese na Cyangugu (a cikin Diocèse Catholique de Cyangugu na Faransa) [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ne ya kafa shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1981. An danƙa wa Bishop [[Thaddeus Ntihinyurwa]] a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1982, a matsayin bishop na diocesan har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Archbishop na [[Kigali]] a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1996, kuma a matsayin Apostolic Administrator na Cyangugu har zuwa 2 ga Janairu 1997, lokacin da Paparoma ya nada magajinsa, Bishop Jean Damascène Bimenyimana, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na diocese na Cyanggu har sai ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2018.<ref>Homepage du Diocèse catholique de Cyangugu (french)</ref> == Jagora == ; Bishops na Cyangugu * Thaddée Ntihinyurwa (1981.11.05 - 1996.03.09), an nada shi Babban Bishop na Kigali amma nan da nan ya zama Mai Gudanar da Manzanni a nan Babban Bishop Thaddée ntihinyurwa (Mai Gudanar da manzanni 1996.03.25 - 1997.01.02) ** Archbishop Thaddée Ntihinyurwa (Mai Gudanar da Manzo 1996.03.25 - 1997.01.02) * Jean Damascène Bimenyimana (1997.01.02 - 2018.03.11) * Edouard Sinayobye (2021.02.06 - ...) == Ikklisiya == * [[Shangi]] * [[Nkanka]] * [[Mibilizi]] * [[Mwezi]] * Muyange * Nyamasheke * [[Yove]] * [[Cyangugu]] * [[Nyabitimbo]] * [[Hanika (Parish)|Hanika]] * [[Tyazo]] * [[Mashyuza]] * [[Mushaka]] * [[Nyakabuye|Yana soyayya]] == Dubi kuma == * Roman Katolika a Rwanda == Manazarta == 1ydbff26pn6xc0vfjcdncepfe387tlm 856250 856249 2026-06-13T17:16:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 856250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Roman Catholic diocese of [[Cyangugu]]''' (Latin: ) diocese ne da ke cikin birnin Cyangugu a lardin Ikklisiya na Kigali a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. Tun daga 2021, an ba da Diocese na Katolika na Cyangugu ga Bishop Edouard Sinayobye. Diocese na Cyangugu (a cikin Diocèse Catholique de Cyangugu na Faransa) [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ne ya kafa shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1981. An danƙa wa Bishop [[Thaddeus Ntihinyurwa]] a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1982, a matsayin bishop na diocesan har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Archbishop na [[Kigali]] a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1996, kuma a matsayin Apostolic Administrator na Cyangugu har zuwa 2 ga Janairu 1997, lokacin da Paparoma ya nada magajinsa, Bishop Jean Damascène Bimenyimana, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na diocese na Cyanggu har sai ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2018.<ref>Homepage du Diocèse catholique de Cyangugu (french)</ref> == Jagora == ; Bishops na Cyangugu * Thaddée Ntihinyurwa (1981.11.05 - 1996.03.09), an nada shi Babban Bishop na Kigali amma nan da nan ya zama Mai Gudanar da Manzanni a nan Babban Bishop Thaddée ntihinyurwa (Mai Gudanar da manzanni 1996.03.25 - 1997.01.02) ** Archbishop Thaddée Ntihinyurwa (Mai Gudanar da Manzo 1996.03.25 - 1997.01.02) * Jean Damascène Bimenyimana (1997.01.02 - 2018.03.11) * Edouard Sinayobye (2021.02.06 - ...) == Ikklisiya == * [[Shangi]] * [[Nkanka]] * [[Mibilizi]] * [[Mwezi]] * Muyange * Nyamasheke * [[Yove]] * [[Cyangugu]] * [[Nyabitimbo]] * [[Hanika (Parish)|Hanika]] * [[Tyazo]] * [[Mashyuza]] * [[Mushaka]] * [[Nyakabuye|Yana soyayya]] == Dubi kuma == * Roman Katolika a Rwanda == Manazarta == avy05xpwk9za3gwernt3uu915x4h05t 0 157168 856252 2026-06-13T17:18:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358499554|Kamembe Airport]]" 856252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Filin jirgin saman Kamembe''' (Pronunciationⓘ), (: , : ), filin jirgin sama ne a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . RwandAir tana aiki da Dash 8-Q400 tare da jirage bakwai a kowane mako zuwa da kuma daga Filin jirgin saman Kigali. Filin jirgin saman yana karɓar jirage masu sassauci daga [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], kodayake ba a kan jadawalin yau da kullun ba. A lokacin yakin basasar Rwanda, an ba da shawarar filin jirgin saman Kamembe a matsayin shafin don sauya makamai na Faransa zuwa gwamnatin wucin gadi bayan Afrilu 1994. [[Fayil:Kamembe_Airport_from_the_outside,_2017_1.jpg|thumb|Filin jirgin saman Kamembe daga waje, 2017 1]] == Wurin da yake == Filin jirgin saman Kamembe yana da nisan kilomita 5 (3 , ta hanyar hanya, arewacin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta [[Cyangugu]], Gundumar Rusizi, a Lardin Yammacin Rwanda . Filin jirgin saman yana da nisan kilomita 147.5 (92 , ta iska, kudu maso yammacin Filin jirgin sama na Kigali, filin jirgin sama mafi girma a kasar.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=31 May 2020 |title=Distance between Kigali International Airport KGL and Kamembe Airport KME, Flight Time/Duration |url=https://airport.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Between_Airports_Result.asp?from=KGL&to=KME |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Yana zaune a tsawo na {{Convert|5192|ft|0}} sama da [[Sea level|matsakaicin matakin teku]]. Yanayin ƙasa na Filin jirgin saman Kamembe sune: 02°27'23.0"S, 28°54'35.0"E (Latitude:-2.456389; Longitude:28.909722). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamembe filin jirgin sama ne mai matsakaici tare da titin jirgin sama guda 02/20 wanda ke auna tsawon ƙafa 4,921 (1,500 da faɗin ƙafa 148 (45 . == Tarihi == Ginin tashar filin jirgin sama ya lalace sosai ta girgizar kasa ta 2008, <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Church Mission Society |date=4 February 2008 |title=Earthquake hits Rwanda and Congo |url=https://churchmissionsociety.org/our-stories/earthquake-hits-rwanda-and-congo/ |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=Churchmissionsociety.org}}</ref> kuma a farkon 2010 gwamnatin Rwanda ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a gyara Filin jirgin saman Kamembe kuma a sabunta shi. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Gérard Rugambwa |date=31 May 2010 |title=Kamembe Airport Will Be Rehabilitated |url=http://www.orinfor.gov.rw/printmedia/news.php?type=fr&volumeid=37&cat=20&storyid=1156 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316103600/http://www.orinfor.gov.rw/printmedia/news.php?type=fr&volumeid=37&cat=20&storyid=1156 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Rwanda Information Office (ORINFOR) |format=Archived from the original on 16 March 2012}}</ref> A ƙarshen 2012 an kammala sabon tashar, an buɗe sabon hasumiyar sarrafawa, kuma Techno Sky, reshe na kamfanin ENAV na jama'a na Italiya, ya shigar da sabon tsarin kewayawa. A lokacin ziyarar Mayu 2013, Ministan Infrastructure [[Albert Nsengiyumva]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a faɗaɗa kuma a tsawaita titin daga kilomita 1.5 (4,900 zuwa kilomita 2 (6,600 nan da shekara ta 2015.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2014 |title=Kamembe airport upgrade to boost tourism industry |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/181416 |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> Filin jirgin saman ya sake buɗewa a watan Yunin 2015 kuma [[RwandAir]] ya fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga filin jirgin sama.<ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Wolfgang Thome |date=15 June 2015 |title=Kamembe Airport ready to open new runway |url=https://www.eturbonews.com/118552/kamembe-airport-ready-open-new-runway/ |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=eTurboNews.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Filayen jirgin sama a Rwanda]] tmrusu2bdvti4f6ebedaaeb7rdrw6ii 856253 856252 2026-06-13T17:18:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 856253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Filin jirgin saman Kamembe''' (Pronunciationⓘ), (: , : ), filin jirgin sama ne a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . RwandAir tana aiki da Dash 8-Q400 tare da jirage bakwai a kowane mako zuwa da kuma daga Filin jirgin saman Kigali. Filin jirgin saman yana karɓar jirage masu sassauci daga [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], kodayake ba a kan jadawalin yau da kullun ba. A lokacin yakin basasar Rwanda, an ba da shawarar filin jirgin saman Kamembe a matsayin shafin don sauya makamai na Faransa zuwa gwamnatin wucin gadi bayan Afrilu 1994. [[Fayil:Kamembe_Airport_from_the_outside,_2017_1.jpg|thumb|Filin jirgin saman Kamembe daga waje, 2017 1]] == Wurin da yake == Filin jirgin saman Kamembe yana da nisan kilomita 5 (3 , ta hanyar hanya, arewacin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta [[Cyangugu]], Gundumar Rusizi, a Lardin Yammacin Rwanda . Filin jirgin saman yana da nisan kilomita 147.5 (92 , ta iska, kudu maso yammacin Filin jirgin sama na Kigali, filin jirgin sama mafi girma a kasar.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=31 May 2020 |title=Distance between Kigali International Airport KGL and Kamembe Airport KME, Flight Time/Duration |url=https://airport.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Between_Airports_Result.asp?from=KGL&to=KME |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Yana zaune a tsawo na {{Convert|5192|ft|0}} sama da [[Sea level|matsakaicin matakin teku]]. Yanayin ƙasa na Filin jirgin saman Kamembe sune: 02°27'23.0"S, 28°54'35.0"E (Latitude:-2.456389; Longitude:28.909722). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamembe filin jirgin sama ne mai matsakaici tare da titin jirgin sama guda 02/20 wanda ke auna tsawon ƙafa 4,921 (1,500 da faɗin ƙafa 148 (45 . == Tarihi == Ginin tashar filin jirgin sama ya lalace sosai ta girgizar kasa ta 2008, <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Church Mission Society |date=4 February 2008 |title=Earthquake hits Rwanda and Congo |url=https://churchmissionsociety.org/our-stories/earthquake-hits-rwanda-and-congo/ |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=Churchmissionsociety.org}}</ref> kuma a farkon 2010 gwamnatin Rwanda ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a gyara Filin jirgin saman Kamembe kuma a sabunta shi. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Gérard Rugambwa |date=31 May 2010 |title=Kamembe Airport Will Be Rehabilitated |url=http://www.orinfor.gov.rw/printmedia/news.php?type=fr&volumeid=37&cat=20&storyid=1156 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316103600/http://www.orinfor.gov.rw/printmedia/news.php?type=fr&volumeid=37&cat=20&storyid=1156 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Rwanda Information Office (ORINFOR) |format=Archived from the original on 16 March 2012}}</ref> A ƙarshen 2012 an kammala sabon tashar, an buɗe sabon hasumiyar sarrafawa, kuma Techno Sky, reshe na kamfanin ENAV na jama'a na Italiya, ya shigar da sabon tsarin kewayawa. A lokacin ziyarar Mayu 2013, Ministan Infrastructure [[Albert Nsengiyumva]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a faɗaɗa kuma a tsawaita titin daga kilomita 1.5 (4,900 zuwa kilomita 2 (6,600 nan da shekara ta 2015.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2014 |title=Kamembe airport upgrade to boost tourism industry |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/181416 |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> Filin jirgin saman ya sake buɗewa a watan Yunin 2015 kuma [[RwandAir]] ya fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga filin jirgin sama.<ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Wolfgang Thome |date=15 June 2015 |title=Kamembe Airport ready to open new runway |url=https://www.eturbonews.com/118552/kamembe-airport-ready-open-new-runway/ |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=eTurboNews.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Filayen jirgin sama a Rwanda]] 32rjf8ofoblvu5buigi2pwxx9lb6thg 0 157169 856254 2026-06-13T17:20:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278912027|BC Virunga]]" 856254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kungiyar Kwando ta '''Virunga'''''', wacce aka fi sani da Virunga, kungiya ce ta kwando ta Kongo da ke zaune a [[Goma (birni)|Goma]], Arewacin Kivu . An sanya wa tawagar suna bayan Virunga National Park, kuma tambarin ta yana nuna gorilla kamar yadda za'a iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin wurin shakatawa na kasa. Virunga ta lashe Kofin Kongo na farko a 2023, bayan ta doke Ami BK a wasan karshe wanda aka shirya a Goma. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=Coupe du Congo de basket-ball: Virunga sacré champion en version masculine |url=https://acp.cd/sports/coupe-du-congo-de-basket-ball-virunga-sacre-champion-en-version-masculine/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=ACP |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Gidan wasan gida na tawagar shine Bismack Biyombo Indoor Hall . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=BAL: Virunga s’affute déjà pour le 1er tour des éliminatoires |url=https://actualite.cd/2023/09/28/bal-virunga-saffute-deja-pour-le-1er-tour-des-eliminatoires |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> Virunga za ta wakilci DR Congo a kan Hanyar zuwa BAL a gasar cin kofin 2024.Gasar cancanta ta 2024. == Daraja == <nowiki><b id="mwGw">Kofin Kongo</b></nowiki> * '''Zakarun (1):''' 2023 == 'Yan wasa == === Jerin yanzu === Wadannan sune jerin sunayen BC Virunga a gasar cin kofin BAL ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BC VIRUNGA at the Africa Champions Clubs ROAD TO B.A.L. 2024 2023 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2024/qualifiers/team/BC-VIRUNGA |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref>    == Manazarta == 4x4sauf0qe06p59ezjvf7xtkfclhbeu 856256 856254 2026-06-13T17:20:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 856256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar Kwando ta '''Virunga'''''', wacce aka fi sani da Virunga, kungiya ce ta kwando ta Kongo da ke zaune a [[Goma (birni)|Goma]], Arewacin Kivu . An sanya wa tawagar suna bayan Virunga National Park, kuma tambarin ta yana nuna gorilla kamar yadda za'a iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin wurin shakatawa na kasa. Virunga ta lashe Kofin Kongo na farko a 2023, bayan ta doke Ami BK a wasan karshe wanda aka shirya a Goma. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=Coupe du Congo de basket-ball: Virunga sacré champion en version masculine |url=https://acp.cd/sports/coupe-du-congo-de-basket-ball-virunga-sacre-champion-en-version-masculine/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=ACP |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Gidan wasan gida na tawagar shine Bismack Biyombo Indoor Hall . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=BAL: Virunga s’affute déjà pour le 1er tour des éliminatoires |url=https://actualite.cd/2023/09/28/bal-virunga-saffute-deja-pour-le-1er-tour-des-eliminatoires |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> Virunga za ta wakilci DR Congo a kan Hanyar zuwa BAL a gasar cin kofin 2024.Gasar cancanta ta 2024. == Daraja == <nowiki><b id="mwGw">Kofin Kongo</b></nowiki> * '''Zakarun (1):''' 2023 == 'Yan wasa == === Jerin yanzu === Wadannan sune jerin sunayen BC Virunga a gasar cin kofin BAL ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BC VIRUNGA at the Africa Champions Clubs ROAD TO B.A.L. 2024 2023 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2024/qualifiers/team/BC-VIRUNGA |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref>    == Manazarta == pc34gobagpf3bl0oz92wamlxo23gnb4 0 157170 856257 2026-06-13T17:21:26Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323631979|Placidochromis boops]]" 856257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Placidochromis boops''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne [[Afirka|na Afirka]] mai zurfi wanda ke zaune a kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11.2|cm|in}} SL . == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan gama gari na wannan nau'in, ''Placidochromis'', ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''[[wiktionary:placidus|placidus]]'', ma'ana "mai kama da natsuwa ko natsuwa", da kuma kalmar Girkanci ''chromis'', ma'ana "kifi", ko kuma wataƙila "perch". [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan musamman]], ''boops'', ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci βόωψ ''boōps'', a zahiri "ido-sanyi", yana nufin manyan idanun wannan nau'in. == Tsarin Halitta == === Bayani === ''Placidichromis boops'' yana da manyan idanu, kuma an sanya masa suna ne saboda wannan siffa mai ban mamaki. Tsarin bayan kai yana taɓa gefen sama na ido, yayin da maxilla ya wuce tsayin daka a gefen gaba na ido. Hancin wannan kifin yana da tsayi kuma mai kaifi. Baki yana da girma, kuma gefensa yana karkata kusan 10° zuwa kwance. Hakoran baki na waje ƙanana ne kuma galibi tricuspid ne, duk da haka, wasu haƙoran bicuspid suma suna nan. Haƙoran baki na ciki suna tricuspid, kuma layukan haƙoran ciki suna kusa. Ƙasan muƙamuƙin pharyngeal yana ɗauke da ƙananan haƙora masu yawa, waɗanda aka ƙera don sarrafa ganima. Gabaɗaya, nau'i ne mai girma, tare da yanayin jikin ventral ba shi da convex fiye da yanayin jikin dorsal. === Launin launi === ''Lambobin Placidichromis'' ba su da bambanci a jima'i, kuma ana iya amfani da launi a matsayin hanya mai sauƙi don yin jima'i da maza da mata masu girma. Matan da suka manyanta da mazan da ba su manyanta suna da jiki mai launin rawaya mai launin ruwan kasa, sanduna shida (6) a tsaye a ƙarƙashin fin ɗin dorsal, hanci mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, hancin ciki, da kuma dorsum, fin ɗin launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, da kuma tabo mai launin toka a kan mai laushin dorsal. A halin yanzu, mazan da suka manyanta suna da hanci mai duhu, haɓa da ciki mai duhu, launin toka mai duhu a ƙasan fin ɗin dorsal, farin gefen ƙasa da kuma ƙarshen baƙi, manyan tabo masu duhu waɗanda lokaci-lokaci ake haɗa su zuwa madaukai masu lanƙwasa a kan fin ɗin dorsal mai laushi, fin ɗin dubura mai duhu, da fin ɗin caudal da ventral masu duhu. === Ma'auni === ''Placidochromis boops'' yana da sikelin 31 zuwa 32 a layin gefe da sikelin 16 a kusa da caudal peduncle . Akwai masu raker gill 16 zuwa 19 a ƙasan gefen baka na farko da kuma 4 zuwa 7 a saman gaɓɓan, wanda ya kai jimillar masu raker gill 22 zuwa 26. Yana da fin-fin pectoral biyu da fin-fin pelvic, fin-fin dorsal ɗaya, fin-fin caudal ɗaya da fin-fin dubura ɗaya. Fin-fin pectoral ba su da kashin baya kuma suna da hasken soft-ray 14 zuwa 15, fin-fin dorsal yana da kashin baya 14 zuwa 15 da kuma hasken soft-ray 10 zuwa 11, kuma fin-fin dubura yana da kashin baya uku (3) da kuma hasken soft-ray 8 zuwa 9. == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Mafarkin Placidochromis yana da benthopelagic, kuma an lura da shi a cikin zurfin {{Convert|74|to|125|m|ft}} . Tana zaune ne kawai a cikin [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] mai tsafta. Wannan nau'in yana da wurare uku da aka rubuta, duk a cikin kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . An lura da shi sau ɗaya a Tekun Senga, arewacin Tsibirin Nankumba; kuma sau biyu a yankin kudu maso yammacin tafkin, tsakanin Tsibirin Domwe, Tekun Senga, da arewacin Mvunguti. == Kwaikwayo == Ba a san komai game da haihuwar ''Placidochromis'' ba. Duk da haka, ana kiyasta tsawon lokacin da aka samar zai kai kimanin shekaru 1-2. == Hulɗa da mutane == === Matsayin kiyayewa === Jerin Ja na IUCN ya kimanta ''Placidochromis boops'' a matsayin nau'in da ba a damu da shi ba, domin ba a gano wata babbar barazana ga rayuwarsa ba. Gabaɗaya yanayin da yake ciki ya yi daidai da [[Gandun ƙasa na tafkin Malawi|wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Tafkin Malawi]], kuma kasuwancin kifaye bai taɓa tattara shi ba.   == Manazarta == lru4fjbow52366glclclbfnxcaalcsx 856258 856257 2026-06-13T17:21:57Z Engineer014 44591 856258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Placidochromis boops''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne [[Afirka|na Afirka]] mai zurfi wanda ke zaune a kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|11.2|cm|in}} SL . == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan gama gari na wannan nau'in, ''Placidochromis'', ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''[[wiktionary:placidus|placidus]]'', ma'ana "mai kama da natsuwa ko natsuwa", da kuma kalmar Girkanci ''chromis'', ma'ana "kifi", ko kuma wataƙila "perch". [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan musamman]], ''boops'', ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci βόωψ ''boōps'', a zahiri "ido-sanyi", yana nufin manyan idanun wannan nau'in. == Tsarin Halitta == === Bayani === ''Placidichromis boops'' yana da manyan idanu, kuma an sanya masa suna ne saboda wannan siffa mai ban mamaki. Tsarin bayan kai yana taɓa gefen sama na ido, yayin da maxilla ya wuce tsayin daka a gefen gaba na ido. Hancin wannan kifin yana da tsayi kuma mai kaifi. Baki yana da girma, kuma gefensa yana karkata kusan 10° zuwa kwance. Hakoran baki na waje ƙanana ne kuma galibi tricuspid ne, duk da haka, wasu haƙoran bicuspid suma suna nan. Haƙoran baki na ciki suna tricuspid, kuma layukan haƙoran ciki suna kusa. Ƙasan muƙamuƙin pharyngeal yana ɗauke da ƙananan haƙora masu yawa, waɗanda aka ƙera don sarrafa ganima. Gabaɗaya, nau'i ne mai girma, tare da yanayin jikin ventral ba shi da convex fiye da yanayin jikin dorsal. === Launin launi === ''Lambobin Placidichromis'' ba su da bambanci a jima'i, kuma ana iya amfani da launi a matsayin hanya mai sauƙi don yin jima'i da maza da mata masu girma. Matan da suka manyanta da mazan da ba su manyanta suna da jiki mai launin rawaya mai launin ruwan kasa, sanduna shida (6) a tsaye a ƙarƙashin fin ɗin dorsal, hanci mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, hancin ciki, da kuma dorsum, fin ɗin launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, da kuma tabo mai launin toka a kan mai laushin dorsal. A halin yanzu, mazan da suka manyanta suna da hanci mai duhu, haɓa da ciki mai duhu, launin toka mai duhu a ƙasan fin ɗin dorsal, farin gefen ƙasa da kuma ƙarshen baƙi, manyan tabo masu duhu waɗanda lokaci-lokaci ake haɗa su zuwa madaukai masu lanƙwasa a kan fin ɗin dorsal mai laushi, fin ɗin dubura mai duhu, da fin ɗin caudal da ventral masu duhu. === Ma'auni === ''Placidochromis boops'' yana da sikelin 31 zuwa 32 a layin gefe da sikelin 16 a kusa da caudal peduncle . Akwai masu raker gill 16 zuwa 19 a ƙasan gefen baka na farko da kuma 4 zuwa 7 a saman gaɓɓan, wanda ya kai jimillar masu raker gill 22 zuwa 26. Yana da fin-fin pectoral biyu da fin-fin pelvic, fin-fin dorsal ɗaya, fin-fin caudal ɗaya da fin-fin dubura ɗaya. Fin-fin pectoral ba su da kashin baya kuma suna da hasken soft-ray 14 zuwa 15, fin-fin dorsal yana da kashin baya 14 zuwa 15 da kuma hasken soft-ray 10 zuwa 11, kuma fin-fin dubura yana da kashin baya uku (3) da kuma hasken soft-ray 8 zuwa 9. == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Mafarkin Placidochromis yana da benthopelagic, kuma an lura da shi a cikin zurfin {{Convert|74|to|125|m|ft}} . Tana zaune ne kawai a cikin [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] mai tsafta. Wannan nau'in yana da wurare uku da aka rubuta, duk a cikin kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . An lura da shi sau ɗaya a Tekun Senga, arewacin Tsibirin Nankumba; kuma sau biyu a yankin kudu maso yammacin tafkin, tsakanin Tsibirin Domwe, Tekun Senga, da arewacin Mvunguti. == Kwaikwayo == Ba a san komai game da haihuwar ''Placidochromis'' ba. Duk da haka, ana kiyasta tsawon lokacin da aka samar zai kai kimanin shekaru 1-2. == Hulɗa da mutane == === Matsayin kiyayewa === Jerin Ja na IUCN ya kimanta ''Placidochromis boops'' a matsayin nau'in da ba a damu da shi ba, domin ba a gano wata babbar barazana ga rayuwarsa ba. Gabaɗaya yanayin da yake ciki ya yi daidai da [[Gandun ƙasa na tafkin Malawi|wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Tafkin Malawi]], kuma kasuwancin kifaye bai taɓa tattara shi ba.   == Manazarta == ehe0nemar6chynv0m5xtmpl5eofcc76 0 157171 856260 2026-06-13T17:22:45Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1010651760|Oreochromis saka]]" 856260 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Oreochromis saka''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da [[Tafkin Malombe]] a Gabashin Afirka inda yake zaune a yankunan bakin teku marasa zurfi. Yana iya kaiwa tsawon da aka saba da shi na tsawon {{Convert|36|cm|in}} . <ref name="fishbase" /> Yana cikin ƙaramin nau'in ''Nyasalapia'', wanda aka sani da chambo. Ingancin wannan nau'in abin tambaya ne kuma wani bita na tsarin ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ma'anar ''O. karongae'' (biyu sun bambanta ne kawai da ƙasusuwa da haƙoran pharyngeal ). == Manazarta == mymuk58wvcb746u1ulpobi0oshs1q9j 856263 856260 2026-06-13T17:23:06Z Engineer014 44591 856263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Oreochromis saka''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da [[Tafkin Malombe]] a Gabashin Afirka inda yake zaune a yankunan bakin teku marasa zurfi. Yana iya kaiwa tsawon da aka saba da shi na tsawon {{Convert|36|cm|in}} . <ref name="fishbase" /> Yana cikin ƙaramin nau'in ''Nyasalapia'', wanda aka sani da chambo. Ingancin wannan nau'in abin tambaya ne kuma wani bita na tsarin ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ma'anar ''O. karongae'' (biyu sun bambanta ne kawai da ƙasusuwa da haƙoran pharyngeal ). == Manazarta == 00gux3epzsqkuxk4ajlv7jiwrznn567 0 157172 856261 2026-06-13T17:22:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336885339|Cape Maclear]]" 856261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cape Maclear''' ko '''Chembe''' wani gari ne a cikin Gundumar Mangochi ta Yankin Kudancin [[Malawi]] . Garin, a kan Nankumba Peninsula, yana kan kudancin Tekun Malawi kuma shine mafi yawan wuraren shakatawa a Tekun Malawi.<ref name="Busiest">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=5 February 2001 |title=Malawi: On a mission in Africa (2) |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/720923/Malawi-On-a-mission-in-Africa.html?pageNum=2 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Cape Maclear yana kusa da tsibirin Domwe, Thumbwe da Tsibirin Mumbo a kan [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], kuma yana cikin Lake Malawi National Park . == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1859, mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje kuma mai bincike David Livingstone ya gano Cape, kuma ya ba shi suna "Cape Maclear" bayan abokinsa, masanin taurari Thomas Maclear, wanda shine Masanin taurari na Mai Girma a [[Cape of Good Hope]] . A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1875, wani sabon manufa, "Livingstonia", wani rukuni na mambobi na Free Church of Scotland ne suka kafa shi. Kafin masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suka isa, Mutanen Yao [[Musulmi]] ne ke sarrafa yankin. Kabarin wasu daga cikin masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suna cikin Cape Maclear, suna kallon bayin. Kodayake Cape Maclear tana da tashar jiragen ruwa mai kyau, ƙasa mara kyau a yankin, da kuma yaduwar [[Ƙudan tsando|tsetse fly]], yana nufin dole ne a sami tushe mafi dacewa; aikin ya koma Bandawe, kusa da Chintheche, a cikin 1882.<ref name="Bandawa">{{Cite web |date=1 July 1882 |title=The American missionary |url=https://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Famis%2Famis0036%2F&tif=00216.TIF |access-date=24 June 2008 |publisher=[[Cornell University]]}}</ref> == Dabbobi na daji == [[Fayil:Lake_Malawi_-_Cape_Maclear_-_Thumbi_Island_Sunset.jpg|left|thumb|Dubi zuwa Tsibirin Thumbi]] Cape Maclear da tsibirai, gandun daji da bay an ayyana su a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin 1980, wanda ya haifar da Lake Malawi National Park, wurin shakatawa ya farko na Ruwa mai laushi a duniya.<ref name="Abendblatt">{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Andreas |date=30 June 2007 |title=Das "warme Herz Afrikas" liegt im Süden (1) |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2007/06/30/764048.html?s=1 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[Hamburger Abendblatt]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1984, yankin ya zama [[UNESCO]]_World_Heritage_Site" id="mwXQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO. Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a Cape Maclear, gami da kingfishers, Dickinson's kestrels, da freckled nightjars. Akwai gidan kayan gargajiya game da kafa Tafkin Malawi da namun daji a Cape Maclear . UNESCO ta ba da shawarar adana namun daji a Cape Maclear.<ref name="UNESCO recommend">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=20 May 2005 |title=Malawi scouts investors for tourism initiative... |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=67150 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:Sunset_at_Cape_Macclear_(Malawi).jpg|left|thumb|[[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a Cape Maclear]] Cape Maclear ita ce "babban wurin yawon bude ido", <ref name="UNESCO recommend">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=20 May 2005 |title=Malawi scouts investors for tourism initiative... |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=67150 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChimwala2005">Chimwala, Marcel (20 May 2005). </cite></ref> kuma ita ce wurin shakatawa mafi yawan jama'a a Tafkin Malawi. <ref name="Busiest">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=5 February 2001 |title=Malawi: On a mission in Africa (2) |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/720923/Malawi-On-a-mission-in-Africa.html?pageNum=2 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRogers2001">Rogers, Douglas (5 February 2001). </cite></ref> Yankin ya shahara tare da masu saka kaya.<ref name="Backpackers">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Joanna |date=8 June 2003 |title=Take the plunge in the lake of stars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2003/jun/08/malawi.watersportsholidays.wildlifeholidays |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> Akwai mashaya, gidajen cin abinci, gidaje da gidajen baƙi a cikin garin.<ref name="Facilities">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=5 February 2001 |title=Malawi: On a mission in Africa (1) |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/720923/Malawi-On-a-mission-in-Africa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905110813/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/720923/Malawi-On-a-mission-in-Africa.html |archive-date=5 September 2008 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Ayyukan da ke cikin Cape Maclear sun haɗa da snorkeling, hiking, jirgin ruwa, kayaking, da nutsewa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Malawi ta gayyaci masu saka hannun jari don tallafawa gina sabon otal mai dakuna 150, taurari huɗu a Cape Maclear na $ 6,000,000.<ref name="New hotel">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=19 October 2001 |title=Malawi seeks investor for hotel project |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=12112 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekara ta 2003, an sanar da shirye-shiryen gina ecolodge a tsibirin Maleri, kusa da Cape Maclear . <ref name="New lodge">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=13 June 2003 |title=Malawi plans development of eco-lodges |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=36804 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen kara yawan yawon shakatawa a Cape Maclear tare da sabbin masauki da kayan aiki.<ref name="More ecotourism">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=18 February 2005 |title=Tenders invited for Lake Malawi ecotourism project |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=62664 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[Engineering News (Creamer Media)|Engineering News]]}}</ref> Wadannan tsare-tsaren sun kasance masu matukar burin tattalin arzikin Malawi da masana'antar yawon bude ido. == Sufuri == A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen gina sabuwar hanya daga Cape Maclear zuwa Monkey Bay . <ref name="Road">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2006 |title=Malawi: Investors, Tourists Wear Smile in Cape Maclear |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200602280116.html |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref> Hanyar yanzu hanya ce mai laushi, kuma babu sufuri na jama'a na yau da kullun a Cape Maclear.<ref name="No Public">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2001 |title=Animal magic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2001/apr/06/netjetters2000sam.netjetters |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Sabis ɗin bas na yau da kullun ya kai ne kawai daga Lilongwe zuwa Monkey Bay inda za'a iya hayar ƙananan bas masu zaman kansu don tafiya zuwa Cape Maclear. == Manazarta == 31xtzf3gqlx1w29gy83ckxew46tp2wk 856264 856261 2026-06-13T17:23:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 856264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cape Maclear''' ko '''Chembe''' wani gari ne a cikin Gundumar Mangochi ta Yankin Kudancin [[Malawi]] . Garin, a kan Nankumba Peninsula, yana kan kudancin Tekun Malawi kuma shine mafi yawan wuraren shakatawa a Tekun Malawi.<ref name="Busiest">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=5 February 2001 |title=Malawi: On a mission in Africa (2) |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/720923/Malawi-On-a-mission-in-Africa.html?pageNum=2 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Cape Maclear yana kusa da tsibirin Domwe, Thumbwe da Tsibirin Mumbo a kan [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], kuma yana cikin Lake Malawi National Park . == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1859, mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje kuma mai bincike David Livingstone ya gano Cape, kuma ya ba shi suna "Cape Maclear" bayan abokinsa, masanin taurari Thomas Maclear, wanda shine Masanin taurari na Mai Girma a [[Cape of Good Hope]] . A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1875, wani sabon manufa, "Livingstonia", wani rukuni na mambobi na Free Church of Scotland ne suka kafa shi. Kafin masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suka isa, Mutanen Yao [[Musulmi]] ne ke sarrafa yankin. Kabarin wasu daga cikin masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suna cikin Cape Maclear, suna kallon bayin. Kodayake Cape Maclear tana da tashar jiragen ruwa mai kyau, ƙasa mara kyau a yankin, da kuma yaduwar [[Ƙudan tsando|tsetse fly]], yana nufin dole ne a sami tushe mafi dacewa; aikin ya koma Bandawe, kusa da Chintheche, a cikin 1882.<ref name="Bandawa">{{Cite web |date=1 July 1882 |title=The American missionary |url=https://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Famis%2Famis0036%2F&tif=00216.TIF |access-date=24 June 2008 |publisher=[[Cornell University]]}}</ref> == Dabbobi na daji == [[Fayil:Lake_Malawi_-_Cape_Maclear_-_Thumbi_Island_Sunset.jpg|left|thumb|Dubi zuwa Tsibirin Thumbi]] Cape Maclear da tsibirai, gandun daji da bay an ayyana su a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin 1980, wanda ya haifar da Lake Malawi National Park, wurin shakatawa ya farko na Ruwa mai laushi a duniya.<ref name="Abendblatt">{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Andreas |date=30 June 2007 |title=Das "warme Herz Afrikas" liegt im Süden (1) |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2007/06/30/764048.html?s=1 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[Hamburger Abendblatt]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1984, yankin ya zama [[UNESCO]]_World_Heritage_Site" id="mwXQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO. Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a Cape Maclear, gami da kingfishers, Dickinson's kestrels, da freckled nightjars. Akwai gidan kayan gargajiya game da kafa Tafkin Malawi da namun daji a Cape Maclear . UNESCO ta ba da shawarar adana namun daji a Cape Maclear.<ref name="UNESCO recommend">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=20 May 2005 |title=Malawi scouts investors for tourism initiative... |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=67150 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:Sunset_at_Cape_Macclear_(Malawi).jpg|left|thumb|[[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a Cape Maclear]] Cape Maclear ita ce "babban wurin yawon bude ido", <ref name="UNESCO recommend">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=20 May 2005 |title=Malawi scouts investors for tourism initiative... |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=67150 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChimwala2005">Chimwala, Marcel (20 May 2005). </cite></ref> kuma ita ce wurin shakatawa mafi yawan jama'a a Tafkin Malawi. <ref name="Busiest">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=5 February 2001 |title=Malawi: On a mission in Africa (2) |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/720923/Malawi-On-a-mission-in-Africa.html?pageNum=2 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRogers2001">Rogers, Douglas (5 February 2001). </cite></ref> Yankin ya shahara tare da masu saka kaya.<ref name="Backpackers">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Joanna |date=8 June 2003 |title=Take the plunge in the lake of stars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2003/jun/08/malawi.watersportsholidays.wildlifeholidays |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> Akwai mashaya, gidajen cin abinci, gidaje da gidajen baƙi a cikin garin.<ref name="Facilities">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=5 February 2001 |title=Malawi: On a mission in Africa (1) |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/720923/Malawi-On-a-mission-in-Africa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905110813/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/720923/Malawi-On-a-mission-in-Africa.html |archive-date=5 September 2008 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Ayyukan da ke cikin Cape Maclear sun haɗa da snorkeling, hiking, jirgin ruwa, kayaking, da nutsewa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Malawi ta gayyaci masu saka hannun jari don tallafawa gina sabon otal mai dakuna 150, taurari huɗu a Cape Maclear na $ 6,000,000.<ref name="New hotel">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=19 October 2001 |title=Malawi seeks investor for hotel project |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=12112 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekara ta 2003, an sanar da shirye-shiryen gina ecolodge a tsibirin Maleri, kusa da Cape Maclear . <ref name="New lodge">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=13 June 2003 |title=Malawi plans development of eco-lodges |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=36804 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=Engineering News}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen kara yawan yawon shakatawa a Cape Maclear tare da sabbin masauki da kayan aiki.<ref name="More ecotourism">{{Cite web |last=Chimwala |first=Marcel |date=18 February 2005 |title=Tenders invited for Lake Malawi ecotourism project |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=62664 |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[Engineering News (Creamer Media)|Engineering News]]}}</ref> Wadannan tsare-tsaren sun kasance masu matukar burin tattalin arzikin Malawi da masana'antar yawon bude ido. == Sufuri == A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen gina sabuwar hanya daga Cape Maclear zuwa Monkey Bay . <ref name="Road">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2006 |title=Malawi: Investors, Tourists Wear Smile in Cape Maclear |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200602280116.html |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref> Hanyar yanzu hanya ce mai laushi, kuma babu sufuri na jama'a na yau da kullun a Cape Maclear.<ref name="No Public">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2001 |title=Animal magic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2001/apr/06/netjetters2000sam.netjetters |access-date=24 June 2008 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Sabis ɗin bas na yau da kullun ya kai ne kawai daga Lilongwe zuwa Monkey Bay inda za'a iya hayar ƙananan bas masu zaman kansu don tafiya zuwa Cape Maclear. == Manazarta == 6celcznbl7uh471r2yuqn7o4gdl1f62 0 157173 856266 2026-06-13T17:24:05Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645619|Maylandia emmiltos]]" 856266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Maylandia emmiltos''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi ne kawai daga Dutsen Mpanga kusa da Chilumba . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.4|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == hvlm7rnhlwf4awdo862utfraievzk5r 856267 856266 2026-06-13T17:24:32Z Engineer014 44591 856267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Maylandia emmiltos''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi ne kawai daga Dutsen Mpanga kusa da Chilumba . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.4|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == hmpbkrlsgeympay5zrsc39456xo28eo 0 157174 856268 2026-06-13T17:25:24Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646253|Pseudotropheus fuscoides]]" 856268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Fuscoides na Pseudotropheus''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi daga Nkhata Bay da [[Lion's Cove]] . Tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa {{Cvt|12|cm|in}} a cikin jimlar tsawon (TL). Ana iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . Wasu hukumomi suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''Pseudotropheus fuscus'' . == Manazarta == 6y36xg0octfqew6dy1x9zx5axr7zyh0 856270 856268 2026-06-13T17:25:53Z Engineer014 44591 856270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Fuscoides na Pseudotropheus''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi daga Nkhata Bay da [[Lion's Cove]] . Tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa {{Cvt|12|cm|in}} a cikin jimlar tsawon (TL). Ana iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . Wasu hukumomi suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''Pseudotropheus fuscus'' . == Manazarta == r7ptfhins6ouujxvv8m3r384y9h90jy 0 157175 856269 2026-06-13T17:25:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340134684|MV Chauncy Maples]]" 856269 wikitext text/x-wiki MV Chauncy Maples Jirgin ruwa ne kuma tsohon Jirgin ruwa wanda aka kaddamar a 1901 a matsayin SS Chauncy maples . Ta shafe dukkan aikinta a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] (wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Nyasa) kuma an dauke ta a matsayin tsohuwar jirgi a [[Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust: The Story |url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202132658/http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=3 October 2017 |website=Chauncymaples.org}}</ref> Bayan fiye da shekaru ɗari na hidima an yi niyyar mayar da ita don amfani da ita a matsayin Asibitin kiwon lafiya mai iyo don tallafawa mazauna bakin tekun da ke da matsakaicin rayuwarsu shekaru 44. Gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da tallafi ga wannan a cikin 2009 kuma tara kudade na sadaka ya isa ya ci gaba. An gano cewa ba za a iya gyara shi ba a farashin da ya dace don haka an ba da shawarar wani kayan aiki na zamani don ba da sabis na ambulanci a kusa da tafkin. == Masu gina jiragen ruwa Alley & McLellan, Polmadie == The Alley &amp;amp; McLellan shipyard in Polmadie, Glasgow, was a considerable distance from the River Clyde, with the final approach into Glasgow Central Station posing just one of many barriers between it and the Clyde. The company specialised in supporting the far reaches of the [[Daular Biritaniya|British Empire]]   by building vessels that were dismantled into kit form once they had been completed. Sakamakon sassan da aka samu sau da yawa ya kasance babba kuma aiki ne mai ban tsoro don sufuri. Sake tarawa ya dogara sosai da kasancewar ƙwararrun ma'aikata a gidan abokin ciniki. Kamar yadda yake game da Chauncy Maples, wannan shine sau da yawa kawai zaɓi mai yiwuwa lokacin da makomar ta kasance mai nisa a cikin ƙasa, nesa da kowane irin sadarwa na zamani. == Manufa da isar da == An tsara SS Chauncy Maples don tururi a cikin ruwa mai yawa na Tafkin Nyasa, tafkin da ya fi kudu a Gabashin Afirka. A 560 (350 tsawo da {{Cvt|50|mi|km}} km (50 mi) fadi shi ne tafkin na takwas mafi girma a duniya. Har ila yau, tafkin ne na biyu mafi zurfi a Afirka kuma gida ne ga nau'in kifi da yawa fiye da kowane tafki a Duniya, yana ba da sauƙin abinci ga waɗanda ke zaune a kusa da gabarta. Jami'o'in Jami'o-in Afirka ta Tsakiya (UMCA) ne suka tsara shi kuma suka ba da umarni, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Universities' Mission to Central Africa}}</ref> jirgin mai nauyin tan 150 yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙirar ƙarshe da Henry Marc Brunel, ɗan injiniyan Victorian Isambard Kingdom Brunel ya samar. Da zarar an rushe shi, an kai kayan aiki masu rikitarwa na kusan sassa 3,481 ta jirgin ruwa zuwa Gabashin Afirka na Portugal, sannan aka ja shi da jirgin ruwa a cikin ruwan [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] mai haɗari. Abbott na Newark ne ya gina bututun. Ya auna tan 11 kuma an kai shi a cikin guda ɗaya a kan karusa ta musamman da aka haɗa da ƙafafun Sentinel, don a ja shi a ƙasa ta hanyar ƙabilar {{Cvt|3|mi|km|0}} 450 na kilomita {{Cvt|350|mi|km}} (350 ta hanyar ƙasar malaria da ba a san ta ba zuwa Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Sauran sassan jirgin an yi amfani da su ne ko kuma an ɗauke su a kan kawunan maza da mata a kan mawuyacin wuri da kuma fadin kogin: suna da matsakaicin kilomita 5 kawai (3 mi) a rana. == Manazarta == 8ya4w8t2u3dt99yzqx7i0f1n7mbbc84 856271 856269 2026-06-13T17:27:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 856271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} MV Chauncy Maples Jirgin ruwa ne kuma tsohon Jirgin ruwa wanda aka kaddamar a 1901 a matsayin SS Chauncy maples . Ta shafe dukkan aikinta a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] (wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Nyasa) kuma an dauke ta a matsayin tsohuwar jirgi a [[Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust: The Story |url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202132658/http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=3 October 2017 |website=Chauncymaples.org}}</ref> Bayan fiye da shekaru ɗari na hidima an yi niyyar mayar da ita don amfani da ita a matsayin Asibitin kiwon lafiya mai iyo don tallafawa mazauna bakin tekun da ke da matsakaicin rayuwarsu shekaru 44. Gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da tallafi ga wannan a cikin 2009 kuma tara kudade na sadaka ya isa ya ci gaba. An gano cewa ba za a iya gyara shi ba a farashin da ya dace don haka an ba da shawarar wani kayan aiki na zamani don ba da sabis na ambulanci a kusa da tafkin. == Masu gina jiragen ruwa Alley & McLellan, Polmadie == The Alley &amp;amp; McLellan shipyard in Polmadie, Glasgow, was a considerable distance from the River Clyde, with the final approach into Glasgow Central Station posing just one of many barriers between it and the Clyde. The company specialised in supporting the far reaches of the [[Daular Biritaniya|British Empire]]   by building vessels that were dismantled into kit form once they had been completed. Sakamakon sassan da aka samu sau da yawa ya kasance babba kuma aiki ne mai ban tsoro don sufuri. Sake tarawa ya dogara sosai da kasancewar ƙwararrun ma'aikata a gidan abokin ciniki. Kamar yadda yake game da Chauncy Maples, wannan shine sau da yawa kawai zaɓi mai yiwuwa lokacin da makomar ta kasance mai nisa a cikin ƙasa, nesa da kowane irin sadarwa na zamani. == Manufa da isar da == An tsara SS Chauncy Maples don tururi a cikin ruwa mai yawa na Tafkin Nyasa, tafkin da ya fi kudu a Gabashin Afirka. A 560 (350 tsawo da {{Cvt|50|mi|km}} km (50 mi) fadi shi ne tafkin na takwas mafi girma a duniya. Har ila yau, tafkin ne na biyu mafi zurfi a Afirka kuma gida ne ga nau'in kifi da yawa fiye da kowane tafki a Duniya, yana ba da sauƙin abinci ga waɗanda ke zaune a kusa da gabarta. Jami'o'in Jami'o-in Afirka ta Tsakiya (UMCA) ne suka tsara shi kuma suka ba da umarni, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Universities' Mission to Central Africa}}</ref> jirgin mai nauyin tan 150 yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙirar ƙarshe da Henry Marc Brunel, ɗan injiniyan Victorian Isambard Kingdom Brunel ya samar. Da zarar an rushe shi, an kai kayan aiki masu rikitarwa na kusan sassa 3,481 ta jirgin ruwa zuwa Gabashin Afirka na Portugal, sannan aka ja shi da jirgin ruwa a cikin ruwan [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] mai haɗari. Abbott na Newark ne ya gina bututun. Ya auna tan 11 kuma an kai shi a cikin guda ɗaya a kan karusa ta musamman da aka haɗa da ƙafafun Sentinel, don a ja shi a ƙasa ta hanyar ƙabilar {{Cvt|3|mi|km|0}} 450 na kilomita {{Cvt|350|mi|km}} (350 ta hanyar ƙasar malaria da ba a san ta ba zuwa Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Sauran sassan jirgin an yi amfani da su ne ko kuma an ɗauke su a kan kawunan maza da mata a kan mawuyacin wuri da kuma fadin kogin: suna da matsakaicin kilomita 5 kawai (3 mi) a rana. == Manazarta == 9kgfyxt8i767rncjnk6jhojfazaw2jl 0 157176 856272 2026-06-13T17:27:41Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646177|Protomelas macrodon]]" 856272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Protomelas macrodon''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga yankunan da ke da ciyayi da ''Vallisneria'' . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.8|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == n97ej29ksy8q00pzt3p1v4b197hsjvv 856273 856272 2026-06-13T17:28:02Z Engineer014 44591 856273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Protomelas macrodon''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga yankunan da ke da ciyayi da ''Vallisneria'' . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.8|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == 191vx3luyo8m8bdz8sgtblt6f7ttugq 0 157177 856276 2026-06-13T17:28:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327261399|MV Chilembwe]]" 856276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''Chilembwe''''' Jirgin fasinja ne da ke aiki a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], mai suna bayan mai fafutukar 'yanci na Malawi [[John Chilembwe]] . An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2014 don maye gurbin MV Ilala mai shekaru 60.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasin Maonga |title=Malawi Shipping Company unleashes $8.5m MV Chilembwe |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/03/26/malawi-shipping-company-unleashes-8-5m-mv-chilembwe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122131604/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/03/26/malawi-shipping-company-unleashes-8-5m-mv-chilembwe/ |archive-date=2015-01-22 |access-date=2015-02-18 |publisher=Nyasatimes.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin shekara ta 2025 an kashe mutane goma sha ɗaya yayin da suke ƙoƙarin shiga jirgin daga wani jirgin ruwa mai zaman kansa da sassafe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mvona |first=Ralph |date=2025-04-13 |title=Tragedy kills 11 |url=https://mwnation.com/tragedy-kills-11/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == d0jspzponne5i1qyk7y4ac8vx6cayw8 856280 856276 2026-06-13T17:30:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 856280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''Chilembwe''''' Jirgin fasinja ne da ke aiki a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], mai suna bayan mai fafutukar 'yanci na Malawi [[John Chilembwe]] . An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2014 don maye gurbin MV Ilala mai shekaru 60.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasin Maonga |title=Malawi Shipping Company unleashes $8.5m MV Chilembwe |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/03/26/malawi-shipping-company-unleashes-8-5m-mv-chilembwe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122131604/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/03/26/malawi-shipping-company-unleashes-8-5m-mv-chilembwe/ |archive-date=2015-01-22 |access-date=2015-02-18 |publisher=Nyasatimes.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin shekara ta 2025 an kashe mutane goma sha ɗaya yayin da suke ƙoƙarin shiga jirgin daga wani jirgin ruwa mai zaman kansa da sassafe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mvona |first=Ralph |date=2025-04-13 |title=Tragedy kills 11 |url=https://mwnation.com/tragedy-kills-11/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 87de43uwtrox4uup58efh2oa2o83gzx 0 157178 856277 2026-06-13T17:29:28Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314583818|Maylandia flavifemina]]" 856277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Maylandia flavifemina''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . == Bayani == ''Maylandia flavifemina'' tana da kashin baya 17-19 a cikin kashin bayanta wanda kuma yana da haskoki masu laushi 17-19, akwai kashin baya 8-10 da haskoki masu laushi 6-9. Yara da mata suna da launi daban-daban daga launin shuɗi mai haske zuwa rawaya gaba ɗaya kuma suna da kashin dubura mai haske rawaya. Maza suna da kashin dubura baƙi da kuma membranes baƙi a cikin kashin caudal, wanda ya bambanta su da waɗanda suka haɗu waɗanda ke da kashin dubura shuɗi ko rawaya kuma membranes na kashin caudal suna da rawaya ko shuɗi. <ref name="malawicichlids">{{Cite web |last=Michael K. Oliver |date=27 December 2013 |title=''Maylandia flavifemina'' (Konings & Stauffer, 2006) |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw09008r.htm |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}</ref> Suna girma zuwa tsayin da aka saba na {{Convert|8.5|cm|in}} . == Rarrabawa == ''Maylandia flavifemina'' tana da girma zuwa tafkin Malawi inda aka rubuta ta daga kudancin tafkin a Malawi, yana faruwa a kusa da tsibirin Maleri, Tsibirin Nakantenga, Tsibirin Nankoma, Thumbi West Island, Chidunga Rocks da Tsibirin Namalenje. == Mazauna da muhalli == ''Maylandia flavifemina'' tana zaune a cikin tsaunukan da ke tsakanin duwatsu masu yashi da duwatsu a kan duwatsu, sama da ƙananan yankuna na yashi tsakanin duwatsu kuma ba kasafai ake samun duwatsu masu gutsuttsura ba. Maza suna da yanki kuma za su kare yankunansu daga mazan da suka yi kama da juna. Yankin yawanci ya ƙunshi yanki na yashi da ke tsakanin duwatsu da maza tare da yankuna a ƙasan reefs suna haƙa kogo mai hayayyafa a ƙarƙashin dutsen. Matan galibi suna kaɗaita amma ana iya samun su a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi har zuwa mutane 3. Matasa da manya mazan da ba na yanki ba suma suna faruwa a cikin mutane ɗaya, biyu-biyu ko kuma a cikin ƙananan raƙuman kifaye 3-8. Yana faruwa a zurfin {{Convert|5-40|m|ft}} > Wannan nau'in yana cin abinci ne daga ƙananan halittu masu laka a kan duwatsu, yana tattara diatoms da zare mai laushi na algae da bakinsa. An kuma rubuta su a matsayin suna cin ƙananan halittun benthic, kwari da plankton . <ref name="malawicichlids">{{Cite web |last=Michael K. Oliver |date=27 December 2013 |title=''Maylandia flavifemina'' (Konings & Stauffer, 2006) |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw09008r.htm |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMichael_K._Oliver2013">Michael K. Oliver (27 December 2013). </cite></ref> == Suna == An fara rubuta wannan nau'in a shekarar 1998 amma ba a bayyana shi a hukumance ba har sai da Ad Konings da Jay Richard Stauffer Jr. suka sanya masa suna ''Metriaclima flavifemina'' a shekarar 2006. <ref name="malawicichlids">{{Cite web |last=Michael K. Oliver |date=27 December 2013 |title=''Maylandia flavifemina'' (Konings & Stauffer, 2006) |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw09008r.htm |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMichael_K._Oliver2013">Michael K. Oliver (27 December 2013). </cite></ref> Sunan musamman ''flavifemina'' yana [[Harshen Latin|nufin]] "mai launin rawaya", wato launin rawaya na mata. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == t9w2b35gdaz7nptq39ztrcdlck7m9k0 856278 856277 2026-06-13T17:30:03Z Engineer014 44591 856278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Maylandia flavifemina''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . == Bayani == ''Maylandia flavifemina'' tana da kashin baya 17-19 a cikin kashin bayanta wanda kuma yana da haskoki masu laushi 17-19, akwai kashin baya 8-10 da haskoki masu laushi 6-9. Yara da mata suna da launi daban-daban daga launin shuɗi mai haske zuwa rawaya gaba ɗaya kuma suna da kashin dubura mai haske rawaya. Maza suna da kashin dubura baƙi da kuma membranes baƙi a cikin kashin caudal, wanda ya bambanta su da waɗanda suka haɗu waɗanda ke da kashin dubura shuɗi ko rawaya kuma membranes na kashin caudal suna da rawaya ko shuɗi. <ref name="malawicichlids">{{Cite web |last=Michael K. Oliver |date=27 December 2013 |title=''Maylandia flavifemina'' (Konings & Stauffer, 2006) |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw09008r.htm |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}</ref> Suna girma zuwa tsayin da aka saba na {{Convert|8.5|cm|in}} . == Rarrabawa == ''Maylandia flavifemina'' tana da girma zuwa tafkin Malawi inda aka rubuta ta daga kudancin tafkin a Malawi, yana faruwa a kusa da tsibirin Maleri, Tsibirin Nakantenga, Tsibirin Nankoma, Thumbi West Island, Chidunga Rocks da Tsibirin Namalenje. == Mazauna da muhalli == ''Maylandia flavifemina'' tana zaune a cikin tsaunukan da ke tsakanin duwatsu masu yashi da duwatsu a kan duwatsu, sama da ƙananan yankuna na yashi tsakanin duwatsu kuma ba kasafai ake samun duwatsu masu gutsuttsura ba. Maza suna da yanki kuma za su kare yankunansu daga mazan da suka yi kama da juna. Yankin yawanci ya ƙunshi yanki na yashi da ke tsakanin duwatsu da maza tare da yankuna a ƙasan reefs suna haƙa kogo mai hayayyafa a ƙarƙashin dutsen. Matan galibi suna kaɗaita amma ana iya samun su a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi har zuwa mutane 3. Matasa da manya mazan da ba na yanki ba suma suna faruwa a cikin mutane ɗaya, biyu-biyu ko kuma a cikin ƙananan raƙuman kifaye 3-8. Yana faruwa a zurfin {{Convert|5-40|m|ft}} > Wannan nau'in yana cin abinci ne daga ƙananan halittu masu laka a kan duwatsu, yana tattara diatoms da zare mai laushi na algae da bakinsa. An kuma rubuta su a matsayin suna cin ƙananan halittun benthic, kwari da plankton . <ref name="malawicichlids">{{Cite web |last=Michael K. Oliver |date=27 December 2013 |title=''Maylandia flavifemina'' (Konings & Stauffer, 2006) |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw09008r.htm |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMichael_K._Oliver2013">Michael K. Oliver (27 December 2013). </cite></ref> == Suna == An fara rubuta wannan nau'in a shekarar 1998 amma ba a bayyana shi a hukumance ba har sai da Ad Konings da Jay Richard Stauffer Jr. suka sanya masa suna ''Metriaclima flavifemina'' a shekarar 2006. <ref name="malawicichlids">{{Cite web |last=Michael K. Oliver |date=27 December 2013 |title=''Maylandia flavifemina'' (Konings & Stauffer, 2006) |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw09008r.htm |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMichael_K._Oliver2013">Michael K. Oliver (27 December 2013). </cite></ref> Sunan musamman ''flavifemina'' yana [[Harshen Latin|nufin]] "mai launin rawaya", wato launin rawaya na mata. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2rkdyovnmcve2u5gqpuqq9tpvuyhkqo 0 157179 856283 2026-06-13T17:31:25Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646099|Petrotilapia nigra]]" 856283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Petrotilapia nigra''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita yankunan da ke da duwatsu. Yana kiwo a kan diatoms da yake samu a kan algae da ke tsiro a kan duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|12.2|cm|in}} SL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 9l45v1fhzv4rsavgv1y4ye6l0wc6t6e 856284 856283 2026-06-13T17:31:54Z Engineer014 44591 856284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Petrotilapia nigra''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita yankunan da ke da duwatsu. Yana kiwo a kan diatoms da yake samu a kan algae da ke tsiro a kan duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|12.2|cm|in}} SL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> ntzngb81kuexodrd3h6us1ftrdsuzj7 0 157180 856289 2026-06-13T17:32:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336885028|Chilumba]]" 856289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cilumba''' wani gari ne a [[Malawi]] . Cibiyar birni ce a cikin Gundumar Karonga . == Wurin da yake == Chilumba tana gefen yammacin Tekun Malawi, a kudancin [[Karonga]]_District" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Karonga District">Gundumar Karonga, a Yankin Arewa Malawi . Wannan wurin yana da kusan kilomita 73 (45 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Karonga, inda hedkwatar gundumar take. Chilumba tana da nisan kilomita 154 (96 mi), ta hanyar hanya, arewacin birnin Mzuzu, hedkwatar yankin Arewacin Malawi. Yanayin ƙasa na Chilumba sune:10°26'15.0"S, 34°14'51.0"E (Latitude:-10.437500; Longitude:34.247500). Yana zaune a matsakaicin tsawo na mita 487 (1,598 , sama da [[Sea level|matsakaicin matakin teku]].<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Geoview |date=7 May 2020 |title=Elevation of Chilumba, Malawi |url=http://mw.geoview.info/chilumba,930986 |access-date=8 May 2020 |publisher=Goeview.info}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == A shekara ta 2011, an kiyasta yawan mutanen Chilumba a kusan mutane 5,000. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Sashe na tafkin da ke fuskantar Chilumba ana kiransa Chilumba Bay . [[MV Ilala]] Jirgin ruwa ne, wanda ke haɗa manyan ƙauyuka a kan Tafkin Malawi, yana da Chilumba a matsayin tashar arewacinsa. Da zarar ya isa Chilumba, sai ya fara tafiyarsa zuwa tushe a Lusumbwe a Kudancin Yankin Malawi.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Change Her World Canada |date=7 May 2020 |title=Profile of Chilumba, Malawi |url=https://changeherworld.ca/our-projects/chilumba-malawi/ |access-date=7 May 2020 |publisher=Changeherworld.ca}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Ruth Evans |date=22 December 2008 |title=Malawi: Sixty years of the MV Ilala |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/news/story/2008/12/081222_malawi_ilala.shtml |access-date=8 May 2020 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Heterogeneity a cikin wuri mai faɗi yana ba Chilumba yanayi na musamman don rarraba ayyukan nishaɗi da samarwa. Daga gefen tafkin, yana daya daga cikin wurare na musamman tare da tsibirin Chirwa da tsibirin Chitende, wanda ke karɓar nau'ikan shuke-shuke, tsuntsaye da kifi da yawa. Masu kamun kifi suna amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa na wucin gadi.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica)) |date=8 May 2020 |title=Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nyasa |access-date=8 May 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> Yankin da ke fuskantar Chirwa alama ce ta musamman tare da bakin teku mai zurfi tare da ruwa mai zurfi wanda zai iya dacewa da nutsewar dutse. Bayin da ke fuskantar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da ruwa mai zurfi don saukar da jiragen ruwa da kuma yiwuwar ruwa mai zurfin tafiya zuwa 50m sannan ya yi iyo a cikin ruwa mai zurfa da ke fuskantar Chitende Peninsula da tuddan Mphiri. Yammacin tsibirin yana da nisan kilomita 3 (2 na rairayin bakin teku mai tsabta. Yankin ya shimfiɗa zuwa ƙasa kusan kilomita 1 (1 kuma yana da kyau kamar hamada mai duhu wanda aka raba shi da maras kyau biyu. Yankin da ke sama da tafkin shine mafi kyawun ƙasar noma da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa farkon shekarun 1990 a matsayin tsarin samar da iri iri iri. A baya akwai iyakar halitta na ajiyar gandun daji wanda ya kai ga tafkin ta hanyar tuddai na Mphiri zuwa arewa, wanda ya dace da hawa doki. == Manazarta == t31j4f87g48m6vdn9jlylp91wrq66il 856291 856289 2026-06-13T17:33:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 856291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cilumba''' wani gari ne a [[Malawi]] . Cibiyar birni ce a cikin Gundumar Karonga . == Wurin da yake == Chilumba tana gefen yammacin Tekun Malawi, a kudancin Gundumar Karonga, a Yankin Arewa Malawi . Wannan wurin yana da kusan kilomita 73 (45 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Karonga, inda hedkwatar gundumar take. Chilumba tana da nisan kilomita 154 (96 mi), ta hanyar hanya, arewacin birnin Mzuzu, hedkwatar yankin Arewacin Malawi. Yanayin ƙasa na Chilumba sune:10°26'15.0"S, 34°14'51.0"E (Latitude:-10.437500; Longitude:34.247500). Yana zaune a matsakaicin tsawo na mita 487 (1,598 , sama da [[Sea level|matsakaicin matakin teku]].<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Geoview |date=7 May 2020 |title=Elevation of Chilumba, Malawi |url=http://mw.geoview.info/chilumba,930986 |access-date=8 May 2020 |publisher=Goeview.info}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == A shekara ta 2011, an kiyasta yawan mutanen Chilumba a kusan mutane 5,000. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Sashe na tafkin da ke fuskantar Chilumba ana kiransa Chilumba Bay . [[MV Ilala]] Jirgin ruwa ne, wanda ke haɗa manyan ƙauyuka a kan Tafkin Malawi, yana da Chilumba a matsayin tashar arewacinsa. Da zarar ya isa Chilumba, sai ya fara tafiyarsa zuwa tushe a Lusumbwe a Kudancin Yankin Malawi.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Change Her World Canada |date=7 May 2020 |title=Profile of Chilumba, Malawi |url=https://changeherworld.ca/our-projects/chilumba-malawi/ |access-date=7 May 2020 |publisher=Changeherworld.ca}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Ruth Evans |date=22 December 2008 |title=Malawi: Sixty years of the MV Ilala |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/news/story/2008/12/081222_malawi_ilala.shtml |access-date=8 May 2020 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Heterogeneity a cikin wuri mai faɗi yana ba Chilumba yanayi na musamman don rarraba ayyukan nishaɗi da samarwa. Daga gefen tafkin, yana daya daga cikin wurare na musamman tare da tsibirin Chirwa da tsibirin Chitende, wanda ke karɓar nau'ikan shuke-shuke, tsuntsaye da kifi da yawa. Masu kamun kifi suna amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa na wucin gadi.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica)) |date=8 May 2020 |title=Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nyasa |access-date=8 May 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> Yankin da ke fuskantar Chirwa alama ce ta musamman tare da bakin teku mai zurfi tare da ruwa mai zurfi wanda zai iya dacewa da nutsewar dutse. Bayin da ke fuskantar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da ruwa mai zurfi don saukar da jiragen ruwa da kuma yiwuwar ruwa mai zurfin tafiya zuwa 50m sannan ya yi iyo a cikin ruwa mai zurfa da ke fuskantar Chitende Peninsula da tuddan Mphiri. Yammacin tsibirin yana da nisan kilomita 3 (2 na rairayin bakin teku mai tsabta. Yankin ya shimfiɗa zuwa ƙasa kusan kilomita 1 (1 kuma yana da kyau kamar hamada mai duhu wanda aka raba shi da maras kyau biyu. Yankin da ke sama da tafkin shine mafi kyawun ƙasar noma da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa farkon shekarun 1990 a matsayin tsarin samar da iri iri iri. A baya akwai iyakar halitta na ajiyar gandun daji wanda ya kai ga tafkin ta hanyar tuddai na Mphiri zuwa arewa, wanda ya dace da hawa doki. == Manazarta == 8g6h5513p7e04blhff9losvzvcgfmbm 0 157181 856290 2026-06-13T17:32:59Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646282|Pseudotropheus minutus]]" 856290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Pseudotropheus minutus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Yana fifita yankunan da ke da duwatsu inda zai iya cin algae, musamman a yankunan da wasu nau'ikan halittu ba za su iya isa ba. Yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|6.6|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == rz2djj3fdj0ttzql4wpjflaq6ze8nj0 856295 856290 2026-06-13T17:40:10Z Engineer014 44591 856295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Pseudotropheus minutus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Yana fifita yankunan da ke da duwatsu inda zai iya cin algae, musamman a yankunan da wasu nau'ikan halittu ba za su iya isa ba. Yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|6.6|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == 8dbqh80tldeihvbx4i0tg5ge366ttiw 0 157182 856297 2026-06-13T17:41:25Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646311|Purple mbuna]]" 856297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ire-iren ruwan shunayya''' ( '''''Melanochromis vermivorus''''' ) nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|7.4|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == p2h70j1gmiw35y1zc6d78ufcfqzoids 856298 856297 2026-06-13T17:41:47Z Engineer014 44591 856298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ire-iren ruwan shunayya''' ( '''''Melanochromis vermivorus''''' ) nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|7.4|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == 1s24mm2lm2qjrszo2zd4o211hzpsvyw 0 157183 856301 2026-06-13T17:45:53Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345332272|Otopharynx brooksi]]" 856301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Otopharynx brooksi''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|15|cm|in}} TL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . Sunan wannan kifin ya girmama John Langdon Brooks (1920–2000), masanin ilmin halittu na juyin halitta a Jami'ar Yale . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == k1ju9qkjx0kh5ok7lyls6pplwe3qqpj 856302 856301 2026-06-13T17:46:42Z Engineer014 44591 856302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Otopharynx brooksi''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|15|cm|in}} TL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . Sunan wannan kifin ya girmama John Langdon Brooks (1920–2000), masanin ilmin halittu na juyin halitta a Jami'ar Yale . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == nmxhe46y9amtue6hpws95cphwoizavx 0 157184 856304 2026-06-13T17:47:32Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355309571|Nothobranchius kirki]]" 856304 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Nothobranchius kirki''''', '''redfin notho''' <ref name=":0">{{FishBase|genus=Nothobranchius|species=kirki|month=February|year=2014}}</ref>, nau'in killifish ne daga dangin Nothobranchiidae wanda ya shahara a [[Malawi]] inda yake a magudanar ruwa na [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da [[Tafkin Chilwa]] . Yana zaune a [[Fadama|cikin fadama]] da [[Tafkin Vernal|tafkuna na ɗan lokaci]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . An bayyana wannan nau'in a cikin 1969 ta masanin kimiyyar ichthy na Afirka ta Kudu Rex Jubb daga nau'ikan da RG Kirk ya tattara, <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |date=31 May 2019 |title=Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES: Families APLOCHEILIDAE and NOTHOBRANCHIIDAE |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cyprinodontiformes1/ |access-date=5 September 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> wanda masanin kimiyyar kifaye ne na ayyukan binciken noma na Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa ta Malawi, daga wani tafki da ke kusa da [[Kogin Likangala]] wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Endorheic Basin|endorheic]] na Tafkin Chilwa a Malawi. == Manazarta == q4efhqzvjx1ft4dukd83yutpjkgshjb 856305 856304 2026-06-13T17:47:56Z Engineer014 44591 856305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Nothobranchius kirki''''', '''redfin notho''' <ref name=":0">{{FishBase|genus=Nothobranchius|species=kirki|month=February|year=2014}}</ref>, nau'in killifish ne daga dangin Nothobranchiidae wanda ya shahara a [[Malawi]] inda yake a magudanar ruwa na [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da [[Tafkin Chilwa]] . Yana zaune a [[Fadama|cikin fadama]] da [[Tafkin Vernal|tafkuna na ɗan lokaci]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . An bayyana wannan nau'in a cikin 1969 ta masanin kimiyyar ichthy na Afirka ta Kudu Rex Jubb daga nau'ikan da RG Kirk ya tattara, <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |date=31 May 2019 |title=Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES: Families APLOCHEILIDAE and NOTHOBRANCHIIDAE |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cyprinodontiformes1/ |access-date=5 September 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> wanda masanin kimiyyar kifaye ne na ayyukan binciken noma na Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa ta Malawi, daga wani tafki da ke kusa da [[Kogin Likangala]] wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Endorheic Basin|endorheic]] na Tafkin Chilwa a Malawi. == Manazarta == f1ymzkwzlzeyxatm87wu0sh0c2qlpsy 0 157185 856306 2026-06-13T17:51:57Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646145|Placidochromis polli]]" 856306 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Placidochromis polli''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ya fi son yankunan da ke da laka ko yashi a zurfin da ya fi {{Convert|75|m|ft}} . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14.9|cm|in}} SL . == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunanta na musamman ya girmama masanin kimiyyar ichthy na ƙasar Belgium Max Poll (1908-1991). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == bbiewvkbh2jsabqtcj7vovjc33j724b 856307 856306 2026-06-13T17:52:21Z Engineer014 44591 856307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Placidochromis polli''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ya fi son yankunan da ke da laka ko yashi a zurfin da ya fi {{Convert|75|m|ft}} . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14.9|cm|in}} SL . == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunanta na musamman ya girmama masanin kimiyyar ichthy na ƙasar Belgium Max Poll (1908-1991). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == prfi12fxt1cu1iuvuvxnvqdelyhhny7 0 157186 856308 2026-06-13T17:53:33Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314798792|Oreochromis karongae]]" 856308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Karongae na Oreochromis''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke fuskantar barazanar karewa wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]], da [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] na sama da tsakiya a [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Wannan nau'in yana da mahimmanci ga kamun kifi na gida, amma ya ragu sosai saboda yawan kamun kifi . Tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|42|cm|in}} . Mazan da ke kiwo baƙaƙe ne masu gefuna fari a kan fin kuma suna kama da mazan da ke kiwo ''[[Oreochromis lidole|O. lidole]]'', yayin da mata suka fi launin ruwan kasa-rawaya fiye da mata na ''O. lidole'' da ''O. squamipinnis'' . Yana cikin ɓangaren ƙananan halittun ''Nyasalapia'', waɗanda aka sani da chambo. Wani bita na taxonomic ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ɗauki ''[[Oreochromis saka|O. saka]]'' a matsayin ma'anar ''O. karongae'' (biyu sun bambanta ne kawai da ƙasusuwa da haƙoran pharyngeal ), amma a halin yanzu FishBase yana ɗaukar duka biyun suna da inganci. Mazan da ke kiwo a chambo suna da dogayen ƙusoshin al'aura waɗanda suka yi kama da ƙwai na kifi. A lokacin kiwo, macen tana ƙoƙarin ɗaukar su da bakinta kuma wannan yana taimaka wa namijin wajen yin takin ƙwai na mace, waɗanda suka riga sun shiga bakinta . ''O. karongae'' galibi yana cin phytoplankton, gami da diatoms . <ref name="Konings" /> Cichlid mai launin lepidophagous ''Corematodus shiranus'' wani nau'in chambo ne mai ƙarfi a cikin tsarin launi da kuma yanayin ninkaya. Saboda haka, yana iya kusantar wuraren chambo marasa tabbas kuma yana ɗaukar baki cike da sikelin ko fin da sauri. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 4zknbyvxgoteku2a8llpi3lb56t30xk 856309 856308 2026-06-13T17:53:57Z Engineer014 44591 856309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Karongae na Oreochromis''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke fuskantar barazanar karewa wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]], da [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] na sama da tsakiya a [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Wannan nau'in yana da mahimmanci ga kamun kifi na gida, amma ya ragu sosai saboda yawan kamun kifi . Tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|42|cm|in}} . Mazan da ke kiwo baƙaƙe ne masu gefuna fari a kan fin kuma suna kama da mazan da ke kiwo ''[[Oreochromis lidole|O. lidole]]'', yayin da mata suka fi launin ruwan kasa-rawaya fiye da mata na ''O. lidole'' da ''O. squamipinnis'' . Yana cikin ɓangaren ƙananan halittun ''Nyasalapia'', waɗanda aka sani da chambo. Wani bita na taxonomic ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ɗauki ''[[Oreochromis saka|O. saka]]'' a matsayin ma'anar ''O. karongae'' (biyu sun bambanta ne kawai da ƙasusuwa da haƙoran pharyngeal ), amma a halin yanzu FishBase yana ɗaukar duka biyun suna da inganci. Mazan da ke kiwo a chambo suna da dogayen ƙusoshin al'aura waɗanda suka yi kama da ƙwai na kifi. A lokacin kiwo, macen tana ƙoƙarin ɗaukar su da bakinta kuma wannan yana taimaka wa namijin wajen yin takin ƙwai na mace, waɗanda suka riga sun shiga bakinta . ''O. karongae'' galibi yana cin phytoplankton, gami da diatoms . <ref name="Konings" /> Cichlid mai launin lepidophagous ''Corematodus shiranus'' wani nau'in chambo ne mai ƙarfi a cikin tsarin launi da kuma yanayin ninkaya. Saboda haka, yana iya kusantar wuraren chambo marasa tabbas kuma yana ɗaukar baki cike da sikelin ko fin da sauri. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 7c7y4j39ppb9043uk7e5lk7mnoxrchk 0 157187 856310 2026-06-13T18:42:44Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332809607|Woods Theatre]]" 856310 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Woods''' wani gidan sinima ne da ke kusurwar titunan Randolph da Dearborn a Chicago Loop . An buɗe shi a shekarar 1918 kuma sanannen wurin nishaɗi ne tsawon shekaru da yawa. Asalinsa wurin wasan kwaikwayo ne kai tsaye, daga baya aka mayar da shi zuwa nunin fina-finai. An rufe shi a shekarar 1989 kuma an rushe shi a shekarar 1990. == Tarihi == === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye === Mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo Albert H. Woods ne ya gina Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Woods. Ya buɗe Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Eltinge da ke birnin New York don ɗaukar nauyin shirye-shiryensa na Broadway, kuma yana son a samar da irin wannan wurin a Chicago ga kamfanoninsa na tituna. An buɗe Woods a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1918, tare da shirya ''Friendly Enemies'' . Kamfanin Marshall da Fox ne suka tsara shi a salon Neo-Gothic, wanda kuma ya tsara gine-ginen Chicago da har yanzu suke kamar Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Blackstone (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Merle Reskin Theatre ) da kuma Otal ɗin Drake . Ginin mai hawa goma ya haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a matakin ƙasa da ofisoshi a sama. === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim === An mayar da Woods zuwa nuna fina-finai a shekarar 1932. Daga baya ya zama babban wurin nuna fina-finai na Essaness Theatres, wanda ya mayar da hedikwatarsa zuwa ginin. Tun daga shekarun 1950, ginin ya nuna wani babban katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren fim din ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' na shekarar 1986. [[Fayil:Woods_Theatre_1970.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|200x200px|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Woods a shekarar 1970]] A shekarun baya, ingancin wurin ya ragu. A shekarar 1982, dole ne shugabannin kamfanin su biya kuɗin magani idan bera ya ciji wani mai siyayya a lokacin wani shiri. Zuwa shekarar 1988, Woods ta zama gidan sinima na ƙarshe a Chicago Loop. An rufe ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1989, bayan an nuna ''Hellbound: Hellraiser II'' . === Rushewa === Bayan an yi la'akari da shiga cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa, an rushe shi a shekarar 1990. Rushewar wani ɓangare ne na wani aikin sabunta birane mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Tun daga rushewar Garrick Theatre da ke Randolph, an rushe yawancin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Chicago ko dai saboda rashin amfani ko rashin gyara. Woods yana kan yankin arewa maso yamma na Block 37 mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, wanda a da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo [[Roosevelt Theatre (Chicago)|na Roosevelt]] da United Artists ne . Wurin Harris da Selwyn (daga baya Cinestage da Michael Todd, a lokacin Dearborn Cinemas) yanzu yana ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Goodman . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinestage Theater |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/1202 |access-date=December 3, 2017 |website=Cinema Treasures}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Todd Theater |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/1203 |access-date=December 3, 2017 |website=Cinema Treasures}}</ref> Block 37, wanda ya kasance babu kowa har zuwa 2005, yana kudu maso gabashin wurin Goodman. == Fina-finai na farko == Fina-finan da suka fara fitowa a gasar Woods Theatre sun hada da: * ''Babban Sama'' (6 ga Agusta, 1952) * ''Wata Shudi Ne'' (22 ga Yuni, 1953) * ''[[Monkey on My Back (fim)|Biri a Bayana]]'' (14 ga Mayu, 1957) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monkey on My Back (1957) |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/5506/monkey-on-my-back |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310165118/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/5506/Monkey-on-My-Back/ |archive-date=March 10, 2012 |access-date=April 28, 2014 |publisher=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref> * ''Yana da Rai'' (Afrilu 26, 1974) <ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 27, 1974 |title=Movie previews |journal=Chicago Tribune |page=21 |quote=...having its world premiere at the Woods.}}</ref> == Nazarta == oec85hsx4sckpc4f25i7ii7l5oklydq 856311 856310 2026-06-13T18:43:20Z D son203 45710 856311 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Woods''' wani gidan sinima ne da ke kusurwar titunan Randolph da Dearborn a Chicago Loop . An buɗe shi a shekarar 1918 kuma sanannen wurin nishaɗi ne tsawon shekaru da yawa. Asalinsa wurin wasan kwaikwayo ne kai tsaye, daga baya aka mayar da shi zuwa nunin fina-finai. An rufe shi a shekarar 1989 kuma an rushe shi a shekarar 1990. == Tarihi == === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye === Mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo Albert H. Woods ne ya gina Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Woods. Ya buɗe Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Eltinge da ke birnin New York don ɗaukar nauyin shirye-shiryensa na Broadway, kuma yana son a samar da irin wannan wurin a Chicago ga kamfanoninsa na tituna. An buɗe Woods a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1918, tare da shirya ''Friendly Enemies'' . Kamfanin Marshall da Fox ne suka tsara shi a salon Neo-Gothic, wanda kuma ya tsara gine-ginen Chicago da har yanzu suke kamar Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Blackstone (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Merle Reskin Theatre ) da kuma Otal ɗin Drake . Ginin mai hawa goma ya haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a matakin ƙasa da ofisoshi a sama. === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim === An mayar da Woods zuwa nuna fina-finai a shekarar 1932. Daga baya ya zama babban wurin nuna fina-finai na Essaness Theatres, wanda ya mayar da hedikwatarsa zuwa ginin. Tun daga shekarun 1950, ginin ya nuna wani babban katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren fim din ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' na shekarar 1986. [[Fayil:Woods_Theatre_1970.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|200x200px|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Woods a shekarar 1970]] A shekarun baya, ingancin wurin ya ragu. A shekarar 1982, dole ne shugabannin kamfanin su biya kuɗin magani idan bera ya ciji wani mai siyayya a lokacin wani shiri. Zuwa shekarar 1988, Woods ta zama gidan sinima na ƙarshe a Chicago Loop. An rufe ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1989, bayan an nuna ''Hellbound: Hellraiser II'' . === Rushewa === Bayan an yi la'akari da shiga cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa, an rushe shi a shekarar 1990. Rushewar wani ɓangare ne na wani aikin sabunta birane mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Tun daga rushewar Garrick Theatre da ke Randolph, an rushe yawancin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Chicago ko dai saboda rashin amfani ko rashin gyara. Woods yana kan yankin arewa maso yamma na Block 37 mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, wanda a da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo [[Roosevelt Theatre (Chicago)|na Roosevelt]] da United Artists ne . Wurin Harris da Selwyn (daga baya Cinestage da Michael Todd, a lokacin Dearborn Cinemas) yanzu yana ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Goodman . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinestage Theater |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/1202 |access-date=December 3, 2017 |website=Cinema Treasures}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Todd Theater |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/1203 |access-date=December 3, 2017 |website=Cinema Treasures}}</ref> Block 37, wanda ya kasance babu kowa har zuwa 2005, yana kudu maso gabashin wurin Goodman. == Fina-finai na farko == Fina-finan da suka fara fitowa a gasar Woods Theatre sun hada da: * ''Babban Sama'' (6 ga Agusta, 1952) * ''Wata Shudi Ne'' (22 ga Yuni, 1953) * ''[[Monkey on My Back (fim)|Biri a Bayana]]'' (14 ga Mayu, 1957) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monkey on My Back (1957) |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/5506/monkey-on-my-back |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310165118/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/5506/Monkey-on-My-Back/ |archive-date=March 10, 2012 |access-date=April 28, 2014 |publisher=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref> * ''Yana da Rai'' (Afrilu 26, 1974) <ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 27, 1974 |title=Movie previews |journal=Chicago Tribune |page=21 |quote=...having its world premiere at the Woods.}}</ref> == Nazarta == n4fadc93wg598vvubb2awwf8nzufcty 0 157188 856312 2026-06-13T18:53:38Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327738980|Eleanore Whitney]]" 856312 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Eleanore Whitney''' (12 ga Afrilu, 1917 - 1 ga Nuwamba, 1983), daga baya Eleanore Backer, 'yar wasan fina-finai ce ta Amurka kuma 'yar rawa. An haife ta a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1917, a [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ganawa da Bill Robinson ta samar mata da dama ta yin rawa a matsayin 'yar rawa. Wannan ya sa ta yi rangadin yawon shakatawa tare da Rae Samuels a vaudeville, bayan haka ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na musamman tare da Jack Benny kuma ta yi wasa a vaudeville tare da Rudy Valee . Whitney ta yi aure a shekarar 1939 da lauya Frederick Backer. Ta koma New York tare da mijinta kuma ba ta koma yin wasan kwaikwayo ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2013 |title=Eleanore Whitney |url=https://obscureactresses.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/eleanore-whitney/ |publisher=Obscure actresses}}</ref> Ya zama alkali a Kotun Koli ta New York . == Fim ɗin fim == Fim ɗin Whitney, wanda ake kyautata zaton cikakke ne, ya haɗa da: * ''Kai, Evaline!'' (1935, Short) a matsayin Kanta * ''Babban Watsa Labarai na 1936'' (1935) a matsayin Kanta * ''Miliyoyin a cikin Sama'' (1935) a matsayin Kumfa * ''Hotunan Allo Jerin 16, Lamba ta 1'' (1936, gajeren shirin gaskiya) a matsayin Kanta * ''Neman Timothy'' (1936) a matsayin Martha * ''Murna Uku Don Soyayya'' (1936) a matsayin Skippy Dormant * ''Hollywood Boulevard'' (1936) a matsayin Kanta * ''Babban Watsa Labarai na 1937'' (1936) a matsayin Musamman na Rawa * ''Rose Bowl'' (1936) a matsayin Cheers Reynolds * ''Hutun Kwalejin'' (1936) a matsayin Kanta * ''Clarence'' (1937) a matsayin Cora Wheeler * ''Kashe Wata'' (1937) a matsayin Caroline Wilson * ''Blonde Trouble'' (1937) a matsayin Edna Baker * ''Abin Mamaki na Rayuwa'' (1937) a matsayin Betty Jane * ''Bayanin Harabar Jami'a'' (1938) a matsayin Susie Quinn (rawar fim ta ƙarshe) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0926288}} * [https://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/7526/eleanor-whitney Eleanore Whitney] at Virtual History == Nazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] ru9kj0sp0hyzs07snbsbnvlni06ph21 856313 856312 2026-06-13T18:54:05Z D son203 45710 856313 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Eleanore Whitney''' (12 ga Afrilu, 1917 - 1 ga Nuwamba, 1983), daga baya Eleanore Backer, 'yar wasan fina-finai ce ta Amurka kuma 'yar rawa. An haife ta a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1917, a [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ganawa da Bill Robinson ta samar mata da dama ta yin rawa a matsayin 'yar rawa. Wannan ya sa ta yi rangadin yawon shakatawa tare da Rae Samuels a vaudeville, bayan haka ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na musamman tare da Jack Benny kuma ta yi wasa a vaudeville tare da Rudy Valee . Whitney ta yi aure a shekarar 1939 da lauya Frederick Backer. Ta koma New York tare da mijinta kuma ba ta koma yin wasan kwaikwayo ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2013 |title=Eleanore Whitney |url=https://obscureactresses.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/eleanore-whitney/ |publisher=Obscure actresses}}</ref> Ya zama alkali a Kotun Koli ta New York . == Fim ɗin fim == Fim ɗin Whitney, wanda ake kyautata zaton cikakke ne, ya haɗa da: * ''Kai, Evaline!'' (1935, Short) a matsayin Kanta * ''Babban Watsa Labarai na 1936'' (1935) a matsayin Kanta * ''Miliyoyin a cikin Sama'' (1935) a matsayin Kumfa * ''Hotunan Allo Jerin 16, Lamba ta 1'' (1936, gajeren shirin gaskiya) a matsayin Kanta * ''Neman Timothy'' (1936) a matsayin Martha * ''Murna Uku Don Soyayya'' (1936) a matsayin Skippy Dormant * ''Hollywood Boulevard'' (1936) a matsayin Kanta * ''Babban Watsa Labarai na 1937'' (1936) a matsayin Musamman na Rawa * ''Rose Bowl'' (1936) a matsayin Cheers Reynolds * ''Hutun Kwalejin'' (1936) a matsayin Kanta * ''Clarence'' (1937) a matsayin Cora Wheeler * ''Kashe Wata'' (1937) a matsayin Caroline Wilson * ''Blonde Trouble'' (1937) a matsayin Edna Baker * ''Abin Mamaki na Rayuwa'' (1937) a matsayin Betty Jane * ''Bayanin Harabar Jami'a'' (1938) a matsayin Susie Quinn (rawar fim ta ƙarshe) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0926288}} * [https://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/7526/eleanor-whitney Eleanore Whitney] at Virtual History == Nazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] q2ogjdnr2lr66bngnzanumouh0d770u 0 157189 856314 2026-06-13T18:54:05Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645912|Nyassachromis serenus]]" 856314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Nyassachromis serenus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka san shi ne kawai daga arewacin tafkin, yana fifita wuraren zama fiye da wuraren da ke kewaye da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|25|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == 3en29k68wg19ncixak5hg5kp4z7ckd1 856315 856314 2026-06-13T18:54:32Z Engineer014 44591 856315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Nyassachromis serenus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka san shi ne kawai daga arewacin tafkin, yana fifita wuraren zama fiye da wuraren da ke kewaye da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|25|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . == Manazarta == n8sukibuigk9rl2qegw386ccl9nndgf 0 157190 856316 2026-06-13T18:55:46Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645742|Melanochromis loriae]]" 856316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Melanochromis loriae''''' nau'in cichlid ne a cikin yankin Cichlidae da ke kusa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|12.5|cm|in}} TL . A da an yi imanin cewa yana faruwa ne kawai a kusa da [[Chipoka Island|Tsibirin Chipoka]], wani bita a shekarar 2012 ya yi wa ''M. loriae'' alama da mbuna mai layi ɗaya, ''M. parallelus'', wanda ke da yawan jama'a a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma, Tsibirin Chisumulu, da kuma gabar arewa maso yamma. Tarin samfura don cinikin kifaye barazana ce ga al'ummar da ke cikin daji. Sunan da aka ambata yana girmama 'yar dillalin kifi John Lomardo, Lori. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == gjvz4xxlyp4cke6az3gsmd9wi93o3cn 856317 856316 2026-06-13T18:56:15Z Engineer014 44591 856317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Melanochromis loriae''''' nau'in cichlid ne a cikin yankin Cichlidae da ke kusa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|12.5|cm|in}} TL . A da an yi imanin cewa yana faruwa ne kawai a kusa da [[Chipoka Island|Tsibirin Chipoka]], wani bita a shekarar 2012 ya yi wa ''M. loriae'' alama da mbuna mai layi ɗaya, ''M. parallelus'', wanda ke da yawan jama'a a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma, Tsibirin Chisumulu, da kuma gabar arewa maso yamma. Tarin samfura don cinikin kifaye barazana ce ga al'ummar da ke cikin daji. Sunan da aka ambata yana girmama 'yar dillalin kifi John Lomardo, Lori. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == g62dzd8ln95jlw8z8dw04djqkhlkqrs 0 157191 856318 2026-06-13T18:57:19Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645172|Diplotaxodon ecclesi]]" 856318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Diplotaxodon ecclesi''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], a Gabashin Afirka, inda ake samunsa a cikin ruwa a buɗe galibi a matakin zurfi, kodayake ba kasafai ake kama shi ta hanyar jan kifi ba. Babban abincinsa shine [[Tafkin Malawi sardine]] ( ''Engraulicypris sardella'' ). Ma'anar Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama Babban Jami'in Bincike kan Kamun Kifi na Malawi, [[David H. Eccles]] (wanda aka haife shi a 1932). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == gnrl0pvt1t1mwqbtu8kb3iwt41uxl25 856319 856318 2026-06-13T18:57:44Z Engineer014 44591 856319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Diplotaxodon ecclesi''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], a Gabashin Afirka, inda ake samunsa a cikin ruwa a buɗe galibi a matakin zurfi, kodayake ba kasafai ake kama shi ta hanyar jan kifi ba. Babban abincinsa shine [[Tafkin Malawi sardine]] ( ''Engraulicypris sardella'' ). Ma'anar Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama Babban Jami'in Bincike kan Kamun Kifi na Malawi, [[David H. Eccles]] (wanda aka haife shi a 1932). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5nq4niajjts5lemoyu9uubbudpwd86l 0 157192 856320 2026-06-13T19:00:07Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313796808|Dimidiochromis strigatus]]" 856320 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Dimidiochromis strigatus''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da aka fi sani da shi a Malawi. A da an sanya shi a cikin halittar ''Haplochromis'' kuma an san shi da '''''Haplochromis'' 'faɗuwar rana'<nowiki/>''' a cikin cinikin kifi [[Aquarium|na akwatin kifaye]] . Yana da yaɗuwa a [[Malawi]] inda ake samunsa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]] da kuma [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] na sama da tsakiyarsa. Yawanci ana samunsa a wurare masu zurfi tare da cakuda wuraren zama masu ciyawa da yashi. Mafarauci ne na ƙananan kifaye kamar utaka da manyan halittu marasa ƙashi. Mazan yankin suna kare ƙaramin wurin haifuwa wanda suke ƙirƙirawa ko dai a tsakanin ciyayi ko kuma a kan yashi mai buɗewa. == Manazarta == jwkfu74vfvzr3wt5pd4xqlghil5jdlh 856321 856320 2026-06-13T19:00:45Z Engineer014 44591 856321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Dimidiochromis strigatus''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da aka fi sani da shi a Malawi. A da an sanya shi a cikin halittar ''Haplochromis'' kuma an san shi da '''''Haplochromis'' 'faɗuwar rana'<nowiki/>''' a cikin cinikin kifi [[Aquarium|na akwatin kifaye]] . Yana da yaɗuwa a [[Malawi]] inda ake samunsa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]] da kuma [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] na sama da tsakiyarsa. Yawanci ana samunsa a wurare masu zurfi tare da cakuda wuraren zama masu ciyawa da yashi. Mafarauci ne na ƙananan kifaye kamar utaka da manyan halittu marasa ƙashi. Mazan yankin suna kare ƙaramin wurin haifuwa wanda suke ƙirƙirawa ko dai a tsakanin ciyayi ko kuma a kan yashi mai buɗewa. == Manazarta == a1qd35fx60h1uzb1qfs9npsyirco8l5 0 157193 856322 2026-06-13T19:03:42Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645095|Copadichromis trewavasae]]" 856322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Copadichromis trewavasae''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Yana yaɗuwa a Tafkin, haka kuma yana faruwa a [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Sau da yawa ana samunsa a yankunan da ke da laka inda laka ke rufe tushen da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Yana ciyarwa ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta daga ginshiƙin ruwa. An sanya wa wannan nau'in ''[[Copadichromis]]'' suna ne bayan masanin kimiyyar ichthy Ethelwynn Trewavas . == Manazarta == pw265havlt3vdazasi8f12m7zi6kkzw 856323 856322 2026-06-13T19:04:18Z Engineer014 44591 856323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Copadichromis trewavasae''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Yana yaɗuwa a Tafkin, haka kuma yana faruwa a [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Sau da yawa ana samunsa a yankunan da ke da laka inda laka ke rufe tushen da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Yana ciyarwa ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta daga ginshiƙin ruwa. An sanya wa wannan nau'in ''[[Copadichromis]]'' suna ne bayan masanin kimiyyar ichthy Ethelwynn Trewavas . == Manazarta == hzp5r8w1gn9kr8shvke7luqth03lqdc 0 157194 856329 2026-06-13T19:12:35Z Nnamadee 31123 Sabon shafi: '''Tshakhuma Dam''' wani dam ne da ke kusa da Tshakhuma a Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. An kammala shi a cikin 1990 kuma ya ba da ruwa ga shirin ban ruwa na Tshakhuma. Tafkin yana da karfin 2,100,000 m3 (acre⋅ft 1,700).[1] == Manazarta == 856329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tshakhuma Dam''' wani dam ne da ke kusa da Tshakhuma a Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. An kammala shi a cikin 1990 kuma ya ba da ruwa ga shirin ban ruwa na Tshakhuma. Tafkin yana da karfin 2,100,000 m3 (acre⋅ft 1,700).[1] == Manazarta == rex6r03cgdpliwmx9n8364zovgrm0hg 856330 856329 2026-06-13T19:13:23Z Nnamadee 31123 856330 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tshakhuma Dam''' wani dam ne da ke kusa da Tshakhuma a Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. An kammala shi a cikin 1990 kuma ya ba da ruwa ga shirin ban ruwa na Tshakhuma. Tafkin yana da karfin 2,100,000 m3 (acre⋅ft 1,700).<ref>"Tshakhuma Dam". eWisa. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</ref> == Manazarta == abhqf5n6rlxpg9dkdezr2hjz2722uwy 0 157195 856340 2026-06-13T19:45:03Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305595837|Saint John River (Liberia)]]" 856340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Saint John River|image=|image_size=300px|image_caption=|map=Liberia St John River.png|map_caption=Map of the river|source1_location=[[Guinea Highlands]]|mouth_location=[[North Atlantic Ocean]]|subdivision_type1=Countries|subdivision_name1={{ubl|[[Guinea]]|[[Liberia]]}}|length={{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=on}}|source1_elevation=|mouth_elevation={{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}&nbsp;above [[sea level]]|discharge1_location=Near mouth|discharge1_avg=(Period: 1979–2015) {{cvt|27.27|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|discharge2_location=[[Baila, Liberia|Baila]]|discharge2_avg={{convert|136.06|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|basin_size={{cvt|16,157|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />The '''Saint John River''' is one of the six main [[Kogi|rivers]] in the [[Afirka ta Yamma|West African]] nation of [[Laberiya|Liberia]]. With its headwaters in neighboring [[Gini|Guinea]], the river flows generally southwest through Liberia and empties into the [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic Ocean]] at Bassa Cove near Edina in Grand Bassa County. The {{Convert|282|km|mi}} river has a [[Ruwan ruwa|drainage basin]] covering {{Convert|16,157|km2|mi2}}. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Ruwan koguna yana cikin Nimba Range na [[Gini|Guinea]] Highlands a cikin ƙasar Guinea yana gudana kudu zuwa iyakar da Laberiya. Kusa da Yalata, Guinea ya fara samar da iyaka tsakanin Guinea da Bong County a Laberiya.<ref name="map">{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=6.219743,-9.75174&spn=0.660757,1.757813&t=h&z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> Yana gudana gabaɗaya a kudu, yana samar da iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa na kusan 9.6 km (6 miles). <ref name="map" /> A Niatande, Laberiya, ya haɗu da [[Mani River|Kogin Mani]] ya shiga Laberiya, yana samar da iyaka tsakanin yankunan Bong da Nimba.<ref name="map" /> Kogin sai ya gudana zuwa kudu maso yammacin kusan kilomita 15 (kilomita 24) kafin ya juya zuwa kudu maso gabas don nisan kilomita 12.<ref name="map" /> Kusa da Zahn yana ɗaukar ƙaramin [[Yah river|Kogin Yah]], kuma ya sake juyawa kudu maso yamma.<ref name="map" />&nbsp; Bayan kimanin kilomita 15 (24 ya fara samar da iyaka tsakanin yankunan Bong da Grand Bassa kuma ya juya yamma don kimanin kilomita 16 (10 miles). <ref name="map">{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=6.219743,-9.75174&spn=0.660757,1.757813&t=h&z=10 |access-date=2008-10-27 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> Kogin ya ci gaba zuwa kudu maso yamma, kuma bayan kimanin kilomita 30 (48) ya shiga Grand Bassa County.<ref name="map" /> Bayan kusan kilomita 8 (13 ya juya kudu don kilomita takwas (13 sannan ya koma kudu maso yamma don kusan kilomita 16 (10 miles). <ref name="map" /> Kusa da Shoigabli yana juyawa zuwa kudu don kimanin kilomita 9 (14 inda ya wuce [[Mount Finley (Liberia)|Dutsen Finley]] ya juya zuwa yamma kuma yana gudana gabaɗaya kudu maso yamma don wani kilomita 14.5 (9 miles). <ref name="map" /> Tsakanin Zoblum da Alfabli Saint John ya fadada kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso yammacin kusan kilomita 3 (4.8) kafin ya tafi yamma don mil zuwa Hartford.<ref name="map" /> Kogin ya nutse zuwa kudu maso yamma don kilomita 10.5 na ƙarshe (6.5 miles). <ref name="map" /> A nan yana karɓar kogin Mechlin da Benson yayin da yake zubowa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Edina da Buchanan.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Bayani == Magudanar ruwan kogin ya kai murabba'in kilomita 14,762 (5,700 sq mi) sama da Laberiya da Guinea.[1] Tsawon mil 175 (kilomita 282), yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan koguna shida na Laberiya.[2][1] Gabaɗaya akwai koguna 16 ne kawai a ƙasar.[3] Matsakaicin fitarwa na shekara-shekara na St. John shine mita 136.06 a cikin daƙiƙa guda (4,805 cu ft/s) kamar yadda aka auna a tashar Baila ta cikin ƙasa.[4] A lokacin damina a watan Oktoba, matsakaita yana gudana mita 233.49 cubic a sakan daya (8,246 cu ft/s), yayin da a cikin watan Fabrairu a lokacin rani yana gudana matsakaicin mita cubic 18.95 a sakan daya (669 cu ft/s) a wuri guda.[4] Bakin kogin yana da kusan kilomita 60 (97 kudu da gabashin bakin [[Kogin Saint Paul]] kusa da [[Monrovia]] . Yana gudana gabaɗaya kudu maso yamma daga asalinsa zuwa teku yana ƙunshe da saurin ruwa na lokaci-lokaci da kuma faduwar ruwa. Kusa da teku kogin ya kai mafi faɗin kusan mil 1 (1.6 a fadin kuma shine wurin Factory Island, mafi girma daga cikin tsibirai da yawa a cikin kogi.<ref name="book" /> Kogin ya sami sunansa daga Masu binciken Portuguese a karni na 15 waɗanda suka hango bakin a Ranar bikin St. John.<ref name="eb" /> === Rayuwar ruwa === Kogin Saint John yana da nau'ikan rayuwa a cikin da kuma bakin teku a tsawon kogin. Dabbobi sun haɗa da Crocodile mai ƙanƙara a kan ɓangarorin cikin gida na hanyar ruwa. Akwai akalla nau'ikan Kifi 65 a cikin kogi, gami da nau'ikan Mastacembelidae, Barbus eburneensis, Chrysichthys johnelsi, Killifish, Electric catfish, Nile perch, da Tilapia da sauransu. Tsuntsaye kuma suna amfani da bakin kogi da tsibirai a matsayin wuraren zama, gami da Pangolin mai kusurwa uku, Palaearctic, Sandpipers, Greenshanks, Little Ringed Plover, da Water Chevrotain a yankin Kpatawee Wetlands a cikin Bong County. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|5|55|30|N|10|04|15|W|type:landmark}} o5d7xhdewl7jaaxcl58wx1hmyyrg8hh 0 157196 856342 2026-06-13T19:47:49Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279217872|Kariba Gorge]]" 856342 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Kariba_dam.jpg|thumb|Dam din Kariba a cikin Kariba Gorge]] '''Kariba gorge''' babban kogi ne na halitta wanda [[Kogin Zambezi]] ya gudana a kan iyakar [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]], [[Afirka]]. A shekara ta 1959 an kammala babban madatsar ruwan Kariba mai kwakwalwa guda biyu, wanda ya cika kwarin gaba ɗaya kuma ya haifar da tafkin da mutum ya fi girma a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kariba |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044719/Kariba |access-date=2007-07-31 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> [[Tafkin Kariba]] ya cika tsakanin 1958 da 1963 bayan kammala madatsar ruwan Kariba a arewa maso gabashinsa, ambaliyar Kariba Gorge a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] kuma ya kori yawancin namun daji da Mutanen Tonga. == Tasirin == Zaben kwarin Kariba a kan rukunin Kafue Gorge da ke Zambiya ya samo asali ne sakamakon yanke shawara na siyasa da fasaha. An kiyasta Kogin Kariba a matsayin mafi kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar ruwa kuma an shawo kan rashin jin daɗin dogaro da siyasa kan gwamnatin farar fata tsiraru.[1] Bugu da ari, kima muhalli wani ilimin kimiya ne na asali a lokacin, kuma ba a yi shiri sosai ba na ƙaura da mutane a gefen kwazazzabo na Zimbabwe kuma dubbai sun yi ambaliya.[2] Wani gibi na al'adu ya taso tsakanin keɓewar Zimbabwe Tonga da Tonga na Zambiya saboda rabuwa da babban tafkin da ke cike da kwazazzabo. A yau ana ɗaukar Tonga na Zimbabwe a matsayin mutane daban waɗanda ke da ɗan yare daban da ƙarancin tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da Tonga a ɓangaren Zambia. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Dubi kuma == * [[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba]] * [[Tafkin Kariba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929085232/http://orgonise-africa.net/category.aspx?categoryID=148 Zambesi mai iko - mai baiwa] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|30|14|S|28|47|44|E}} 5kpfxb4609oi7edwtlucbgtvvbkpmoi 0 157197 856343 2026-06-13T19:49:26Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327676782|Congoglanis]]" 856343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox|image=|taxon=Congoglanis|authority=[[Carl J. Ferraris Jr.|Ferraris]], [[Richard Peter Vari|Vari]] & [[Paul H. Skelton|P. H. Skelton]], 2011}}<templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" />'''''Congoglanis''''' wani nau'in kifi ne wanda aka samo a cikin tsarin [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] na [[Afirka]]. Wannan nau'in an dauke shi 'yar'uwa ce ta duk sauran nau'o'in a cikin subfamily Doumeinae . == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i hudu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Congoglanis alula'' <small> (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) </small> * ''Congoglanis howesi'' Vari, Ferraris & P. H. Skelton, 2012 * <small>[Hasiya]</small> An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. * <small>[Hasiya]</small> An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q5160531}} fxttc6vn03lu9fn1cotgmvd9yh9vomi 0 157198 856344 2026-06-13T19:51:00Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350353812|Lealui]]" 856344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Lealui|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|pushpin_map=Zambia|pushpin_label_position=right|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Zambia|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Zambia}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Western Province, Zambia|Western Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#Western Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Mongu District]]|timezone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|coordinates={{coord|15|13|S|23|01|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Mai aminci</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Lealui is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:70.638%;left:12.136%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lealui]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mai aminci</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 15°13′S 23°01′E / 15.217°S 23.017°E / -15.217; 23.017<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lealui&params=15_13_S_23_01_E_region:ZA_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°13′S</span> <span class="longitude">23°01′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.217°S 23.017°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-15.217; 23.017</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Mongu |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} Lealui ko Lialui shi ne wurin zama na rani a filin Barotse na Litunga, sarkin mutanen Lozi na yammacin Zambia.[1] Tana da tazarar kilomita 14 daga yamma da garin Mongu da kimanin kilomita 10 gabas da babban tashar kogin. A ƙarshen lokacin damina, gabaɗaya a cikin Maris yayin da ruwan saman Zambezi ya mamaye ginin, Litunga ya ƙaura zuwa Limulunga a ƙasa mafi girma. An yi bikin ne a bikin Kuomboka, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da farin jini a kasar Zambia. Lealui yana kan hanyar Mongu-Kalabo kuma yana a ƙarshen gabashin [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|Hanyar Barotse Floodplain]]. == Manazarta == <references /> 6v5qv55ayd8esxd61rp8jreb5fnxlsz 0 157199 856345 2026-06-13T19:52:12Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293835897|Chirundu, Zambia]]" 856345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name=Chirundu|native_name=|nickname=|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|motto=|image_skyline=|imagesize=250px|image_caption=|image_flag=<!-- No image-->|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|city_logo=|citylogo_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Zambia <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_label_position=<!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->|pushpin_map_caption=|pushpin_mapsize=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=Zambia|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#Southern Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Chirundu District]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=Established|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> =|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|population_as_of=|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=84750|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|timezone=[[South Africa Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset=+2|coordinates={{coord|16|03|S|28|50|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank_info=|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Chirundu</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Chirundu is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:78.571%;left:58.664%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Chirundu]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Chirundu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 16°03′S 28°50′E / 16.050°S 28.833°E / -16.050; 28.833<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chirundu,_Zambia&params=16_03_S_28_50_E_region:ZM_type:city(84750) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°03′S</span> <span class="longitude">28°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.050°S 28.833°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-16.050; 28.833</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Zambia |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Kudancin |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Chirundu |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |84,750 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (SAST) |} '''Chirundu, [[Zambiya|Zambia]]''' wani gari ne a lardin Kudancin Zambia a kan iyaka da [[Zimbabwe]] . Shi ne shafin yanar gizo na hanyoyi biyu a fadin kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], Chirundu Bridges . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirundu Bridge Essential Tips and Information |url=https://trek.zone/en/zambia/places/382813/chirundu-bridge |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Trek Zone |language=en}}</ref> Garin Chirundu Petrified wani yanki ne na burbushin bishiyoyi 21 km yammacin Chirundu, yana kwance a kudancin hanya daga Chrundu zuwa Kafue kusa da mahaɗar hanyar zuwa Siavonga . An jera shi a matsayin Abin Tunawa na Kasa na Zambia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirundu Fossil Forest |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5424/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Petrified Forest |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/chirundu-fossil-forest |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi burbushin bishiyoyi ko bishiyoyi na zamanin Karoo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirundu Fossil Forest |url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/5424/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref>&nbsp; A gefen Zimbabwe na Zambezi, ana kiran garin Chirundu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siamilandu |first=Obert |title=Chirundu border post modernises |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200031161/chirundu-border-post-modernises |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Haɗin waje == * https://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g676296-Chirundu_Southern_Province-Vacations.html * https://www.lonelyplanet.com/zambia/chirundu * http://www.wildzambezi.com/locations/5/chirundu * https://www.chirunducouncil.gov.zm/ h9youy8dadz9wz49uhuvv5sg343pl71 0 157200 856346 2026-06-13T19:53:20Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276671153|Chirundu, Zimbabwe]]" 856346 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Chirundu''' ƙauye ne da kuma iyaka a [[Zimbabwe]] a kan iyaka da [[Zambiya|Zambia]], a lardin Mashonaland West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirundu Travel Information |url=https://www.south-africa-info.co.za/country/town/1039/chirundu |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.south-africa-info.co.za}}</ref> Sunan Chirundu yana nufin "Babban Dutsen". Ƙauyen yana kan bakin kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], kuma a sakamakon haka yana cikin kwarin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] mai zafi. Shi ne shafin yanar gizon Chirundu Bridges, gadoji biyu a fadin kogin Zambezi. A gefen Zambiya na kogin akwai wani gari da ya fi girma wanda ake kira Chirundu . Ginin shine babban ƙetare kan iyaka don zirga-zirga daga [[Harare]] a Zimbabwe, zuwa [[Lusaka]] a Zambia. Chirundu tana kewaye da wuraren namun daji / Safari, [[Giwa|giwaye]] suna yawo akai-akai a ƙauyen. Har ila yau, sanannen wuri ne na kamun kifi. == Dubi kuma == * [[Babbar Chirundu]] * Hanyar R3 (Zimbabwe) == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|02|S|28|51|E|region:ZW_type:city}} gi9lv18l4tg0bcmhkzvybqqnmm60ndt 0 157201 856347 2026-06-13T19:54:25Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348633987|Kazungula Ferry]]" 856347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:KazungulaFerry.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu da ke tsallaka Zambezi a Kazungula]] '''Jirgin ruwa na Kazungula''' jirgin ruwa ne mai tsayi a fadin [[Kogin Zambezi]] mai faɗin mita 400 (1,300 tsakanin [[Botswana]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Yana daya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa a kudancin tsakiyar Afirka, yana da damar tan 70 (tsawon tan 69; gajeren tan 77). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazungula Ferry, Botswana |url=https://www.northstar-alliance.org/portfolio/kazungula-ferry-botswana/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=North Star Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> An ba da sabis ɗin ta hanyar motoci guda biyu kuma suna aiki tsakanin wuraren da ke kan iyaka a Kazungula, Zambia da Kazungula. Ya haɗa hanyar Livingstone-Sesheke (Hanyar M10) wanda ke haɗawa da Hanyar Trans-Caprivi a Katima Mulilo kuma yana cikin ɓangaren [[Walvis Bay|Walvis Bay Corridor]]) zuwa babbar hanyar arewa maso kudu ta Botswana ta hanyar Francistown da [[Gaborone]] zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]], da kuma hanyar Kasane-[[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] ta hanyar [[Zimbabwe]]. Ya yi aiki da zirga-zirgar hanyoyi na kasa da kasa na kasashe uku kai tsaye (Zambia, Zimbabwe da Botswana) da kuma wasu uku a kaikaice (Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]]). Ko Botswana da Zambia a zahiri suna da iyaka ɗaya, ko kuma jirgin yana ƙetare zuwa yankin [[Namibiya]] ko [[Rhodesia|Rhodesian]] ba bisa ka'ida ba, batun jayayya ne. A cikin 1970, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] (wanda a lokacin ya mamaye Namibia) ya sanar da Botswana cewa babu iyaka tsakanin Botswana da Zambia, yana mai da'awar cewa akwai quadripoint. A sakamakon haka, Afirka ta Kudu ta yi iƙirarin, Jirgin Kazungula, wanda ke haɗa Botswana da Zambia a quadripoint, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Botswana ta ki amincewa da ikirarin biyu. A zahiri akwai rikici kuma an harbe harbe-harbe a cikin jirgin ruwa; wasu shekaru bayan haka, Sojojin Rhodesia sun kai hari kuma sun nutse jirgin, suna mai cewa yana aiki da dalilai na soja. A shekara ta 2003 jirgin ya kasance wurin bala'i lokacin da wata babbar mota ta Zambiya ta rushe daya daga cikin pontons kuma mutane 18 sun nitse. An zargi hadarin ne da rashin gadar nauyi a Zambia a lokacin don bincika nauyin manyan motoci. [[Fayil:Zambezi_Bridge_construction_at_Kazungula.jpg|thumb|Ginin da ake ginawa, Maris 2019]] [[Fayil:Kazungula_Bridge_Map.png|thumb|Taswirar Kazungula Bridge dangane da Kazungula, Botswana (kudu maso yamma) da Kazungola, Zambia (arewa maso gabas) ]] A watan Agustan 2007, gwamnatocin Zambia da Botswana sun ba da sanarwar yarjejeniya don gina gadar Kazungula a shafin don maye gurbin jirgin ruwa. Kasancewar gajeren iyaka na kimanin mita 150 (490 tsakanin Zambia da Botswana a bayyane aka amince da shi a lokacin tarurruka daban-daban da suka shafi shugabannin jihohi da / ko jami'ai daga dukkan jihohi huɗu a cikin lokacin 2006-10 kuma an nuna shi a sarari a taswirar aikin [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Asusun Ci Gaban Afirka]]. Wannan ya dace da Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na Geographer a cikin Google Earth. Hanyar da aka tsara don sabon gadar ta haye wannan iyaka ba tare da shiga Zimbabwe ko Namibia ba. Ginin gadar ya fara ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 kuma an buɗe shi a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2021 don maye gurbin jirgin ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * Kazungula * [[Babbar gada ta Kazungula]] == Manazarta == <references /> le2nyw8afipsjfz8cljrdco0ngfycyi 0 157202 856349 2026-06-13T19:55:36Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305832773|Impalila]]" 856349 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox islands/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''I'''Mpalila'''''' (wani lokacin ana rubuta Mpalila) tsibiri ne a Yankin Zambezi, iyakar gabashin [[Namibiya|Namibia]], wanda ke da iyaka a arewacin ruwan [[Kogin Zambezi]] kuma a kudu da [[Kogin Cuando|Kogin Chobe]] . Gida ce ga wasu 2500-3000 galibi Tswana (daga [[Botswana]]) da Subia (daga [[Namibiya|Namibia]]) a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka 25.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaza Safari Lodge |url=http://namibian.org/lodges/zambezi-caprivi-region/kaza-safari-lodge-impalila-island |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=Namibian.org}}</ref> Ana samun damar Impalila daga Kasane a Botswana, a wancan gefen Kogin Chobe. Akwai al'adun Namibiya da kuma shige da fice a tsibirin. Har ila yau, akwai filin jirgin sama tare da titin mita 1,300, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don zirga-zirgar jiragen sama don kawo masu yawon bude ido zuwa Gidaje daban-daban a tsibirin. Filin jirgin saman wani abu ne na sansanin soja da Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi amfani da shi a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda aka sanya shi cikin hangen nesa a Botswana, [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]]. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Namibia ta sake sabunta sansanin sojan ruwa na Impalila, wanda yanzu ke aiki da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa na Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impalila naval base commissioned |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/79931/read/Impalila-naval-base-commissioned |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623175047/https://www.namibian.com.na/79931/read/Impalila-naval-base-commissioned |archive-date=23 June 2019 |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=Namibian.com.na}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 30e9gyecwubkk7zc1wk6ieqx9uiom34 0 157203 856350 2026-06-13T19:58:28Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335272290|Sesheke]]" 856350 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->|official_name=Sesheke|other_name=|native_name=<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->|nickname=|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_label_position=left|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Western Province, Zambia|Western Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#Western Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Sesheke District]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date3=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|area_water_sq_mi=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=|area_urban_sq_mi=|area_metro_km2=|area_metro_sq_mi=|area_blank1_title=|area_blank1_km2=|area_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2018 Estimate|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=|population_blank1_title=Ethnicities|population_blank1=|population_blank2_title=Religions|population_blank2=|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- General information --------------->|timezone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|17|28|00|S|24|18|00|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|blank1_name=|blank1_info=|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Sesheke</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Sesheke is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:92.064%;left:22.4%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Sesheke]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Sesheke</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 17°28′00′′S 24°18′00′′E / 17.46667°S 24.30000°E / -17.46667; 24.30000<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sesheke&params=17_28_00_S_24_18_00_E_region:ZM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°28′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">24°18′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.46667°S 24.30000°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-17.46667; 24.30000</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Zambiya|Zambia]][[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Sesheke |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} [[Fayil:ZM-Sesheke_2.png|alt=Location of Sesheke in Zambia|right|225x225px|Wurin Sesheke a Zambia]] [[Fayil:Seven_Years_in_South_Africa,_page_140,_port_of_Sesheke.jpg|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sesheke a cikin shekarun 1870]] '''Sesheke''' gari ne mai iyaka a Lardin Yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]], a cikin gundumar da ake kira da wannan sunan. Yana kwance a gefen arewacin [[Kogin Zambezi]] wanda ya zama iyaka da Yankin Caprivi na [[Namibiya|Namibia ta]] wannan lokacin. Gadar Katima Mulilo, wacce aka kammala a watan Mayun 2004, ta ratsa kogin nan, ta hade Sesheke da garin Katima Mulilo na kan iyakar Namibiya a gabar kudancin Zambezi.[1] Hanyar M10, wacce ta haɗu da Sesheke zuwa Livingstone da Victoria Falls mai nisan kilomita 200 zuwa gabas,[2] an inganta shi a cikin 2004. Sabuwar gada da titin an biya su ne daga bankin ba da agaji na Jamus Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau kuma sune hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta ƙarshe da ta ɓace a cikin "Trans Caprivi Corridor" (Trans Caprivi Corridor'-A yau da aka fi sani da Walvila Road Development). Wannan titin kwalta mai tsawon kilomita 2500 a yanzu yana haɗa Copperbelt ta Zambia da tashar ruwa ta Namibiya (Walvis Bay).[1] Sakamakon kai tsaye, adadin motocin dakon kaya ya karu sosai. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Ingantacciyar hanyar shiga da gina sabbin gidaje da sauran wuraren yawon bude ido sun kuma kara yawan masu yawon bude ido da ke wucewa ta Sesheke a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa gabar ruwa ta Victoria, zuwa gandun dajin Sioma Ngwezi mai tazarar kilomita 50 daga yamma da garin, ko kuma zuwa babban Zambezi da Balaguron Barotse. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Hanyar M10 kuma ta haɗa Sesheke zuwa Sioma, Senanga da Mongu kilomita 300 arewa maso arewa maso yamma.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Roads and Road Traffic Act {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}</ref>&nbsp; == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} 6zc3s68ye6cjyv2bcoprx9ga7mjp6ai 0 157204 856351 2026-06-13T19:59:48Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334654196|Luangwa, Zambia]]" 856351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name=Luangwa|native_name=<small>(Feira)</small>|nickname=|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|motto=|image_skyline=|imagesize=250px|image_caption=|image_flag=<!-- No image-->|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|city_logo=|citylogo_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Zambia <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_label_position=<!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->|pushpin_map_caption=Location of Luangwa in Zambia|pushpin_mapsize=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=Zambia|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Lusaka Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#Lusaka Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Luangwa District]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=Established|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> =|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|population_as_of=|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|timezone=[[South Africa Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset=+2|coordinates={{coord|15|37|S|30|23|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> tags-->|elevation_m=380|elevation_ft=|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank_info=[[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]]|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Luangwa</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small> (Ranar da rana) </small></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Luangwa is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:74.448%;left:71.064%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Luangwa]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Luangwa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin Luangwa a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 15°37′S 30°23′E / 15.617°S 30.383°E / -15.617; 30.383<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Luangwa,_Zambia&params=15_37_S_30_23_E_region:ZM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°37′S</span> <span class="longitude">30°23′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.617°S 30.383°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-15.617; 30.383</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Zambia |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Lardin Lusaka |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Luangwa |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |380 m (1,250 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (SAST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Yanayi]] | class="infobox-data" |BSh |} '''Luangwa''' wani gari ne a [[Zambiya|Zambia]], a wurin haɗuwar kogin [[Kogin Luangwa|Luangwa]] da Zambezi, wanda ake kira Feira har zuwa 1964. Shi ne hedkwatar wani gundumar da wannan sunan a Lardin Lusaka . Feira tabbas ita ce mazaunin Turai na farko a Zambia, amma ba a rubuta kwanakin da kyau ba. Abin da aka rubuta shi ne cewa Portuguese na farko sun zauna a gefen bankin Luangwa a Zumbo a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a farkon karni na 18, kuma a shekara ta 1720 wasu sun zauna a Feira. An sake watsar da garin a shekara ta 1856, lokacin da mai binciken David Livingstone ya ziyarce shi kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin cikakke. John Harrison Clark ne ya sake zama a 1887, wanda ya zauna a can har zuwa 1895.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brelsford |first=W. V. |year=1954 |title=Harrison Clark: King of Northern Rhodesia |url=http://nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N4/V2N4.htm |journal=The Northern Rhodesia Journal |location=Lusaka |publisher=Northern Rhodesia Society |volume=II |pages=13–31}}</ref> Bayan Zambia ta sami 'yancin kai an canza sunan garin zuwa '''Luangwa''' a matsayin wani ɓangare na fifiko ga' yan asalin maimakon sunayen mulkin mallaka, kodayake an ta da sunan a 1973 don mazabar majalisa ta Feira da ke rufe garin. Yana da hanya ɗaya kawai a ciki ko waje wanda ke haɗawa da Babbar Hanyar Gabas kusan kilomita 100 a arewa. Babu gadoji a yankin a kan Luangwa ko Zambezi, ko sabis na jirgin ruwa na yau da kullun, amma mutanen yankin za su kai baƙi a cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa. Wurin garin yana da mahimmancin dabara. Luangwa ita ce iyakar Zambia da Mozambique kuma Zambezi ya zama iyakarsa da Zimbabwe. A yakin Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique da yakin basasar Mozambique ya kasance wurin da 'yan tawaye suka yi. Taimakon da Zambia ta yi wa 'yan daba masu kishin kasa ya haifar da wasu kutsawa cikin kasarta da sojojin Rhodesian da na Portugal suka yi domin fatattakar su. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Gundumar Luangwa tana da nisa daga shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Luangwa, amma ta haɗa da shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa da namun daji na kanta. Gidan shakatawa na Lower Zambezi a yammacin garin wani hamada ne mai tsawo a kan Zambezi Escarpment kuma ƙananan kwarin Luangwa sun haɗa da shimfidar wuri da wuraren da ba a lalata ba. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kogin Luangwa]] * [[Kogin Zambezi]] * Gidan shakatawa na Ƙananan Zambezi == Manazarta == <references /> : '''Bayanan gaba ɗaya''' :* [http://earth.google.com Google Duniya] :* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070420163204/http://www.times.co.zm/index.php Gidan yanar gizon Times of Zambia] prijjyrfftv0784p00iqjxq2vpgrdw0 0 157205 856352 2026-06-13T20:11:51Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311333573|Senanga]]" 856352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->|official_name=Senanga|other_name=|native_name=<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->|nickname=|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_label_position=left|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Western Province, Zambia|Western Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#Western Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Senanga District]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date3=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|area_water_sq_mi=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=|area_urban_sq_mi=|area_metro_km2=|area_metro_sq_mi=|area_blank1_title=|area_blank1_km2=|area_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2018 Estimate|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=|population_blank1_title=Ethnicities|population_blank1=|population_blank2_title=Religions|population_blank2=|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- General information --------------->|timezone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|16|07|00|S|23|16|00|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|blank1_name=|blank1_info=|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Senanga</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Senanga is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:79.206%;left:14.133%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Senanga]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Senanga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 16°07′00′′S 23°16′00′′E / 16.11667°S 23.26667°E / -16.11667; 23.26668<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Senanga&params=16_07_00_S_23_16_00_E_region:ZM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°07′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">23°16′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.11667°S 23.26667°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-16.11667; 23.26667</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Zambiya|Zambia]][[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Senanga |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} [[Fayil:ZM-Senanga.png|alt=Location of Senanga in Zambia|right|225x225px|Yanayin Senanga a Zambia]] Senanga babban birni ne na gundumar Senanga, wanda ke lardin Yammacin Zambiya. Garin yana gefen gabas na Kogin Zambezi, a kudancin iyakar Barotse. Yana kan babban titin da ke tafiya daidai da kogin daga Livingstone da Sesheke zuwa Mongu.[1] Kwanan nan an kammala gadar Kaunga Lyeti don tsallaka kogin Kaunga Lyeti kusa da mahadar zuwa Sioma, ta tashi daga Sesheke da Katima Mulilo.[2] A saman aikin gada, ayyukan tituna na baya-bayan nan (hanyoyin zuwa Mongu da Sesheke) sun inganta yanayin tafiye-tafiye da karfafa kwarin gwiwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki.[3][4][5] Baya ga kogi da ambaliyar ruwa tare da namun daji da damar kamun kifi, Senanga yana da kusan kilomita 120 (75 mi) daga Sioma Ngwezi National Park kuma kusan kilomita 80 (50 mi) daga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]]. Yana da otal kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe don yawon shakatawa na kamun kifi ta jirgin ruwa. Wani tsayi mai tsayi na rediyo ya zama sanannen alama a garin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yanayin Senanga, wanda ke kan [[Kogin Zambezi]], an san shi da yawan kifaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senanga {{!}} Route {{!}} Open Africa - Do Travel Differently |url=http://www.openafrica.org/experiences/route/104-senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.openafrica.org}}</ref> Kowace shekara garin yana gudanar da Gasar Kifi ta Wasanni ta Zambia, wanda ke jan hankalin mahalarta na gida da na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senanga Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1350/senanga |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.zambia-info.org}}</ref> Koyaya, yankin yana da saukin kamun Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ke da babban tasiri a kan mahimman wuraren kiwo na nembwe, tigerfish da slidejaw.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phiri |first=Friday |date=September 17, 2017 |title=Improved fish processing brings gains for women – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/improved-fish-processing-brings-gains-for-women/ |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=www.daily-mail.co.zm |publisher=Zambia Daily Mail}}</ref> == Yanayi == {{Weather box}} == Biranen 'yan uwa == * [[Kelowna]], [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.kelowna.ca/CM/Page133.aspx |access-date=2007-09-26 |publisher=City of Kelowna}}</ref>{{Flagicon|CAN}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 2ue52r6hk9q49nwn52tzn77iqbdhlp6 0 157206 856353 2026-06-13T20:12:52Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Machine gunner''' (a Hausa: '''Mai amfani da bindigar mashin''' ko '''Mai harbin bindigar mashin''') soja ne da aka horar domin sarrafawa, kulawa da kuma amfani da [[bindigar mashin]], wani nau'in makami mai iya harba harsasai cikin sauri da yawa ba tare da tsayawa ba. A yawancin rundunonin soji na duniya, machine gunner yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayar da kariyar wuta ga sauran sojoji a lokacin farmaki ko kariya. == Tarihi == Matsayin machine gunner ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 bayan ƙirƙirar bindigogin mashin na farko kamar [[Maxim gun]], wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1884 ta hannun [[Hiram Maxim]]. Amfani da waɗannan makamai ya canja tsarin yaƙe-yaƙe, musamman a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], inda machine gunners suka kasance ginshiƙin kariya a ramukan yaƙi. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], machine gunners sun kasance muhimman mambobi na ƙungiyoyin sojoji, suna amfani da makamai kamar [[MG 34]], [[MG 42]], da [[Browning M1919]] domin tallafawa hare-hare da kare matsayi. == Ayyuka == Babban aikin machine gunner shi ne: * Samar da kariyar wuta ga sauran sojoji. * Hana abokan gaba motsi cikin sauƙi. * Tallafawa farmaki da kariya. * Kula da bindigar mashin da tabbatar da cewa tana aiki yadda ya kamata. * Horar da sauran sojoji kan yadda ake amfani da makamin idan ya zama dole. == Horarwa == Machine gunners suna samun horo na musamman wanda ya haɗa da: * Amfani da bindigar mashin. * Tsaron makamai. * Tsabtace da gyaran makamai. * Dabarun yaƙi na ƙasa. * Kimanta nisa da gano wuraren hari. == Kayan aiki == Machine gunner na iya amfani da nau'o'in bindigogin mashin daban-daban, ciki har da: * [[M240 machine gun]] * [[M249 light machine gun]] * [[PK machine gun]] * [[MG 42]] * [[FN MAG]] Baya ga bindiga, machine gunner kan ɗauki: * Harsasai masu yawa. * Na'urar hangen nesa. * Kayan kariya na jiki. * Kayan sadarwa. == Muhimmanci a yaƙi == Machine gunner yana da muhimmanci wajen samar da ƙarfin wuta ga runduna. Matsayinsa yana taimakawa wajen: * Kare sojoji daga hare-haren abokan gaba. * Sarrafa filin daga. * Tallafawa motsin runduna. * Rage ƙarfin farmakin maƙiyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Bindigar mashin]] * [[Soja]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] * [[Makami]] == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} # {{cite book |last=Hogg |first=Ian V. |title=Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2002 |isbn=978-1851094803 }} # {{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |title=The First World War |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0375700450 }} # {{cite book |last=Weeks |first=John |title=World War II Small Arms |publisher=Galahad Books |year=1980 |isbn=978-0883654030 }} # {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/machine-gun |title=Machine Gun |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=13 Yuni 2026 }} # {{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/machine-gun |title=Machine Gun History |website=History |access-date=13 Yuni 2026 }} {{stub}} [[Category:Sojoji]] [[Category:Sana'o'i na soja]] [[Category:Makamai]] mdyrcl3ta5ogloc44zb59z7lyms2fux 856364 856353 2026-06-13T20:27:48Z AsmudEmpire 45212 /* Manazarta */ 856364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Machine gunner''' (a Hausa: '''Mai amfani da bindigar mashin''' ko '''Mai harbin bindigar mashin''') soja ne da aka horar domin sarrafawa, kulawa da kuma amfani da [[bindigar mashin]], wani nau'in makami mai iya harba harsasai cikin sauri da yawa ba tare da tsayawa ba. A yawancin rundunonin soji na duniya, machine gunner yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayar da kariyar wuta ga sauran sojoji a lokacin farmaki ko kariya. == Tarihi == Matsayin machine gunner ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 bayan ƙirƙirar bindigogin mashin na farko kamar [[Maxim gun]], wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1884 ta hannun [[Hiram Maxim]]. Amfani da waɗannan makamai ya canja tsarin yaƙe-yaƙe, musamman a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], inda machine gunners suka kasance ginshiƙin kariya a ramukan yaƙi. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], machine gunners sun kasance muhimman mambobi na ƙungiyoyin sojoji, suna amfani da makamai kamar [[MG 34]], [[MG 42]], da [[Browning M1919]] domin tallafawa hare-hare da kare matsayi. == Ayyuka == Babban aikin machine gunner shi ne: * Samar da kariyar wuta ga sauran sojoji. * Hana abokan gaba motsi cikin sauƙi. * Tallafawa farmaki da kariya. * Kula da bindigar mashin da tabbatar da cewa tana aiki yadda ya kamata. * Horar da sauran sojoji kan yadda ake amfani da makamin idan ya zama dole. == Horarwa == Machine gunners suna samun horo na musamman wanda ya haɗa da: * Amfani da bindigar mashin. * Tsaron makamai. * Tsabtace da gyaran makamai. * Dabarun yaƙi na ƙasa. * Kimanta nisa da gano wuraren hari. == Kayan aiki == Machine gunner na iya amfani da nau'o'in bindigogin mashin daban-daban, ciki har da: * [[M240 machine gun]] * [[M249 light machine gun]] * [[PK machine gun]] * [[MG 42]] * [[FN MAG]] Baya ga bindiga, machine gunner kan ɗauki: * Harsasai masu yawa. * Na'urar hangen nesa. * Kayan kariya na jiki. * Kayan sadarwa. == Muhimmanci a yaƙi == Machine gunner yana da muhimmanci wajen samar da ƙarfin wuta ga runduna. Matsayinsa yana taimakawa wajen: * Kare sojoji daga hare-haren abokan gaba. * Sarrafa filin daga. * Tallafawa motsin runduna. * Rage ƙarfin farmakin maƙiyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Bindigar mashin]] * [[Soja]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] * [[Makami]] {{Short description|Sojan da ke aiki da bindigar mashin}} '''Machine gunner''' (mai amfani da bindigar mashin) soja ne da aka horar domin sarrafa da amfani da bindigar mashin wajen tallafawa rundunar soji da samar da kariyar wuta a filin daga.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/machine-gun |title=Machine Gun |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> Machine gunners suna daga cikin muhimman mambobin rundunar soji, saboda suna da alhakin samar da ci gaba da harbi domin hana motsin abokan gaba da kuma bai wa sauran sojoji damar matsawa gaba ko janyewa cikin tsaro.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hogg |first=Ian V. |title=Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2002 |isbn=978-1851094803 }}</ref> == Tarihi == Bayyanar bindigar mashin a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara ta kawo sauyi mai girma a harkokin yaƙi. Ƙirƙirar [[Maxim gun]] ta [[Hiram Maxim]] a shekarar 1884 ta ba sojoji damar harba harsasai da yawa cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/machine-gun |title=Machine Gun History |website=History }}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], machine gunners sun kasance ginshiƙan kariya a ramukan yaƙi, inda suka yi tasiri sosai wajen dakile hare-haren maƙiya. Haka kuma a [[Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an yi amfani da su wajen kare sansanoni da kuma tallafawa farmakin rundunoni.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |title=The First World War |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2000 }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan machine gunner sun haɗa da: * Samar da kariyar wuta ga sauran sojoji. * Hana maƙiya motsi cikin sauƙi. * Tallafawa hare-haren runduna. * Kare muhimman wurare da sansanoni. * Kula da makami da tabbatar da cewa yana aiki yadda ya kamata. == Horarwa == Machine gunners suna samun horo na musamman kan: * Amfani da bindigar mashin. * Tsaron makamai. * Tsabtace da kula da bindiga. * Dabarun yaƙi. * Sadarwa da aiki tare da sauran sojoji. == Kayan aiki == Daga cikin bindigogin mashin da machine gunners ke amfani da su akwai: * [[M240 machine gun]] * [[M249 light machine gun]] * [[PK machine gun]] * [[MG 42]] * [[FN MAG]] Baya ga makami, suna ɗaukar harsasai, kayan kariya da kuma wasu kayan sadarwa gwargwadon aikin da suke yi. == Muhimmanci == Machine gunner yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yaƙi ta hanyar samar da ƙarfin wuta mai dorewa. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kare runduna, dakile hare-haren maƙiya da kuma ba da damar aiwatar da manufofin soja cikin nasara.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weeks |first=John |title=World War II Small Arms |publisher=Galahad Books |year=1980 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Bindigar mashin]] * [[Soja]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] * [[Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] * [[Makami]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sojoji]] [[Category:Makamai]] [[Category:Sana'o'in soja]] fupvgu77ytcpwj7ogqo2ykvh49unhp2 0 157207 856354 2026-06-13T20:13:22Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233359563|Mwandi]]" 856354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->|official_name=Mwandi|other_name=|native_name=<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->|nickname=|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_label_position=left|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Western Province, Zambia|Western Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#Western Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Mwandi District]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date3=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|area_water_sq_mi=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=|area_urban_sq_mi=|area_metro_km2=|area_metro_sq_mi=|area_blank1_title=|area_blank1_km2=|area_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2018 Estimate|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=|population_blank1_title=Ethnicities|population_blank1=|population_blank2_title=Religions|population_blank2=|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- General information --------------->|timezone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|17|31|00|S|24|49|30|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|blank1_name=|blank1_info=|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Mwandi</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Mwandi is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:92.54%;left:26.6%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Mwandi]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Mwandi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 17°31′00′′S 24°49′30′′E / 17.51667°S 24.82500°E / -17.51667; 24.82500.<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mwandi&params=17_31_00_S_24_49_30_E_region:ZM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°31′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">24°49′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.51667°S 24.82500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-17.51667; 24.82500</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Zambiya|Zambia]][[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Mwandi |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} Mwandi ƙaramin gari ne a kan Zambezi a gundumar mai suna[1] na Lardin Yamma a Zambiya. Garin yana da nisan kilomita 120 yamma da Livingstone, akan hanyar M10 zuwa Sesheke.[2] Kauyen wani yanki ne na yankin da aka sani da Barotseland. Garin wurin zama ne na mazabar majalisa mai suna.[3] == Magana == Mwandi na nufin "mai yawa na kifi" a cikin [[Yaren Lozi|Harshen Silozi]]. == Addini == Ikilisiyar United Church of Zambia tana da babban manufa a Mwandi. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da yin imani na gargajiya na kabilanci. == Gidajen == Asibitin shine Asibitin Ofishin Jakadancin Mwandi, wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Zambiya ta lissafa a matsayin Asibitin Mataki na 1. Asibitin yana daya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata a ƙauyen. Ƙauyen yana kusa da Shackleton Tiger Fishing Lodge, sanannen wurin yawon bude ido don kamun kifi mai suna bayan Robert Millner Shackleton. == Yawan jama'a == Kimanin mutane 8,000 ne ke zaune a ƙauyen. Su makiyaya ne da masunta. Infrastructure ba shi da kyau, kuma wutar lantarki da ruwa mai tsabta ba su da sauƙi, kodayake kokarin ci gaba na baya-bayan nan sun fara canza hakan. Yawancin mutane suna rayuwa a kasa da $ 1.00 a kowace rana. Mutanen galibi na kabilar Lozi ne, kodayake akwai wasu mutane a nan na zuriyar Turai. Yankin da ke kusa da ƙauyen ya haɗa da ko'ina daga mutane 25,000 zuwa 33,000. == Al'adu == Garin cibiyar al'adun gargajiya ne na Barotse, inda majalisar Kuta ke zaune, wacce ke yanke hukunci kan rikice-rikice da yin doka kan batutuwan da suka shafi mutanen kabilanci na Gundumar Sesheke. == Lafiya == Mwandi, kamar dukan Gundumar Sesheke, tana cikin yankin da ke da babban (> 300/1000) na [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. Kamar yadda ababen more rayuwa suka inganta, cutar kanjamau ta yadu zuwa ƙauyen. Garin shine shafin babban cibiyar kiwon lafiya (Mwandi Mission Hospital) wanda ke ba da sabis ga mutanenta, da kewayen yankin. Matsakaicin tsammanin rayuwa kamar yadda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta kiyasta shine shekaru 59. == Shahararrun mutane daga Mwandi == * Cif Inyambo Yeta IV na Ma'aikatar Sarauta ta Barotse * Dan Van Zyl, co-direkta na Gidan Marayu na AIDS, wani rajista ba da riba wanda ke ba da sabis iri-iri a Mwandi == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} eftx7u32ir29mjv3hqwovz75h03i947 0 157208 856355 2026-06-13T20:14:31Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306651759|Binga village]]" 856355 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox settlement <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->|official_name=Binga|other_name=|native_name=<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->|nickname=|settlement_type=Town|motto=|translit_lang1=|translit_lang1_type=|translit_lang1_info=|translit_lang1_type1=|translit_lang1_info1=|translit_lang1_type2=|translit_lang1_info2=|translit_lang1_type3=|translit_lang1_info3=|translit_lang1_type4=|translit_lang1_info4=|translit_lang1_type5=|translit_lang1_info5=|translit_lang1_type6=|translit_lang1_info6=|translit_lang2=|translit_lang2_type=|translit_lang2_info=|translit_lang2_type1=|translit_lang2_info1=|translit_lang2_type2=|translit_lang2_info2=|translit_lang2_type3=|translit_lang2_info3=|translit_lang2_type4=|translit_lang2_info4=|translit_lang2_type5=|translit_lang2_info5=|translit_lang2_type6=|translit_lang2_info6=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Zimbabwe <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_label_position=<!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->|pushpin_map_caption=|pushpin_mapsize=200 <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Zimbabwe]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Matabeleland North]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zimbabwe|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Binga District]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date3=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_dunam=<!--Used in Middle East articles only-->|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|area_water_sq_mi=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=|area_urban_sq_mi=|area_metro_km2=|area_metro_sq_mi=|area_blank1_title=|area_blank1_km2=|area_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2012 Census|population_footnotes=<ref name=census2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.zimstat.co.zw/population-census-vital |title=2012 Census Provincial Report: Matabeleland North |author=Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency |accessdate=24 May 2018 |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519165224/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/population-census-vital |url-status=dead }}</ref>|population_note=|population_total=5283|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=|population_blank1_title=|population_blank1=|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- General information --------------->|timezone=[[Central European Time|CET]]|utc_offset=+1|timezone_DST=[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]|utc_offset_DST=+1|coordinates={{coord|17|37|27|S|27|20|28|E|region:ZW|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|twin1=|twin1_country=|twin2=|twin2_country=|twin3=|twin3_country=|twin4=|twin4_country=|twin5=|twin5_country=|twin6=|twin6_country=|twin7=|twin7_country=|blank_name=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank_info=[[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]]|blank1_name=|blank1_info=|blank2_name=|blank2_info=|blank3_name=|blank3_info=|blank4_name=|blank4_info=|blank5_name=|blank5_info=|blank6_name=|blank6_info=|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Binga</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Birni</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px">[[Fayil:Zimbabwe_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|200x200px|Binga is located in Zimbabwe]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:31.897%;left:28.876%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Binga]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Binga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 17°37′27′′S 27°20′28′′E / 17.62417°S 27.34111°E / -17.62417; 27.34111.<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Binga_village&params=17_37_27_S_27_20_28_E_region:ZW_type:city(5283) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°37′27″S</span> <span class="longitude">27°20′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.62417°S 27.34111°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-17.62417; 27.34111</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Zimbabwe]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Matabeleland ta Arewa |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Binga |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2012) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2012 Ƙidaya) <span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |5,283 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 (CET) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">• Lokacin bazara (DST) &nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 (CEST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Yanayi]] | class="infobox-data" |BSh |} [[Fayil:Rural_farmers_in_Binga,_northern_Zimbabwe,_welcome_the_AusAID_Program_team_into_their_village._(10718107363).jpg|thumb|Aikin noma a Binga kamar kowane wuri ne a Zimbabwe yana aiki don rage yawan amfanin gona da fari ya haifar a yankin wanda galibi ya fada ƙarƙashin yankin noma na Zimbabwe 5]] '''Binga''' na ɗaya daga cikin gundumomin gudanarwa a Matabeleland North, wanda ke arewa maso yammacin Zimbabwe, da ke kan iyakar Zambia tare da Kogin Zambezi . A siyasance, yankin yana da mazabu biyu, Binga Arewa tare da unguwa 15 da Binga Kudu tare da unguwanni 10. Wadannan sun samar da kujeru biyu na gundumar a cikin ƙananan gida. Duk da cewa an ba da albarkatun kasa da yawa gundumar tana daga cikin mafi talauci a Zimbabwe. An gina Binga ne don sake gina mutanen BaTonga waɗanda ƙasarsu ta cika da ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da aka halicci Tafkin Kariba tsakanin 1955-1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kariba dam |url=https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/infrastructure-projects/kariba-dam}}</ref> Gwamnatin Tarayyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta tilasta tura mutane daga ƙasarsu ta gargajiya a kwarin Zambezi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland &#124; colonialism, decolonization, independence &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Federation-of-Rhodesia-and-Nyasaland}}</ref> don shirya hanya don gina madatsar ruwan Kariba da kuma sake komawa wanda ba tare da diyya ba, ana sukar shi saboda raba al'umma da ta kasance tare da dogon lokaci a cikin kasashe biyu daban-daban na Kudancin da Arewacin Rhodesia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marmon |first=Brooks |date=2023 |title=The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1953–1963: A Retrospective at its Unattained Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02582473.2023.2212400 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=75 |issue=1–2 |pages=175–180 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2023.2212400 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Binga tana da manyan sarakuna 17 na gargajiya. Gida ce ga mutanen BaTonga da ChiTonga, ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 16 na hukuma a Zimbabwe ya fi yawa a yankin. Akwai wani ɓangare na Yankin Tattalin Arziki na yawon shakatawa na Victoria Falls. Gundumar tana da wasu wuraren da ke kama da ido na halitta ciki har da rairayin bakin teku na halitta wanda aka fi sani da Sand Beach, Chibwatata Hot Spring, namun daji, gonakin crocodile. Binga tana da babban Cibiyar sabis guda ɗaya da aka sani da Cibiyar Binga kuma a hukumance a matsayin Kaani Town bayan an ba ta matsayin gari. BaTonga sun fi sanannun al'adunsu na musamman musamman Budima ko Ngoma Buntibe da rawa na yaki.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-07-31 |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of How Covid 19 Terminologies are Translated to Tonga Language of Zambia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i7-38 |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis |volume=05 |issue=7 |doi=10.47191/ijmra/v5-i7-38 |issn=2643-9840 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [yanawa da ake buƙata].  Abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido sun haɗa da kallon Kogin Zambezi gaba ɗaya, rairayin bakin teku na Zimbabwe kawai, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, kamun kifi, gonakin kifi, wuraren ajiyar wasanni, Chijalile Pass, maras kyau a yankin Simatelele Ward, da yawa masu ban sha'awa, da dutsen halitta da sauransu. Hanyoyi ba su da kyau, gonar tana da iyaka amma ciyayi har yanzu suna cikin mafi kyawun yanayin. Akwai kwal, iskar gas da man fetur a kan tuddai na yankin Muchesu. Har ila yau akwai masassaƙin kasuwanci, bream, tilapia da samar da kifin tiger a ƙauyen. Mazauna ƙauyuka suna yin kamun kifi na gida a matakin iyali da na mutum. Yankunan shakatawa a cikin gundumar da ke kewaye da ƙauyen suna ba da masauki na musamman da wuraren bikin aure. == Manazarta == <references /> sz2yf3z39fqagnraou4x4m6bna9ed95 0 157209 856357 2026-06-13T20:17:34Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1254942352|Molimo-Nthuse]]" 856357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city|coordinates=-29.4237311,27.8954646,15z|settlement_type=Village|population_demonym=Molimo-Nthusian|image_map=Lesotho location map.svg|map_caption=Map of Lesotho}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Ruwa-Nuna</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Ƙauyen</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Lesotho_location_map.svg|250x250px|Map of Lesotho]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Taswirar Lesotho</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Matsayi: -29.4237311,27.8954646,15z |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Demonym|Sunan aljanu]] | class="infobox-data" |Ruhun-Anthusian |} Molimo-Nthuse birni ne, da ke yammacin Lesotho. Yana tsaye kusa da hanyar yamma zuwa hanyar Allah Taimaka mini wucewa, a bakin kogin Makhaleng. == Manazarta == * Fitzpatrick, M., Blond, B., Pitcher, G., Richmond, S., da Warren, M. (2004) ''Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho da Swaziland.'' Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet . neknju37y0ap06mkdf0wpnaga8v65l5 0 157210 856358 2026-06-13T20:19:26Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351671031|Limulunga]]" 856358 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox settlement|name=Limulunga|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|pushpin_map=Zambia|pushpin_label_position=right|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Zambia|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Zambia}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Western Province, Zambia|Western Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#Western Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Limulunga District]]|timezone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|coordinates={{coord|15|08|S|23|09|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}|image_skyline=File:Litungawinterpalace.jpg|image_caption=The ''[[Litunga]]'''s palace in Limulunga}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Limulunga</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Litungawinterpalace.jpg|250x250px|The ''[[Litunga]]'<nowiki/>''s palace in Limulunga]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Gidan sarauta na ''[[Litunga]]''' a Limulunga</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Limulunga is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:69.838%;left:13.2%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Limulunga]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Limulunga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 15°08′S 23°09′E / 15.133°S 23.150°E / -15.133; 23.150<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Limulunga&params=15_08_S_23_09_E_region:ZA_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°08′S</span> <span class="longitude">23°09′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.133°S 23.150°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-15.133; 23.150</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Limulunga |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} '''Limulunga''' yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu na ''Litunga'', sarkin mutanen Lozi na yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Yana kan tudu a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|ambaliyar Barotse]] na kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], kimanin 15.&nbsp;kilomita arewacin garin Mongu da kuma 21&nbsp;kilomita gabas da babban hanyar kogin. Ana amfani da wani gidan ''Litunga'' da ke Lealui a lokacin rani, yayin da ake amfani da Limulunga a lokacin damina . Ana bikin zagayowar shekara-shekara tsakanin mahaɗan biyu a bikin Kuomboka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Limulunga Map {{!}} Zambia Google Satellite Maps |url=http://www.maplandia.com/zambia/western/mongu/limulunga/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.maplandia.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} h1daefibm9zn8o13g78wjvizbcjj6yf 0 157211 856359 2026-06-13T20:21:41Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233099617|Siavonga]]" 856359 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->|official_name=Siavonga|other_name=|native_name=<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->|nickname=|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_label_position=bottom|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#Southern Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Siavonga District]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date3=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|area_water_sq_mi=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=|area_urban_sq_mi=|area_metro_km2=|area_metro_sq_mi=|area_blank1_title=|area_blank1_km2=|area_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=|population_blank1_title=Ethnicities|population_blank1=|population_blank2_title=Religions|population_blank2=|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- General information --------------->|timezone=|utc_offset=|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|16|32|S|28|43|E|region:ZM|display=inline}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank_info=[[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]]|blank1_name=|blank1_info=|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Siavonga</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Siavonga is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:83.171%;left:57.736%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Siavonga]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Siavonga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 16°32′S 28°43′E / 16.533°S 28.717°E / -16.533; 28.717<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siavonga&params=16_32_S_28_43_E_region:ZM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°32′S</span> <span class="longitude">28°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.533 ° S 28.717 ° E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-16.533; 28.717</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Zambiya|Zambia]][[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Kudancin |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Siavonga |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Yanayi]] | class="infobox-data" |BSh |} '''Siavonga''' wani gari ne a lardin Kudancin [[Zambiya|Zambia]], yana kwance a arewacin Tekun Kariba . Ita ce babbar cibiyar yawon bude ido ta Zambia don tafkin, tare da masauki, jirgin ruwa da [[Yawon bude ido|yawon shakatawa]] na kamun kifi. == Tarihi == Tongas, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Bantu Botatwe, ana samun su a wannan yankin. Sun zauna a wannan yankin shekaru da yawa kuma sune manyan kabilun da ke zaune a bakin Tafkin Kariba. Mutanen Tonga na Zambia da Zimbabwe (wanda ake kira 'Batonga') ƙabilar Bantu ce ta kudancin Zambia da makwabta arewacin Zimbabwe, kuma zuwa ƙarami, na Mozambique . Suna da alaƙa da Batoka waɗanda suke daga cikin mutanen Tokaleya a wannan yanki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ma'adinai == === Shirin Uranium na Mutanga === 31km Arewacin Siavonga da arewacin [[Tafkin Kariba]], akwai manyan wuraren ajiyar Uranium guda biyar: Mutanga, Dibwe, Dibwe East, Njame, da Gwabe da aka bincika a karkashin aikin Mutanga Uranium. Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Toronto na Kanada (TSX) ya lissafa GoviEx ya sami 100% na Mutanga Project a cikin 2016. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, GoviEx ta ba da sanarwar cewa an yi hasashen cewa aikin zai fara samarwa a shekara ta 2027 kuma zai iya zama mafi ƙarancin aikin uranium a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 February 2022 |title=uranium-mining-set-to-start-in-zambia |url=https://zambianbusinesstimes.com/uranium-mining-set-to-start-in-zambia/ |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=zambianbusinesstimes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|32|S|28|43|E|region:ZM_type:city}}{{Authority control}} oeq9kvrx93woe6lw1pigg9zibfldcsu 0 157212 856360 2026-06-13T20:22:43Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1194253402|Caia, Mozambique]]" 856360 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox settlement|official_name=Caia, Mozambique|other_name=|native_name=|nickname=|motto=|image_skyline=Caia.JPG|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=Mozambique|pushpin_label_position=|subdivision_type=[[Countries of the world|Country]]|subdivision_name={{MOZ}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Mozambique|Provinces]]|subdivision_name1=[[Sofala Province]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|government_type=|leader_title=Mayor|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|established_title=|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|area_water_sq_mi=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=|area_urban_sq_mi=|area_metro_km2=|area_metro_sq_mi=|population_as_of=|population_footnotes=|population_note=|settlement_type=<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->|population_total=|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_mi2=|timezone=|utc_offset=|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|17|50|S|35|20|E|region:MZ|display=inline}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Caia, Mozambique</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Caia.JPG|250x250px]] |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Mozambique_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|376x376px|Caia, Mozambique is located in Mozambique]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:44.378%;left:46.108%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Caia, Mozambique]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Caia, Mozambique</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 17°50′S 35°20′E / 17.833°S 35.333°E / -17.833; 35.333<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caia,_Mozambique&params=17_50_S_35_20_E_region:MZ_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°50′S</span> <span class="longitude">35°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.833 ° S 35.333 ° E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-17.833; 35.333</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin kasashen|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Mozambik|Mozambique]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankuna | class="infobox-data" |Lardin Sofala |} '''Caia''' wani gari ne a gefen kudu na [[Kogin Zambezi]] a Lardin Sofala, Mozambique . Yana da ƙananan gari tare da ƙananan kayan aiki na zamani ban da tashar man fetur da bankin makwabta. Caia da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da ita suna fuskantar annobar cutar HIV / AIDS, tana jawo taimakon ƙasa da na ƙasashen waje zuwa yankin, gami da tushe na Kanada da ake kira Caia Connection wanda ke zaune a Vila de Sena, 57.6 Kilometres arewacin Caia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=(Vila De Sena to Caia) Mozambique |url=http://maps.google.ca/maps?q=vila+de+sena+to+caia&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&sa=N&tab=wl |access-date=8 November 2011 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> == Sufuri == [[Fayil:Caia_bridge_under_construction.JPG|left|thumb|300x300px|Babbar gadar Caia da ake ginawa.]] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, an fara gini a kan abin da zai zama gada mafi tsawo don ratsa Zambezi. An buɗe gadar a kan Zambezi a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2009, kuma tare da wasu gardama, an sanya masa suna ne bayan shugaban Mozambique na yanzu, Armando Emilio Guebuza . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambezi Bridge inaugurated |url=http://www.mozambiquehighcommission.org.uk/?s=10&grupa=1&id=146&new=ok |access-date=8 November 2011 |publisher=High Commission of the Republic of Mozambique}}</ref> Tare da tsawon mita 2376 da faɗin mita 16 zai fi tsayi fiye da gadoji a Tete da Katima Mulilo, wanda ya wuce kawai da Dona Ana Bridge, wanda aka mayar da shi a matsayin gadar dogo kawai. Babbar da ake tsammani tana da mahimmanci wajen haɗa Lardin Sofala da Lardin Zambezia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambezi Bridge inaugurated |url=http://www.mozambiquehighcommission.org.uk/?s=10&grupa=1&id=146&new=ok |access-date=8 November 2011 |publisher=High Commission of the Republic of Mozambique}}</ref> Babbar Caia ta kai kimanin dala miliyan 80. Caia kuma tana da filin jirgin sama tare da titin jirgin sama mai mita 900, kuma tashar tashar jirgin kasa ce ta Sena daga [[Beira]] ta hanyar Dona Ana Bridge zuwa [[Malawi]], Moatize da Tete, wanda ya lalace a yakin basasar Mozambique kuma a halin yanzu ana gyara shi. == Dubi kuma == * Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Mozambique * Vila Fontes shine sunan mulkin mallaka. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.wspgroup.com/en/Sectors/Projects/group-projects-transport-and-infrastructure/The-Zambezi-bridge-at-Caia-Mozambique/?mbaid=2419 Bayanan aikin daga WSP Group]{{Dead link|date=July 2017|fix-attempted=yes}} <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|50|S|35|20|E}} i7ac1iy1jyouo2of570lco2tupgym9y 0 157213 856361 2026-06-13T20:24:00Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337658135|Chavuma]]" 856361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->|official_name=Chavuma|other_name=|native_name=<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->|nickname=|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_label_position=left|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[North-Western Province, Zambia|North-Western Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#North-Western Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Chavuma District]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date3=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|area_water_sq_mi=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=|area_urban_sq_mi=|area_metro_km2=|area_metro_sq_mi=|area_blank1_title=|area_blank1_km2=|area_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2018 Estimate|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=|population_blank1_title=Ethnicities|population_blank1=|population_blank2_title=Religions|population_blank2=|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- General information --------------->|timezone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|13|04|00|S|22|41|00|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|blank1_name=|blank1_info=|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Chavuma</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Chavuma is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:50.159%;left:9.467%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Chavuma]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Chavuma</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 13°04′00′′S 22°41′00′′E / 13.06667°S 22.68333°E / -13.06667; 22.68333.<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chavuma&params=13_04_00_S_22_41_00_E_region:ZM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°04′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">22°41′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.06667°S 22.68333°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-13.06667; 22.68333</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Zambiya|Zambia]][[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Lardin Arewa maso Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Chavuma |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} [[Fayil:ZM-Chavuma.png|alt=Location of Chavuma in Zambia|right|225x225px|Wurin Chavuma a Zambia]] '''Chavuma''' wani gari ne a [[Zambia]]" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="North-Western Province, Zambia">Lardin Arewa maso Yamma Zambia, yana kwance a kudancin iyakar da [[Angola|Angolan]]" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Angola">Angola . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chavuma: A fast developing district – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/chavuma-fast-developing-district/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title=Node: Chavuma (1239523016) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/1239523016 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref> Garin yana da kusan kilomita 1,100 daga [[Lusaka]] (babban birnin Zambia) da kilomita 11 daga garin [[Kalipande]] na iyakar Angola. Yana kwance a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] . Abubuwan jan hankali na cikin gida sun haɗa da [[Chavuma Falls]], yayin da [[Kasuwa (wuri)|kasuwa]] ke faruwa a kan iyaka, yana ba da izinin mutane daga ƙasashe biyu su yi Kasuwanci. == Takaitaccen Tarihi == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Chavuma yana da yawan jama'a kasa da 35,000 galibi daga Lunda a gabas, tare da mutanen Luvale a yamma, a tsakiya saboda motsi na mutane daga yamma zuwa gabas, CBD na Lundas da Luvales ne, wadanda galibi manoma ne da masunta. Yankin Chavuma yana da al'adu masu arziki, tare da tarihin mutanen Lunda wanda ya samo asali ne daga 1837 mulkin karshe na Cif Ikalawanda Musheta Mpindi tare da fadarsa a Manzeki. Shugabannin Lunda sun mallaki gabashin Chavuma har zuwa 1950 lokacin da Lu Lu Luand Nkondi Lyonivwa ya gaje Cif Chisamba Willie Musheta. Ya kasance a lokacin mulkin Luweji Nkondi Lyonivwa cewa zanga-zangar ta tashi daga mafi rinjaye na Luvale, cewa a cikin 1962 Mwanti Yamva ya shiga tsakani kuma ya tuno da Luweji don dawo da zaman lafiya kuma ƙasar ta kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Babban Cif Ishindi. Gundumar Chavuma a yau yanki ne mai faɗi wanda ya rufe babban ƙasa da kogin Zambezi ya raba. An yi alama da kogin Zambezi a matsayin iyakar gargajiya tsakanin manyan kabilun biyu; luvale da Lunda. Ma'aikatar Luvale Royal tana da alamomi, waƙoƙi da manyan gidaje a yammacin kogin Zambezi, da ƙasa mai wadata da kifi, sukari da ƙasa mai kyau don noma shinkafa. A gefe guda ƙungiyar kabilun Lunda Royal tana da Alamarta, waƙoƙin da manyan gidajen sarauta a gabashin kogin. Duk da wadannan iyakoki mutanen wadannan manyan kungiyoyi biyu suna zaune tare a kowane yanki ba tare da tsoma baki a cikin ikon sauran iyakokin siyasa na gargajiya ba. Ƙasar tana da al'adun gargajiya da al'adu na Lunda da mutanen Luvale wanda ya haɗa da masu rawa na [[Makishi]], Mwali, da chilende na Luvale a yammacin gundumar Chavuma. Tare da zaman lafiya a Angola akwai cinikayya mai yawa a kan iyaka. Chavuma kuma tana da makarantar mishan ta Amurka da asibiti (Kirista Mission in Many Lands) wanda aka gina a cikin 1900s. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} jznw3wxl90etxxb0tkvavs65qa8mppo 0 157214 856362 2026-06-13T20:25:49Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335047888|Vioolsdrif]]" 856362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Vioolsdrif|image_skyline=Oranje_at_Noordoewer.png|image_caption=The [[Orange River]] from the border bridge between [[Noordoewer]] and Vioolsdrif. Extreme heat and sunlight cause visible evaporation.|pushpin_map=South Africa Northern Cape#South Africa#Africa|coordinates={{coord|28|46|30|S|17|37|30|E|region:ZA_dim:6000|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=[[Country]]|subdivision_name=[[South Africa]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Northern Cape]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of South Africa|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Namakwa District Municipality|Namakwa]]|subdivision_type3=[[Municipalities of South Africa|Municipality]]|subdivision_name3=[[Nama Khoi Local Municipality|Nama Khoi]]|subdivision_type4=Main Place|established_title=Established|leader_title=Councillor|area_footnotes=<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |title=Main Place Vioolsdrif |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/364003 |website=Census 2011}}</ref>|area_total_km2=1.98|elevation_m=180|population_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|population_total=599|population_as_of=2011|population_density_km2=auto <!-- demographics (section 1) -->|demographics_type1=Racial makeup (2011)|demographics1_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics1_title1=[[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]|demographics1_info1=18.3%|demographics1_title2=[[Coloureds|Coloured]]|demographics1_info2=75.0%|demographics1_title3=[[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]]|demographics1_info3=0.7%|demographics1_title4=[[White South African|White]]|demographics1_info4=4.2%|demographics1_title5=Other|demographics1_info5=1.8% <!-- demographics (section 2) -->|demographics_type2=[[First language]]s (2011)|demographics2_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics2_title1=[[Afrikaans]]|demographics2_info1=88.4%|demographics2_title2=[[Tswana language|Tswana]]|demographics2_info2=4.0%|demographics2_title3=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]|demographics2_info3=2.2%|demographics2_title4=[[Sotho language|Sotho]]|demographics2_info4=1.7%|demographics2_title5=Other|demographics2_info5=3.6% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information -->|timezone1=[[South African Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset1=+2|postal_code_type=[[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)|postal_code=8246|postal2_code_type=[[Post-office box|PO box]]|postal2_code=8246|area_code_type=[[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]|area_code=027}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Violishdrif</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Oranje_at_Noordoewer.png|250x250px|The [[Orange River]] from the border bridge between [[Noordoewer]] and Vioolsdrif. Extreme heat and sunlight cause visible evaporation.]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">[[Orange River|Kogin Orange]] daga gadar iyaka tsakanin [[Noordoewer]] da Vioolsdrif . matsanancin zafi da hasken rana suna haifar da kumburi mai ganuwa.</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:South_Africa_Northern_Cape_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|254x254px|Vioolsdrif is located in Northern Cape]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:50.278%;left:16.25%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Vioolsdrif]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Violishdrif</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar Arewacin Cape</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Vioolsdrif is located in South Africa]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:52.052%;left:9.448%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Vioolsdrif]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Violishdrif</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar Afirka ta Kudu</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Africa_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Vioolsdrif is located in Africa]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:88.611%;left:51.8%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Vioolsdrif]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Violishdrif</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar Afirka</span></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 28°46′30′′S 17°37′30′′E / 28.77500°S 17.62500°E / -28.77500; 17.62500.<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vioolsdrif&params=28_46_30_S_17_37_30_E_region:ZA_dim:6000_type:city(599) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°46′30″S</span> <span class="longitude">17°37′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.77500°S 17.62500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-28.77500; 17.62500</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ƙasa, yanki|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Arewacin Cape |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Namakwa |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Garin | class="infobox-data" |Nama Khoi |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |1.98 km² (0.76 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |180 m (590 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a (2011) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)<ref name="census2011" /><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |599 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |303/km² (784/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Tsarin launin fata (2011) <div class="ib-settlement-fn"><ref name="census2011" /></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Baƙar fata na Afirka&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |18.3% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Launi&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |75.0% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Indiya / Asiya&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |0.7% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Fararen fata&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |4.2% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Sauran&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1.8% |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |[[Harshen Uwa|Harsuna na farko]] (2011) <div class="ib-settlement-fn"><ref name="census2011" /></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• [[Afrikaans]]&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |88.4% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• [[Harshen Tswana|Tswana]]&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |4.0% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]]&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2.2% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Sotho&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1.7% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Sauran&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |3.6% |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (SAST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya (street) | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">8246</div> |- class="mergedbottomrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwatin PO | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">8246</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar yanki | class="infobox-data" |027 |} Vioolsdrif ƙauye ne a kan [[Kogin Orange]] a arewa maso yammacin yankin Namaqualand na Afirka ta Kudu . == Asalin sunan == Sunan a cikin Afrikaans yana nufin 'ford (ƙetare kogi mai zurfi) na violin'. An bayar da rahoton cewa an sanya masa suna ne bayan Jan Viool ("John Violin"), wanda aka ce ya buga fiddle a waɗannan sassan a karni na sha tara. Wasu sun ce shi mutumin Nama ne, wanda ya kasance yana jagorantar kekunan shanu a fadin ford. Wani dan wasa mai ƙwarewa, zai yi farin ciki a bakin kogi yayin da yake jiran wagons su isa. Wadannan da'awar suna jiran bayani dalla-dalla. == Yanayin ƙasa == Babbar hanyar da ke nan a kan Hanyar ƙasa ta N7 ta haɗa [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Namibiya|Namibia]] kuma garin yana da iyakar Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Customs and Excise Border Post |url=http://www.sars.gov.za/about/offices/city/city_vioolsdrif.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009090020/http://www.sars.gov.za/about/offices/city/city_vioolsdrif.htm |archive-date=October 9, 2007 |website=www.sars.gov.za}}</ref> A wancan ƙarshen gadar akwai ƙaramin ƙauyen Namibiya na Noordoewer (ma'ana "banki na arewa" a cikin Afrikaans). Yankin yana da busasshiyar gaske kuma ƙetarewar ta yi watsi da tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunukan tsaunuka na daruruwan [[mita]] a tsawo. Gabaɗaya, yankin da ke kewaye da shi kusan ba shi da mazauna. Akwai ƙananan aljihun ƙasa mai kyau a gefen [[Kogi|kogin]] kuma ana amfani da waɗannan don shuka amfanin gona, kamar kwanakin da melons, a ƙarƙashin [[ban ruwa]]. == Yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:People_of_Vioolsdrift,_Vioolsdrift,_Northern_Cape,_South_Africa_(19918977894).jpg|thumb|Mazaunin Vioolsdrift da kare.]] Vioolsdrif yana da sansanoni da yawa da kuma motels don masu motoci da ke wucewa ta kan iyaka. Yawancin masu yawon shakatawa sun kafa sansanonin su a nan don yawon shakata a kan Kogin Orange.<ref name="places.co.za">{{Cite web |title=Orange River Rafting Lodge |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/9558.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004131741/http://www.places.co.za/html/9558.html |archive-date=October 4, 2006 |website=www.places.co.za}}</ref> == Yanayi == Akwai yanayi biyu. Kwanan lokacin hunturu yana daga kusan Mayu zuwa Yuli. Kusan babu ruwan sama kuma yanayin yana da zafi. Lokacin bazara yana daga Agusta zuwa Afrilu. Yana da zafi sosai kuma ruwan sama ba zai yuwu ba. Vioolsdrif a hukumance yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi zafi a Afirka ta Kudu; a cikin Janairu 1994 an yi rikodin matsakaicin zafin jiki na 48.8 °C (119.8 °F).[1][2] Matsakaicin zazzabi na shekara shine 76 °F (24 °C) kuma ana auna yanayin zafi sama da 86 °F (30 °C) akan matsakaita na kwanaki 220 (60%) na shekara. Matsakaicin zafin rana sama da 110 °F (43 °C) da mafi ƙarancin dare na 80 °F (27 °C) al’amuran yanayi ne na yau da kullun a lokacin rani.[3]{{Weather box}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Namakwa District Municipality}}{{Authority control}} r1x0pbmjchz45sv3w7uoqp5u1vzj6n9 0 157215 856363 2026-06-13T20:27:32Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352279030|Noordoewer]]" 856363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->|name=Noordoewer|other_name=|native_name=<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->|nickname=|settlement_type=[[List of villages and settlements in Namibia|Settlement]]|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=Oranje_at_Noordoewer.png|imagesize=|image_caption=The [[Orange River]] on the border bridge between Noordoewer and [[Vioolsdrif]]. Extreme heat and sunlight cause visible evaporation.|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=Namibia <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_label_position=bottom|pushpin_mapsize=300|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Namibia <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Namibia}}|subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Namibia|Region]]|subdivision_name1=[[ǁKaras Region]]|subdivision_type2=[[Constituencies of Namibia|Constituency]]|subdivision_name2=[[Karasburg West]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=|population_blank1_title=Ethnicities|population_blank1=|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- General information --------------->|timezone=[[South African Standard Time]]|utc_offset=+2|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|28|43|S|17|37|E|region:NA|display=inline}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|blank1_name=|blank1_info=|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Noordoewer</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of villages and settlements in Namibia|Gidauniyar]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Oranje_at_Noordoewer.png|250x250px|The [[Orange River]] on the border bridge between Noordoewer and [[Vioolsdrif]]. Extreme heat and sunlight cause visible evaporation.]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">[[Orange River|Kogin Orange]] a kan gadar iyaka tsakanin Noordoewer da Vioolsdrif . matsanancin zafi da hasken rana suna haifar da kumburi mai ganuwa.</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px">[[Fayil:Namibia_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|300x300px|Noordoewer is located in Namibia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:93.311%;left:44.709%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Noordoewer]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Noordoewer</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da ke Namibia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 28°43′S 17°37′E / 28.717°S 17.617°E / -28.717; 17.617<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Noordoewer&params=28_43_S_17_37_E_region:NA_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28°43′S <span class="longitude">17°37′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.717 ° S 17.617 ° E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-28.717; 17.617</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Namibia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Karas |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mazabar | class="infobox-data" |Karasburg Yamma |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (Lokacin Afirka ta Kudu) |} '''Noordoewer''' wani yanki ne a Yankin Karas na kudancin [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Sunansa yana nufin 'Bankin Arewa' a cikin [[Afrikaans]], dangane da arewacin [[Kogin Orange]], inda yake. Ƙauyen yana gaban garin Vioolsdrif na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda aka haɗa shi da gadar hanya wacce ta zama ƙarshen arewacin N7 na Afirka ta Kudancin da ƙarshen kudancin B1 na Namibiya. An san Noordoewer da samar da inabi da Jirgin ruwa kuma muhimmiyar tashar kan iyaka ce a kan babbar hanyar sufuri tsakanin kasashen biyu. An shirya don inganta matsayinta zuwa na gari. == Manazarta == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|28|43|S|17|37|E|region:NA_type:city}}{{Reflist}} ap9ynhhx0hog3qaumlvmtkd43ljhpgn 0 157216 856365 2026-06-13T20:28:48Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358561400|Khubelu River]]" 856365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Khubelu River|name_native=|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=Lesotho|subdivision_type2=District|subdivision_name2=Mokhotlong District|mouth=[[Senqu River]]|river_system=[[Orange River]] basin|length=101 km}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Kogin Khubelu |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Wurin da yake |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Lesotho |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Mokhotlong |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Halayen jiki&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[River mouth|Bakin]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Senqu River|Kogin Senqu]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |Km 101 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Abubuwan da ke cikin kwandon&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">[[Drainage basin|Tsarin kogin]]</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Orange River|Kogin Orange]] |} '''Kogin Khubelu''' wani kogi ne a cikin Gundumar Mokhotlong ta arewa maso gabashin [[Lesotho]] . Ya zama wani ɓangare na saman [[Kogin Orange|Kogin Senqu]] a cikin babban tafkin [[Kogin Orange]] kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman koguna na Lesotho Highlands . <ref name="waterway">{{Cite web |title=Khubelu |url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Khubelu%20000243648796/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=WaterwayMap}}</ref><ref name="water2022">{{Cite journal |last=George |first=Maeti |last2=Ngole-Jeme |first2=Veronica M. |year=2022 |title=An Evaluation of the Khubelu Wetland and Receiving Stream Water Quality for Community Use |journal=Water |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=442 |bibcode=2022Water..14..442G |doi=10.3390/w14030442 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kogin ya samo asali ne a tsaunuka na arewacin Lesotho kuma yana gudana ta cikin tsaunuka kafin ya shiga tsarin Kogin Senqu. A kusan kilomita 101 (63 mi) a tsawon, yana daya daga cikin sanannun koguna a yankin Mokhotlong . <ref name="waterway">{{Cite web |title=Khubelu |url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Khubelu%20000243648796/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=WaterwayMap}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Khubelu yana gudana ta gabashin Dutsen Maloti, wani yanki da ke da tuddai masu tsawo, wuraren ciyawa masu tsawo. Kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na kogin Senqu, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Kogin Orange, kogin da ya fi tsayi a kudancin Afirka.<ref name="water2022">{{Cite journal |last=George |first=Maeti |last2=Ngole-Jeme |first2=Veronica M. |year=2022 |title=An Evaluation of the Khubelu Wetland and Receiving Stream Water Quality for Community Use |journal=Water |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=442 |bibcode=2022Water..14..442G |doi=10.3390/w14030442 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin koguna suna ciyar da kogin, kuma wuraren da ke kewaye da su suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ruwa, sake caji na ruwa, da kuma tsara kwarara.<ref name="water2022">{{Cite journal |last=George |first=Maeti |last2=Ngole-Jeme |first2=Veronica M. |year=2022 |title=An Evaluation of the Khubelu Wetland and Receiving Stream Water Quality for Community Use |journal=Water |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=442 |bibcode=2022Water..14..442G |doi=10.3390/w14030442 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Muhimmancin muhalli == Kogin Khubelu da wuraren da ke da alaƙa da shi ana ɗaukar su da mahimmanci ga muhalli saboda suna ba da gudummawa ga ruwa ga kogin Orange-Senqu, wani muhimmin tsarin ruwa na iyaka wanda Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, da Namibia suka raba.<ref name="water2022">{{Cite journal |last=George |first=Maeti |last2=Ngole-Jeme |first2=Veronica M. |year=2022 |title=An Evaluation of the Khubelu Wetland and Receiving Stream Water Quality for Community Use |journal=Water |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=442 |bibcode=2022Water..14..442G |doi=10.3390/w14030442 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin yankin Khubelu ya nuna muhimmancinsa wajen kula da ingancin ruwa da tallafawa al'ummomin yankin da suka dogara da kogi don amfani da gida, shayar da dabbobi, da karamin aikin gona.<ref name="water2022">{{Cite journal |last=George |first=Maeti |last2=Ngole-Jeme |first2=Veronica M. |year=2022 |title=An Evaluation of the Khubelu Wetland and Receiving Stream Water Quality for Community Use |journal=Water |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=442 |bibcode=2022Water..14..442G |doi=10.3390/w14030442 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masu bincike sun kuma gano damuwa game da lalacewar wuri mai laushi, wuce gona da iri, rushewar ƙasa, da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda zasu iya shafar ingancin ruwa da lafiyar yanayin halittu a cikin tafkin. == Yawon shakatawa == An san kwarin Kogin Khubelu da kyawawan shimfidar wurare na tsaunuka kuma masu tafiya, masu kamun kifi, da masu sha'awar motar ƙafa huɗu suna ziyarta. An lura da sassan kogin don kamun kifi da kifi mai launin rawaya, yayin da hanyoyin da ke bin kogin ta Dutsen Maloti suna nunawa a cikin jagororin yawon bude ido na kasada zuwa Lesotho . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2017 |title=Getaway 4X4 Guide to Lesotho: the Khubelu River Meander |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/activities/routes/getaway-guide-lesotho-khubelu-river-meander/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=Getaway Magazine}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin koguna na Lesotho]] * [[Kogin Orange|Kogin Senqu]] * [[Kogin Orange]] * Gundumar Mokhotlong == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} mc3c9c9veodvxv8tfaudqyrjmwnvqh7 0 157217 856366 2026-06-13T20:30:35Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351150670|Upington]]" 856366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Upington|settlement_type=[[Town]]|image_skyline=Upington.jpg|image_caption=Aerial view of Upington's Central Business District|pushpin_map=South Africa Northern Cape#South Africa#Africa|coordinates={{coord|28.45|S|21.25|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=[[Country]]|subdivision_name={{flag|South Africa}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]|subdivision_name1={{flag|Northern Cape}}|subdivision_type2=[[District]]|subdivision_name2=[[ZF Mgcawu District Municipality|ZF Mgcawu]]|subdivision_type3=[[Municipalities of South Africa|Municipality]]|subdivision_name3=[[Dawid Kruiper Local Municipality|Dawid Kruiper]]|subdivision_type4=Main Place|established_title=Established|established_date=1873<ref name="greenkalahari.co.za">{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenkalahari.co.za/upington.htm |title=Upington |access-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314063518/http://www.greenkalahari.co.za/upington.htm |archive-date=14 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|government_type=Local Municipality|leader_party=[[African National Congress|ANC]]|leader_title=Mayor|leader_name=[[Limakatso Koloi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kharahais.gov.za/ |title=Dawid Kruiper Municipality website |access-date=29 March 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410221612/http://kharahais.gov.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|area_footnotes=<ref name=census2011>Sum of the Main Places [http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/379002 Upington] and [http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/379003 Paballelo] from Census 2011.</ref>|elevation_m=835|area_total_km2=580.8|population_footnotes=<ref name=census2011 />|population_total=74834|population_as_of=2011|population_density_km2=auto <!-- demographics (section 1) -->|demographics_type1=Racial makeup (2011)|demographics1_footnotes=<ref name=census2011 />|demographics1_title1=[[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]|demographics1_info1=25.6%|demographics1_title2=[[Coloureds|Coloured]]|demographics1_info2=62.6%|demographics1_title3=[[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]]|demographics1_info3=0.6%|demographics1_title4=[[White South African|White]]|demographics1_info4=10.1%|demographics1_title5=Other|demographics1_info5=1.1% <!-- demographics (section 2) -->|demographics_type2=[[First language]]s (2011)|demographics2_footnotes=<ref name=census2011 />|demographics2_title1=[[Afrikaans]]|demographics2_info1=85.5%|demographics2_title2=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]|demographics2_info2=6.1%|demographics2_title3=[[Tswana language|Tswana]]|demographics2_info3=3.2%|demographics2_title4=[[English language|English]]|demographics2_info4=2.1%|demographics2_title5=Other|demographics2_info5=3.1% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information -->|timezone1=[[South African Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset1=+2|postal_code_type=[[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)|postal_code=8800|postal2_code_type=[[Post-office box|PO box]]|postal2_code=8800|area_code_type=[[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]|area_code=+27 (0)54|website={{URL|http://www.kharahais.gov.za/}}<br />{{URL|http://www.greenkalahari.co.za}}|native_name=''ǁKhara hais'' ([[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]]) ''Olyvenhoutsdrift'' ([[Afrikaans]])}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Upington</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Khaya ([[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]]) Olyvenhoutsdrift ([[Afrikaans]]) </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Town|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Upington.jpg|250x250px|Aerial view of Upington's Central Business District]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Bayyanar sama na Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya ta Upington</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:South_Africa_Northern_Cape_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|254x254px|Upington is located in Northern Cape]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:46.667%;left:52.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Upington]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Upington</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar Arewacin Cape</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Upington is located in South Africa]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:49.627%;left:30.523%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Upington]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Upington</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar Afirka ta Kudu</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Africa_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Upington is located in Africa]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:88.239%;left:55.883%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Upington]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Upington</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar Afirka</span></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 28°27′S 21°15′E / 28.45°S 21.25°E / -28.45; 21.25<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Upington&params=28.45_S_21.25_E_region:ZA_type:city(74834) <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°27′S</span> <span class="longitude">21°15′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.45°S 21.25°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-28.45; 21.25</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ƙasa, yanki|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_the_Northern_Cape_Province.png|link=|alt=|23x23px| ]] </span>Arewacin Cape |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |ZF Mgcawu |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Garin | class="infobox-data" |Dawid Kruiper |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1873 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Irin wannan&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Gida |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Mai girma&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Limakatso Koloi ([[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|ANC]]) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |580.8 km² (224.2 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |835 m (2,740 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a (2011) [3]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)<ref name="census2011" /><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |74,834 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1².8/km2 (333.7/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Tsarin launin fata (2011) <div class="ib-settlement-fn"><ref name="census2011" /></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Baƙar fata na Afirka&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |25.6% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Launi&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |62.6% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Indiya / Asiya&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |0.6% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Fararen fata&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |10.1% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Sauran&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1.1% |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |[[Harshen Uwa|Harsuna na farko]] (2011) <div class="ib-settlement-fn"><ref name="census2011" /></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• [[Afrikaans]]&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |85.5% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]]&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |6.1% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• [[Harshen Tswana|Tswana]]&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |3.2% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• [[Turanci]]&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2.1% |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Sauran&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |3.1% |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (SAST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya (street) | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">8800</div> |- class="mergedbottomrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwatin PO | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">8800</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar yanki | class="infobox-data" | +27 (0)54 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.kharahais.gov.za/ www.kharahais.gov.za]</span><br /><span class="url">[http://www.greenkalahari.co.za www.greenkalahari.co.za]</span> |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}'''Upington''' (Khoekhoe) wani gari ne da aka kafa a 1873 kuma yana cikin lardin [[Cape Colony|Cape]]" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Northern Cape">Arewacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], a bakin [[Kogin Orange]] . Da farko an kira garin Olyvenhoutsdrift ('Gwanin itace mai'), saboda yawan itatuwan itacen zaitun a yankin, amma daga baya aka sake masa suna bayan Sir Thomas Upington, Babban Lauyan sannan Firayim Minista na Cape. Ya samo asali ne a matsayin tashar mishan da aka kafa a 1871 kuma Reverend Christiaan Schröder ne ke gudanar da shi. Tashar mishan yanzu tana da gidan kayan gargajiya na Kalahari Orange. Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma gida ne na mutum-mutumi na jaki, wanda ya fahimci babban gudummawar da wannan dabba ta bayar ga ci gaban yankin a lokacin kwanakin farko na karni na 19.  Tsawon Upington yana da ƙafa 2,742 (mita 835). Ita ce babbar cibiyar da ta fi kusa da [[Augrabies Falls]] (watakila mafi girma a cikin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu) da kuma Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Yankin yana da busasshiyar ƙasa amma ƙasa tana da kyau kuma ana shuka amfanin gona kamar 'ya'yan itace a cikin filayen ban ruwa. Yankin ya fi sananne ne saboda ruwan inabi mai inganci, ruwan inabi da ruwan inabi, waɗanda ake nomawa a kan filayen ambaliyar ruwa na Kogin Orange. == Upington 26 == A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1985, an kashe wani dan sanda baƙar fata bayan wani tashin hankali a wani taron siyasa a Paballelo, wani gari baƙar fata a wajen Upington. An tuhumi mutane ashirin da shida da kisan, daga cikinsu an yanke wa ashirin da biyar hukunci kan kisan kai bisa ga manufar kowa, kuma an yanke wa daya hukunci kan yunkurin kisan kai. An yanke wa goma sha huɗu hukuncin kisa, kodayake daga baya aka soke hukuncin kisa a kan roko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upington 26 |url=http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/glossary/upington_26.htm?tab=victims |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=Truth Commission Special Report |publisher=[[SABC]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, [[Hazel Jenkins]], Firayim Minista na Arewacin Cape ta kaddamar da wani abin tunawa don girmama Upington 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2011 |title=Premier Hazel Jenkins and MEC Pauline Williams to unveil the Memorial in honour of the Upington 26 |url=https://www.gov.za/premier-hazel-jenkins-and-mec-pauline-williams-unveil-memorial-honour-upington-26 |website=South African Government}}</ref> A cikin 2014, an yi fim din Australiya A Common Purpose game da shari'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Common Purpose |url=http://icarusfilms.com/if-purp |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=Icarus Films}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hara |first=Marguerite |date=2013 |title=A Common Purpose - Study Guide |url=https://www.roninfilms.com.au/get/files/14550.pdf |publisher=[[Australian Teachers of Media]]}}</ref> == Masana'antar ruwan inabi == Kungiyar da aka fi sani da Orange River Cellars ce ke samar da shahararrun ruwan inabi na Upington. Kungiyar tana da ɗakunan ajiya shida a yankin (dukansu a bakin kogin Orange) a Upington, [[Kanoneiland]], Grootdrink, Kakamas, Keimoes da Groblershoop. Ana fitar da ruwan inabi, a tsakanin sauran, zuwa Turai da Amurka. == Sufuri == [[Fayil:Station_Upington_W2.JPG|left|thumb|Jirgin fasinja a tashar Upington]] Filin jirgin saman Upington ya shirya zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da SA Airlink ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=flyairlink |url=https://www.flyairlink.com |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=flyairlink}}</ref> Saboda haɗuwa da tsawo da zafin jiki, ɗaya daga cikin titunan filin jirgin sama yana da tsawon mita 4,900 (na huɗu mafi tsawo a duniya), kuma ta haka ne ya ba da damar Boeing 747 da sauran manyan jiragen sama su yi amfani da filin jirgin sama ba tare da iyakancewa akan nauyin tashi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upington |url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=SF69746&sch=FAUP |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719030940/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=SF69746&sch=FAUP |archive-date=19 July 2012 |access-date=2008-03-26 |website=World Aero Data |publisher=Aviation Networks, Inc.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Nelson_Mandela_drive_in_the_upington_cbd_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Nelson Mandela Drive a cikin Upington CBD]] A farkon rabin karni na 20, akwai sabis na jirgin fasinja daga Cape Town zuwa Upington. Har zuwa shekarun 1950, layin dogo mai ƙanƙanta (ma'auni mai ƙafa biyu) ya gudana daga Upington zuwa Kakamas da Keimoes, garuruwa biyu da ke kusa. Jiragen kasa suna dauke da fasinjoji da kaya, galibi ana bushe 'ya'yan itace. Layin zuwa Kakamas har yanzu ana amfani dashi a lokacin girbi na inabi na Nuwamba 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FLOOD AT UPINGTON {{!}} Railways Africa |url=http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2011/01/flood-at-upington/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403203949/http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2011/01/flood-at-upington/ |archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> == Cibiyoyin jama'a == Akwai dakunan karatu guda huɗu da ke hidimtawa al'umma a Upington, viz, Rosedale Library, Upington Library, Korrek11] da Forum Library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Directory |url=https://www.nlsa.ac.za/nlsa_2020/directory/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511114932/https://www.nlsa.ac.za/nlsa_2020/directory/ |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Library Directory |publisher=[[National Library of South Africa]] |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>Upington yana gefen arewacin kogin Orange kuma yana kewaye da gonakin inabin ban ruwa.[1] Watan da ya fi zafi a shekara shi ne Janairu, tare da matsakaita yanayin zafi na yau da kullun daga 36 °C (97 °F) zuwa 20 °C (68 °F), yayin da a cikin watan Yuli mafi sanyi yanayin zafi ke tsakanin 21 °C (70 °F) da 4 °C (39 °F). Hakanan watan da ya fi bushewa a shekara, Yuli ana ganin matsakaicin ruwan sama na milimita 2 kacal (0.079 in), yayin da watan Maris mafi tsananin sanyi yana ganin milimita 37 (1.5 in). An lura Upington a matsayin wuri mafi rana a duniya tsawon watanni uku na shekara, daga Nuwamba zuwa Janairu.[2] Upington yana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|BWh]]) tare da dogon lokaci, lokacin zafi da gajeren lokaci, hunturu mai sauƙi. Ruwan sama ya karu a ƙarshen lokacin rani.<templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Shahararrun 'yan asalin ƙasar da mazauna == * Chris Brink - masanin lissafi, mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Newcastle a Ingila, mataimakan shugaban kuma shugaban Jami'an Stellenbosch[[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] * [[Ruben Cloete]] - ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu[[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Alice Krige]] - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Tiaan Strauss - dan wasan kungiyar rugby na Lardin Yamma da na Afirka ta Kudu da na kungiyoyin kungiyar rugby ta Australiya * Shaleen Surtie-Richards - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Christo Wiese - ɗan kasuwa * Cobus Wiese - ɗan wasan ƙungiyar rugby * Jasper Wiese - dan wasan Kungiyar Rugby ta Afirka ta Kudu == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==   == Wasanni == Upington tana da kulob din kwallon kafa mai suna Upington City FC. == Dubi kuma == * Vastrap, tsohuwar filin gwajin makaman nukiliya na Afirka ta Kudu. == Manazarta == {{Northern Cape province}}{{ZF Mgcawu District Municipality}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}}{{Climate chart|Upington|20|36|24|20|34|35|18|32|37|13|28|26|8|24|10|5|21|4|4|21|2|6|23|4|9|27|4|13|30|9|16|33|17|19|35|17}}{{Weather box}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060214083441/http://africa.cwsurf.de/UpingtonGeneral.htm Ƙarin bayani game da Filin jirgin saman Upington] * [http://www.owk.co.za Gidan Ruwan Ruwan Ruyan Ruwan Ruyin Ruwan Ruwar Ruwan Ruwak] * Upington Business Directory An adana shi * Kashe ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita ta hanyar wariyar launin fata a Gordonia: Labarin Tunawa game da Dokar Ƙasar 'Yan asalin 1913 An adana shi <gallery> Fayil:Upingtonrunw.jpg|4900 m airport runway Fayil:Golfcourseupt.jpg|Golf course Fayil:Upingtonriver.jpg|View from "Die Eiland" holiday resort </gallery> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g2yn37b6pr96sw5b6zb3r7n9h5p4u7s 0 157218 856367 2026-06-13T20:31:37Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345029578|Hylopanchax]]" 856367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Hylopanchax''''' wani nau'i ne na poeciliids 'yan asalin [[Kongo Basin|Kogin Kongo]] da Kogin Ivindo a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] . == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'in 6 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''[[Hylopanchax leki]]'' van der Zee, Sonnenberg & Schliewen, 2013 * Hylopanchax moke van der Zee, Sonnenberg & Schliewen, 2013 <ref name="VanderZee2013" /> * ''[[Hylopanchax multisquamatus]]'' <small>Bragança, [[Jouke R. van der Zee|van der Zee]], [[Rainer Sonnenberg|Sonnenberg]] & Vreven, 2020</small> * Hylopanchax ɗan'uwan van der Zee, Sonnenberg & Schliewen, 2013 <ref name="VanderZee2013" /> * ''[[Hylopanchax paucisquamatus]]'' Sonnenberg, Friel & van der Zee, 2014 * ''[[Hylopanchax silvestris]]'' <small>Poll & J. G. Lambert, 1958</small> * ''[[Hylopanchax stictopleuron]]'' <small>Fowler, 1949</small> (Blue lampeye) * ''[[Hylopanchax thysi]]'' <small>Bragança, [[Jouke R. van der Zee|van der Zee]], [[Rainer Sonnenberg|Sonnenberg]] & Vreven, 2020</small> <ref name="Bragan" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 9zpcjkycucs52ptnjb0m3mcx7dj09fr 0 157219 856368 2026-06-13T20:33:08Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224206123|Sioma]]" 856368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Sioma|native_name=|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|image_skyline=|image_alt=|image_caption=|image_map=|map_alt=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=Zambia|pushpin_map_caption=Location of Sioma in Zambia|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Zambia}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Western Province, Zambia|Western]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Sioma District|Sioma]]|established_title=|established_date=|coordinates={{coord|16|36|20|S|23|30|19|E|display=inline,title}}|seat_type=|seat=|government_type=|leader_party=|leader_title=|leader_name=|unit_pref=|area_water_percent=|area_rank=|area_blank1_title=|area_blank2_title=|area_total_km2=|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|elevation_m=|population_footnotes=|population_total=|population_as_of=|population_density_km2=|population_demonym=|timezone1=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset1=+2|postal_code_type=|postal_code=|area_code=|iso_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Sioma</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Sioma is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:83.862%;left:16.042%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Sioma]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Sioma</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayin Sioma a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 16°36′20′′S 23°30′19′′E / 16.60556°S 23.50528°E / -16.60556; 23.50525<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sioma&params=16_36_20_S_23_30_19_E_type:city_region:ZM <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°36′20″S</span> <span class="longitude">23°30′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.60556°S 23.50528°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-16.60556; 23.50528</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yammacin Turai |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Sioma |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} '''Sioma''' wani gari ne a gefen yammacin [[Kogin Zambezi]] a Lardin Yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Tun daga shekara ta 2012 ta kasance babban birnin Gundumar Sioma . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sata creates 6 new districts, orders the building of a new Stadium and University in Western Province |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/11/26/sata-creates-6-districts-orders-building-stadium-university-western-province/ |access-date=5 August 2018 |website=Lusaka Times |publisher=Lusaka Times}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Sioma tana kan iyakar yammacin [[Kogin Zambezi]] kilomita 130 (81 arewacin Sesheke da kilomita 150 (93 kudu da babban birnin lardin Mongu . Garin yana da nisan kilomita 60 (37 kudu da garin Senanga wanda ke nuna kudancin yankin Barotse Floodplain. Shuke-shuke a yankin galibi gandun daji ne na Dry Kalahari . === Yanayi === Kowace shekara, garin yana samun matsakaicin millimita 737 (29.0 in) na ruwan sama.{{Weather box}} == Tarihi == An tono wani shafin Iron Age na Farko a Sioma wanda aka tsara shi zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na karni na farko. Wasu daga cikin tukwane a shafin sun yi kama da wanda aka samu a Nqoma, Angola. A cikin shekarun 1880 mai binciken Portuguese Alexandre Alberto da Rocha de Serpa Pinto da Ba'amurke James Dabney McCabe dukansu sun bayyana ƙauyen a matsayin ƙauye. Pinto ya kuma bayyana yadda gwamnatin Lui ta tilasta wa mazauna yankin su yi aiki a matsayin masu ɗaukar jiragen ruwa da ke ƙoƙarin kewaye da [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]] da ke kusa. Faɗakarwar garin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1957 lokacin da Katolika na Irish Capuchin Franciscans suka kafa tashar mishan ta Saint Anthony a kogin Zambezi a garin. A shekara ta 2012 an sanya garin babban birnin sabuwar Gundumar Sioma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sata creates 6 new districts, orders the building of a new Stadium and University in Western Province |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/11/26/sata-creates-6-districts-orders-building-stadium-university-western-province/ |access-date=5 August 2018 |website=Lusaka Times |publisher=Lusaka Times}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} g0z4x52wcqyibpeudjuwvct91uk6lu3 0 157220 856369 2026-06-13T20:39:11Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856369 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdul Fatawu Mohammed''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ya shahara ne saboda doguwar zamansa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Hearts of Oak]], inda ya kasance kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar na tsawon shekaru masu yawa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatawu_Mohammed |title=Fatawu Mohammed |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Fatawu Mohammed a birnin [[Kumasi]], Ghana. Ya fara koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, inda ya taso daga makarantar horas da matasa ta West African Football Academy (WAFA), wacce ta samar da fitattun 'yan wasa da dama a Ghana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatawu_Mohammed |title=Fatawu Mohammed |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == Fatawu Mohammed ya fara buga wasan ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar Real Tamale United. Daga baya ya koma Hearts of Oak a shekarar 2013 bayan ya nuna bajinta a gasar firimiya ta Ghana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghanasportspage.com/2023/01/24/ex-hearts-of-oak-captain-fatawu-mohammed-leaves-ghana-to-join-an-egyptian-side/ |title=Ex-Hearts of Oak captain Fatawu Mohammed leaves Ghana to join an Egyptian side |website=Ghana Sports Page }}</ref> A Hearts of Oak, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, inda daga baya aka naɗa shi a matsayin kyaftin. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa ƙungiyar lashe Gasar Firimiya ta Ghana da kuma wasu kofuna na cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatawu_Mohammed |title=Fatawu Mohammed |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> Bayan barinsa Hearts of Oak, ya ci gaba da taka leda a wasu ƙungiyoyi a Ghana da wajen ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghanasportspage.com/2023/01/24/ex-hearts-of-oak-captain-fatawu-mohammed-leaves-ghana-to-join-an-egyptian-side/ |title=Ex-Hearts of Oak captain Fatawu Mohammed leaves Ghana to join an Egyptian side |website=Ghana Sports Page }}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Fatawu Mohammed ya wakilci Ghana a matakin ƙasa. Ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar Ghana A' (Local Black Stars), sannan daga baya ya samu gayyata zuwa babbar ƙungiyar ƙasar Ghana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatawu_Mohammed |title=Fatawu Mohammed |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> Ya kasance cikin tawagar Ghana da ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Gasar WAFU Cup of Nations ta shekarar 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatawu_Mohammed |title=Fatawu Mohammed |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Hearts of Oak === * Ghana Premier League * Ghana FA Cup * Ghana Super Cup * President's Cup === Ghana === * WAFU Cup of Nations (mataimakin zakara) == Duba kuma == * [[Hearts of Oak]] * [[Ghana national football team]] * [[Kumasi]] * [[Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutanen Ghana]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana]] [[Category:Masu tsaron baya]] [[Category:Haihuwar 1992]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 57coaj4kgcgfi6bsfcte0uxexlbk846 0 157221 856371 2026-06-13T20:47:15Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana}} '''Accra Hearts of Oak Sporting Club''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Hearts of Oak''' ko '''The Phobians''', ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Ghana]] da ke birnin [[Accra]]. An kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1911, kuma tana daga cikin tsofaffin kuma mafi nasara a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Ghana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/hearts-of-oak |title=Hearts of Oak |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> Hearts of Oak tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na [[Accra Sports Stadium]]. Launukan ƙungiyar su ne ja, rawaya da shuɗi, yayin da magoya bayanta ke kiran kansu da suna ''Phobians''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.accraheartsofoak.com/site/clubs/history_detail |title=Club History |website=Accra Hearts of Oak }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Hearts of Oak a shekarar 1911 ta wasu matasa daga yankin Ussher Town na Accra domin ƙalubalantar ƙungiyar Invincibles, wacce a lokacin ita ce mafi shahara a birnin. Akom Duncan ne ya kasance kyaftin na farko na ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.accraheartsofoak.com/the-founding-fathers-of-hearts/ |title=The Founding Fathers of Hearts |website=Accra Hearts of Oak }}</ref> A shekarar 1922, Hearts of Oak ta lashe babbar gasarta ta farko bayan kafuwar Accra Football League. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta shiga gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Ghana a shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Hearts_of_Oak_S.C. |title=Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Nasarori == Hearts of Oak tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi lashe kofuna a Ghana. Daga cikin manyan nasarorinta akwai: * Ghana Premier League sau da dama. * Ghana FA Cup sau da dama. * CAF Champions League (2000). * CAF Super Cup (2001). * CAF Confederation Cup (2004).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/hearts-of-oak |title=Hearts of Oak |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> Shekarar 2000 ta kasance mafi nasara a tarihin ƙungiyar bayan ta lashe Gasar Firimiya ta Ghana, FA Cup da kuma CAF Champions League a shekara guda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Hearts_of_Oak_S.C. |title=Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Filin wasa == Hearts of Oak tana amfani da [[Accra Sports Stadium]] a matsayin filin wasanta na gida. Filin wasan yana cikin birnin Accra kuma yana ɗaukar dubban magoya baya yayin wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/hearts-of-oak |title=Hearts of Oak |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> == Hamayya == Babban abokin hamayyar Hearts of Oak shi ne [[Asante Kotoko S.C.]]. Wasannin da ke tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu suna daga cikin mafi shahara a nahiyar Afirka kuma suna jan hankalin dubban magoya baya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gna.org.gh/2021/11/ten-years-of-togbe-afedes-reign-in-hearts-110-years/ |title=Ten years of Togbe Afede’s reign in Hearts’ 110 years |website=Ghana News Agency }}</ref> == Fitattun 'yan wasa == Daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan da suka taba bugawa Hearts of Oak akwai: * Ishmael Addo * Sammy Adjei * Stephen Appiah * Laryea Kingston * Mohammed Polo * Charles Taylor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/sports/hearts-of-oak-is-105-today.html |title=Hearts of Oak is 105 today |website=Prime News Ghana }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Asante Kotoko S.C.]] * [[Ghana Premier League]] * [[CAF Champions League]] * [[Accra]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1911]] [[Category:Accra]] [[Category:Ghana Premier League]] 5udmr94gckcv0diei75542h2cnbouo3 856372 856371 2026-06-13T20:48:10Z AsmudEmpire 45212 856372 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Accra Hearts of Oak Sporting Club''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Hearts of Oak''' ko '''The Phobians''', ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Ghana]] da ke birnin [[Accra]]. An kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1911, kuma tana daga cikin tsofaffin kuma mafi nasara a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Ghana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/hearts-of-oak |title=Hearts of Oak |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> Hearts of Oak tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na [[Accra Sports Stadium]]. Launukan ƙungiyar su ne ja, rawaya da shuɗi, yayin da magoya bayanta ke kiran kansu da suna ''Phobians''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.accraheartsofoak.com/site/clubs/history_detail |title=Club History |website=Accra Hearts of Oak }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Hearts of Oak a shekarar 1911 ta wasu matasa daga yankin Ussher Town na Accra domin ƙalubalantar ƙungiyar Invincibles, wacce a lokacin ita ce mafi shahara a birnin. Akom Duncan ne ya kasance kyaftin na farko na ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.accraheartsofoak.com/the-founding-fathers-of-hearts/ |title=The Founding Fathers of Hearts |website=Accra Hearts of Oak }}</ref> A shekarar 1922, Hearts of Oak ta lashe babbar gasarta ta farko bayan kafuwar Accra Football League. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta shiga gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Ghana a shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Hearts_of_Oak_S.C. |title=Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Nasarori == Hearts of Oak tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi lashe kofuna a Ghana. Daga cikin manyan nasarorinta akwai: * Ghana Premier League sau da dama. * Ghana FA Cup sau da dama. * CAF Champions League (2000). * CAF Super Cup (2001). * CAF Confederation Cup (2004).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/hearts-of-oak |title=Hearts of Oak |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> Shekarar 2000 ta kasance mafi nasara a tarihin ƙungiyar bayan ta lashe Gasar Firimiya ta Ghana, FA Cup da kuma CAF Champions League a shekara guda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Hearts_of_Oak_S.C. |title=Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Filin wasa == Hearts of Oak tana amfani da [[Accra Sports Stadium]] a matsayin filin wasanta na gida. Filin wasan yana cikin birnin Accra kuma yana ɗaukar dubban magoya baya yayin wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/hearts-of-oak |title=Hearts of Oak |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> == Hamayya == Babban abokin hamayyar Hearts of Oak shi ne [[Asante Kotoko S.C.]]. Wasannin da ke tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu suna daga cikin mafi shahara a nahiyar Afirka kuma suna jan hankalin dubban magoya baya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gna.org.gh/2021/11/ten-years-of-togbe-afedes-reign-in-hearts-110-years/ |title=Ten years of Togbe Afede’s reign in Hearts’ 110 years |website=Ghana News Agency }}</ref> == Fitattun 'yan wasa == Daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan da suka taba bugawa Hearts of Oak akwai: * Ishmael Addo * Sammy Adjei * Stephen Appiah * Laryea Kingston * Mohammed Polo * Charles Taylor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/sports/hearts-of-oak-is-105-today.html |title=Hearts of Oak is 105 today |website=Prime News Ghana }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Asante Kotoko S.C.]] * [[Ghana Premier League]] * [[CAF Champions League]] * [[Accra]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1911]] [[Category:Accra]] [[Category:Ghana Premier League]] c1ue9slhgomv3176jtyjraoihvvc1pc 0 157222 856374 2026-06-13T21:02:38Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Accra Sports Stadium''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Ohene Djan Stadium''') filin wasa ne na ƙwallon ƙafa mai muhimmanci a birnin [[Accra]], ƙasar [[Ghana]]. Ana amfani da shi musamman wajen wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasanni a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Sports_Stadium |title=Accra Sports Stadium |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Bayani == Filin wasan yana da ƙarfin ɗaukar kusan '''mutane 40,000''', kuma an fi amfani da shi wajen wasannin gasar cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/stadium/1009/Accra_Sports_Stadium.html |title=Accra Sports Stadium |website=National Football Teams }}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina Accra Sports Stadium a farkon shekarun 1960, kuma an buɗe shi domin amfani da wasanni daban-daban. Daga baya an sabunta shi sosai a shekarar 2007 domin dacewa da ka’idojin FIFA kafin gasar [[AFCON]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/accra-sports-stadium |title=Accra Sports Stadium History |website=Sportskeeda }}</ref> Filin wasan ya taɓa ɗaukar manyan gasa kamar: * Gasar [[African Cup of Nations]] * Wasannin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana * Wasannin kulob-kulob kamar [[Hearts of Oak]] da [[Great Olympics]] == Amfani == Accra Sports Stadium yana amfani da shi wajen: * Wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida * Wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa * Wasannin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana * Wasu tarukan wasanni da na gwamnati == Muhimmanci == Filin wasan yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a ƙasar Ghana saboda: * Yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasanni na ƙasa * Yana karɓar manyan wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa * Yana zama gida ga fitattun kulob-kulob == Duba kuma == * [[Hearts of Oak]] * [[Great Olympics]] * [[Ghana national football team]] * [[African Cup of Nations]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasa a Ghana]] [[Category:Wuraren wasanni da aka gina a 1960s]] [[Category:Accra]] [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana]] r52y96ffcxg0j50vmrn5o0szw7gdwy7 0 157223 856375 2026-06-13T21:08:43Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856375 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Accra Great Olympics Football Club''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Great Olympics''' ko '''Oly Dade''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Ghana]] da ke birnin [[Accra]]. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekara ta '''1954''', kuma tana taka leda a gasar [[Ghana Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Great_Olympics_F.C. |title=Accra Great Olympics F.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Great Olympics a Accra a shekarar 1954 ta hannun masu shirya wasanni na cikin gida domin haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana. Ƙungiyar ta yi suna sosai a shekarun 1970s inda ta kasance daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/ |title=Ghana Football Association |website=GFA }}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta samu nasarori masu yawa a cikin tarihi, ciki har da lashe gasar ƙasar Ghana sau biyu a shekarun '''1970''' da '''1974'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Great_Olympics_F.C. |title=Accra Great Olympics F.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Nasarori == Daga cikin manyan kofunan da Great Olympics ta lashe akwai: * Ghana Premier League (1970, 1974) * Ghana FA Cup (1975, 1983, 1995) Haka kuma ƙungiyar ta taɓa kaiwa matakin kusa da na ƙarshe a gasar [[CAF Champions League]] ta 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-sports.org/football-soccer-great-olympics-results-identity-equ11997.html |title=Great Olympics Profile |website=The-Sports.org }}</ref> == Filin wasa == Great Olympics tana buga wasanninta a [[Accra Sports Stadium]], wanda yake ɗaukar kusan mutane 40,000, kuma tana raba filin wasan da manyan ƙungiyoyi kamar [[Hearts of Oak]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Sports_Stadium |title=Accra Sports Stadium |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Hamayya == Babban abokin hamayyar Great Olympics shi ne [[Accra Hearts of Oak]], kuma wasannin da ke tsakanin su ana kiran su '''Ga Mashie Derby'''. Wannan wasa yana da matuƙar tarihi da farin jini a Ghana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ |title=Great Olympics vs Hearts of Oak derby |website=Ghana SoccerNet }}</ref> == Fitattun 'yan wasa == Daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan da suka taka leda a Great Olympics akwai: * Laryea Kingston * Richard Kingson * Godwin Attram * Daniel Quaye * George Alhassan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Great_Olympics_F.C. |title=Accra Great Olympics F.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ghana Premier League]] * [[Hearts of Oak]] * [[Asante Kotoko S.C.]] * [[Accra]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1954]] [[Category:Accra]] [[Category:Ghana Premier League]] o575niz5q62frxbpfm39q3k1tgudvjs 0 157224 856376 2026-06-13T21:11:23Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ghana national football team''' (wanda ake kira '''Black Stars''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce da ke wakiltar ƙasar [[Ghana]] a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Hukumar da ke kula da ƙungiyar ita ce [[Ghana Football Association]] (GFA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/ghana-team-profile-history |title=Ghana national football team profile |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Tarihi == Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga lokacin da Ghana ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya (Gold Coast). Bayan samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1957, aka kafa Ghana Football Association, kuma aka fara amfani da sunan '''Black Stars'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/national/ghana.html |title=History of Ghana national football team |website=Football History }}</ref> Ghana ta fara zama ƙungiya mai ƙarfi a Afirka tun farkon shekarun 1960, inda ta lashe [[Africa Cup of Nations]] sau huɗu: 1963, 1965, 1978 da 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/africa-cup-of-nations |title=Africa Cup of Nations history |website=BBC Sport }}</ref> == Gasar Duniya (FIFA World Cup) == Ghana ta fara shiga [[FIFA World Cup]] a shekarar 2006. Mafi girman nasararta ita ce kaiwa matakin zagaye na 8 a gasar 2010 da aka gudanar a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/ghana-team-profile-history |title=Ghana World Cup history |website=FIFA }}</ref> A wannan gasar 2010, Ghana ta kusa kaiwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Uruguay a bugun fenariti. == Salon wasa == Black Stars ana sanin su da: * ƙarfi a tsakiya (midfield strength) * saurin ‘yan wasa * amfani da ‘yan wasa daga ƙasashen waje da na cikin gida * tsayayyen tsarin kariya == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin shahararrun ‘yan wasan Ghana akwai: * [[Abedi Pele]] * [[Asamoah Gyan]] * [[Michael Essien]] * [[Stephen Appiah]] * [[Thomas Partey]] == Nasarori == * Africa Cup of Nations – Zakara (4) * FIFA U-20 World Cup – Zakara (2009) * Olympic Games – Bronze (1992) == Gasar kwanan nan == Ghana ta ci gaba da halartar World Cup, ciki har da 2014, 2022 da kuma 2026, inda take ci gaba da kasancewa daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/ghana-team-profile-history |title=Ghana World Cup appearances |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ghana Football Association]] * [[Africa Cup of Nations]] * [[FIFA World Cup]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ghana national football team]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka]] [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana]] m2fih42wtj5rhkjqxv957alst91h1u1 0 157225 856377 2026-06-13T21:14:02Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326358265|Kariba, Zimbabwe]]" 856377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name=Kariba|other_name=|nickname=|settlement_type=|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=Kariba.jpg|shield_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Zimbabwe|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_map_caption=|pushpin_mapsize=<!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Zimbabwe}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Mashonaland West]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zimbabwe|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Kariba District]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=|leader_name1=|established_title=|established_date=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|area_urban_km2=|area_urban_sq_mi=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2022 census|population_footnotes=<ref name="pop">[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/zimbabwe/cities/ Citypopulation.de] Population of cities & urban localities in Zimbabwe</ref>|population_note=|population_total=27,600|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=<!-- General information --------------->|timezone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|16|31|S|28|48|E|region:ZW|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|area_code=061|blank_name=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank_info=[[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]|website=|footnotes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Kariba</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[File:Kariba.jpg|100x100px|Coat of arms of Kariba]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Alamar makamai</div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zimbabwe_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Kariba is located in Zimbabwe]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:17.329%;left:45.455%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Kariba]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kariba</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 16°31′S 28°48′E / 16.517°S 28.800°E / -16.517; 28.800<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kariba,_Zimbabwe&params=16_31_S_28_48_E_region:ZW_type:city(27600) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°31′S</span> <span class="longitude">28°48′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.517°S 28.800°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-16.517; 28.800</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Zimbabwe]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Mashonaland Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Kariba |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022 ƙidayar jama'a) <span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |27,600 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar yanki | class="infobox-data" |061 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Yanayi]] | class="infobox-data" |Aw |} '''Kariba''' wani gari ne mai shakatawa a [[Zimbabwe]]" id="mwIw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">lardin Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe, wanda ke kusa da madatsar ruwan Kariba a arewa maso gabashin [[Tafkin Kariba]], kusa da iyakar Zambiya . Dangane da Ƙididdigar Jama'a ta 2022, garin yana da yawan mutane 27,600. Da yake a cikin [[Kogin Zambezi|Kwarin Zambezi]], Kariba sananne ne saboda yanayin yanayi mai kyau da kusanci da [[Tafkin Kariba]], wanda ke jawo dubban masu yawon bude ido a duk shekara. == Tarihi == Jama'ar yankin kafin mulkin mallaka sune Tonga. An kafa garin ne don gidaje ga ma'aikatan da ke gina madatsar ruwan a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1950 kuma dan kwangila Costain ne ya gina shi. Bayan kammala bangon madatsar ruwan da tashar wutar lantarki (Kariba South Power Station) an gina wasu abubuwan tunawa masu ban sha'awa a farkon shekarun 1960 watau cocin Roman Katolika da ke Kariba Heights (St. Barbara) kuma kusa da shi gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pat McClean mai suna bayan Patricia McClean sanannen mazaunin Kariba Height. == Yanayin ƙasa == Kariba tana kan tafkin Kariba, wani tafki da madatsar ruwan Kariba ta kirkira a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] . Kariba tana da manyan unguwanni guda uku: Mahombekombe, tsohuwar unguwar da ke bakin tekun, Nyamhunga sabuwar unguwar da ta fi yawa da Kariba Heights, unguwar da aka fi arziki a saman tudun da kuma wurin abin tunawa na Operation Noah. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna tsaunuka suna kallon yankin da ke kewaye da su kuma suna ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa game da [[Tafkin Kariba]] da kuma gefen tafkin da ke kudu. Garin yana da hanyoyin da ke haɗa shi da [[Harare]] da iyakar Zambia. Filin jirgin saman Kariba ne ke kula da shi, kuma yana da sabis na jirgin ruwa zuwa Victoria Falls ta hanyar sansanin kifi na Mlibizi. == Tattalin Arziki == Garin Kariba shine cibiyar masana'antar yawon bude ido ta yankin Tafkin Kariba . Garin Kariba yana ba da masauki a otal-otal da gidaje daban-daban. Akwai Gidan caca guda biyu a cikin garin. Yawancin abubuwan jan hankali a Kariba don yawon bude ido sun dogara ne da ruwa. Kifi, kallon wasanni da jirgin ruwa sune ayyukan da suka fi shahara. Masu yawon bude ido kuma suna ziyartar bango na Kariba Dam da gonakin kifi na gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Revol |first=Brigitte |year=1995 |title=Crocodile farming and conservation, the example of Zimbabwe |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=299–305 |doi=10.1007/BF00055975 |s2cid=22195489}}</ref> Hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta Zimbabwe ZESA tana daukar ma'aikata a tashar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin kamun kifi na [[Kapenta]] kuma muhimmiyar masana'antu ce, ko da yake karancin man fetur a duk fadin kasar ya shafe shi, kuma a cikin shekarun 2010 ta hanyar fari. ZB Bank Limited, Bankin kasuwanci, yana kula da reshe a Kariba. === Ƙalubalen === A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, garin Kariba ya fuskanci yawancin matsalolin da tattalin arzikin kasa ya kawo, gami da rashin kudin kasashen waje. Garin yana da matsala wajen tattara kudaden shiga. <ref name="Chirinda" /> A sakamakon haka, rundunoninsa ba su sami kulawa mai kyau ko maye gurbin ba, wanda kuma gaskiya ne game da tsarin ruwa da datti, wanda ya sha wahala daga fashewar famfo.<ref name="Chirinda" /><ref name="Mangirazi" /> Kariba kuma ya ci gaba da samun adadi mai yawa na gidaje marasa amfani, waɗanda suka rage daga haɓakar gini, raka'a waɗanda ba su samar da samun kudin shiga ba.<ref name="Chirinda" /> Sake fasalin masana'antu a farkon shekarun da suka gabata, [[Landan]] ya biyo bayan rikicin tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe a cikin shekarun 2000, ya yi tasiri sosai ga damar yawon bude ido na Kariba. Yawancin tsoffin baƙi da mazauna suna da hannu a kasuwanci da aikin gona kuma tasirin rikicin ƙasar ya haifar da raguwar yawon shakatawa na cikin gida yayin da yawancin matsakaitan aji, waɗanda suka kasance manyan masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Kariba suka fara ƙaura. Bugu da ƙari rashin saka hannun jari a filin jirgin sama da ababen more rayuwa na birnin ya ga birnin ya fadi a baya zuwa wuraren da ke kusa da su kamar Livingstone da Victoria Falls, waɗanda ke ba da sauƙin shiga [[Johannesburg]], [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] da London. Da zarar sun kasance a ko'ina, masu yawon bude ido na Afirka ta Kudu suna son wuraren da suka fi rahusa da kuma mafi sauki kamar [[Moris|Mauritius]], Tofo Beach da Pemba. A sakamakon haka, yawan jama'arta ya tsaya zuwa ƙasa da mazauna 30,000 a yau. Wani kalubale ga garin shine kayan aikin da suka wuce, musamman madatsar ruwan Kariba. Shekaru na rashin saka hannun jari yana barazana ga tsawon rayuwar madatsar ruwan da kuma ikonsa na samar da wutar lantarki, yana haifar da kalubale ga tattalin arzikin Zambia da Zimbabwe. == Yanayi == <div style="width:82%">{{Weather box}}</div>Kariba tana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Köppen climate classification Aw), tare da hunturu mai zafi da lokacin zafi sosai, da kuma lokacin bushewa a cikin hunturu. Kodayake yana da ɗan sanyi fiye da wuraren da ke cikin wurare masu zafi a cikin hunturu kuma yana samun ƙananan {{Cvt|5|°C}} ° C (41 ° F), Kariba duk da haka yana biyan mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don kasancewa a cikin yankin yanayi na savanna, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan wurare a Zimbabwe a cikin wannan rarrabuwa. Ƙananan tsawo na birnin ta hanyar ka'idodin Zimbabwe, wurin bakin tafkin, yankin arewa, da kusanci da Yankin Haɗuwa na Intertropical suna tsara yanayin sa. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na hunturu, daga Mayu zuwa Agusta, ya kasance daga 24.7 zuwa 26.8 ° C (76.4 zuwa 80.3 ° F). Yuli shine watan da ya fi sanyi tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun na {{Cvt|68.2|°F}} ° C (68.2 ° F). Rashin yanayin zafi ya faɗi ƙasa da {{Cvt|10|°C}} ° C (50 ° F) game da dare 10-15 a lokacin hunturu, bayan wucewar sanyi daga kudu maso gabas wanda wani lokacin zai iya haifar da ruwan sama na hunturu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kariba climate info &#124; what's the weather like in Kariba, Zimbabwe |url=http://www.whatstheweatherlike.org/zimbabwe/kariba.htm}}</ref> == Ilimi == * Makarantar Firamare ta Kariba Heights * Makarantar Sakandare ta Nyamhunga * Makarantar Firamare ta Nyanhewe * Makarantar Sakandare ta Mahombekombe == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7o7t4vx4p2yy93xhay78nwydnp1yrvu 0 157226 856378 2026-06-13T21:16:28Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ghana Premier League''' (GPL) babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Ghana]]. Ita ce matakin farko (top tier) na tsarin lig na ƙwallon ƙafar Ghana, kuma hukumar [[Ghana Football Association]] (GFA) ce ke kula da ita.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/ghana-premier-league |title=Ghana Premier League |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara gasar ne a shekarar '''1956''' a ƙarƙashin sunan Ghana National League kafin daga baya ta zama Ghana Premier League. Tun daga lokacin, gasar ta zama babbar dandali da ke nuna hazakar ‘yan wasan Ghana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Premier_League |title=Ghana Premier League |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> A farkon tarihinta, ƙungiyoyi kamar [[Hearts of Oak]] da [[Asante Kotoko S.C.]] sun mamaye gasar, suna lashe mafi yawan kofuna da kafa hamayya mai ƙarfi a ƙasar. == Tsarin gasar == Gasar tana gudana tsakanin ƙungiyoyi 18 (a mafi yawan lokuta), inda kowace ƙungiya ke buga wasa gida da waje da sauran ƙungiyoyi. A ƙarshen kakar: * Ƙungiyar da ta fi yawan maki ita ce zakara * Ƙungiyoyi mafi ƙasa suna sauka zuwa Division One League == Manyan ƙungiyoyi == Daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin gasar akwai: * [[Asante Kotoko S.C.]] * [[Hearts of Oak]] * [[Aduana Stars]] * [[Medeama S.C.]] * [[Accra Great Olympics]] * [[Bibiani Gold Stars]] == Zakaru (Champions) == Daga cikin zakarun gasar a tarihi: * Asante Kotoko – mafi yawan nasarori * Hearts of Oak – nasarori masu yawa * Aduana Stars – sun fara lashewa a 2009–10 * Medeama S.C. – zakara a 2022–23 * Bibiani Gold Stars – zakara a 2024–25<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Ghana_Premier_League |title=2024–25 Ghana Premier League |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Ghana Premier League tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Ita ce tushen ‘yan wasan Ghana na ƙasa da ƙasa * Tana taimakawa wajen gano sabbin hazikai * Tana ba da damar shiga gasar CAF Champions League == Gasar ƙasa da ƙasa == Zakaran Ghana Premier League yana samun damar shiga: * [[CAF Champions League]] * CAF Confederation Cup == Duba kuma == * [[Ghana national football team]] * [[Ghana Football Association]] * [[CAF Champions League]] * [[Hearts of Oak]] * [[Asante Kotoko S.C.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ghana Premier League]] [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana]] [[Category:Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka]] dl8cql4ngxq2qi8776nlp4odcpkhqwi 0 157227 856379 2026-06-13T21:17:56Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana}} '''Stephen Leroy Appiah''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 Disamba 1980) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (midfielder) kuma ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar [[Ghana national football team|Black Stars]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Appiah |title=Stephen Appiah |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Appiah a [[Accra]], Ghana. Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, kuma daga baya ya shiga makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Hearts of Oak]] inda ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/sports/10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-stephen-appiah.html |title=10 things you didn't know about Stephen Appiah |website=Prime News Ghana }}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Kulob === Stephen Appiah ya taka leda a manyan kulob-kulob a Turai da Afirka, ciki har da: * [[Hearts of Oak]] (Ghana) * [[Udinese]] (Italy) * [[Parma]] (Italy) * [[Brescia Calcio|Brescia]] (Italy) * [[Juventus]] (Italy) * [[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]] (Turkey) * [[Bologna FC 1909|Bologna]] (Italy) * [[AC Cesena|Cesena]] (Italy) * Vojvodina (Serbia)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=4887 |title=Stephen Appiah career profile |website=SportsLib }}</ref> Ya shahara sosai a Juventus da Fenerbahçe, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan tsakiyar fili a lokacinsa. === Ƙungiyar ƙasa (Ghana) === Appiah ya wakilci Ghana a matakin ƙasa daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2010. Ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar kuma ya jagoranci Ghana a gasar [[FIFA World Cup]] ta 2006 da 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/ghana-team-profile-history |title=Ghana national team profile |website=FIFA }}</ref> Ya kuma taimaka wa Ghana kaiwa matakin zagaye na 16 a gasar World Cup ta 2006 da kuma Quarter-final a 2010. == Salon wasa == Stephen Appiah yana taka leda a matsayin: * Box-to-box midfielder * Mai tsara wasa (playmaker) * Mai ƙarfi wajen kare kai da kai hari Ana yaba masa da: * Ƙarfin jiki * Kwarewar sarrafa ƙwallo * Ƙwarewar harbi daga nesa * Jagoranci a filin wasa == Nasarori == * [[Ghana Premier League]] – Hearts of Oak * [[Coppa Italia]] – Parma * [[Serie A]] – Juventus * [[Süper Lig]] – Fenerbahçe * [[FIFA U-17 World Championship]] – Ghana U17 * AFCON Team of the Tournament – 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/ghana-team-profile-history |title=Stephen Appiah honours |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Rayuwa bayan wasa == Bayan ritaya, Appiah ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin kwallon kafa a Ghana, ciki har da aikin gudanarwa da kuma taimakawa ci gaban matasa a wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/sports/10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-stephen-appiah.html |title=Stephen Appiah post-career activities |website=Prime News Ghana }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ghana national football team]] * [[Hearts of Oak]] * [[Juventus]] * [[Fenerbahçe S.K.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:‘Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana]] [[Category:Tsoffin ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Haihuwar 1980]] [[Category:Mutanen Accra]] 0il5soecisa7pjsssf91aex51fm8ca8 856380 856379 2026-06-13T21:19:59Z AsmudEmpire 45212 856380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen Leroy Appiah''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 Disamba 1980) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (midfielder) kuma ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar [[Ghana national football team|Black Stars]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Appiah |title=Stephen Appiah |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Appiah a [[Accra]], Ghana. Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, kuma daga baya ya shiga makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Hearts of Oak]] inda ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/sports/10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-stephen-appiah.html |title=10 things you didn't know about Stephen Appiah |website=Prime News Ghana }}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Kulob === Stephen Appiah ya taka leda a manyan kulob-kulob a Turai da Afirka, ciki har da: * [[Hearts of Oak]] (Ghana) * [[Udinese]] (Italy) * [[Parma]] (Italy) * [[Brescia Calcio|Brescia]] (Italy) * [[Juventus]] (Italy) * [[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]] (Turkey) * [[Bologna FC 1909|Bologna]] (Italy) * [[AC Cesena|Cesena]] (Italy) * Vojvodina (Serbia)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=4887 |title=Stephen Appiah career profile |website=SportsLib }}</ref> Ya shahara sosai a Juventus da Fenerbahçe, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan tsakiyar fili a lokacinsa. === Ƙungiyar ƙasa (Ghana) === Appiah ya wakilci Ghana a matakin ƙasa daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2010. Ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar kuma ya jagoranci Ghana a gasar [[FIFA World Cup]] ta 2006 da 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/ghana-team-profile-history |title=Ghana national team profile |website=FIFA }}</ref> Ya kuma taimaka wa Ghana kaiwa matakin zagaye na 16 a gasar World Cup ta 2006 da kuma Quarter-final a 2010. == Salon wasa == Stephen Appiah yana taka leda a matsayin: * Box-to-box midfielder * Mai tsara wasa (playmaker) * Mai ƙarfi wajen kare kai da kai hari Ana yaba masa da: * Ƙarfin jiki * Kwarewar sarrafa ƙwallo * Ƙwarewar harbi daga nesa * Jagoranci a filin wasa == Nasarori == * [[Ghana Premier League]] – Hearts of Oak * [[Coppa Italia]] – Parma * [[Serie A]] – Juventus * [[Süper Lig]] – Fenerbahçe * [[FIFA U-17 World Championship]] – Ghana U17 * AFCON Team of the Tournament – 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/ghana-team-profile-history |title=Stephen Appiah honours |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Rayuwa bayan wasa == Bayan ritaya, Appiah ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin kwallon kafa a Ghana, ciki har da aikin gudanarwa da kuma taimakawa ci gaban matasa a wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/sports/10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-stephen-appiah.html |title=Stephen Appiah post-career activities |website=Prime News Ghana }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ghana national football team]] * [[Hearts of Oak]] * [[Juventus]] * [[Fenerbahçe S.K.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:‘Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana]] [[Category:Tsoffin ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Haihuwar 1980]] [[Category:Mutanen Accra]] lum7gbp8ftk3pi6b82nio17so845z2f 3 157228 856381 2026-06-13T21:23:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856381 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nnadi Samuel! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nnadi Samuel|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 0l9wb5j3oui3amezx7tb1fvjf6peplm 0 157229 856382 2026-06-13T21:23:19Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ghana Football Association''' ('''GFA''') ita ce hukumar da ke kula da duk harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar [[Ghana]]. Hedikwatarta tana a birnin [[Accra]], kuma ita ce ke tsara, kulawa da kuma haɓaka wasan ƙwallon ƙafa daga matakin ƙasa zuwa na ƙwararru a Ghana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/about-ghana-football-association |title=About Ghana Football Association |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> == Tarihi == GFA ta samo asali ne daga [[Gold Coast Football Association]], wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1920 lokacin da Ghana ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka. Bayan Ghana ta samu ‘yancin kai a 1957, aka sake fasalin hukumar zuwa Ghana Football Association.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/about-ghana-football-association/what-we-do/history |title=History of Ghana Football Association |website=Ghana FA }}</ref> A shekarar 1958, GFA ta shiga [[FIFA]], sannan a 1960 ta shiga [[CAF]] (Confederation of African Football), wanda ya ba ta damar shiga gasar ƙasa da ƙasa. == Ayyuka == Ghana Football Association tana da manyan ayyuka kamar: * Shirya gasar [[Ghana Premier League]] * Kula da ƙungiyar [[Ghana national football team]] * Shirya gasar [[Ghana FA Cup]] * Haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa * Kula da ƙwallon ƙafar mata * Tabbatar da bin dokokin FIFA da CAF == Tsari == Hukumar GFA tana da tsarin shugabanci kamar haka: * Shugaban GFA (President) * Kwamitin Zartarwa (Executive Council) * Babban Sakatariya (General Secretariat) * Kwamitocin ladabtarwa da daukaka ƙara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/gfa-structure |title=GFA Structure |website=Ghana FA }}</ref> == Muhimman abubuwa a tarihi == * 1957 – sake kafa GFA bayan ‘yancin kai * 1958 – shiga FIFA * 1960 – shiga CAF * 2018 – rushewa na wucin gadi saboda binciken cin hanci * 2019 – sake farfaɗowa bayan aikin FIFA Normalization Committee<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/ghana-fa-reforms |title=Ghana FA reforms and return |website=Reuters }}</ref> == Gasannin da GFA ke kulawa == * [[Ghana Premier League]] * [[Ghana Division One League]] * [[Ghana FA Cup]] * [[Ghana Super Cup]] * Gasar mata ta Ghana * Gasannin matasa (juvenile leagues) == Muhimmanci == GFA tana da muhimmanci sosai a Ghana saboda: * Ita ce ke tsara dukkan ƙwallon ƙafa * Tana samar da ‘yan wasa zuwa ƙungiyar ƙasa * Tana inganta ci gaban wasanni da matasa * Tana wakiltar Ghana a FIFA da CAF == Duba kuma == * [[Ghana Premier League]] * [[Ghana national football team]] * [[CAF]] * [[FIFA]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana]] [[Category:Hukumomin wasanni na ƙasa]] [[Category:Ghana]] moisagt0wjim0pot47p83zhukes0c6q 3 157230 856383 2026-06-13T21:23:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856383 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Litved2018! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Litved2018|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ezmsywyhxkwyb4gh0chhoq5i7szv8by 3 157231 856384 2026-06-13T21:23:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856384 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Isksks! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Isksks|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) lo6hfw9qw8xh1scg39bhjcv5hhrepw2 3 157232 856385 2026-06-13T21:23:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856385 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bt. don! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bt. don|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) hmzxshi7vj8utfvtwqri7wkim5epdxu 3 157233 856386 2026-06-13T21:23:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856386 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mohh duwan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mohh duwan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 5z1h9dwah6lw8s980avnesj6a2zdl0l 3 157234 856387 2026-06-13T21:24:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856387 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ImmortalizedKnowledge! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ImmortalizedKnowledge|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 57h0i9pm4w64t0p8jiy8d8p07o1fnin 3 157235 856388 2026-06-13T21:24:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856388 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Al ameen muazu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Al ameen muazu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) pb8r4vvqjr7caww23toh0bw9jhl68or 3 157236 856389 2026-06-13T21:24:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856389 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shafa Hassan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shafa Hassan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) cvqbsjf06ehq2ary9u7126mloe991nc 3 157237 856390 2026-06-13T21:24:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856390 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nehwalankit! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nehwalankit|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) tajszw4gq5sywoqbv42eow9zhkfpt25 3 157238 856391 2026-06-13T21:24:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856391 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dan marayerh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dan marayerh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) qkmo1a9ha13761edthx9tv128z1fjju 3 157239 856392 2026-06-13T21:24:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856392 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, HannyJoe! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/HannyJoe|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ky58naf58j9zy6ylhcewtlr5m2mzakp 3 157240 856393 2026-06-13T21:25:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856393 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Akinwahlwy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Akinwahlwy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 9ecmv71441kpnux0dhf6dr1rc4i2v2j 3 157241 856394 2026-06-13T21:25:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856394 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, UmarScience! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/UmarScience|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) i3muj8lg6ghpioq77d8fha6lt64z2n6 3 157242 856395 2026-06-13T21:25:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856395 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fadima Muhammad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fadima Muhammad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 2w04oz4xw3myv8cjejd1cqfpbepeoeb 3 157243 856396 2026-06-13T21:25:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856396 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Higgs In Space! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Higgs In Space|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) eigswyjjfkyu68rxobdjwmyy7z0x4vi 3 157244 856397 2026-06-13T21:25:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856397 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, FBNP! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/FBNP|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 7p6gch3u0mjvd2cuc11egqh95a538cc 3 157245 856398 2026-06-13T21:25:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856398 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yp alajee! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yp alajee|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 1h57gcuvibb6cm60jid9btedtzv2gyt 3 157246 856399 2026-06-13T21:26:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856399 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, HabibaHassan12! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/HabibaHassan12|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) cps0irv7hyhwu5cu74zakn90jni8zgx 3 157247 856400 2026-06-13T21:26:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856400 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Summaya hassan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Summaya hassan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ftrubleor20tpyurvd5n8ixa95blw3f 3 157248 856401 2026-06-13T21:26:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856401 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Minat Mima! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Minat Mima|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) rseyvzcow531veapykzm1ms8e4n8rur 3 157249 856402 2026-06-13T21:26:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856402 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ismail300! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ismail300|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) hzp3i4d3ohg3li2mzs79uty6062xkdr 3 157250 856403 2026-06-13T21:26:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856403 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fiddausi hussaini! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fiddausi hussaini|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) mal44k3s72gdm8s267i7bw1wkevvekz 3 157251 856404 2026-06-13T21:26:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856404 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Matar Nasir! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Matar Nasir|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) b7iro13q2a7icrrt3q5dq9ltb38nqh3 3 157252 856405 2026-06-13T21:27:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856405 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Habiba Bello! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Habiba Bello|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) nv3eu50uwqad4v1iy3ocs68mzodp3cg 3 157253 856406 2026-06-13T21:27:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856406 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mangal52! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mangal52|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) paybefjrsu93cz9gthvhd0f8n1o52xe 3 157254 856407 2026-06-13T21:27:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856407 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mmn fu'ad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mmn fu'ad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 3s590tbr5s1kgiqdqld81gzguu74vlm 3 157255 856408 2026-06-13T21:27:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856408 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aishat bature! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aishat bature|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) cwuop4n13lk64c8ryaheqr91odekm9d 3 157256 856409 2026-06-13T21:27:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856409 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Drseeyah muhammad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Drseeyah muhammad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) nnu5m58i13yozu29r64mpsefhfjvori 3 157257 856410 2026-06-13T21:27:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856410 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zainab Muhammad sani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zainab Muhammad sani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) fzxlgxlu0mtjlp9h5b547sagdy5yqrl 3 157258 856411 2026-06-13T21:28:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856411 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Najauta! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Najauta|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 3e8wjzusltjbsltmv5le391eutcr40d 3 157259 856412 2026-06-13T21:28:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856412 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gambo Rufai! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gambo Rufai|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) jl2uln9vlzmilh6e8rez8aag1u7clox 0 157260 856413 2026-06-13T21:28:19Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juventus Football Club''' (wanda ake kira '''Juventus''' ko '''Juve''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] da ke birnin [[Turin]]. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin manyan kuma mafi nasara a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Italiya da Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Juventus-Italian-football-club |title=Juventus Football Club |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Juventus a ranar '''1 ga Nuwamba 1897''' ta wasu ɗalibai daga makarantar Massimo d’Azeglio a Turin. Sunan “Juventus” ya fito daga kalmar Latin wadda ke nufin “matasa”.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC |title=Juventus FC |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> A shekarar 1903 ne ƙungiyar ta fara amfani da rigar launuka baki da fari, wacce ta zama alamar Juventus har yau. A shekarar 1923, dangin **Agnelli** (masu kamfanin Fiat) suka karɓi ikon kulob ɗin, wanda ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙungiyar zuwa babbar ƙungiya a Italiya da Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Juventus-Italian-football-club |title=Juventus ownership history |website=Britannica }}</ref> == Nasarori == Juventus ita ce ƙungiyar da ta fi lashe Serie A a Italiya, tare da: * Sama da **36 Serie A titles** * Coppa Italia (sau 15+) * Supercoppa Italiana (sau da dama) A matakin Turai kuma ta lashe: * UEFA Champions League (sau 2) * UEFA Cup (sau 3) * UEFA Super Cup (sau 2) * Intercontinental Cup (sau 2)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC |title=Juventus honours |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Lokutan zinariya == Juventus ta yi fice musamman a: * 1930s (ta lashe Serie A sau 5 a jere) * 1990s (tare da ‘yan wasa kamar Zidane da Del Piero) * 2011–2020 (ta lashe Serie A sau 9 a jere) == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka buga wa Juventus akwai: * [[Alessandro Del Piero]] * [[Zinedine Zidane]] * [[Roberto Baggio]] * [[Gianluigi Buffon]] * [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] == Filin wasa == Juventus tana buga wasanta a **Allianz Stadium** a Turin, wanda ke ɗaukar kusan mutane 41,000. == Muhimmanci == Juventus tana daga cikin manyan kulob a duniya saboda: * Yawan kofuna da ta lashe * Tushen ‘yan wasa na duniya * Tasiri a Serie A da UEFA == Hamayya == Babban abokin hamayyarta shi ne [[Inter Milan]] a wasan da ake kira *Derby d’Italia*, da kuma [[Torino FC]] a birnin Turin. == Duba kuma == * [[Serie A]] * [[UEFA Champions League]] * [[Italian football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Juventus FC]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1897]] [[Category:Turin]] izoxewz6aejri5d8wkpvzxti3n8o3ow 3 157261 856414 2026-06-13T21:28:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856414 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Momonowa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Momonowa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) k8avob5vu2tuh6qstr0x1hnsqmkh0zk 3 157262 856415 2026-06-13T21:28:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pherrees! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pherrees|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 5pxxah0ea1dhjvrwpfl68epys1ipmf1 3 157263 856416 2026-06-13T21:28:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856416 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sbfx! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sbfx|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 9l8sxqrvv30czgejsf6u3ybkpf2tf5c 3 157264 856417 2026-06-13T21:28:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856417 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Heebuguy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Heebuguy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 3i5umn99wvzcdr015dfpb22uuwdheqx 3 157265 856418 2026-06-13T21:29:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856418 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Khajallah isee! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Khajallah isee|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) mqv68fugws5huz8236qwlucv5lnkmhn 3 157266 856419 2026-06-13T21:29:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856419 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RykW! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RykW|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ib66xq6cos0ex1ce2d672a00v1uoz0z 3 157267 856420 2026-06-13T21:29:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856420 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fatima Lawal Idris! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fatima Lawal Idris|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) n7c8j9uvj9vg160jgnpd9er6oojo8t1 3 157268 856421 2026-06-13T21:29:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856421 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bukar7452! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bukar7452|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) kxmikp265be9q37521ut5r6ocijgap4 3 157269 856422 2026-06-13T21:29:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856422 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Faeezarh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Faeezarh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) d58mep8uz6u3cuvv2xy9k0jmf4wxiev 3 157270 856423 2026-06-13T21:29:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856423 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muhammad Musawa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muhammad Musawa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) te2cj2k0pq87x8g76dqs8t244oer1ai 3 157271 856424 2026-06-13T21:30:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856424 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Maman Muhammad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Maman Muhammad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) i5p3hnpff3paocz7qvzhrr79zdtoump 3 157272 856425 2026-06-13T21:30:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856425 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bilal Ibrahim abdullahi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bilal Ibrahim abdullahi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) kf040o79unrleuldliz2titufl3g7zt 3 157273 856426 2026-06-13T21:30:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856426 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mrbigg22! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mrbigg22|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 1eo68xtbrzyeqkgfer5n9heusw2jkfn 3 157274 856427 2026-06-13T21:30:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856427 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, VladislavArtrykvd! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/VladislavArtrykvd|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) mpjahwzoqexz9l9ba2racjiyzk95ye0 856580 856427 2026-06-14T07:53:38Z VladislavArtrykvd 45892 /* Barka da zuwa! */ Mayarwa 856580 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, VladislavArtrykvd! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/VladislavArtrykvd|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] do you speak Russian? [[User:VladislavArtrykvd|VladislavArtrykvd]] ([[User talk:VladislavArtrykvd|talk]]) 07:53, 14 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 1igcyc3g04klgk1d4t51og09mpz8z5z 3 157275 856428 2026-06-13T21:30:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856428 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abbymooketsi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abbymooketsi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) asa8teaa1pha526nhb3ijv6bnwz17hg 3 157276 856429 2026-06-13T21:30:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856429 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RikSchuiling! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RikSchuiling|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) hbvwoc3e0gd1tcqonx5geubh9kse6we 3 157277 856430 2026-06-13T21:31:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856430 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Edithokere! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Edithokere|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) nqxun6voed0np2ad67cnm7ktyeayiyr 3 157278 856431 2026-06-13T21:31:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856431 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kola2026! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kola2026|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ojb3xv3jp51hfyt85csix3ojcdnz7pj 3 157279 856432 2026-06-13T21:31:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856432 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Stevenfah! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Stevenfah|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) qrlkyzm4n9iekehlxqkukp13df73b18 3 157280 856433 2026-06-13T21:31:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856433 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mohamad abbo D! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mohamad abbo D|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) h4qjiq00qq2nfyvcgy1qse6fp5gfxcv 3 157281 856434 2026-06-13T21:31:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856434 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anticeri! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anticeri|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) huau3mlnp9lo9v1nw5igr1e8nf1ul1y 3 157282 856435 2026-06-13T21:31:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856435 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LaxmanKChelak! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LaxmanKChelak|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) lzldq7foosd04p88yrvmyhl964elno9 3 157283 856436 2026-06-13T21:32:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856436 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ridwan Bukhari! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ridwan Bukhari|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:32, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) gtw9pdj70e9v8jvldw7yplfc3xsgga6 3 157284 856437 2026-06-13T21:32:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856437 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SnaQ pl! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SnaQ pl|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:32, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) kqkjbq7lrpfrl270hhn734zukkmkd1m 3 157285 856438 2026-06-13T21:32:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856438 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jack bm2026! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jack bm2026|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:32, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 39gpv3k3sbvvsgrt1a7fkf6syoejwrk 3 157286 856439 2026-06-13T21:32:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856439 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JackBmOff! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JackBmOff|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:32, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 5wnsgkvshnj75qr1yx4mq6249ot43vm 3 157287 856440 2026-06-13T21:32:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856440 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jrarxese! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jrarxese|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:32, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 044hvlsvpj9no5vv4m6fdbtnyugu20g 3 157288 856441 2026-06-13T21:32:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 856441 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LeoC2b! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LeoC2b|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:32, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) n4y4molfufs4ru3dpdl7pg4gv0cv8mp 0 157289 856446 2026-06-13T21:34:22Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Italian football''' (ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya) yana nufin dukkan tsarin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar [[Italiya]], wanda ya haɗa da gasannin lig, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, da tsarin ci gaban ‘yan wasa. Italiya tana daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi tasiri a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/football-soccer/Italy |title=Football in Italy |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tsarin gasar == Tsarin ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya yana da matakai da dama: * '''Serie A''' – Babbar gasar ƙasa (top division) * '''Serie B''' – Mataki na biyu * '''Serie C''' – Mataki na uku * '''Serie D''' – Matakin amateur Wannan tsarin yana ba ƙungiyoyi damar hawa da sauka bisa sakamakon su a kowane kakar wasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_football_league_system |title=Italian football league system |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, inda aka kafa Serie A a shekarar '''1898'''. Daga baya gasar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Serie-A |title=Serie A history |website=Britannica }}</ref> A lokacin 1980s da 1990s, Serie A ta kasance mafi ƙarfi a duniya, inda manyan ‘yan wasa daga ƙasashe daban-daban suka buga a Italiya. == Manyan ƙungiyoyi == Daga cikin shahararrun ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya akwai: * [[Juventus]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AS Roma]] * [[Napoli]] == Ƙungiyar ƙasa == Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya ita ce [[Italy national football team]], wacce aka fi sani da '''Azzurri'''. Ta lashe [[FIFA World Cup]] sau 4 (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup |title=Italy World Cup history |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Italian football yana da muhimmanci saboda: * Yawan manyan kulob * Tarihi mai tsawo a Turai * Tasiri a UEFA competitions * Haɓaka manyan ‘yan wasa na duniya == Duba kuma == * [[Serie A]] * [[Juventus]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[FIFA World Cup]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya]] [[Category:Tsarin wasanni na Turai]] [[Category:Italian football]] hg478qab3olr4488hnfgvfq65gcjtyd 856447 856446 2026-06-13T21:34:43Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Italian football''' (ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya) yana nufin dukkan tsarin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar [[Italiya]], wanda ya haɗa da gasannin lig, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, da tsarin ci gaban ‘yan wasa. Italiya tana daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi tasiri a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/football-soccer/Italy |title=Football in Italy |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tsarin gasar == Tsarin ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya yana da matakai da dama: * '''Serie A''' – Babbar gasar ƙasa (top division) * '''Serie B''' – Mataki na biyu * '''Serie C''' – Mataki na uku * '''Serie D''' – Matakin amateur Wannan tsarin yana ba ƙungiyoyi damar hawa da sauka bisa sakamakon su a kowane kakar wasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_football_league_system |title=Italian football league system |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, inda aka kafa Serie A a shekarar '''1898'''. Daga baya gasar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Serie-A |title=Serie A history |website=Britannica }}</ref> A lokacin 1980s da 1990s, Serie A ta kasance mafi ƙarfi a duniya, inda manyan ‘yan wasa daga ƙasashe daban-daban suka buga a Italiya. == Manyan ƙungiyoyi == Daga cikin shahararrun ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya akwai: * [[Juventus]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AS Roma]] * [[Napoli]] == Ƙungiyar ƙasa == Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya ita ce [[Italy national football team]], wacce aka fi sani da '''Azzurri'''. Ta lashe [[FIFA World Cup]] sau 4 (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup |title=Italy World Cup history |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Italian football yana da muhimmanci saboda: * Yawan manyan kulob * Tarihi mai tsawo a Turai * Tasiri a UEFA competitions * Haɓaka manyan ‘yan wasa na duniya == Duba kuma == * [[Serie A]] * [[Juventus]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[FIFA World Cup]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya]] [[Category:Tsarin wasanni na Turai]] [[Category:Italian football]] 572pp8n309idyo7m8sbs917uxvs66dq 0 157290 856448 2026-06-13T21:36:24Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alessandro Del Piero''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 Nuwamba 1974) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda ya shahara a matsayin ɗan gaba (forward) kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tarihi a kulob ɗin [[Juventus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero |title=Alessandro Del Piero |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Del Piero a Conegliano, Veneto, Italiya. Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya shiga tsarin matasa na kulob ɗin Padova kafin ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Del-Piero |title=Alessandro Del Piero Biography |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Juventus === Del Piero ya koma [[Juventus]] a shekarar 1993, inda ya shafe kusan dukkan rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa a wannan kulob. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka fi shahara a tarihin kulob ɗin. Ya taimaka wa Juventus lashe: * Serie A sau da dama * Coppa Italia * UEFA Champions League (1996) === Kulob-kulob bayan Juventus === Bayan barin Juventus, ya taka leda a: * Sydney FC (Australia) * Delhi Dynamos (India) * Sannan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa == Ƙungiyar ƙasa (Italiya) == Del Piero ya wakilci [[Italy national football team]] daga 1995 zuwa 2008. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe [[FIFA World Cup]] ta 2006 a Jamus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/italy-2006-world-cup-winners |title=Italy 2006 World Cup |website=FIFA }}</ref> Ya buga wasanni sama da 90 a ƙungiyar ƙasa kuma ya zura ƙwallaye da dama. == Salon wasa == Del Piero yana da shahara saboda: * Kwarewa a bugun free-kick * Fasaha mai kyau wajen dribbling * Ƙarfin tunani a filin wasa * Zura kwallaye masu muhimmanci == Laƙabi == An fi kiran Del Piero da: * “Pinturicchio” (saboda fasahar sa) * “Il Capitano” (saboda jagorancinsa) == Nasarori == * FIFA World Cup – 2006 (Italiya) * UEFA Champions League – 1996 * Serie A titles (Juventus) * UEFA Super Cup * Intercontinental Cup == Duba kuma == * [[Juventus]] * [[Italy national football team]] * [[Serie A]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:‘Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Tsoffin ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Haihuwar 1974]] [[Category:Mutanen Veneto]] 82qvmmibakoha4gx3obadpbakkwi68a 856449 856448 2026-06-13T21:36:52Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alessandro Del Piero''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 Nuwamba 1974) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda ya shahara a matsayin ɗan gaba (forward) kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tarihi a kulob ɗin [[Juventus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero |title=Alessandro Del Piero |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Del Piero a Conegliano, Veneto, Italiya. Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya shiga tsarin matasa na kulob ɗin Padova kafin ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Del-Piero |title=Alessandro Del Piero Biography |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Juventus === Del Piero ya koma [[Juventus]] a shekarar 1993, inda ya shafe kusan dukkan rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa a wannan kulob. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka fi shahara a tarihin kulob ɗin. Ya taimaka wa Juventus lashe: * Serie A sau da dama * Coppa Italia * UEFA Champions League (1996) === Kulob-kulob bayan Juventus === Bayan barin Juventus, ya taka leda a: * Sydney FC (Australia) * Delhi Dynamos (India) * Sannan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa == Ƙungiyar ƙasa (Italiya) == Del Piero ya wakilci [[Italy national football team]] daga 1995 zuwa 2008. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe [[FIFA World Cup]] ta 2006 a Jamus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/italy-2006-world-cup-winners |title=Italy 2006 World Cup |website=FIFA }}</ref> Ya buga wasanni sama da 90 a ƙungiyar ƙasa kuma ya zura ƙwallaye da dama. == Salon wasa == Del Piero yana da shahara saboda: * Kwarewa a bugun free-kick * Fasaha mai kyau wajen dribbling * Ƙarfin tunani a filin wasa * Zura kwallaye masu muhimmanci == Laƙabi == An fi kiran Del Piero da: * “Pinturicchio” (saboda fasahar sa) * “Il Capitano” (saboda jagorancinsa) == Nasarori == * FIFA World Cup – 2006 (Italiya) * UEFA Champions League – 1996 * Serie A titles (Juventus) * UEFA Super Cup * Intercontinental Cup == Duba kuma == * [[Juventus]] * [[Italy national football team]] * [[Serie A]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:‘Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Tsoffin ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Haihuwar 1974]] [[Category:Mutanen Veneto]] bihj57borcu6yxjucty9djk6rhsm8aj 0 157291 856451 2026-06-13T21:39:05Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Football Club Internazionale Milano''' (wanda ake kira '''Inter Milan''' ko '''Inter''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] da ke birnin [[Milan]]. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin manyan kulob a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Italiya da Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inter-Milan |title=Inter Milan |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Inter Milan a ranar '''9 ga Maris 1908''' ta wasu ‘yan ƙwallon ƙafa da suka balle daga AC Milan saboda rashin jituwa kan amfani da ‘yan wasa na waje. Sunan “Internazionale” ya fito ne saboda manufar kulob ɗin na karɓar ‘yan wasa daga ƙasashe daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan |title=Inter Milan |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Nasarori == Inter Milan tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi lashe kofuna a Italiya da Turai, ciki har da: * Serie A – fiye da sau 20 * Coppa Italia – sau da dama * Supercoppa Italiana – sau da dama * UEFA Champions League – sau 3 (1964, 1965, 2010) * Intercontinental Cup – sau 2 * FIFA Club World Cup – 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50138/profile/history/ |title=Inter Milan honours |website=UEFA }}</ref> == Lokutan zinariya == Inter ta yi fice a lokuta daban-daban: * 1960s – lokacin Helenio Herrera da “Grande Inter” * 2010 – lokacin José Mourinho, inda ta lashe treble (Serie A, Coppa Italia, Champions League) == Filin wasa == Inter Milan tana buga wasanta a [[San Siro Stadium]] (wanda kuma AC Milan ke amfani da shi). Filin wasan yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 75,000. == Hamayya == Babban abokin hamayyar Inter Milan shi ne [[AC Milan]] a wasan da ake kira '''Derby della Madonnina''', wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun derbies a duniya. == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan Inter akwai: * Giuseppe Meazza * Javier Zanetti * Ronaldo Nazário * Samuel Eto’o * Wesley Sneijder * Lautaro Martínez == Muhimmanci == Inter Milan tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Tarihi mai tsawo a Serie A * Nasarori a UEFA Champions League * Tasiri a ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya * Samar da fitattun ‘yan wasa == Duba kuma == * [[AC Milan]] * [[Juventus]] * [[Serie A]] * [[San Siro]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Inter Milan]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1908]] [[Category:Milan]] pygb14b718pyih2ngcye991lc37948w 856452 856451 2026-06-13T21:39:27Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Football Club Internazionale Milano''' (wanda ake kira '''Inter Milan''' ko '''Inter''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] da ke birnin [[Milan]]. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin manyan kulob a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Italiya da Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inter-Milan |title=Inter Milan |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Inter Milan a ranar '''9 ga Maris 1908''' ta wasu ‘yan ƙwallon ƙafa da suka balle daga AC Milan saboda rashin jituwa kan amfani da ‘yan wasa na waje. Sunan “Internazionale” ya fito ne saboda manufar kulob ɗin na karɓar ‘yan wasa daga ƙasashe daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan |title=Inter Milan |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Nasarori == Inter Milan tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi lashe kofuna a Italiya da Turai, ciki har da: * Serie A – fiye da sau 20 * Coppa Italia – sau da dama * Supercoppa Italiana – sau da dama * UEFA Champions League – sau 3 (1964, 1965, 2010) * Intercontinental Cup – sau 2 * FIFA Club World Cup – 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50138/profile/history/ |title=Inter Milan honours |website=UEFA }}</ref> == Lokutan zinariya == Inter ta yi fice a lokuta daban-daban: * 1960s – lokacin Helenio Herrera da “Grande Inter” * 2010 – lokacin José Mourinho, inda ta lashe treble (Serie A, Coppa Italia, Champions League) == Filin wasa == Inter Milan tana buga wasanta a [[San Siro Stadium]] (wanda kuma AC Milan ke amfani da shi). Filin wasan yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 75,000. == Hamayya == Babban abokin hamayyar Inter Milan shi ne [[AC Milan]] a wasan da ake kira '''Derby della Madonnina''', wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun derbies a duniya. == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan Inter akwai: * Giuseppe Meazza * Javier Zanetti * Ronaldo Nazário * Samuel Eto’o * Wesley Sneijder * Lautaro Martínez == Muhimmanci == Inter Milan tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Tarihi mai tsawo a Serie A * Nasarori a UEFA Champions League * Tasiri a ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya * Samar da fitattun ‘yan wasa == Duba kuma == * [[AC Milan]] * [[Juventus]] * [[Serie A]] * [[San Siro]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Inter Milan]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1908]] [[Category:Milan]] 3tphm43h7enabfit87fdhxfd8fwnmqt 0 157292 856453 2026-06-13T21:39:35Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ghana Division One League''' (Gasar Division One ta Ghana) ita ce gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mataki na biyu a tsarin lig na ƙasar [[Ghana]], bayan [[Ghana Premier League]]. Hukumar [[Ghana Football Association]] (GFA) ce ke kula da ita.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/division-one-league |title=Ghana Division One League |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> == Tsari == Gasar Division One League tana ƙunshe da ƙungiyoyi da yawa a faɗin Ghana, kuma an raba ta zuwa rukuni-rukuni (zones) domin rage tafiye-tafiye da tsada. Kowace ƙungiya tana buga wasa da sauran ƙungiyoyi a yankinta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Division_One_League |title=Ghana Division One League |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa: * Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi kyau a kowane yanki suna shiga play-off * Masu nasara a play-off suna samun tikitin shiga [[Ghana Premier League]] == Tarihi == Ghana Division One League ta fara ne domin ƙara haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙasa, tare da ba da dama ga ƙungiyoyi daga yankuna daban-daban su samu damar kaiwa matakin Premier League. Tsarin lig ɗin ya samu sauye-sauye da dama tsawon shekaru, musamman wajen: * Raba ƙungiyoyi zuwa yankuna * Ƙara tsarin play-off * Inganta kulawa daga GFA == Muhimmanci == Gasar tana da muhimmanci sosai a Ghana saboda: * Ita ce hanyar shiga Premier League * Tana gano sabbin ‘yan wasa * Tana haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a yankunan karkara * Tana taimakawa ci gaban ƙungiyoyi ƙanana == Dangantaka da Premier League == * Division One = mataki na 2 * Premier League = mataki na 1 Ƙungiyoyi masu nasara daga Division One suna samun damar shiga Premier League, yayin da masu kasa a Premier League ke sauka zuwa Division One. == Duba kuma == * [[Ghana Premier League]] * [[Ghana Football Association]] * [[Ghana national football team]] * [[CAF]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana]] [[Category:Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mataki na biyu]] [[Category:Ghana Football Association]] jkzkqjd8v1gzqpk42lffxlb2ypf4kj4 856454 856453 2026-06-13T21:39:55Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ghana Division One League''' (Gasar Division One ta Ghana) ita ce gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mataki na biyu a tsarin lig na ƙasar [[Ghana]], bayan [[Ghana Premier League]]. Hukumar [[Ghana Football Association]] (GFA) ce ke kula da ita.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/division-one-league |title=Ghana Division One League |website=Ghana Football Association }}</ref> == Tsari == Gasar Division One League tana ƙunshe da ƙungiyoyi da yawa a faɗin Ghana, kuma an raba ta zuwa rukuni-rukuni (zones) domin rage tafiye-tafiye da tsada. Kowace ƙungiya tana buga wasa da sauran ƙungiyoyi a yankinta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Division_One_League |title=Ghana Division One League |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa: * Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi kyau a kowane yanki suna shiga play-off * Masu nasara a play-off suna samun tikitin shiga [[Ghana Premier League]] == Tarihi == Ghana Division One League ta fara ne domin ƙara haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙasa, tare da ba da dama ga ƙungiyoyi daga yankuna daban-daban su samu damar kaiwa matakin Premier League. Tsarin lig ɗin ya samu sauye-sauye da dama tsawon shekaru, musamman wajen: * Raba ƙungiyoyi zuwa yankuna * Ƙara tsarin play-off * Inganta kulawa daga GFA == Muhimmanci == Gasar tana da muhimmanci sosai a Ghana saboda: * Ita ce hanyar shiga Premier League * Tana gano sabbin ‘yan wasa * Tana haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a yankunan karkara * Tana taimakawa ci gaban ƙungiyoyi ƙanana == Dangantaka da Premier League == * Division One = mataki na 2 * Premier League = mataki na 1 Ƙungiyoyi masu nasara daga Division One suna samun damar shiga Premier League, yayin da masu kasa a Premier League ke sauka zuwa Division One. == Duba kuma == * [[Ghana Premier League]] * [[Ghana Football Association]] * [[Ghana national football team]] * [[CAF]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana]] [[Category:Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mataki na biyu]] [[Category:Ghana Football Association]] t7y8jpqeydxjbke5i3x7ozrtd504hh8 0 157293 856455 2026-06-13T21:40:35Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350891154|List of stews]]" 856455 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shine '''jerin sanannun miyar taushe.''' Saki shine haɗuwa da sinadaran [[abinci]] masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka dafa a cikin ruwa kuma aka ba da su a cikin ruwan da aka samu. Abinci a cikin stew na iya haɗawa da kowane haɗuwa da [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], kamar carot, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], [[wake]], [[albasa]], albasa da sauransu, kuma akai-akai tare da [[nama]], musamman nama mai tauri wanda ya dace da danshi, jinkirin [[dafa abinci]], kamar naman sa ko zagaye. Ana amfani da kaji, naman alade, ɗan rago ko ragon, sausages, da abincin teku. Saman KIDD dkdd dkdkdvfbd dkssbd Dr fndkdf fbfrkkrnsakqmsbdhxuxx fndkdf dksbd == Matakai == {| class="wikitable sortable " !Name ! style="width:100px" |Image !Origin !Tradit­ional protein !Description and distinctive ingredients |- |Ají de gallina |[[Fayil:Ají_de_gallina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Peru]] |Fowl |Peruvian chicken stew |- |Alicot | |[[Faransa|France]] |Offal |Stew made with poultry giblets and possibly the head, feet and wing tips |- |Andrajos |[[Fayil:Andrajos_(3633922072).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] (Jaén) |Game |Stew of [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], red pepper, and [[Zomo|rabbit]], thickened with cake flour |- |Asam pedas |[[Fayil:Ikan_Asam_Padeh_Padang.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Sour and spicy stew dish made of seafood, typically fish, cooked in [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] fruit juice, [[Chili foda|chili]], and other spices |- |Balbacua |[[Fayil:BALBACUA_10-31_screenshot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Beef stew made from beef and collagen-rich parts of beef stewed for four to six hours in various spices |- |[[Bamia]] |[[Fayil:Bamia-Ocras_tomate_(cropped).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Misra|Egypt]] |Lamb |Stew prepared with okra and lamb as primary ingredients<ref name="Iranica">{{Cite web |last=Aʿlam |first=H. |last2=Ramazani |first2=N. |date=December 15, 1989 |title=Bāmīā |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bamia-or-bamia-okra |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]], Vol. III |pages=656–657}}</ref> |- |Beef bourguignon |[[Fayil:Boeuf_bourguignon_servie_avec_des_pâtes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Burgundy) |Beef |Stew made of beef braised in red wine, traditionally red Burgundy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of boeuf bourguignon |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000035/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=2013-04-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> and beef broth, generally flavoured with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, and a ''bouquet garni'', with pearl onions and mushrooms |- |Beef Stroganoff |[[Fayil:Beef_Stroganoff-02_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Rasha|Russia]]<br /><br />[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |'''Beef Stroganoff''' or '''beef Stroganov''' ([[Rashanci|Russian]]: бефстроганов ''befstróganov'') is a Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef served in a sauce with <nowiki><i id="mwpA">smetana</i></nowiki> (sour cream). |- |Beaver stew |[[Fayil:Castor_estufado.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Lithuania]] |Beaver |Stew made beaver meat, mashed potatoes and various vegetables |- |Bicol express |[[Fayil:Bicol_Express.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork or beef |Stew made from long chillies, pork or beef, [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], shrimp paste or stockfish, onions, pork, and [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Bigos |[[Fayil:Bigos_in_Kraków_(Rynek_Główny).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Poland]]<br /><br />[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]<br /><br />[[Lithuania]] |Pork |Stew that features white cabbage, sauerkraut, various cuts of meat and sausages, often whole or puréed [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], honey, and mushrooms |- |Birnen, Bohnen und Speck |[[Fayil:Birnen,_Bohnen_und_Speck_2a.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Pork |Typical dish in which pears, beans, and bacon are cooked together |- |Birria |[[Fayil:Plato_de_birria.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Goat |Spicy meat stew made of pork, goat, lamb, or mutton that is traditionally served on holidays, such as [[Kirsimeti|Christmas]] |- |[[Kayan maraƙi|Blanquette de veau]] |[[Fayil:Blanquette_de_veau.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Veal |Bright veal [[ragout]] with <nowiki><i id="mw-w">mirepoix</i></nowiki> |- |Blindhuhn |[[Fayil:Westfälisches_Blindhuhn_mit_Mettenden_und_Schweinespeck-6650.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Westphalia) |Pork |A stew of the Westphalian cuisine prepared with beans, vegetables, and bacon |- |Booyah |[[Fayil:Booyah.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Upper Midwest) |Various |Thick stew popular in the Upper Midwestern United States with meat and vegetables, often prepared communally in large kettles, with several different meats |- |Bosanski lonac |[[Fayil:Bosanskilonac.jpg|141x141px]] |[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lamb |Typical Bosnian dish with beef, lamb, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, parsley, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and peppercorns (whole, not ground) |- |Bouillabaisse |[[Fayil:Bullabessa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />([[Marseille]]) |Seafood |Bony fish and seafood stew with vegetables and Provençal herbs and spices: The name refers to a "simmering boil", the temperature of cooking the stew. |- |Brongkos |[[Fayil:Brongkos_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />(Yogyakarta and<br /><br />Central Java) |Beef |Meat (beef or mutton) with beans (black-eyed peas or kidney beans) stew, with boiled egg and spicy soup made of ''Pangium edule'', coconut milk, and other spices |- |Brodetto |[[Fayil:Foto_brodetto_.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |Fish stew typical of the Eastern (Adriatic) coast of Italy: It may slightly vary from place to place. In Veneto, it is eaten with polenta. In Abruzzo, tomato sauce is added. It is similar to Croatian ''brudet.'' |- |Brudet |[[Fayil:Brodet.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]] |Fish |A fish stew that is usually eaten with polenta, similar to Italian ''brodetto'' |- |Brunswick stew |[[Fayil:Brunswick_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Game |Tomato-based stew containing various types of lima beans or butter beans, corn, okra, and other vegetables, and one or more types of meat: Most recipes claiming authenticity call for squirrel or [[Zomo|rabbit]] meat, but chicken, pork, and beef are also common ingredients. |- |Trippa alla milanese ([[Buseca]] in South America) |[[Fayil:Trippa_alla_milanese.JPG|165x165px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Offal |Italian stew also common in [[Uruguay]] and Argentina, similar to Spanish ''callos'', it is made of finely chopped ''mondongo'' (beef tripe), potatoes, and legumes such as lentils or chickpeas. |- |Buddha Jumps Over the Wall |[[Fayil:Buddha_soup_boul.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Fish |Cantonese variation on shark fin soup |- |Buğu kebabı | |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Turkish lamb and vegetable stew with a [[kebab]] name |- |Burgoo |[[Fayil:Kentucky_burgoo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Midwest and<br /><br />South) |Game |Traditionally made with wild game, this spicy thick stew is similar to Irish or Mulligan stew, often served with cornbread or corn muffins. Often prepared communally, it is made with several different meats. |- |Cabbage stew |[[Fayil:Kapuska_with_veal.jpg|120x120px]] |Central Europe |Vegetarian |Prepared using cabbage as a main ingredient: Pictured is ''kapuska''. |- |Cacciatore |[[Fayil:Flickr_preppybyday_4618397089--Chicken_cacciatore.jpg|181x181px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fowl |A stew with braised chicken (pollo alla cacciatora), sometimes with rabbit (coniglio alla cacciatora), tomatoes, onions, herbs, often bell peppers, and sometimes wine. |- |Cacciucco |[[Fayil:Cacciucco.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |A fish stew, it is made with several different types of fish and shellfish cooked in wine, tomatoes, and chili pepper, as typical of west-central Italy and especially Livorno. |- |Cachupa |[[Fayil:Cachupa_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |Goat |Slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat (sausage, beef, goat, or chicken) |- |Caldeirada |[[Fayil:Caldeirada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]] |Seafood |Stew consisting of a large variety of fish, and sometimes shellfish, with potatoes, tomatoes and onions |- |[[Caldereta de cordero]] |[[Fayil:Caldereta_de_Cordero_-_2015.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Lamb |Lamb or mutton stew |- |[[Caldo avá]] | |[[Paraguay]] |Offal |Stew made of beef tripes, chitterlings, heart, and ''matambre'' |- |Caldo gallego |[[Fayil:Caldo_gallego_-_juantiagues.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Stew made with fatty pork, white beans, and greens (cabbage or spring greens), literally means "Galician broth" |- |Callaloo |[[Fayil:Callaloo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]<br /><br />[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Vegetarian |Caribbean dish made of leaf vegetables, amaranth, capsicum, and [[Gwaza|taro]] |- |Callos |[[Fayil:Callos_cociendose.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Offal |A stew common across Spain, it is considered traditional to Madrid, where it is referred to as ''callos a la madrileña''. It contains beef tripe and chickpeas, blood sausage, and bell peppers. ''Chorizo'' sausage may also be used. |- |Caparrones |[[Fayil:Caparrones89.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(La Rioja) |Sausage |Stew made of ''caparrón'' (a variety of red kidney beans) and a spicy ''chorizo'' sausage |- |Caponata |[[Fayil:Caponata_(14049113982).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />([[Sisiliya|Sicily]]) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from Sicily that consists mainly of ''aubergine'' (eggplant) tomato sauce, onions, celery, olives, capers, and Agrodolce. |- |Capra e fagioli | |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />(Liguria) |Goat |Stew made of goat meat, white wine, and white pigna beans |- |[[Carbonada]] | |[[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional Argentinian and Uruguayan sweet-sour beef, squash, and apricot stew, traditionally served inside a squash |- |Carbonade flamande |[[Fayil:Jielbeaumadier_carbonade_flamande_2010.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Traditional Belgian sweet-sour beef and onion stew made with [[Giya|beer]], and seasoned with thyme and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]]: Pictured is ''carbonade flamande'' with fries and a side of greens. |- |Carne mechada |[[Fayil:Carne_Mechada_(11351611734).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Kolombiya|Colombia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carne Mechada |url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517224523/http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |archive-date=2008-05-17 |access-date=2008-03-23}}</ref> |Beef |Latin American beef stew |- |Cassoulet |[[Fayil:Cassoulet.cuit.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Languedoc) |Fowl and sausage |French dish that consists of slow-cooked meat, typically pork sausages, pork, goose, duck, and sometimes mutton, with white haricot beans |- |Cawl |[[Fayil:Cawl_Cymreig.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Lamb |Lamb stew (beef or hock in Pembrokeshire), which includes vegetables, such as [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]] and potatoes, as well as carrots, celery, onion, parsnip, swede, and turnip |- |Chairo |[[Fayil:Chairo_at_Ciclik_La_Paz.png|152x152px]] |[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] |Beef |Meat and vegetable stew with potato starch (''chuños''), onions, carrots, potatoes, [[Masara|white corn]], beef, and wheat kernels |- |Chakapuli |[[Fayil:Chakapuli.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Lamb |Popular stew with lamb chops or veal, onions, tarragon leaves, cherry plums or ''tkemali'' (cherry plum sauce), dry white wine, mixed fresh herbs (parsley, mint, dill, coriander), garlic, and salt |- |Chapea | |[[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican Republic]] |Sausage |Traditional dish from the countryside that consists of cooked red beans with ''longaniza'' (Dominican sausage), rice, ripe plantain, and mashed squash used as a thickener |- |Chicken mull |[[Fayil:Chicken_mull.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Fowl |A traditional dish from [[North Carolina]] and [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], it consists of parboiled whole chicken in a cream- or milk-based broth with butter, seasoned with salt, white or black pepper, and other ingredients. Traditionally, the stew is served in the late fall and winter, often prepared communally. |- |Chicken pastel |[[Fayil:Filipino_Chicken_Pastel.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Chicken or pork |Stew or pie made with chicken, sometimes pork, sausages, mushrooms, peas, carrots, potatoes, soy sauce, and various spices in a creamy sauce. |- |Chili con carne |[[Fayil:Pot-o-chili.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Texas]]) |Beef |A spicy stew that traditionally features chopped or ground beef, chili peppers, and other ingredients. |- |Cholent |[[Fayil:Vegetable_cholent.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef, chicken or goose |Slowly simmered Jewish stew of Ashkenazi origin that cooks overnight and is traditionally served at the ''Shabbat'' meal. Its main ingredients are meat, onions, potatoes, beans or chickpeas, and [[Sha'ir|barley]]. It is believed to be derived from the hamin of Sephardic Jews. Similar to the French cassoulet. |- |Chraime |[[Fayil:צלחת_חריימה.png|138x138px]] |Maghreb |Fish |Fish stewed with tomatoes and peppers, flavored with hot peppers and spices |- |Chupe Andino | |[[Andes]] |Game |Refers to various stews and soups that are prepared in Andes Mountains region of South America |- |[[Chupín]] | |[[Uruguay]] |Fish |Made with any fish of firm meat, usually hake, croaker, or boga, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions, crumbs of marine crackers are usually poured over at the end. |- |Ciambotta |[[Fayil:Ciambotta_di_Vietri_di_Potenza.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Vegetarian |Typically based on vegetables, but it may have other ingredients, such as meat or fish. The vegetable choices are usually potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, [[Barkono|sweet peppers]], chili, onion and herbs. |- |Cioppino |[[Fayil:Cioppino.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[San Francisco]]) |Fish |An Italian-American fish stew, it is traditionally made from the catch of the day, which in the dish's place of origin is typically a combination of Dungeness crab, clams, shrimp, scallops, squid, mussels, and fish. The seafood is then combined with fresh tomatoes in a wine sauce, and served with toasted bread, either sourdough or baguette. |- |Cocido lebaniego |[[Fayil:Cocido_lebaniego.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Its essential ingredients include chickpeas, potatoes, and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]]. The rest of the elements are ''compangu'', meat from the pig slaughter, such as bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and [[ham]]. Other additional ingredients are beef, especially <nowiki><i id="mwA1o">cecina</i></nowiki> and bones, and a stuffing made of bread flour, egg, and parsley. |- |Cocido madrileño |[[Fayil:CocidoMadrileño.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Madrid]]) |Pork |Its main ingredient is the chickpea or garbanzo bean, preferably of its larger variety, also known as ''kabuli''. Vegetables are added, potatoes mainly, but also cabbage, carrots, and turnips. In some cases, green beans, mangold, or cardoon are added. Meats like beef, hen, lard, chorizo, a small block of cured Jamón and morcilla (a type of black pudding) complete the ingredients. Cocido is commonly served with the ingredient types grouped, and the broth served as first course, with very thin pasta, fideo cabellín added. |- |Cocido montañés |[[Fayil:Cocidomontanes.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Also known as highlander stew. It is made with two vegetal ingredients, dried large white beans and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]] (''berza''). The rest of the elements of this recipe are known as ''compangu'', meat ingredients from the pig slaughter: bacon (''tocino''), pork ribs (''costilla''), black pudding (''morcilla'') with rice, and ''chorizo''. |- |Compote | | |Game |Game stew made for example from [[Zomo|rabbit]], partridge, or pigeon |- |Coq au vin |[[Fayil:Coq_au_vin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Fowl |French braise of chicken cooked with wine, lardons, mushrooms, and optionally [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Cotriade |[[Fayil:Cotriade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Fish |Breton-style stew made with potatoes and many kinds of fish, but ''without'' shellfish |- |Cozido/Cocido |[[Fayil:Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Various |Stew made with different meats and vegetables; numerous regional variations exist throughout Portugal and Spain |- |Cream stew |[[Fayil:Cream_Stew_001.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Various |Cream stew is a Japanese Yōshoku dish consisting of meat, usually chicken or pork, and mixed vegetables, onion, carrot, potato and cabbage, cooked in thick white roux. |- |Daube |[[Fayil:Daube_de_boeuf_carottes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Beef |Classic Provençal stew made with inexpensive beef braised in wine, vegetables, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and ''herbes de Provence'', and traditionally cooked in a ''daubière'', a braising pan. |- |Dillegrout |[[Fayil:Dillegrout,_also_known_at_le_mess_de_gyron,_girunt,_dilgirunt,_dilegrout,_dillygrout,_dilligrout,_maupygernon,_maupigyrnun,_malepigernout,_malpigernoun.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Fowl |Chicken pottage made with almond milk, sugar, and spices traditionally presented at coronations of English monarchs by the lord of the manor of Addington. |- |Dimlama |[[Fayil:Dimlama_(16425713838).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Uzbekistan]] |Lamb |Stew made with various combinations of meat, potatoes, onions, vegetables, and sometimes fruits. |- |Dinuguan |[[Fayil:Dinuguan_with_puto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Offal |Filipino savory stew of meat or offal (typically lungs, kidneys, intestines, ears, heart and snout) simmered in a rich, spicy dark gravy of pig [[Jini|blood]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], chili (most often ''siling mahaba''), and vinegar. |- |Drokpa Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Stewed tripe, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |Escudella i carn d'olla |[[Fayil:Escudella.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Katalunya|Catalonia]]) |Sausage |Stew that contains a ''pilota'', a very big meatball spiced with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley. It contains vegetables, such as celery, cabbage, carrots, etc. depending on the season. Bones, sausages called ''botifarras'', and other types of meat can be used. |- |Étouffée |[[Fayil:Crawfish_etouffee.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood |Seafood dish of the Creole cuisine of Louisiana that is usually served over rice. Literally means "smothered" in French. |- |Fabada Asturiana |[[Fayil:Fabada_y_sidra.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Pork |Fabada is made with dried large white beans (''fabes de la Granja'', soaked overnight before use), shoulder of pork (''Lacón Gallego'') or bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and often saffron (''azafrán''). Some recipes also call for ''longaniza''. |- |Fabes con almejas |[[Fayil:Fabes_con_almejas_-_Jlastras.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Seafood |Clam stew that calls for small clams, fava beans, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], salt, saffron, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaves]], [[Man zaitun|olive oil]], parsley, bread crumbs and sometimes sweet [[paprika]]. |- |Fahsa |[[Fayil:Fahsa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Stew made of lamb cutlets with lamb broth. Spices and ''holba'' ([[fenugreek]]) are added after cooking. |- |Fårikål |[[Fayil:Får_i_kål.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Norway]] |Lamb |Traditional dish, consisting of pieces of mutton with bone, cabbage, whole black pepper and optionally a little wheat flour, cooked for several hours in a casserole, traditionally served with potatoes boiled in their skins. Literally means "mutton in cabbage". |- |Fasole cu cârnaţi |[[Fayil:Fasole_cu_afumatura.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Sausage |Dish consisting of baked beans, sausages or [[Ham|smoked ham]]. |- |Feijoada |[[Fayil:Feijoada_à_transmontada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Stew of beans with beef or pork, and may include other vegetables. |- |Fesenjān |[[Fayil:Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Fowl |Thick, tart stew made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts; traditionally made with poultry, but variants using balls of ground meat, ''ghormeh'' cut lamb, fish, or no meat at all are not unusual. |- |Flaki |[[Fayil:Flaki_(2).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Poland]] |Beef |Meat stew with common ingredients, including beef tripe, beef, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]], parsley, carrots, beef broth, and spices to taste, including salt, black pepper, nutmeg, sweet [[paprika]], and marjoram. |- |Főzelék |[[Fayil:Fozelek.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Vegetarian |Very thick vegetable soup, so it may be considered a stew. Sometimes served with meatballs and often eaten as a side dish. |- |Fricot |[[Fayil:Fricot_de_barques.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kanada|Canada]]<br /><br />(Acadia) |Various |Consists of potatoes, onions, and whatever meat was available, cooked in a stew and topped with dumplings. The common meats used are chicken (''fricot au poulet''), clams (''fricot aux coques''), rabbit (''fricot au lapin des bois''), beef, or pork. |- |Gaisburger Marsch |[[Fayil:Gaisburger_Marsch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Swabia) |Beef |Swabian dish made from meat with cooked potatoes and spätzle. |- |Galinhada |[[Fayil:Galinhada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Fowl |Stew of rice and chicken. |- |Garbure |[[Fayil:Garbure.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Gascony) |Pork |Stew/soup of meat (e.g. goose, duck, salt pork, ham) with vegetables, mainly root vegetables. |- |Ghapama |[[Fayil:Ղափամա_2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Armeniya|Armenia]] |Vegetarian |Sweet [[Kabushi|pumpkin]] stew, traditionally cooked in the pumpkin shell; does not contain meat. |- |Gheimeh |[[Fayil:Gheymeh_stew.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Iran]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of diced lamb or sometimes beef, tomatoes, split peas, onion and dried lime, garnished with golden thinly sliced crispy potatoes. The stew is usually served with white rice. |- |Ghormeh sabzi |[[Fayil:Ghormeh_Sabzi.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Vegetarian (but often made with lamb or beef) |Dish that consists of a mixture of sautéed herbs, consisting mainly of parsley, [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], and a smaller amount of [[fenugreek]] leaves, where this is usually the dry herb of the mix. |- |Ginataang kalabasa |[[Fayil:Ginataang_kalabasa_at_hipon_(shrimp,_calabaza,_green_beans,_and_eggplant_in_coconut_milk)_-_Philippines.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Shrimp |Stew of calabaza squash cooked in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and spices, along with shrimp and asparagus bean. |- |Ginataang labong |[[Fayil:Bambooshootjf3760.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Seafood or pork |Stew of bamboo shoots cooked in coconut milk and spices, along with seafood or various meats. |- |Goat water |[[Fayil:Goat_Water.jpg|124x124px]] |Montserrat |Goat |A national dish of Montserrat prepared with goat meat and vegetables. |- |Goulash |[[Fayil:Gulyas080.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Beef |Soup or stew of meat, noodles and vegetables, especially potato, seasoned with [[paprika]] and other spices. |- |Guatitas |[[Fayil:Guatitas_a_la_Jardinera.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]] |Offal |Stew whose main ingredient is pieces of tripe. |- |[[Guiso carrero]] | |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional stew made with beef, chorizo, white beans, chickpeas, potato, sweet potato, squash, carrots, onions and noodles, seasoned with adobo, a spice mix of oregano, thyme, cumin, paprika and chili. |- |Gulai |[[Fayil:Gulai_cancang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Various |Stew or curry made with either beef, poultry (chicken or duck meat), vegetables, seafood or lamb with bumbu spice mix cooked in coconut milk. |- |Gumbo |[[Fayil:Shrimp_gumbo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood & sausage |Stew or soup that consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, with meat or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable "holy trinity" of celery, bell peppers, and onions. |- |Güveç |[[Fayil:Djuvec.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Vegetable and meat stew made with mutton or veal and common to Balkan countries. |- |Guyana Pepperpot |[[Fayil:Pepperpot_(16135006279).jpg|155x155px]] |[[Guyana]] |Various |Stewed meat dish, strongly flavored with cinnamon, hot chili peppers, and ''cassareep'', a special sauce made from the [[Rogo|cassava]] root. Beef, pork, and mutton are the most popular meats used. Chicken is also used. |- |Hachee |[[Fayil:Hachee_1.jpeg|124x124px]] |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |Various |Traditional Dutch stew based on diced meat, fish or poultry, and vegetables. |- |Hamin |[[Fayil:Chamin.jpg|124x124px]] |Iberia |Lamb, beef, or chicken |Traditional Sephardic Jewish Sabbath stew cooked overnight. Made from whole grains, meat, chickpeas or beans, and onion. Also known as dafina. |- |Hasenpfeffer |[[Fayil:Hasenpfeffer.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Game |Traditional German stew made from marinated [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare, cut into stewing-meat sized pieces and braised with onions and wine, in a marinade thickened with the animal's blood. |- |Hochepot |[[Fayil:Vlaamse_Hutsepot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Flemish stew made with oxtail, shoulder of mutton, salted bacon, and vegetables. |- |Hoosh | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Beef (dried) |Thick stew made from pemmican (a mix of dried meat, fat, and cereal) or other meat, thickener such as ground biscuits, and water. Used on expeditions to frozen polar regions. |- |Hot pot |[[Fayil:Day177lilybday.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]]<br /><br />[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] |Various |Stew made with a variety of raw meats, seafood, vegetables, noodles, dumplings, etc., all cooked at the table in a simmering hot pot of broth. |- |Irish stew |[[Fayil:Irish_Beef_Stew_(34046928633).jpg|124x124px]] |Ireland |Lamb |Traditional stew made from lamb or mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots, onions, and parsley. |- |Islim or patlıcan kebabı |[[Fayil:İslim_kebabı.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Traditional stew made from veal or mutton and eggplants, also having tomatoes and green peppers. |- |Istrian stew |[[Fayil:Jota_02.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Pork |Stew prepared using beans, sauerkraut, potatoes, bacon, and spare ribs; the main seasoning is garlic. |- |Jjigae |[[Fayil:Korean_stew-Sundubu_jjigae-05.jpg|120x120px]] |Korea |Various |Stew prepared using meat, seafood or vegetables in a broth seasoned with gochujang (red chilli paste), doenjang (soy bean paste), ganjang (soy sauce) or saeu-jeot (salted and fermented shrimp). |- |Jugged hare |[[Fayil:Civet_de_lapin_aux_USA.jpg|120x120px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Game |Stew prepared using [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare as a main ingredient. |- |Karhi |[[Fayil:Gujaratikadhi.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian Subcontinent]] |Vegetarian |Spicy stew with a thick gravy based on chickpea flour (called ''besan'' in Urdu / Hindi). Contains vegetable fritters called ''[[Pakora|pakoras]]'', to which sour yoghurt is added to give it a little sour taste. |- |Kadyos, baboy, kag langka |[[Fayil:KBL_(Kadios,_Baboy,_Langka).jpg|138x138px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], ham hock, and jackfruit soured with batuan fruits (''Garcinia binucao'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Time You Know about Kadios⁠ beyond KBL |url=https://pepper.ph/its-time-you-know-about-kadios%E2%81%A0-beyond-kbl/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Pepper.ph}}</ref> |- |Kadyos, manok, kag ubad | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fowl |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], [[Kaza|chicken]], and [[Ayaba|banana]] pith<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2007 |title=Manok at Kadyos / Purple Chicken With Pigeon Peas |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/manok-at-kadyos-purple-chicken-with-pigeon-peas |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Market Manila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadyos Beans |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/kadyos-beans/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Ark of Taste |publisher=Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity}}</ref> |- |Kaldereta |[[Fayil:Beef_caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Goat |Dish whose common ingredients are goat shoulders with tomato paste and liver spread. |- |Kalops |[[Fayil:Skånsk_kalops_med_grillad_sparris.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sweden]] |Beef |Swedish stew made of beef, onion, allspice, bay leaves and sometimes carrots. Often eaten with beetroot and potatoes. |- |[[Kamounia]] |[[Fayil:Tunis_Glaïa_Djerba.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sudan]]<br /><br />[[Misra|Egypt]]<br /><br />[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Beef |Beef and liver stew prepared with cumin |- |Kapuska |[[Fayil:Kapuska.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Cabbage and veal stew. |- |Kare-kare |[[Fayil:Kare-kare_oxtail_stew_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Popular stew made from a peanut-based sauce with a variety of vegetables, stewed oxtail, beef, and occasionally offal or tripe. Meat variants may include goat meat or (rarely) chicken. |- |Karelian hot pot |[[Fayil:19-07-09-Karjalanpaisti-IMG_20190709_180453.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Beef and pork |Traditionally made of a combination of pork and beef, but lamb can also be used. The hot pot is usually seasoned with black peppercorns and salt. Other seasonings such as allspice and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] may be used too. Common vegetables such as carrot, onion, and root vegetables are acceptable additions to the stew. |- |Khoresh karafs |[[Fayil:Making_Khoresh_karafs_1.jpg|frameless|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Various |A celery stew, traditionally made with lamb (but various proteins can be used, including vegan versions).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Najmieh Batmanglij}}</ref> |- |Kig ha farz |[[Fayil:Kig-ha-farz.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Various |Stew consisting of various meats (hock, beef and lamb) simmered in a broth with carrots, potatoes, cabbage and a large buckwheat flour based dumpling. Literally means "meat and stuffing" in Breton. Known mainly in Finisterre. |- |Kokotxas |[[Fayil:Kokotxas_al_pilpil,_Bilbao_(33097477025).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Basque Country) |Fish |A traditional dish of fatty fish stewed in white wine, garlic, flour and olive oil. Other variations include parsley. |- |[[Palaver sauce|Kontomire stew]] |[[Fayil:Kontomire_Stew,_Eggs_and_Plantian.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Ghana]] |Fish (dried) |Cocoyam leaves braised with [[egusi]], dried fish, tomatoes, peppers, and egg. |- |Korma |[[Fayil:Chicken_Korma_1.jpg|187x187px]] |India<br /><br />Pakistan<br /><br />Bangladesh |Various |Meat and/or vegetables is seared, then braised with stock or yogurt kept below curdling temperature with a mixture of spices, including ground coriander, cumin, and Indian bay. Traditionally cooked in a pot set over a very low fire, with coals on the lid. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery, and may use lamb, beef, chicken, fish. Some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as spinach or cauliflower. |- |Kuru fasulye |[[Fayil:Kuru_fasulye.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of [[Wake|dry beans]], generally with meat (veal or mutton) and ''[[Pastirma|pastırma]]'' or ''sucuk'' in its broth, with tomato paste. Pictured here is the vegetarian variant. |- |Kuurdak |[[Fayil:Kazakh_quwyrdaq.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] |Goat |Stewed meat dish made with onion, animal fat, vegetable oil, lamb or mutton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2022 |title=Kuurdak: How The Kyrgyz Do Meat and Potatoes |url=https://folkways.today/kuurdak/ |publisher=Folkways}}</ref> |- |Lancashire hotpot |[[Fayil:Lancashire_hotpot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Lamb |Dish made traditionally from lamb or mutton, and onion topped with sliced potatoes, left to bake in the oven all day in a heavy pot and on a low heat. |- |Läskisoosi |[[Fayil:Läskisoosi_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Pork chops grilled in [[Man shanu|butter]] with [[Albasa|onions]] and flour, stirred in water with salt and pepper. |- |Lecsó |[[Fayil:Warm_Colors-_my_Mom's_Hungarian_Lecsó_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]]<br /><br />[[Kazech|Czech Republic]] |Vegetarian |Thick vegetable stew which features peppers, tomato, onion, lard, salt, sugar and ground [[paprika]] as a base recipe. |- |Linat-an | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |Pork stew or soup from the Visayas and Mindanao islands of the [[Filipin|Philippines]] that characteristically uses pork ribs, or other bony cuts of pork, simmered until very tender, lemongrass (tanglad), string beans, starchy ingredients for a thicker soup (usually [[Gwaza|taro]]), and various other vegetables. |- |Lobby | |[[Ingila|England]] (North Staffordshire) |Corned beef |Stew or casserole made from corned beef or sometimes [[Kaza|chicken]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], [[Karas|carrots]], peas, and [[Albasa|onion]]. |- |Lobster stew |[[Fayil:Caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Menorca) |Seafood |Stew made from lobster, which is added to a sofrito with onion, tomato, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley; then boiled, and is eaten with thin slices of bread. |- |Locro |[[Fayil:Locro_(served_in_Recoleta,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]]<br /><br />[[Peru]] |Beef |Hearty thick stew whose main ingredients are corn, some form of meat, usually beef, pork, and ''chorizo'', but sometimes beef jerky or cheese, and vegetables. Other ingredients vary widely, and typically include onion, beans, potato, squash or [[Kabushi|pumpkin]]. |- |Lunggoi Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Dish consisting of stewed sheep's head, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |[[Peanut stew|Maafe]] |[[Fayil:Maafé.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew that is made from lamb, beef, or chicken, cooked with a sauce based on tomatoes and groundnuts (peanuts). |- |Maconochie | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |Stew of sliced turnips and carrots in a thin soup that was especially made by the "Maconochie Company" for soldiers during [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] |- |Maneštra | |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Various |Stew of beans and potatoes which may include meat or spring corn (''bobići''). |- |Mazamorra |[[Fayil:Porotos.png|124x124px]] |Latin America<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Milk |Sweet stew prepared with [[Masara|corn]] (maize) as a primary ingredient. |- |Mechado |[[Fayil:Cooked_mechado.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A stew traditionally made with larded beef, but now also made with leaner cuts. Marinating in soy sauce and ''calamansi'' juice give it a Filipino flavor. |- |Menudo |[[Fayil:Orient_Valley_Filipino_Cuisine_-_5.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various<br /><br />Offal |Liver and beef or pork stewed in a tomato sauce with carrots and potatoes. A variation called ''waknatoy'' uses pickle relish and does not typically include other vegetables |- |Mjave lobio |[[Fayil:Lobyo1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Vegetarian |Dish of stewed beans, tomatoes and onion. |- |[[Moambe]] |[[Fayil:Chicken_moambe_with_French_fries_(14792587921).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Central Africa]] |Fowl |Dish prepared with a sauce usually made from the [[Ɗan'ice|pericarp]] (not the seeds) of palm nuts, the fruit of the African oil palm. |- |Mocotó |[[Fayil:Mocotó_gaúcho.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]] |Offal |Dish made from cow's feet, stewed with beans and vegetables. |- |Molagoottal | |[[Indiya|India]] |Vegetarian |South Indian stew with [[Attagara|coconut]] and lentils as a base. |- |Moqueca |[[Fayil:Moqueca.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Seafood |Stew based on fish or shrimp, tomatoes, onions, garlic and coriander. |- |Mulligan stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Various |Dish similar to Irish stew, Brunswick stew, or burgoo, as improvised by American hobos from available or scavenged ingredients, such as squirrel or opossum. |- |Navarin |[[Fayil:Navarin_of_lamb.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Lamb |French ragoût (stew) of lamb or mutton. Often, vegetables are added. |- |[[Ndolé]] |[[Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kamaru|Cameroon]] |Fish |National dish of Cameroon, a stew of nuts, ''ndoleh'' (bitter leaves indigenous to West Africa), and fish or ground beef. |- |Nihari |[[Fayil:নিহারী_(Nihari).jpg|127x127px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] |Various |South Asian dish consists of slow-cooked meat, mainly a shank cut of beef, lamb, mutton or goat meat, as well as chicken and bone marrow. It is flavoured with long pepper (pippali), a relative of black pepper. |- |Nikujaga |[[Fayil:Braised_pork_and_potatoes_(3089327692).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Pork or beef |Japanese dish of meat (either beef or pork), potatoes and onion stewed in sweetened soy sauce, sometimes with ''ito konnyaku'' and vegetables. |- |Nilaga |[[Fayil:Bulacan,Batangasjf8355_22.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A traditional meat stew or soup from the [[Filipin|Philippines]] made with boiled beef (''nilagang baka'') or pork (''nilagang baboy'') with various vegetables. It is typically eaten with [[Farar shinkafa|white rice]] and is served with soy sauce, patis (fish sauce), labuyo chilis, and calamansi on the side.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web |title=Nilagang Baboy (Boiled Pork and Vegetables) |url=https://casaveneracion.com/nilagang-baboy-boiled-pork-ribs-with-vegetables/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Casa Veneracion}}</ref> |- |Oil down |[[Fayil:Cooking_oil_down_03.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Grenada]] |Fowl |Stew made of [[Berefut|breadfruit]], salted meat, chicken, dumplings, callaloo, and other vegetables, all stewed in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], herbs, and spices. National dish of [[Grenada]], but also popular in [[Trinidad da Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]], with hot peppers and no dumplings. |- |Olla podrida |[[Fayil:Olla_podrida_Covarrubias_-_Santaorosia_Photographic_Colectivity.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Spanish stew made from pork and beans and an inconsistent, wide variety of other meats and vegetables, often including chickpeas, depending on the recipe used. |- |Ollada | |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Valencia]]) |Sausage |Stew based on boiling vegetables and meat in a casserole. |- |Or lam |[[Fayil:O-lam.png|124x124px]] |[[Laos]] |Various |A thick, peppery broth seasoned primarily with Lao chili wood (sakhaan), chili pepper, and lemongrass. Dried water buffalo skin, beef, game meat, quail or chicken, eggplants, wood ear mushrooms, and asparagus bean. |- |Ostrich stew | |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Fowl |Ostrich stew is a stew prepared using ostrich meat as a primary ingredient. Can include vegetables such as onion, celery and carrot, tomatoes, soup stock and wine. |- |Ostropel |[[Fayil:Ostrpel.png|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Fowl |Stew that is primarily made from chicken mixed with a thick tomato sauce. |- |Oyster stew |[[Fayil:Oyster_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Seafood |Stew made from oysters with milk and cream |- |Oxtail Stew | |France |Oxtail, usually with root vegetables |There are numerous oxtail stews in French cuisine: Auguste Escoffier and others have published many recipes for variations on oxtail stew. |- |Paya |[[Fayil:Paya_Curry.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Pakistan]]<br /><br />[[Indiya|India]] |Goat |Stew made with alliums, ginger, spices, and goat or sheep trotters. Coveted for its spicy and fatty broth which is rich in gelatin and animal fat, both rendered from the trotter bones and joints. It is preferred as breakfast with [[Naan]] bread. |- |Paila marina |[[Fayil:Paila_Marina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Chile]] |Seafood |Typical stew that is usually made of a shellfish stock containing different kinds of cooked shellfish and fish. These are complemented with a variety of herbs and spices such as [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], cilantro, and onion. |- |[[Palaver sauce]] |[[Fayil:Palava_sauce_w-_cocoyam_leaf_(5612472154).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew popular in Western Africa that has many regional varieties and may contain beef, fish, shrimp, ''pepitas'', [[Rogo|cassava]], [[Gwaza|taro]] (''cocoyam'') leaves, and [[Manja|palm oil]]. It is served with boiled rice, potatoes, ''[[Gari|garri]]'', ''[[fufu]]'', or [[Doya|yams]]. |- |Paomo |[[Fayil:Paomo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Lamb |Stew of chopped-up baked unleavened bread cooked in lamb broth and served with lamb meat. It is often eaten with pickled [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and chilli sauce. |- |[[Pasulj]] |[[Fayil:Pasulj_(10291319804).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Serbiya|Serbia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]]<br /><br />[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]]<br /><br />[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] |Sausage |Also known as grah. Bean soup made of white, cranberry or pinto beans, usually prepared with smoked meat such as smoked bacon, sausage, and ham hock. This is a typical winter dish. |- |Pepián |[[Fayil:Cocinando_El_Pepian.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] |Various |Beef or chicken stewed with tomatillo, [[Tumatir|tomato]], and chili pepper and thickened with gourd seeds |- |Philadelphia Pepper Pot | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] ([[Pennsylvania]]) |Offal |Thick stew of beef tripe, vegetables and other seasonings; originates in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch. |- |Pichelsteiner |[[Fayil:Pichelsteiner_Eintopf.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Various |German stew that consists of several types of meats and vegetables. Common ingredients are beef, pork and mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots and [[Albasa mai kara|leek]]. |- |Pinangat |[[Fayil:Pinangat_na_Hito.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fish |Filipino stew made of [[Gwaza|taro]] leaves, chilli, meat and [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] wrapped in ''gabi'' leaves and tied securely with coconut leaf. |- |Pindang |[[Fayil:Pindang_Patin_Palembang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Stew made of by boiling ingredients, especially fish, in salt and certain spices. |- |Piperade |[[Fayil:Pipérade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Vegetarian |Typical Basque dish prepared with onion, green peppers, and tomatoes sautéed and flavored with red Espelette pepper. |- |Pisto |[[Fayil:Pisto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Murcia) |Vegetarian |Stew made of tomatoes, onions, eggplant or courgettes, green and red peppers and [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. |- |Pörkölt |[[Fayil:Gulasch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Pork |Hungarian stew that consists of meat, [[paprika]], and sometimes vegetables, but no potatoes. It should not be confused with goulash, which always contain potatoes and is more like a soup. |- |Pot-au-feu |[[Fayil:Pot-au-feu2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |French beef stew. Other ingredients may differ from region to region, but commonly various kinds of vegetables are included, such as carrots, turnips, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], celery and onions. |- |Potée Lorraine | |France |Pork or ham |French one-pot stew of salt pork or ham with haricot beans and seasonal vegetables |- |[[Potjiekos]] |[[Fayil:The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Game |South African stew that is usually prepared outdoors. The recipe commonly contains meat, vegetables, starches like rice or potatoes, all slow-cooked with Dutch-Malay spices, the distinctive spicing of South Africa's early culinary melting pot. Other common ingredients include fruits and flour-based products like [[pasta]]. |- |Pottage |[[Fayil:Yam_pottage.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Various |Thick soup or stew made by boiling vegetables, grains, and, if available, meat or fish. Pottage commonly consisted of various ingredients easily available to serfs and peasants, and could be kept over the fire for a period of days, during which time some of it was eaten and more ingredients added. The result was a dish that was slowly but constantly evolving, a "perpetual stew". |- |Pozole |[[Fayil:Pozole.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Pork or fowl |Mexican stew with ritual significance made from [[Masara|maize]] with meat, usually pork, chicken, turkey, or pork rinds, with chili peppers, and other seasonings and garnishes. Vegetarian and vegan versions also exist. |- |Puchero |[[Fayil:Puchero_canario.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Veal |Stew whose ingredients may vary greatly according to region. Its equivalent may be the Spanish ''cocido''. |- |Qoiri | |Tibet |Lamb |Stew of mutton chops, made with flour, shredded wheat, chilli, dry curd cheese, water and salt. |- |[[Ragout]] |[[Fayil:Ragoût_aux_lentilles.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Various |Refers to a main-dish stew. Ragouts may be prepared with or without meat, a wide variety of vegetables may be incorporated, and they may be more or less heavily spiced and seasoned. Pictured is ragout with lentils. |- |Ratatouille |[[Fayil:Ratatouille.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from the Provence that consists mainly of tomatoes with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, ''courgettes'' (zucchini), ''aubergine'' (eggplant), ''poivron'' ([[Barkono|bell peppers]]), marjoram and [[Ɗaɗɗoya|basil]], or [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] and thyme, or a mix of green herbs, such as ''herbes de Provence''. |- |Red cooked pork |[[Fayil:RedCookedPorkBelly.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]] |Pork |Braised stew made with soy sauce, Chinese rice wine, caramelized sugar, and spices. Usually made with pork, but other meats, such as beef or chicken are also cooked in this style. |- |Rendang |[[Fayil:Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Spicy beef stew braised in a [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and seasoned with a mixture of herbs and spices that has been slow cooked for usually four hours. |- |Rössypottu |[[Fayil:Rössypottua.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Stew made using potatoes (''pottu'', ''peruna''), some pork and the main ingredient, so-called "rössy" (i.e. blood pudding made of [[Jini|blood]], [[Giya|beer]], rye flour and some spices). |- |Rogan Josh |[[Fayil:Rogan_josh02.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indiya|India]] |Lamb |Aromatic lamb stew native to the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], which is one of the signature recipes of Kashmiri cuisine. Rogan josh consists of braised lamb chunks cooked with a gravy based on browned onions or shallots, yogurt, garlic, ginger and aromatic spices (cloves, bay leaves, cardamom and cinnamon). |- |Rubaboo | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Game |Basic stew or porridge consumed by ''coureurs des bois'' and ''voyageurs'' (fur traders), as well as Métis people from North America. Traditionally made of peas or corn, or both, with [[Dabbar beya|bear]] or pork grease, and a thickening agent of bread or flour. |- |Sagamite | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Offal |Native-American stew made from hominy or Indian corn. Additional ingredients may include vegetables, wild rice, brown sugar, animal fat, beans, smoked fish or animal [[Kwakwalwa|brains]]. |- |Saksang |[[Fayil:Saksang_3.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Pork |Spicy stew made from minced pork or dog meat (or more rarely, water buffalo meat) stewed in [[Jini|blood]], [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], and spices. |- |Saltah |[[Fayil:Saltah.gif|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Considered the national dish of Yemen, the base is a brown [[Nama|meat]] stew called ''maraq'', with [[fenugreek]] froth and ''sahawiq'' or ''sahowqa'', a mixture of chillies, [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and herbs ground into a salsa. Common additions are [[Shinkafa|rice]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], scrambled eggs, and [[Kayan Lambu|vegetables]]. |- |Sambar |[[Fayil:Pumpkin_sambar.JPG|124x124px]] |India |Lentils Meat |South Indian stew made with lentils, vegetables and tamarind pulp extract. Famously used as a side dish with [[idli]], dosa, [[Vada (abinci)|vada]], pongal and plain cooked rice. |- |Sancocho |[[Fayil:Sancocho_de_guandú_con_carne_salá.JPG|124x124px]] |Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic |Various |Meat, vegetables, root vegetables |- |Scouse |[[Fayil:Cookbook-beef-stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |A variation of labskaus. A type of meat or beef stew. |- |Seco |[[Fayil:Seco_de_Cordero_(Lamb_Leg_Stew)_from_Lima_Peruvian_at_Off_the_Grid-_Fort_Mason_Center_(7423438016).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ecuador]] |Lamb |Stewed meat. |- |Sekba |[[Fayil:Sekba_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Offal |Chinese Indonesian pork offals stewed in mild soy sauce-based soup. The stew tastes mildly sweet and salty, made from soy sauce, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and Chinese herbs. |- |Semur |[[Fayil:Semur_Ayam.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Type of meat stew that is processed in thick brown gravy. The main material used in ''semur'' gravy is shallots, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], ''kecap manis'' (sweet soy sauce), nutmeg, and [[Kaninfari|cloves]]. |- |Shiro |[[Fayil:Taita_and_shiro.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Eritrea]] |Vegetarian |Homogeneous stew whose primary ingredient is powdered chickpeas or broad bean meal. |- |Sinigang |[[Fayil:Sinigang_na_Baboy.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various |Filipino soup or stew characterized by its sour flavor most often associated with [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] (''sampalok''). |- |Skirts and kidneys |[[Fayil:Skirts_and_Kidneys.jpg|165x165px]] |Ireland |Pork & offal |Irish stew made from pork and pork kidneys. |- |Sonofabitch stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(West) |Veal and offal |Cowboy dish consisting of whatever is on hand. Most recipes call for meat and offal from a calf. |- |Spanish fricco | |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Beef |A hearty Westphalian stew prepared primarily using diced beef, potatoes and onions, typically in a cream soup base. |- |Spezzatino |[[Fayil:Veal_stew_with_apples_and_potatoes_(13886150756).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Beef | |- |[[Steak and Kidney]] | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Beef and offal |Slowly braised beef, traditionally the less tender cuts, and diced ox kidney. Traditionally served with beef suet dumplings which are cooked in the stew. |- |Stew peas | |[[Jamaika|Jamaica]] |Various |Jamaican stew prepared using [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], gungo peas ([[Waaken Santanbul|pigeon peas]]) or red peas (kidney beans), uncured meats and salted meats such as pork and beef. Can also include onion, garlic, scallions, pig tail, herbs, and spices. |- |Sulu köfte |[[Fayil:Sulu_koftes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Sausage |Soup-like stew with köfte meatballs in the dish. |- |[[Tajine]] |[[Fayil:Moroccan_Tajin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] |Lamb |[[Abincin Berber|Berber]] dish from North Africa, named after the special earthenware pot in which it is cooked. It includes different ingredients according to region, but commonly several kinds of vegetables, meats and spices |- |Tas kebap |[[Fayil:Tas_kebap_and_pilav.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Veal or mutton stew with potatoes |- |Tatws Pum Munud |[[Fayil:Tatws_Pum_Munud2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Pork |Traditional Welsh stew, made with smoked bacon, stock, potatoes and other vegetables. |- |[[Tharid]] |[[Fayil:LambTharid2.jpg|124x124px]] |Arab world |Lamb |Dish made from pieces of bread in a vegetable or meat broth. Pictured is lamb ''tharid''. |- |Tocană |[[Fayil:Plattradbrapolanta.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Vegetarian |Prepared with tomato, garlic and sweet paprika, it is traditionally consumed with a cornmeal mush called ''mămăligă''. |- |Tomato bredie |[[Fayil:Chicken_with_tomato_bredie_(12567481243).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |South African stew with Dutch origin that usually features mutton, which is cooked for a very long time, and includes cinnamon, [[cardamom]], [[Citta|ginger]], [[Kaninfari|cloves]], and chili as seasonings. |- |Tombet |[[Fayil:Tombet6116.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Mayorka|Mallorca]]) |Vegetarian |Traditional vegetable stew that contains layers of sliced potatoes, aubergines and red [[Barkono|bell peppers]] previously fried in [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. The aubergines and red peppers should not be peeled. The whole is topped with tomato fried with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley, and presented in a way that it looks like a pie without a crust. |- |Tuna pot |[[Fayil:Marmitako.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Fish |Fish stew that was eaten on tuna fishing boats in the Cantabrian Sea. A simple dish with potatoes, onions, pimientos, and tomatoes. |- |Türlü |[[Fayil:Турлитава_во_традиционална,_рачно_изработена_земјена_тава._01.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Vegetarian |Stew of mixed vegetables stew which may also include meat. The dish is known as ''tourlou'' in Greece and as ''turli tava'' in North Macedonia |- |[[Wat (abinci)|Wat (food)]] |[[Fayil:Ethiopian_wat.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]]<br /><br />[[Eritrea]] |Various |Stew or curry which may be prepared with meat, such as chicken, beef, or lamb, or a variety of vegetables, with spice mixtures, such as ''[[Berber|berbere]]'' and ''niter kibbeh'', a seasoned clarified butter. |- |Waterblommetjiebredie |[[Fayil:Aponogeton_distachyos_-_Waterblommetjies_from_tin.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |Meat, typically lamb, stewed together with ''waterblommetjies'' (''Aponogeton distachyos'' flowers, commonly known as Cape pondweed, Cape hawthorn or Cape asparagus). Literally means "small water flower stew" in [[Afrikaans]]. |- |Waterzooi |[[Fayil:(waterzooi)_(79743868).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]]<br /><br />(Flanders) |Fish |Stew made of fish or chicken, vegetables (carrots, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], and potatoes), herbs, eggs, cream, and [[Man shanu|butter]]. |- |Zoervleis |[[Fayil:Zuurvlees_met_frietjes.jpg|124x124px]] |Limburg region,<br /><br />Belgium&<br /><br />the Netherlands |Horse |Traditional dish similar to German ''sauerbraten'' which features meat (normally horse meat) that was marinated in vinegar or apple cider. Contrary to what one would expect, it is sweet, as it is served with gingerbread. |} pdsds74vqmowreim46abv78z97dvrfa 856456 856455 2026-06-13T21:40:58Z Arabiyu 28508 856456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan shine '''jerin sanannun miyar taushe.''' Saki shine haɗuwa da sinadaran [[abinci]] masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka dafa a cikin ruwa kuma aka ba da su a cikin ruwan da aka samu. Abinci a cikin stew na iya haɗawa da kowane haɗuwa da [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], kamar carot, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], [[wake]], [[albasa]], albasa da sauransu, kuma akai-akai tare da [[nama]], musamman nama mai tauri wanda ya dace da danshi, jinkirin [[dafa abinci]], kamar naman sa ko zagaye. Ana amfani da kaji, naman alade, ɗan rago ko ragon, sausages, da abincin teku. Saman KIDD dkdd dkdkdvfbd dkssbd Dr fndkdf fbfrkkrnsakqmsbdhxuxx fndkdf dksbd == Matakai == {| class="wikitable sortable " !Name ! style="width:100px" |Image !Origin !Tradit­ional protein !Description and distinctive ingredients |- |Ají de gallina |[[Fayil:Ají_de_gallina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Peru]] |Fowl |Peruvian chicken stew |- |Alicot | |[[Faransa|France]] |Offal |Stew made with poultry giblets and possibly the head, feet and wing tips |- |Andrajos |[[Fayil:Andrajos_(3633922072).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] (Jaén) |Game |Stew of [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], red pepper, and [[Zomo|rabbit]], thickened with cake flour |- |Asam pedas |[[Fayil:Ikan_Asam_Padeh_Padang.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Sour and spicy stew dish made of seafood, typically fish, cooked in [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] fruit juice, [[Chili foda|chili]], and other spices |- |Balbacua |[[Fayil:BALBACUA_10-31_screenshot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Beef stew made from beef and collagen-rich parts of beef stewed for four to six hours in various spices |- |[[Bamia]] |[[Fayil:Bamia-Ocras_tomate_(cropped).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Misra|Egypt]] |Lamb |Stew prepared with okra and lamb as primary ingredients<ref name="Iranica">{{Cite web |last=Aʿlam |first=H. |last2=Ramazani |first2=N. |date=December 15, 1989 |title=Bāmīā |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bamia-or-bamia-okra |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]], Vol. III |pages=656–657}}</ref> |- |Beef bourguignon |[[Fayil:Boeuf_bourguignon_servie_avec_des_pâtes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Burgundy) |Beef |Stew made of beef braised in red wine, traditionally red Burgundy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of boeuf bourguignon |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000035/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=2013-04-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> and beef broth, generally flavoured with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, and a ''bouquet garni'', with pearl onions and mushrooms |- |Beef Stroganoff |[[Fayil:Beef_Stroganoff-02_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Rasha|Russia]]<br /><br />[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |'''Beef Stroganoff''' or '''beef Stroganov''' ([[Rashanci|Russian]]: бефстроганов ''befstróganov'') is a Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef served in a sauce with <nowiki><i id="mwpA">smetana</i></nowiki> (sour cream). |- |Beaver stew |[[Fayil:Castor_estufado.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Lithuania]] |Beaver |Stew made beaver meat, mashed potatoes and various vegetables |- |Bicol express |[[Fayil:Bicol_Express.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork or beef |Stew made from long chillies, pork or beef, [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], shrimp paste or stockfish, onions, pork, and [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Bigos |[[Fayil:Bigos_in_Kraków_(Rynek_Główny).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Poland]]<br /><br />[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]<br /><br />[[Lithuania]] |Pork |Stew that features white cabbage, sauerkraut, various cuts of meat and sausages, often whole or puréed [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], honey, and mushrooms |- |Birnen, Bohnen und Speck |[[Fayil:Birnen,_Bohnen_und_Speck_2a.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Pork |Typical dish in which pears, beans, and bacon are cooked together |- |Birria |[[Fayil:Plato_de_birria.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Goat |Spicy meat stew made of pork, goat, lamb, or mutton that is traditionally served on holidays, such as [[Kirsimeti|Christmas]] |- |[[Kayan maraƙi|Blanquette de veau]] |[[Fayil:Blanquette_de_veau.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Veal |Bright veal [[ragout]] with <nowiki><i id="mw-w">mirepoix</i></nowiki> |- |Blindhuhn |[[Fayil:Westfälisches_Blindhuhn_mit_Mettenden_und_Schweinespeck-6650.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Westphalia) |Pork |A stew of the Westphalian cuisine prepared with beans, vegetables, and bacon |- |Booyah |[[Fayil:Booyah.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Upper Midwest) |Various |Thick stew popular in the Upper Midwestern United States with meat and vegetables, often prepared communally in large kettles, with several different meats |- |Bosanski lonac |[[Fayil:Bosanskilonac.jpg|141x141px]] |[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lamb |Typical Bosnian dish with beef, lamb, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, parsley, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and peppercorns (whole, not ground) |- |Bouillabaisse |[[Fayil:Bullabessa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />([[Marseille]]) |Seafood |Bony fish and seafood stew with vegetables and Provençal herbs and spices: The name refers to a "simmering boil", the temperature of cooking the stew. |- |Brongkos |[[Fayil:Brongkos_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />(Yogyakarta and<br /><br />Central Java) |Beef |Meat (beef or mutton) with beans (black-eyed peas or kidney beans) stew, with boiled egg and spicy soup made of ''Pangium edule'', coconut milk, and other spices |- |Brodetto |[[Fayil:Foto_brodetto_.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |Fish stew typical of the Eastern (Adriatic) coast of Italy: It may slightly vary from place to place. In Veneto, it is eaten with polenta. In Abruzzo, tomato sauce is added. It is similar to Croatian ''brudet.'' |- |Brudet |[[Fayil:Brodet.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]] |Fish |A fish stew that is usually eaten with polenta, similar to Italian ''brodetto'' |- |Brunswick stew |[[Fayil:Brunswick_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Game |Tomato-based stew containing various types of lima beans or butter beans, corn, okra, and other vegetables, and one or more types of meat: Most recipes claiming authenticity call for squirrel or [[Zomo|rabbit]] meat, but chicken, pork, and beef are also common ingredients. |- |Trippa alla milanese ([[Buseca]] in South America) |[[Fayil:Trippa_alla_milanese.JPG|165x165px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Offal |Italian stew also common in [[Uruguay]] and Argentina, similar to Spanish ''callos'', it is made of finely chopped ''mondongo'' (beef tripe), potatoes, and legumes such as lentils or chickpeas. |- |Buddha Jumps Over the Wall |[[Fayil:Buddha_soup_boul.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Fish |Cantonese variation on shark fin soup |- |Buğu kebabı | |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Turkish lamb and vegetable stew with a [[kebab]] name |- |Burgoo |[[Fayil:Kentucky_burgoo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Midwest and<br /><br />South) |Game |Traditionally made with wild game, this spicy thick stew is similar to Irish or Mulligan stew, often served with cornbread or corn muffins. Often prepared communally, it is made with several different meats. |- |Cabbage stew |[[Fayil:Kapuska_with_veal.jpg|120x120px]] |Central Europe |Vegetarian |Prepared using cabbage as a main ingredient: Pictured is ''kapuska''. |- |Cacciatore |[[Fayil:Flickr_preppybyday_4618397089--Chicken_cacciatore.jpg|181x181px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fowl |A stew with braised chicken (pollo alla cacciatora), sometimes with rabbit (coniglio alla cacciatora), tomatoes, onions, herbs, often bell peppers, and sometimes wine. |- |Cacciucco |[[Fayil:Cacciucco.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |A fish stew, it is made with several different types of fish and shellfish cooked in wine, tomatoes, and chili pepper, as typical of west-central Italy and especially Livorno. |- |Cachupa |[[Fayil:Cachupa_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |Goat |Slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat (sausage, beef, goat, or chicken) |- |Caldeirada |[[Fayil:Caldeirada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]] |Seafood |Stew consisting of a large variety of fish, and sometimes shellfish, with potatoes, tomatoes and onions |- |[[Caldereta de cordero]] |[[Fayil:Caldereta_de_Cordero_-_2015.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Lamb |Lamb or mutton stew |- |[[Caldo avá]] | |[[Paraguay]] |Offal |Stew made of beef tripes, chitterlings, heart, and ''matambre'' |- |Caldo gallego |[[Fayil:Caldo_gallego_-_juantiagues.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Stew made with fatty pork, white beans, and greens (cabbage or spring greens), literally means "Galician broth" |- |Callaloo |[[Fayil:Callaloo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]<br /><br />[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Vegetarian |Caribbean dish made of leaf vegetables, amaranth, capsicum, and [[Gwaza|taro]] |- |Callos |[[Fayil:Callos_cociendose.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Offal |A stew common across Spain, it is considered traditional to Madrid, where it is referred to as ''callos a la madrileña''. It contains beef tripe and chickpeas, blood sausage, and bell peppers. ''Chorizo'' sausage may also be used. |- |Caparrones |[[Fayil:Caparrones89.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(La Rioja) |Sausage |Stew made of ''caparrón'' (a variety of red kidney beans) and a spicy ''chorizo'' sausage |- |Caponata |[[Fayil:Caponata_(14049113982).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />([[Sisiliya|Sicily]]) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from Sicily that consists mainly of ''aubergine'' (eggplant) tomato sauce, onions, celery, olives, capers, and Agrodolce. |- |Capra e fagioli | |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />(Liguria) |Goat |Stew made of goat meat, white wine, and white pigna beans |- |[[Carbonada]] | |[[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional Argentinian and Uruguayan sweet-sour beef, squash, and apricot stew, traditionally served inside a squash |- |Carbonade flamande |[[Fayil:Jielbeaumadier_carbonade_flamande_2010.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Traditional Belgian sweet-sour beef and onion stew made with [[Giya|beer]], and seasoned with thyme and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]]: Pictured is ''carbonade flamande'' with fries and a side of greens. |- |Carne mechada |[[Fayil:Carne_Mechada_(11351611734).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Kolombiya|Colombia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carne Mechada |url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517224523/http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |archive-date=2008-05-17 |access-date=2008-03-23}}</ref> |Beef |Latin American beef stew |- |Cassoulet |[[Fayil:Cassoulet.cuit.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Languedoc) |Fowl and sausage |French dish that consists of slow-cooked meat, typically pork sausages, pork, goose, duck, and sometimes mutton, with white haricot beans |- |Cawl |[[Fayil:Cawl_Cymreig.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Lamb |Lamb stew (beef or hock in Pembrokeshire), which includes vegetables, such as [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]] and potatoes, as well as carrots, celery, onion, parsnip, swede, and turnip |- |Chairo |[[Fayil:Chairo_at_Ciclik_La_Paz.png|152x152px]] |[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] |Beef |Meat and vegetable stew with potato starch (''chuños''), onions, carrots, potatoes, [[Masara|white corn]], beef, and wheat kernels |- |Chakapuli |[[Fayil:Chakapuli.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Lamb |Popular stew with lamb chops or veal, onions, tarragon leaves, cherry plums or ''tkemali'' (cherry plum sauce), dry white wine, mixed fresh herbs (parsley, mint, dill, coriander), garlic, and salt |- |Chapea | |[[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican Republic]] |Sausage |Traditional dish from the countryside that consists of cooked red beans with ''longaniza'' (Dominican sausage), rice, ripe plantain, and mashed squash used as a thickener |- |Chicken mull |[[Fayil:Chicken_mull.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Fowl |A traditional dish from [[North Carolina]] and [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], it consists of parboiled whole chicken in a cream- or milk-based broth with butter, seasoned with salt, white or black pepper, and other ingredients. Traditionally, the stew is served in the late fall and winter, often prepared communally. |- |Chicken pastel |[[Fayil:Filipino_Chicken_Pastel.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Chicken or pork |Stew or pie made with chicken, sometimes pork, sausages, mushrooms, peas, carrots, potatoes, soy sauce, and various spices in a creamy sauce. |- |Chili con carne |[[Fayil:Pot-o-chili.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Texas]]) |Beef |A spicy stew that traditionally features chopped or ground beef, chili peppers, and other ingredients. |- |Cholent |[[Fayil:Vegetable_cholent.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef, chicken or goose |Slowly simmered Jewish stew of Ashkenazi origin that cooks overnight and is traditionally served at the ''Shabbat'' meal. Its main ingredients are meat, onions, potatoes, beans or chickpeas, and [[Sha'ir|barley]]. It is believed to be derived from the hamin of Sephardic Jews. Similar to the French cassoulet. |- |Chraime |[[Fayil:צלחת_חריימה.png|138x138px]] |Maghreb |Fish |Fish stewed with tomatoes and peppers, flavored with hot peppers and spices |- |Chupe Andino | |[[Andes]] |Game |Refers to various stews and soups that are prepared in Andes Mountains region of South America |- |[[Chupín]] | |[[Uruguay]] |Fish |Made with any fish of firm meat, usually hake, croaker, or boga, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions, crumbs of marine crackers are usually poured over at the end. |- |Ciambotta |[[Fayil:Ciambotta_di_Vietri_di_Potenza.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Vegetarian |Typically based on vegetables, but it may have other ingredients, such as meat or fish. The vegetable choices are usually potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, [[Barkono|sweet peppers]], chili, onion and herbs. |- |Cioppino |[[Fayil:Cioppino.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[San Francisco]]) |Fish |An Italian-American fish stew, it is traditionally made from the catch of the day, which in the dish's place of origin is typically a combination of Dungeness crab, clams, shrimp, scallops, squid, mussels, and fish. The seafood is then combined with fresh tomatoes in a wine sauce, and served with toasted bread, either sourdough or baguette. |- |Cocido lebaniego |[[Fayil:Cocido_lebaniego.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Its essential ingredients include chickpeas, potatoes, and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]]. The rest of the elements are ''compangu'', meat from the pig slaughter, such as bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and [[ham]]. Other additional ingredients are beef, especially <nowiki><i id="mwA1o">cecina</i></nowiki> and bones, and a stuffing made of bread flour, egg, and parsley. |- |Cocido madrileño |[[Fayil:CocidoMadrileño.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Madrid]]) |Pork |Its main ingredient is the chickpea or garbanzo bean, preferably of its larger variety, also known as ''kabuli''. Vegetables are added, potatoes mainly, but also cabbage, carrots, and turnips. In some cases, green beans, mangold, or cardoon are added. Meats like beef, hen, lard, chorizo, a small block of cured Jamón and morcilla (a type of black pudding) complete the ingredients. Cocido is commonly served with the ingredient types grouped, and the broth served as first course, with very thin pasta, fideo cabellín added. |- |Cocido montañés |[[Fayil:Cocidomontanes.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Also known as highlander stew. It is made with two vegetal ingredients, dried large white beans and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]] (''berza''). The rest of the elements of this recipe are known as ''compangu'', meat ingredients from the pig slaughter: bacon (''tocino''), pork ribs (''costilla''), black pudding (''morcilla'') with rice, and ''chorizo''. |- |Compote | | |Game |Game stew made for example from [[Zomo|rabbit]], partridge, or pigeon |- |Coq au vin |[[Fayil:Coq_au_vin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Fowl |French braise of chicken cooked with wine, lardons, mushrooms, and optionally [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Cotriade |[[Fayil:Cotriade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Fish |Breton-style stew made with potatoes and many kinds of fish, but ''without'' shellfish |- |Cozido/Cocido |[[Fayil:Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Various |Stew made with different meats and vegetables; numerous regional variations exist throughout Portugal and Spain |- |Cream stew |[[Fayil:Cream_Stew_001.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Various |Cream stew is a Japanese Yōshoku dish consisting of meat, usually chicken or pork, and mixed vegetables, onion, carrot, potato and cabbage, cooked in thick white roux. |- |Daube |[[Fayil:Daube_de_boeuf_carottes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Beef |Classic Provençal stew made with inexpensive beef braised in wine, vegetables, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and ''herbes de Provence'', and traditionally cooked in a ''daubière'', a braising pan. |- |Dillegrout |[[Fayil:Dillegrout,_also_known_at_le_mess_de_gyron,_girunt,_dilgirunt,_dilegrout,_dillygrout,_dilligrout,_maupygernon,_maupigyrnun,_malepigernout,_malpigernoun.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Fowl |Chicken pottage made with almond milk, sugar, and spices traditionally presented at coronations of English monarchs by the lord of the manor of Addington. |- |Dimlama |[[Fayil:Dimlama_(16425713838).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Uzbekistan]] |Lamb |Stew made with various combinations of meat, potatoes, onions, vegetables, and sometimes fruits. |- |Dinuguan |[[Fayil:Dinuguan_with_puto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Offal |Filipino savory stew of meat or offal (typically lungs, kidneys, intestines, ears, heart and snout) simmered in a rich, spicy dark gravy of pig [[Jini|blood]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], chili (most often ''siling mahaba''), and vinegar. |- |Drokpa Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Stewed tripe, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |Escudella i carn d'olla |[[Fayil:Escudella.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Katalunya|Catalonia]]) |Sausage |Stew that contains a ''pilota'', a very big meatball spiced with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley. It contains vegetables, such as celery, cabbage, carrots, etc. depending on the season. Bones, sausages called ''botifarras'', and other types of meat can be used. |- |Étouffée |[[Fayil:Crawfish_etouffee.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood |Seafood dish of the Creole cuisine of Louisiana that is usually served over rice. Literally means "smothered" in French. |- |Fabada Asturiana |[[Fayil:Fabada_y_sidra.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Pork |Fabada is made with dried large white beans (''fabes de la Granja'', soaked overnight before use), shoulder of pork (''Lacón Gallego'') or bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and often saffron (''azafrán''). Some recipes also call for ''longaniza''. |- |Fabes con almejas |[[Fayil:Fabes_con_almejas_-_Jlastras.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Seafood |Clam stew that calls for small clams, fava beans, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], salt, saffron, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaves]], [[Man zaitun|olive oil]], parsley, bread crumbs and sometimes sweet [[paprika]]. |- |Fahsa |[[Fayil:Fahsa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Stew made of lamb cutlets with lamb broth. Spices and ''holba'' ([[fenugreek]]) are added after cooking. |- |Fårikål |[[Fayil:Får_i_kål.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Norway]] |Lamb |Traditional dish, consisting of pieces of mutton with bone, cabbage, whole black pepper and optionally a little wheat flour, cooked for several hours in a casserole, traditionally served with potatoes boiled in their skins. Literally means "mutton in cabbage". |- |Fasole cu cârnaţi |[[Fayil:Fasole_cu_afumatura.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Sausage |Dish consisting of baked beans, sausages or [[Ham|smoked ham]]. |- |Feijoada |[[Fayil:Feijoada_à_transmontada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Stew of beans with beef or pork, and may include other vegetables. |- |Fesenjān |[[Fayil:Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Fowl |Thick, tart stew made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts; traditionally made with poultry, but variants using balls of ground meat, ''ghormeh'' cut lamb, fish, or no meat at all are not unusual. |- |Flaki |[[Fayil:Flaki_(2).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Poland]] |Beef |Meat stew with common ingredients, including beef tripe, beef, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]], parsley, carrots, beef broth, and spices to taste, including salt, black pepper, nutmeg, sweet [[paprika]], and marjoram. |- |Főzelék |[[Fayil:Fozelek.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Vegetarian |Very thick vegetable soup, so it may be considered a stew. Sometimes served with meatballs and often eaten as a side dish. |- |Fricot |[[Fayil:Fricot_de_barques.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kanada|Canada]]<br /><br />(Acadia) |Various |Consists of potatoes, onions, and whatever meat was available, cooked in a stew and topped with dumplings. The common meats used are chicken (''fricot au poulet''), clams (''fricot aux coques''), rabbit (''fricot au lapin des bois''), beef, or pork. |- |Gaisburger Marsch |[[Fayil:Gaisburger_Marsch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Swabia) |Beef |Swabian dish made from meat with cooked potatoes and spätzle. |- |Galinhada |[[Fayil:Galinhada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Fowl |Stew of rice and chicken. |- |Garbure |[[Fayil:Garbure.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Gascony) |Pork |Stew/soup of meat (e.g. goose, duck, salt pork, ham) with vegetables, mainly root vegetables. |- |Ghapama |[[Fayil:Ղափամա_2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Armeniya|Armenia]] |Vegetarian |Sweet [[Kabushi|pumpkin]] stew, traditionally cooked in the pumpkin shell; does not contain meat. |- |Gheimeh |[[Fayil:Gheymeh_stew.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Iran]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of diced lamb or sometimes beef, tomatoes, split peas, onion and dried lime, garnished with golden thinly sliced crispy potatoes. The stew is usually served with white rice. |- |Ghormeh sabzi |[[Fayil:Ghormeh_Sabzi.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Vegetarian (but often made with lamb or beef) |Dish that consists of a mixture of sautéed herbs, consisting mainly of parsley, [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], and a smaller amount of [[fenugreek]] leaves, where this is usually the dry herb of the mix. |- |Ginataang kalabasa |[[Fayil:Ginataang_kalabasa_at_hipon_(shrimp,_calabaza,_green_beans,_and_eggplant_in_coconut_milk)_-_Philippines.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Shrimp |Stew of calabaza squash cooked in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and spices, along with shrimp and asparagus bean. |- |Ginataang labong |[[Fayil:Bambooshootjf3760.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Seafood or pork |Stew of bamboo shoots cooked in coconut milk and spices, along with seafood or various meats. |- |Goat water |[[Fayil:Goat_Water.jpg|124x124px]] |Montserrat |Goat |A national dish of Montserrat prepared with goat meat and vegetables. |- |Goulash |[[Fayil:Gulyas080.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Beef |Soup or stew of meat, noodles and vegetables, especially potato, seasoned with [[paprika]] and other spices. |- |Guatitas |[[Fayil:Guatitas_a_la_Jardinera.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]] |Offal |Stew whose main ingredient is pieces of tripe. |- |[[Guiso carrero]] | |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional stew made with beef, chorizo, white beans, chickpeas, potato, sweet potato, squash, carrots, onions and noodles, seasoned with adobo, a spice mix of oregano, thyme, cumin, paprika and chili. |- |Gulai |[[Fayil:Gulai_cancang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Various |Stew or curry made with either beef, poultry (chicken or duck meat), vegetables, seafood or lamb with bumbu spice mix cooked in coconut milk. |- |Gumbo |[[Fayil:Shrimp_gumbo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood & sausage |Stew or soup that consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, with meat or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable "holy trinity" of celery, bell peppers, and onions. |- |Güveç |[[Fayil:Djuvec.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Vegetable and meat stew made with mutton or veal and common to Balkan countries. |- |Guyana Pepperpot |[[Fayil:Pepperpot_(16135006279).jpg|155x155px]] |[[Guyana]] |Various |Stewed meat dish, strongly flavored with cinnamon, hot chili peppers, and ''cassareep'', a special sauce made from the [[Rogo|cassava]] root. Beef, pork, and mutton are the most popular meats used. Chicken is also used. |- |Hachee |[[Fayil:Hachee_1.jpeg|124x124px]] |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |Various |Traditional Dutch stew based on diced meat, fish or poultry, and vegetables. |- |Hamin |[[Fayil:Chamin.jpg|124x124px]] |Iberia |Lamb, beef, or chicken |Traditional Sephardic Jewish Sabbath stew cooked overnight. Made from whole grains, meat, chickpeas or beans, and onion. Also known as dafina. |- |Hasenpfeffer |[[Fayil:Hasenpfeffer.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Game |Traditional German stew made from marinated [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare, cut into stewing-meat sized pieces and braised with onions and wine, in a marinade thickened with the animal's blood. |- |Hochepot |[[Fayil:Vlaamse_Hutsepot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Flemish stew made with oxtail, shoulder of mutton, salted bacon, and vegetables. |- |Hoosh | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Beef (dried) |Thick stew made from pemmican (a mix of dried meat, fat, and cereal) or other meat, thickener such as ground biscuits, and water. Used on expeditions to frozen polar regions. |- |Hot pot |[[Fayil:Day177lilybday.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]]<br /><br />[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] |Various |Stew made with a variety of raw meats, seafood, vegetables, noodles, dumplings, etc., all cooked at the table in a simmering hot pot of broth. |- |Irish stew |[[Fayil:Irish_Beef_Stew_(34046928633).jpg|124x124px]] |Ireland |Lamb |Traditional stew made from lamb or mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots, onions, and parsley. |- |Islim or patlıcan kebabı |[[Fayil:İslim_kebabı.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Traditional stew made from veal or mutton and eggplants, also having tomatoes and green peppers. |- |Istrian stew |[[Fayil:Jota_02.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Pork |Stew prepared using beans, sauerkraut, potatoes, bacon, and spare ribs; the main seasoning is garlic. |- |Jjigae |[[Fayil:Korean_stew-Sundubu_jjigae-05.jpg|120x120px]] |Korea |Various |Stew prepared using meat, seafood or vegetables in a broth seasoned with gochujang (red chilli paste), doenjang (soy bean paste), ganjang (soy sauce) or saeu-jeot (salted and fermented shrimp). |- |Jugged hare |[[Fayil:Civet_de_lapin_aux_USA.jpg|120x120px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Game |Stew prepared using [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare as a main ingredient. |- |Karhi |[[Fayil:Gujaratikadhi.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian Subcontinent]] |Vegetarian |Spicy stew with a thick gravy based on chickpea flour (called ''besan'' in Urdu / Hindi). Contains vegetable fritters called ''[[Pakora|pakoras]]'', to which sour yoghurt is added to give it a little sour taste. |- |Kadyos, baboy, kag langka |[[Fayil:KBL_(Kadios,_Baboy,_Langka).jpg|138x138px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], ham hock, and jackfruit soured with batuan fruits (''Garcinia binucao'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Time You Know about Kadios⁠ beyond KBL |url=https://pepper.ph/its-time-you-know-about-kadios%E2%81%A0-beyond-kbl/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Pepper.ph}}</ref> |- |Kadyos, manok, kag ubad | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fowl |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], [[Kaza|chicken]], and [[Ayaba|banana]] pith<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2007 |title=Manok at Kadyos / Purple Chicken With Pigeon Peas |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/manok-at-kadyos-purple-chicken-with-pigeon-peas |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Market Manila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadyos Beans |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/kadyos-beans/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Ark of Taste |publisher=Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity}}</ref> |- |Kaldereta |[[Fayil:Beef_caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Goat |Dish whose common ingredients are goat shoulders with tomato paste and liver spread. |- |Kalops |[[Fayil:Skånsk_kalops_med_grillad_sparris.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sweden]] |Beef |Swedish stew made of beef, onion, allspice, bay leaves and sometimes carrots. Often eaten with beetroot and potatoes. |- |[[Kamounia]] |[[Fayil:Tunis_Glaïa_Djerba.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sudan]]<br /><br />[[Misra|Egypt]]<br /><br />[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Beef |Beef and liver stew prepared with cumin |- |Kapuska |[[Fayil:Kapuska.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Cabbage and veal stew. |- |Kare-kare |[[Fayil:Kare-kare_oxtail_stew_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Popular stew made from a peanut-based sauce with a variety of vegetables, stewed oxtail, beef, and occasionally offal or tripe. Meat variants may include goat meat or (rarely) chicken. |- |Karelian hot pot |[[Fayil:19-07-09-Karjalanpaisti-IMG_20190709_180453.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Beef and pork |Traditionally made of a combination of pork and beef, but lamb can also be used. The hot pot is usually seasoned with black peppercorns and salt. Other seasonings such as allspice and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] may be used too. Common vegetables such as carrot, onion, and root vegetables are acceptable additions to the stew. |- |Khoresh karafs |[[Fayil:Making_Khoresh_karafs_1.jpg|frameless|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Various |A celery stew, traditionally made with lamb (but various proteins can be used, including vegan versions).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Najmieh Batmanglij}}</ref> |- |Kig ha farz |[[Fayil:Kig-ha-farz.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Various |Stew consisting of various meats (hock, beef and lamb) simmered in a broth with carrots, potatoes, cabbage and a large buckwheat flour based dumpling. Literally means "meat and stuffing" in Breton. Known mainly in Finisterre. |- |Kokotxas |[[Fayil:Kokotxas_al_pilpil,_Bilbao_(33097477025).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Basque Country) |Fish |A traditional dish of fatty fish stewed in white wine, garlic, flour and olive oil. Other variations include parsley. |- |[[Palaver sauce|Kontomire stew]] |[[Fayil:Kontomire_Stew,_Eggs_and_Plantian.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Ghana]] |Fish (dried) |Cocoyam leaves braised with [[egusi]], dried fish, tomatoes, peppers, and egg. |- |Korma |[[Fayil:Chicken_Korma_1.jpg|187x187px]] |India<br /><br />Pakistan<br /><br />Bangladesh |Various |Meat and/or vegetables is seared, then braised with stock or yogurt kept below curdling temperature with a mixture of spices, including ground coriander, cumin, and Indian bay. Traditionally cooked in a pot set over a very low fire, with coals on the lid. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery, and may use lamb, beef, chicken, fish. Some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as spinach or cauliflower. |- |Kuru fasulye |[[Fayil:Kuru_fasulye.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of [[Wake|dry beans]], generally with meat (veal or mutton) and ''[[Pastirma|pastırma]]'' or ''sucuk'' in its broth, with tomato paste. Pictured here is the vegetarian variant. |- |Kuurdak |[[Fayil:Kazakh_quwyrdaq.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] |Goat |Stewed meat dish made with onion, animal fat, vegetable oil, lamb or mutton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2022 |title=Kuurdak: How The Kyrgyz Do Meat and Potatoes |url=https://folkways.today/kuurdak/ |publisher=Folkways}}</ref> |- |Lancashire hotpot |[[Fayil:Lancashire_hotpot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Lamb |Dish made traditionally from lamb or mutton, and onion topped with sliced potatoes, left to bake in the oven all day in a heavy pot and on a low heat. |- |Läskisoosi |[[Fayil:Läskisoosi_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Pork chops grilled in [[Man shanu|butter]] with [[Albasa|onions]] and flour, stirred in water with salt and pepper. |- |Lecsó |[[Fayil:Warm_Colors-_my_Mom's_Hungarian_Lecsó_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]]<br /><br />[[Kazech|Czech Republic]] |Vegetarian |Thick vegetable stew which features peppers, tomato, onion, lard, salt, sugar and ground [[paprika]] as a base recipe. |- |Linat-an | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |Pork stew or soup from the Visayas and Mindanao islands of the [[Filipin|Philippines]] that characteristically uses pork ribs, or other bony cuts of pork, simmered until very tender, lemongrass (tanglad), string beans, starchy ingredients for a thicker soup (usually [[Gwaza|taro]]), and various other vegetables. |- |Lobby | |[[Ingila|England]] (North Staffordshire) |Corned beef |Stew or casserole made from corned beef or sometimes [[Kaza|chicken]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], [[Karas|carrots]], peas, and [[Albasa|onion]]. |- |Lobster stew |[[Fayil:Caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Menorca) |Seafood |Stew made from lobster, which is added to a sofrito with onion, tomato, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley; then boiled, and is eaten with thin slices of bread. |- |Locro |[[Fayil:Locro_(served_in_Recoleta,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]]<br /><br />[[Peru]] |Beef |Hearty thick stew whose main ingredients are corn, some form of meat, usually beef, pork, and ''chorizo'', but sometimes beef jerky or cheese, and vegetables. Other ingredients vary widely, and typically include onion, beans, potato, squash or [[Kabushi|pumpkin]]. |- |Lunggoi Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Dish consisting of stewed sheep's head, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |[[Peanut stew|Maafe]] |[[Fayil:Maafé.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew that is made from lamb, beef, or chicken, cooked with a sauce based on tomatoes and groundnuts (peanuts). |- |Maconochie | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |Stew of sliced turnips and carrots in a thin soup that was especially made by the "Maconochie Company" for soldiers during [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] |- |Maneštra | |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Various |Stew of beans and potatoes which may include meat or spring corn (''bobići''). |- |Mazamorra |[[Fayil:Porotos.png|124x124px]] |Latin America<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Milk |Sweet stew prepared with [[Masara|corn]] (maize) as a primary ingredient. |- |Mechado |[[Fayil:Cooked_mechado.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A stew traditionally made with larded beef, but now also made with leaner cuts. Marinating in soy sauce and ''calamansi'' juice give it a Filipino flavor. |- |Menudo |[[Fayil:Orient_Valley_Filipino_Cuisine_-_5.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various<br /><br />Offal |Liver and beef or pork stewed in a tomato sauce with carrots and potatoes. A variation called ''waknatoy'' uses pickle relish and does not typically include other vegetables |- |Mjave lobio |[[Fayil:Lobyo1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Vegetarian |Dish of stewed beans, tomatoes and onion. |- |[[Moambe]] |[[Fayil:Chicken_moambe_with_French_fries_(14792587921).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Central Africa]] |Fowl |Dish prepared with a sauce usually made from the [[Ɗan'ice|pericarp]] (not the seeds) of palm nuts, the fruit of the African oil palm. |- |Mocotó |[[Fayil:Mocotó_gaúcho.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]] |Offal |Dish made from cow's feet, stewed with beans and vegetables. |- |Molagoottal | |[[Indiya|India]] |Vegetarian |South Indian stew with [[Attagara|coconut]] and lentils as a base. |- |Moqueca |[[Fayil:Moqueca.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Seafood |Stew based on fish or shrimp, tomatoes, onions, garlic and coriander. |- |Mulligan stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Various |Dish similar to Irish stew, Brunswick stew, or burgoo, as improvised by American hobos from available or scavenged ingredients, such as squirrel or opossum. |- |Navarin |[[Fayil:Navarin_of_lamb.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Lamb |French ragoût (stew) of lamb or mutton. Often, vegetables are added. |- |[[Ndolé]] |[[Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kamaru|Cameroon]] |Fish |National dish of Cameroon, a stew of nuts, ''ndoleh'' (bitter leaves indigenous to West Africa), and fish or ground beef. |- |Nihari |[[Fayil:নিহারী_(Nihari).jpg|127x127px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] |Various |South Asian dish consists of slow-cooked meat, mainly a shank cut of beef, lamb, mutton or goat meat, as well as chicken and bone marrow. It is flavoured with long pepper (pippali), a relative of black pepper. |- |Nikujaga |[[Fayil:Braised_pork_and_potatoes_(3089327692).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Pork or beef |Japanese dish of meat (either beef or pork), potatoes and onion stewed in sweetened soy sauce, sometimes with ''ito konnyaku'' and vegetables. |- |Nilaga |[[Fayil:Bulacan,Batangasjf8355_22.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A traditional meat stew or soup from the [[Filipin|Philippines]] made with boiled beef (''nilagang baka'') or pork (''nilagang baboy'') with various vegetables. It is typically eaten with [[Farar shinkafa|white rice]] and is served with soy sauce, patis (fish sauce), labuyo chilis, and calamansi on the side.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web |title=Nilagang Baboy (Boiled Pork and Vegetables) |url=https://casaveneracion.com/nilagang-baboy-boiled-pork-ribs-with-vegetables/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Casa Veneracion}}</ref> |- |Oil down |[[Fayil:Cooking_oil_down_03.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Grenada]] |Fowl |Stew made of [[Berefut|breadfruit]], salted meat, chicken, dumplings, callaloo, and other vegetables, all stewed in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], herbs, and spices. National dish of [[Grenada]], but also popular in [[Trinidad da Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]], with hot peppers and no dumplings. |- |Olla podrida |[[Fayil:Olla_podrida_Covarrubias_-_Santaorosia_Photographic_Colectivity.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Spanish stew made from pork and beans and an inconsistent, wide variety of other meats and vegetables, often including chickpeas, depending on the recipe used. |- |Ollada | |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Valencia]]) |Sausage |Stew based on boiling vegetables and meat in a casserole. |- |Or lam |[[Fayil:O-lam.png|124x124px]] |[[Laos]] |Various |A thick, peppery broth seasoned primarily with Lao chili wood (sakhaan), chili pepper, and lemongrass. Dried water buffalo skin, beef, game meat, quail or chicken, eggplants, wood ear mushrooms, and asparagus bean. |- |Ostrich stew | |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Fowl |Ostrich stew is a stew prepared using ostrich meat as a primary ingredient. Can include vegetables such as onion, celery and carrot, tomatoes, soup stock and wine. |- |Ostropel |[[Fayil:Ostrpel.png|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Fowl |Stew that is primarily made from chicken mixed with a thick tomato sauce. |- |Oyster stew |[[Fayil:Oyster_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Seafood |Stew made from oysters with milk and cream |- |Oxtail Stew | |France |Oxtail, usually with root vegetables |There are numerous oxtail stews in French cuisine: Auguste Escoffier and others have published many recipes for variations on oxtail stew. |- |Paya |[[Fayil:Paya_Curry.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Pakistan]]<br /><br />[[Indiya|India]] |Goat |Stew made with alliums, ginger, spices, and goat or sheep trotters. Coveted for its spicy and fatty broth which is rich in gelatin and animal fat, both rendered from the trotter bones and joints. It is preferred as breakfast with [[Naan]] bread. |- |Paila marina |[[Fayil:Paila_Marina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Chile]] |Seafood |Typical stew that is usually made of a shellfish stock containing different kinds of cooked shellfish and fish. These are complemented with a variety of herbs and spices such as [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], cilantro, and onion. |- |[[Palaver sauce]] |[[Fayil:Palava_sauce_w-_cocoyam_leaf_(5612472154).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew popular in Western Africa that has many regional varieties and may contain beef, fish, shrimp, ''pepitas'', [[Rogo|cassava]], [[Gwaza|taro]] (''cocoyam'') leaves, and [[Manja|palm oil]]. It is served with boiled rice, potatoes, ''[[Gari|garri]]'', ''[[fufu]]'', or [[Doya|yams]]. |- |Paomo |[[Fayil:Paomo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Lamb |Stew of chopped-up baked unleavened bread cooked in lamb broth and served with lamb meat. It is often eaten with pickled [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and chilli sauce. |- |[[Pasulj]] |[[Fayil:Pasulj_(10291319804).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Serbiya|Serbia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]]<br /><br />[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]]<br /><br />[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] |Sausage |Also known as grah. Bean soup made of white, cranberry or pinto beans, usually prepared with smoked meat such as smoked bacon, sausage, and ham hock. This is a typical winter dish. |- |Pepián |[[Fayil:Cocinando_El_Pepian.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] |Various |Beef or chicken stewed with tomatillo, [[Tumatir|tomato]], and chili pepper and thickened with gourd seeds |- |Philadelphia Pepper Pot | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] ([[Pennsylvania]]) |Offal |Thick stew of beef tripe, vegetables and other seasonings; originates in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch. |- |Pichelsteiner |[[Fayil:Pichelsteiner_Eintopf.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Various |German stew that consists of several types of meats and vegetables. Common ingredients are beef, pork and mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots and [[Albasa mai kara|leek]]. |- |Pinangat |[[Fayil:Pinangat_na_Hito.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fish |Filipino stew made of [[Gwaza|taro]] leaves, chilli, meat and [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] wrapped in ''gabi'' leaves and tied securely with coconut leaf. |- |Pindang |[[Fayil:Pindang_Patin_Palembang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Stew made of by boiling ingredients, especially fish, in salt and certain spices. |- |Piperade |[[Fayil:Pipérade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Vegetarian |Typical Basque dish prepared with onion, green peppers, and tomatoes sautéed and flavored with red Espelette pepper. |- |Pisto |[[Fayil:Pisto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Murcia) |Vegetarian |Stew made of tomatoes, onions, eggplant or courgettes, green and red peppers and [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. |- |Pörkölt |[[Fayil:Gulasch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Pork |Hungarian stew that consists of meat, [[paprika]], and sometimes vegetables, but no potatoes. It should not be confused with goulash, which always contain potatoes and is more like a soup. |- |Pot-au-feu |[[Fayil:Pot-au-feu2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |French beef stew. Other ingredients may differ from region to region, but commonly various kinds of vegetables are included, such as carrots, turnips, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], celery and onions. |- |Potée Lorraine | |France |Pork or ham |French one-pot stew of salt pork or ham with haricot beans and seasonal vegetables |- |[[Potjiekos]] |[[Fayil:The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Game |South African stew that is usually prepared outdoors. The recipe commonly contains meat, vegetables, starches like rice or potatoes, all slow-cooked with Dutch-Malay spices, the distinctive spicing of South Africa's early culinary melting pot. Other common ingredients include fruits and flour-based products like [[pasta]]. |- |Pottage |[[Fayil:Yam_pottage.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Various |Thick soup or stew made by boiling vegetables, grains, and, if available, meat or fish. Pottage commonly consisted of various ingredients easily available to serfs and peasants, and could be kept over the fire for a period of days, during which time some of it was eaten and more ingredients added. The result was a dish that was slowly but constantly evolving, a "perpetual stew". |- |Pozole |[[Fayil:Pozole.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Pork or fowl |Mexican stew with ritual significance made from [[Masara|maize]] with meat, usually pork, chicken, turkey, or pork rinds, with chili peppers, and other seasonings and garnishes. Vegetarian and vegan versions also exist. |- |Puchero |[[Fayil:Puchero_canario.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Veal |Stew whose ingredients may vary greatly according to region. Its equivalent may be the Spanish ''cocido''. |- |Qoiri | |Tibet |Lamb |Stew of mutton chops, made with flour, shredded wheat, chilli, dry curd cheese, water and salt. |- |[[Ragout]] |[[Fayil:Ragoût_aux_lentilles.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Various |Refers to a main-dish stew. Ragouts may be prepared with or without meat, a wide variety of vegetables may be incorporated, and they may be more or less heavily spiced and seasoned. Pictured is ragout with lentils. |- |Ratatouille |[[Fayil:Ratatouille.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from the Provence that consists mainly of tomatoes with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, ''courgettes'' (zucchini), ''aubergine'' (eggplant), ''poivron'' ([[Barkono|bell peppers]]), marjoram and [[Ɗaɗɗoya|basil]], or [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] and thyme, or a mix of green herbs, such as ''herbes de Provence''. |- |Red cooked pork |[[Fayil:RedCookedPorkBelly.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]] |Pork |Braised stew made with soy sauce, Chinese rice wine, caramelized sugar, and spices. Usually made with pork, but other meats, such as beef or chicken are also cooked in this style. |- |Rendang |[[Fayil:Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Spicy beef stew braised in a [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and seasoned with a mixture of herbs and spices that has been slow cooked for usually four hours. |- |Rössypottu |[[Fayil:Rössypottua.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Stew made using potatoes (''pottu'', ''peruna''), some pork and the main ingredient, so-called "rössy" (i.e. blood pudding made of [[Jini|blood]], [[Giya|beer]], rye flour and some spices). |- |Rogan Josh |[[Fayil:Rogan_josh02.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indiya|India]] |Lamb |Aromatic lamb stew native to the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], which is one of the signature recipes of Kashmiri cuisine. Rogan josh consists of braised lamb chunks cooked with a gravy based on browned onions or shallots, yogurt, garlic, ginger and aromatic spices (cloves, bay leaves, cardamom and cinnamon). |- |Rubaboo | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Game |Basic stew or porridge consumed by ''coureurs des bois'' and ''voyageurs'' (fur traders), as well as Métis people from North America. Traditionally made of peas or corn, or both, with [[Dabbar beya|bear]] or pork grease, and a thickening agent of bread or flour. |- |Sagamite | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Offal |Native-American stew made from hominy or Indian corn. Additional ingredients may include vegetables, wild rice, brown sugar, animal fat, beans, smoked fish or animal [[Kwakwalwa|brains]]. |- |Saksang |[[Fayil:Saksang_3.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Pork |Spicy stew made from minced pork or dog meat (or more rarely, water buffalo meat) stewed in [[Jini|blood]], [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], and spices. |- |Saltah |[[Fayil:Saltah.gif|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Considered the national dish of Yemen, the base is a brown [[Nama|meat]] stew called ''maraq'', with [[fenugreek]] froth and ''sahawiq'' or ''sahowqa'', a mixture of chillies, [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and herbs ground into a salsa. Common additions are [[Shinkafa|rice]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], scrambled eggs, and [[Kayan Lambu|vegetables]]. |- |Sambar |[[Fayil:Pumpkin_sambar.JPG|124x124px]] |India |Lentils Meat |South Indian stew made with lentils, vegetables and tamarind pulp extract. Famously used as a side dish with [[idli]], dosa, [[Vada (abinci)|vada]], pongal and plain cooked rice. |- |Sancocho |[[Fayil:Sancocho_de_guandú_con_carne_salá.JPG|124x124px]] |Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic |Various |Meat, vegetables, root vegetables |- |Scouse |[[Fayil:Cookbook-beef-stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |A variation of labskaus. A type of meat or beef stew. |- |Seco |[[Fayil:Seco_de_Cordero_(Lamb_Leg_Stew)_from_Lima_Peruvian_at_Off_the_Grid-_Fort_Mason_Center_(7423438016).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ecuador]] |Lamb |Stewed meat. |- |Sekba |[[Fayil:Sekba_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Offal |Chinese Indonesian pork offals stewed in mild soy sauce-based soup. The stew tastes mildly sweet and salty, made from soy sauce, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and Chinese herbs. |- |Semur |[[Fayil:Semur_Ayam.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Type of meat stew that is processed in thick brown gravy. The main material used in ''semur'' gravy is shallots, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], ''kecap manis'' (sweet soy sauce), nutmeg, and [[Kaninfari|cloves]]. |- |Shiro |[[Fayil:Taita_and_shiro.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Eritrea]] |Vegetarian |Homogeneous stew whose primary ingredient is powdered chickpeas or broad bean meal. |- |Sinigang |[[Fayil:Sinigang_na_Baboy.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various |Filipino soup or stew characterized by its sour flavor most often associated with [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] (''sampalok''). |- |Skirts and kidneys |[[Fayil:Skirts_and_Kidneys.jpg|165x165px]] |Ireland |Pork & offal |Irish stew made from pork and pork kidneys. |- |Sonofabitch stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(West) |Veal and offal |Cowboy dish consisting of whatever is on hand. Most recipes call for meat and offal from a calf. |- |Spanish fricco | |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Beef |A hearty Westphalian stew prepared primarily using diced beef, potatoes and onions, typically in a cream soup base. |- |Spezzatino |[[Fayil:Veal_stew_with_apples_and_potatoes_(13886150756).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Beef | |- |[[Steak and Kidney]] | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Beef and offal |Slowly braised beef, traditionally the less tender cuts, and diced ox kidney. Traditionally served with beef suet dumplings which are cooked in the stew. |- |Stew peas | |[[Jamaika|Jamaica]] |Various |Jamaican stew prepared using [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], gungo peas ([[Waaken Santanbul|pigeon peas]]) or red peas (kidney beans), uncured meats and salted meats such as pork and beef. Can also include onion, garlic, scallions, pig tail, herbs, and spices. |- |Sulu köfte |[[Fayil:Sulu_koftes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Sausage |Soup-like stew with köfte meatballs in the dish. |- |[[Tajine]] |[[Fayil:Moroccan_Tajin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] |Lamb |[[Abincin Berber|Berber]] dish from North Africa, named after the special earthenware pot in which it is cooked. It includes different ingredients according to region, but commonly several kinds of vegetables, meats and spices |- |Tas kebap |[[Fayil:Tas_kebap_and_pilav.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Veal or mutton stew with potatoes |- |Tatws Pum Munud |[[Fayil:Tatws_Pum_Munud2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Pork |Traditional Welsh stew, made with smoked bacon, stock, potatoes and other vegetables. |- |[[Tharid]] |[[Fayil:LambTharid2.jpg|124x124px]] |Arab world |Lamb |Dish made from pieces of bread in a vegetable or meat broth. Pictured is lamb ''tharid''. |- |Tocană |[[Fayil:Plattradbrapolanta.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Vegetarian |Prepared with tomato, garlic and sweet paprika, it is traditionally consumed with a cornmeal mush called ''mămăligă''. |- |Tomato bredie |[[Fayil:Chicken_with_tomato_bredie_(12567481243).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |South African stew with Dutch origin that usually features mutton, which is cooked for a very long time, and includes cinnamon, [[cardamom]], [[Citta|ginger]], [[Kaninfari|cloves]], and chili as seasonings. |- |Tombet |[[Fayil:Tombet6116.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Mayorka|Mallorca]]) |Vegetarian |Traditional vegetable stew that contains layers of sliced potatoes, aubergines and red [[Barkono|bell peppers]] previously fried in [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. The aubergines and red peppers should not be peeled. The whole is topped with tomato fried with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley, and presented in a way that it looks like a pie without a crust. |- |Tuna pot |[[Fayil:Marmitako.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Fish |Fish stew that was eaten on tuna fishing boats in the Cantabrian Sea. A simple dish with potatoes, onions, pimientos, and tomatoes. |- |Türlü |[[Fayil:Турлитава_во_традиционална,_рачно_изработена_земјена_тава._01.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Vegetarian |Stew of mixed vegetables stew which may also include meat. The dish is known as ''tourlou'' in Greece and as ''turli tava'' in North Macedonia |- |[[Wat (abinci)|Wat (food)]] |[[Fayil:Ethiopian_wat.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]]<br /><br />[[Eritrea]] |Various |Stew or curry which may be prepared with meat, such as chicken, beef, or lamb, or a variety of vegetables, with spice mixtures, such as ''[[Berber|berbere]]'' and ''niter kibbeh'', a seasoned clarified butter. |- |Waterblommetjiebredie |[[Fayil:Aponogeton_distachyos_-_Waterblommetjies_from_tin.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |Meat, typically lamb, stewed together with ''waterblommetjies'' (''Aponogeton distachyos'' flowers, commonly known as Cape pondweed, Cape hawthorn or Cape asparagus). Literally means "small water flower stew" in [[Afrikaans]]. |- |Waterzooi |[[Fayil:(waterzooi)_(79743868).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]]<br /><br />(Flanders) |Fish |Stew made of fish or chicken, vegetables (carrots, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], and potatoes), herbs, eggs, cream, and [[Man shanu|butter]]. |- |Zoervleis |[[Fayil:Zuurvlees_met_frietjes.jpg|124x124px]] |Limburg region,<br /><br />Belgium&<br /><br />the Netherlands |Horse |Traditional dish similar to German ''sauerbraten'' which features meat (normally horse meat) that was marinated in vinegar or apple cider. Contrary to what one would expect, it is sweet, as it is served with gingerbread. |} ftr5tu30npsipa02nrwbh6a2gd9f3tk 856457 856456 2026-06-13T21:41:17Z Arabiyu 28508 856457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan shine '''jerin sanannun miyar taushe.''' Saki shine haɗuwa da sinadaran [[abinci]] masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka dafa a cikin ruwa kuma aka ba da su a cikin ruwan da aka samu. Abinci a cikin stew na iya haɗawa da kowane haɗuwa da [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], kamar carot, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], [[wake]], [[albasa]], albasa da sauransu, kuma akai-akai tare da [[nama]], musamman nama mai tauri wanda ya dace da danshi, jinkirin [[dafa abinci]], kamar naman sa ko zagaye. Ana amfani da kaji, naman alade, ɗan rago ko ragon, sausages, da abincin teku. == Matakai == {| class="wikitable sortable " !Name ! style="width:100px" |Image !Origin !Tradit­ional protein !Description and distinctive ingredients |- |Ají de gallina |[[Fayil:Ají_de_gallina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Peru]] |Fowl |Peruvian chicken stew |- |Alicot | |[[Faransa|France]] |Offal |Stew made with poultry giblets and possibly the head, feet and wing tips |- |Andrajos |[[Fayil:Andrajos_(3633922072).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] (Jaén) |Game |Stew of [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], red pepper, and [[Zomo|rabbit]], thickened with cake flour |- |Asam pedas |[[Fayil:Ikan_Asam_Padeh_Padang.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Sour and spicy stew dish made of seafood, typically fish, cooked in [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] fruit juice, [[Chili foda|chili]], and other spices |- |Balbacua |[[Fayil:BALBACUA_10-31_screenshot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Beef stew made from beef and collagen-rich parts of beef stewed for four to six hours in various spices |- |[[Bamia]] |[[Fayil:Bamia-Ocras_tomate_(cropped).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Misra|Egypt]] |Lamb |Stew prepared with okra and lamb as primary ingredients<ref name="Iranica">{{Cite web |last=Aʿlam |first=H. |last2=Ramazani |first2=N. |date=December 15, 1989 |title=Bāmīā |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bamia-or-bamia-okra |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]], Vol. III |pages=656–657}}</ref> |- |Beef bourguignon |[[Fayil:Boeuf_bourguignon_servie_avec_des_pâtes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Burgundy) |Beef |Stew made of beef braised in red wine, traditionally red Burgundy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of boeuf bourguignon |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000035/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=2013-04-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> and beef broth, generally flavoured with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, and a ''bouquet garni'', with pearl onions and mushrooms |- |Beef Stroganoff |[[Fayil:Beef_Stroganoff-02_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Rasha|Russia]]<br /><br />[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |'''Beef Stroganoff''' or '''beef Stroganov''' ([[Rashanci|Russian]]: бефстроганов ''befstróganov'') is a Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef served in a sauce with <nowiki><i id="mwpA">smetana</i></nowiki> (sour cream). |- |Beaver stew |[[Fayil:Castor_estufado.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Lithuania]] |Beaver |Stew made beaver meat, mashed potatoes and various vegetables |- |Bicol express |[[Fayil:Bicol_Express.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork or beef |Stew made from long chillies, pork or beef, [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], shrimp paste or stockfish, onions, pork, and [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Bigos |[[Fayil:Bigos_in_Kraków_(Rynek_Główny).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Poland]]<br /><br />[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]<br /><br />[[Lithuania]] |Pork |Stew that features white cabbage, sauerkraut, various cuts of meat and sausages, often whole or puréed [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], honey, and mushrooms |- |Birnen, Bohnen und Speck |[[Fayil:Birnen,_Bohnen_und_Speck_2a.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Pork |Typical dish in which pears, beans, and bacon are cooked together |- |Birria |[[Fayil:Plato_de_birria.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Goat |Spicy meat stew made of pork, goat, lamb, or mutton that is traditionally served on holidays, such as [[Kirsimeti|Christmas]] |- |[[Kayan maraƙi|Blanquette de veau]] |[[Fayil:Blanquette_de_veau.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Veal |Bright veal [[ragout]] with <nowiki><i id="mw-w">mirepoix</i></nowiki> |- |Blindhuhn |[[Fayil:Westfälisches_Blindhuhn_mit_Mettenden_und_Schweinespeck-6650.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Westphalia) |Pork |A stew of the Westphalian cuisine prepared with beans, vegetables, and bacon |- |Booyah |[[Fayil:Booyah.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Upper Midwest) |Various |Thick stew popular in the Upper Midwestern United States with meat and vegetables, often prepared communally in large kettles, with several different meats |- |Bosanski lonac |[[Fayil:Bosanskilonac.jpg|141x141px]] |[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lamb |Typical Bosnian dish with beef, lamb, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, parsley, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and peppercorns (whole, not ground) |- |Bouillabaisse |[[Fayil:Bullabessa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />([[Marseille]]) |Seafood |Bony fish and seafood stew with vegetables and Provençal herbs and spices: The name refers to a "simmering boil", the temperature of cooking the stew. |- |Brongkos |[[Fayil:Brongkos_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />(Yogyakarta and<br /><br />Central Java) |Beef |Meat (beef or mutton) with beans (black-eyed peas or kidney beans) stew, with boiled egg and spicy soup made of ''Pangium edule'', coconut milk, and other spices |- |Brodetto |[[Fayil:Foto_brodetto_.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |Fish stew typical of the Eastern (Adriatic) coast of Italy: It may slightly vary from place to place. In Veneto, it is eaten with polenta. In Abruzzo, tomato sauce is added. It is similar to Croatian ''brudet.'' |- |Brudet |[[Fayil:Brodet.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]] |Fish |A fish stew that is usually eaten with polenta, similar to Italian ''brodetto'' |- |Brunswick stew |[[Fayil:Brunswick_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Game |Tomato-based stew containing various types of lima beans or butter beans, corn, okra, and other vegetables, and one or more types of meat: Most recipes claiming authenticity call for squirrel or [[Zomo|rabbit]] meat, but chicken, pork, and beef are also common ingredients. |- |Trippa alla milanese ([[Buseca]] in South America) |[[Fayil:Trippa_alla_milanese.JPG|165x165px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Offal |Italian stew also common in [[Uruguay]] and Argentina, similar to Spanish ''callos'', it is made of finely chopped ''mondongo'' (beef tripe), potatoes, and legumes such as lentils or chickpeas. |- |Buddha Jumps Over the Wall |[[Fayil:Buddha_soup_boul.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Fish |Cantonese variation on shark fin soup |- |Buğu kebabı | |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Turkish lamb and vegetable stew with a [[kebab]] name |- |Burgoo |[[Fayil:Kentucky_burgoo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Midwest and<br /><br />South) |Game |Traditionally made with wild game, this spicy thick stew is similar to Irish or Mulligan stew, often served with cornbread or corn muffins. Often prepared communally, it is made with several different meats. |- |Cabbage stew |[[Fayil:Kapuska_with_veal.jpg|120x120px]] |Central Europe |Vegetarian |Prepared using cabbage as a main ingredient: Pictured is ''kapuska''. |- |Cacciatore |[[Fayil:Flickr_preppybyday_4618397089--Chicken_cacciatore.jpg|181x181px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fowl |A stew with braised chicken (pollo alla cacciatora), sometimes with rabbit (coniglio alla cacciatora), tomatoes, onions, herbs, often bell peppers, and sometimes wine. |- |Cacciucco |[[Fayil:Cacciucco.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |A fish stew, it is made with several different types of fish and shellfish cooked in wine, tomatoes, and chili pepper, as typical of west-central Italy and especially Livorno. |- |Cachupa |[[Fayil:Cachupa_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |Goat |Slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat (sausage, beef, goat, or chicken) |- |Caldeirada |[[Fayil:Caldeirada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]] |Seafood |Stew consisting of a large variety of fish, and sometimes shellfish, with potatoes, tomatoes and onions |- |[[Caldereta de cordero]] |[[Fayil:Caldereta_de_Cordero_-_2015.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Lamb |Lamb or mutton stew |- |[[Caldo avá]] | |[[Paraguay]] |Offal |Stew made of beef tripes, chitterlings, heart, and ''matambre'' |- |Caldo gallego |[[Fayil:Caldo_gallego_-_juantiagues.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Stew made with fatty pork, white beans, and greens (cabbage or spring greens), literally means "Galician broth" |- |Callaloo |[[Fayil:Callaloo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]<br /><br />[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Vegetarian |Caribbean dish made of leaf vegetables, amaranth, capsicum, and [[Gwaza|taro]] |- |Callos |[[Fayil:Callos_cociendose.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Offal |A stew common across Spain, it is considered traditional to Madrid, where it is referred to as ''callos a la madrileña''. It contains beef tripe and chickpeas, blood sausage, and bell peppers. ''Chorizo'' sausage may also be used. |- |Caparrones |[[Fayil:Caparrones89.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(La Rioja) |Sausage |Stew made of ''caparrón'' (a variety of red kidney beans) and a spicy ''chorizo'' sausage |- |Caponata |[[Fayil:Caponata_(14049113982).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />([[Sisiliya|Sicily]]) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from Sicily that consists mainly of ''aubergine'' (eggplant) tomato sauce, onions, celery, olives, capers, and Agrodolce. |- |Capra e fagioli | |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />(Liguria) |Goat |Stew made of goat meat, white wine, and white pigna beans |- |[[Carbonada]] | |[[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional Argentinian and Uruguayan sweet-sour beef, squash, and apricot stew, traditionally served inside a squash |- |Carbonade flamande |[[Fayil:Jielbeaumadier_carbonade_flamande_2010.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Traditional Belgian sweet-sour beef and onion stew made with [[Giya|beer]], and seasoned with thyme and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]]: Pictured is ''carbonade flamande'' with fries and a side of greens. |- |Carne mechada |[[Fayil:Carne_Mechada_(11351611734).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Kolombiya|Colombia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carne Mechada |url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517224523/http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |archive-date=2008-05-17 |access-date=2008-03-23}}</ref> |Beef |Latin American beef stew |- |Cassoulet |[[Fayil:Cassoulet.cuit.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Languedoc) |Fowl and sausage |French dish that consists of slow-cooked meat, typically pork sausages, pork, goose, duck, and sometimes mutton, with white haricot beans |- |Cawl |[[Fayil:Cawl_Cymreig.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Lamb |Lamb stew (beef or hock in Pembrokeshire), which includes vegetables, such as [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]] and potatoes, as well as carrots, celery, onion, parsnip, swede, and turnip |- |Chairo |[[Fayil:Chairo_at_Ciclik_La_Paz.png|152x152px]] |[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] |Beef |Meat and vegetable stew with potato starch (''chuños''), onions, carrots, potatoes, [[Masara|white corn]], beef, and wheat kernels |- |Chakapuli |[[Fayil:Chakapuli.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Lamb |Popular stew with lamb chops or veal, onions, tarragon leaves, cherry plums or ''tkemali'' (cherry plum sauce), dry white wine, mixed fresh herbs (parsley, mint, dill, coriander), garlic, and salt |- |Chapea | |[[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican Republic]] |Sausage |Traditional dish from the countryside that consists of cooked red beans with ''longaniza'' (Dominican sausage), rice, ripe plantain, and mashed squash used as a thickener |- |Chicken mull |[[Fayil:Chicken_mull.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Fowl |A traditional dish from [[North Carolina]] and [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], it consists of parboiled whole chicken in a cream- or milk-based broth with butter, seasoned with salt, white or black pepper, and other ingredients. Traditionally, the stew is served in the late fall and winter, often prepared communally. |- |Chicken pastel |[[Fayil:Filipino_Chicken_Pastel.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Chicken or pork |Stew or pie made with chicken, sometimes pork, sausages, mushrooms, peas, carrots, potatoes, soy sauce, and various spices in a creamy sauce. |- |Chili con carne |[[Fayil:Pot-o-chili.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Texas]]) |Beef |A spicy stew that traditionally features chopped or ground beef, chili peppers, and other ingredients. |- |Cholent |[[Fayil:Vegetable_cholent.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef, chicken or goose |Slowly simmered Jewish stew of Ashkenazi origin that cooks overnight and is traditionally served at the ''Shabbat'' meal. Its main ingredients are meat, onions, potatoes, beans or chickpeas, and [[Sha'ir|barley]]. It is believed to be derived from the hamin of Sephardic Jews. Similar to the French cassoulet. |- |Chraime |[[Fayil:צלחת_חריימה.png|138x138px]] |Maghreb |Fish |Fish stewed with tomatoes and peppers, flavored with hot peppers and spices |- |Chupe Andino | |[[Andes]] |Game |Refers to various stews and soups that are prepared in Andes Mountains region of South America |- |[[Chupín]] | |[[Uruguay]] |Fish |Made with any fish of firm meat, usually hake, croaker, or boga, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions, crumbs of marine crackers are usually poured over at the end. |- |Ciambotta |[[Fayil:Ciambotta_di_Vietri_di_Potenza.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Vegetarian |Typically based on vegetables, but it may have other ingredients, such as meat or fish. The vegetable choices are usually potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, [[Barkono|sweet peppers]], chili, onion and herbs. |- |Cioppino |[[Fayil:Cioppino.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[San Francisco]]) |Fish |An Italian-American fish stew, it is traditionally made from the catch of the day, which in the dish's place of origin is typically a combination of Dungeness crab, clams, shrimp, scallops, squid, mussels, and fish. The seafood is then combined with fresh tomatoes in a wine sauce, and served with toasted bread, either sourdough or baguette. |- |Cocido lebaniego |[[Fayil:Cocido_lebaniego.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Its essential ingredients include chickpeas, potatoes, and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]]. The rest of the elements are ''compangu'', meat from the pig slaughter, such as bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and [[ham]]. Other additional ingredients are beef, especially <nowiki><i id="mwA1o">cecina</i></nowiki> and bones, and a stuffing made of bread flour, egg, and parsley. |- |Cocido madrileño |[[Fayil:CocidoMadrileño.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Madrid]]) |Pork |Its main ingredient is the chickpea or garbanzo bean, preferably of its larger variety, also known as ''kabuli''. Vegetables are added, potatoes mainly, but also cabbage, carrots, and turnips. In some cases, green beans, mangold, or cardoon are added. Meats like beef, hen, lard, chorizo, a small block of cured Jamón and morcilla (a type of black pudding) complete the ingredients. Cocido is commonly served with the ingredient types grouped, and the broth served as first course, with very thin pasta, fideo cabellín added. |- |Cocido montañés |[[Fayil:Cocidomontanes.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Also known as highlander stew. It is made with two vegetal ingredients, dried large white beans and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]] (''berza''). The rest of the elements of this recipe are known as ''compangu'', meat ingredients from the pig slaughter: bacon (''tocino''), pork ribs (''costilla''), black pudding (''morcilla'') with rice, and ''chorizo''. |- |Compote | | |Game |Game stew made for example from [[Zomo|rabbit]], partridge, or pigeon |- |Coq au vin |[[Fayil:Coq_au_vin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Fowl |French braise of chicken cooked with wine, lardons, mushrooms, and optionally [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Cotriade |[[Fayil:Cotriade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Fish |Breton-style stew made with potatoes and many kinds of fish, but ''without'' shellfish |- |Cozido/Cocido |[[Fayil:Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Various |Stew made with different meats and vegetables; numerous regional variations exist throughout Portugal and Spain |- |Cream stew |[[Fayil:Cream_Stew_001.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Various |Cream stew is a Japanese Yōshoku dish consisting of meat, usually chicken or pork, and mixed vegetables, onion, carrot, potato and cabbage, cooked in thick white roux. |- |Daube |[[Fayil:Daube_de_boeuf_carottes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Beef |Classic Provençal stew made with inexpensive beef braised in wine, vegetables, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and ''herbes de Provence'', and traditionally cooked in a ''daubière'', a braising pan. |- |Dillegrout |[[Fayil:Dillegrout,_also_known_at_le_mess_de_gyron,_girunt,_dilgirunt,_dilegrout,_dillygrout,_dilligrout,_maupygernon,_maupigyrnun,_malepigernout,_malpigernoun.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Fowl |Chicken pottage made with almond milk, sugar, and spices traditionally presented at coronations of English monarchs by the lord of the manor of Addington. |- |Dimlama |[[Fayil:Dimlama_(16425713838).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Uzbekistan]] |Lamb |Stew made with various combinations of meat, potatoes, onions, vegetables, and sometimes fruits. |- |Dinuguan |[[Fayil:Dinuguan_with_puto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Offal |Filipino savory stew of meat or offal (typically lungs, kidneys, intestines, ears, heart and snout) simmered in a rich, spicy dark gravy of pig [[Jini|blood]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], chili (most often ''siling mahaba''), and vinegar. |- |Drokpa Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Stewed tripe, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |Escudella i carn d'olla |[[Fayil:Escudella.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Katalunya|Catalonia]]) |Sausage |Stew that contains a ''pilota'', a very big meatball spiced with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley. It contains vegetables, such as celery, cabbage, carrots, etc. depending on the season. Bones, sausages called ''botifarras'', and other types of meat can be used. |- |Étouffée |[[Fayil:Crawfish_etouffee.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood |Seafood dish of the Creole cuisine of Louisiana that is usually served over rice. Literally means "smothered" in French. |- |Fabada Asturiana |[[Fayil:Fabada_y_sidra.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Pork |Fabada is made with dried large white beans (''fabes de la Granja'', soaked overnight before use), shoulder of pork (''Lacón Gallego'') or bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and often saffron (''azafrán''). Some recipes also call for ''longaniza''. |- |Fabes con almejas |[[Fayil:Fabes_con_almejas_-_Jlastras.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Seafood |Clam stew that calls for small clams, fava beans, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], salt, saffron, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaves]], [[Man zaitun|olive oil]], parsley, bread crumbs and sometimes sweet [[paprika]]. |- |Fahsa |[[Fayil:Fahsa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Stew made of lamb cutlets with lamb broth. Spices and ''holba'' ([[fenugreek]]) are added after cooking. |- |Fårikål |[[Fayil:Får_i_kål.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Norway]] |Lamb |Traditional dish, consisting of pieces of mutton with bone, cabbage, whole black pepper and optionally a little wheat flour, cooked for several hours in a casserole, traditionally served with potatoes boiled in their skins. Literally means "mutton in cabbage". |- |Fasole cu cârnaţi |[[Fayil:Fasole_cu_afumatura.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Sausage |Dish consisting of baked beans, sausages or [[Ham|smoked ham]]. |- |Feijoada |[[Fayil:Feijoada_à_transmontada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Stew of beans with beef or pork, and may include other vegetables. |- |Fesenjān |[[Fayil:Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Fowl |Thick, tart stew made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts; traditionally made with poultry, but variants using balls of ground meat, ''ghormeh'' cut lamb, fish, or no meat at all are not unusual. |- |Flaki |[[Fayil:Flaki_(2).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Poland]] |Beef |Meat stew with common ingredients, including beef tripe, beef, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]], parsley, carrots, beef broth, and spices to taste, including salt, black pepper, nutmeg, sweet [[paprika]], and marjoram. |- |Főzelék |[[Fayil:Fozelek.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Vegetarian |Very thick vegetable soup, so it may be considered a stew. Sometimes served with meatballs and often eaten as a side dish. |- |Fricot |[[Fayil:Fricot_de_barques.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kanada|Canada]]<br /><br />(Acadia) |Various |Consists of potatoes, onions, and whatever meat was available, cooked in a stew and topped with dumplings. The common meats used are chicken (''fricot au poulet''), clams (''fricot aux coques''), rabbit (''fricot au lapin des bois''), beef, or pork. |- |Gaisburger Marsch |[[Fayil:Gaisburger_Marsch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Swabia) |Beef |Swabian dish made from meat with cooked potatoes and spätzle. |- |Galinhada |[[Fayil:Galinhada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Fowl |Stew of rice and chicken. |- |Garbure |[[Fayil:Garbure.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Gascony) |Pork |Stew/soup of meat (e.g. goose, duck, salt pork, ham) with vegetables, mainly root vegetables. |- |Ghapama |[[Fayil:Ղափամա_2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Armeniya|Armenia]] |Vegetarian |Sweet [[Kabushi|pumpkin]] stew, traditionally cooked in the pumpkin shell; does not contain meat. |- |Gheimeh |[[Fayil:Gheymeh_stew.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Iran]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of diced lamb or sometimes beef, tomatoes, split peas, onion and dried lime, garnished with golden thinly sliced crispy potatoes. The stew is usually served with white rice. |- |Ghormeh sabzi |[[Fayil:Ghormeh_Sabzi.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Vegetarian (but often made with lamb or beef) |Dish that consists of a mixture of sautéed herbs, consisting mainly of parsley, [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], and a smaller amount of [[fenugreek]] leaves, where this is usually the dry herb of the mix. |- |Ginataang kalabasa |[[Fayil:Ginataang_kalabasa_at_hipon_(shrimp,_calabaza,_green_beans,_and_eggplant_in_coconut_milk)_-_Philippines.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Shrimp |Stew of calabaza squash cooked in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and spices, along with shrimp and asparagus bean. |- |Ginataang labong |[[Fayil:Bambooshootjf3760.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Seafood or pork |Stew of bamboo shoots cooked in coconut milk and spices, along with seafood or various meats. |- |Goat water |[[Fayil:Goat_Water.jpg|124x124px]] |Montserrat |Goat |A national dish of Montserrat prepared with goat meat and vegetables. |- |Goulash |[[Fayil:Gulyas080.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Beef |Soup or stew of meat, noodles and vegetables, especially potato, seasoned with [[paprika]] and other spices. |- |Guatitas |[[Fayil:Guatitas_a_la_Jardinera.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]] |Offal |Stew whose main ingredient is pieces of tripe. |- |[[Guiso carrero]] | |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional stew made with beef, chorizo, white beans, chickpeas, potato, sweet potato, squash, carrots, onions and noodles, seasoned with adobo, a spice mix of oregano, thyme, cumin, paprika and chili. |- |Gulai |[[Fayil:Gulai_cancang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Various |Stew or curry made with either beef, poultry (chicken or duck meat), vegetables, seafood or lamb with bumbu spice mix cooked in coconut milk. |- |Gumbo |[[Fayil:Shrimp_gumbo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood & sausage |Stew or soup that consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, with meat or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable "holy trinity" of celery, bell peppers, and onions. |- |Güveç |[[Fayil:Djuvec.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Vegetable and meat stew made with mutton or veal and common to Balkan countries. |- |Guyana Pepperpot |[[Fayil:Pepperpot_(16135006279).jpg|155x155px]] |[[Guyana]] |Various |Stewed meat dish, strongly flavored with cinnamon, hot chili peppers, and ''cassareep'', a special sauce made from the [[Rogo|cassava]] root. Beef, pork, and mutton are the most popular meats used. Chicken is also used. |- |Hachee |[[Fayil:Hachee_1.jpeg|124x124px]] |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |Various |Traditional Dutch stew based on diced meat, fish or poultry, and vegetables. |- |Hamin |[[Fayil:Chamin.jpg|124x124px]] |Iberia |Lamb, beef, or chicken |Traditional Sephardic Jewish Sabbath stew cooked overnight. Made from whole grains, meat, chickpeas or beans, and onion. Also known as dafina. |- |Hasenpfeffer |[[Fayil:Hasenpfeffer.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Game |Traditional German stew made from marinated [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare, cut into stewing-meat sized pieces and braised with onions and wine, in a marinade thickened with the animal's blood. |- |Hochepot |[[Fayil:Vlaamse_Hutsepot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Flemish stew made with oxtail, shoulder of mutton, salted bacon, and vegetables. |- |Hoosh | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Beef (dried) |Thick stew made from pemmican (a mix of dried meat, fat, and cereal) or other meat, thickener such as ground biscuits, and water. Used on expeditions to frozen polar regions. |- |Hot pot |[[Fayil:Day177lilybday.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]]<br /><br />[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] |Various |Stew made with a variety of raw meats, seafood, vegetables, noodles, dumplings, etc., all cooked at the table in a simmering hot pot of broth. |- |Irish stew |[[Fayil:Irish_Beef_Stew_(34046928633).jpg|124x124px]] |Ireland |Lamb |Traditional stew made from lamb or mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots, onions, and parsley. |- |Islim or patlıcan kebabı |[[Fayil:İslim_kebabı.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Traditional stew made from veal or mutton and eggplants, also having tomatoes and green peppers. |- |Istrian stew |[[Fayil:Jota_02.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Pork |Stew prepared using beans, sauerkraut, potatoes, bacon, and spare ribs; the main seasoning is garlic. |- |Jjigae |[[Fayil:Korean_stew-Sundubu_jjigae-05.jpg|120x120px]] |Korea |Various |Stew prepared using meat, seafood or vegetables in a broth seasoned with gochujang (red chilli paste), doenjang (soy bean paste), ganjang (soy sauce) or saeu-jeot (salted and fermented shrimp). |- |Jugged hare |[[Fayil:Civet_de_lapin_aux_USA.jpg|120x120px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Game |Stew prepared using [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare as a main ingredient. |- |Karhi |[[Fayil:Gujaratikadhi.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian Subcontinent]] |Vegetarian |Spicy stew with a thick gravy based on chickpea flour (called ''besan'' in Urdu / Hindi). Contains vegetable fritters called ''[[Pakora|pakoras]]'', to which sour yoghurt is added to give it a little sour taste. |- |Kadyos, baboy, kag langka |[[Fayil:KBL_(Kadios,_Baboy,_Langka).jpg|138x138px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], ham hock, and jackfruit soured with batuan fruits (''Garcinia binucao'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Time You Know about Kadios⁠ beyond KBL |url=https://pepper.ph/its-time-you-know-about-kadios%E2%81%A0-beyond-kbl/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Pepper.ph}}</ref> |- |Kadyos, manok, kag ubad | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fowl |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], [[Kaza|chicken]], and [[Ayaba|banana]] pith<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2007 |title=Manok at Kadyos / Purple Chicken With Pigeon Peas |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/manok-at-kadyos-purple-chicken-with-pigeon-peas |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Market Manila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadyos Beans |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/kadyos-beans/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Ark of Taste |publisher=Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity}}</ref> |- |Kaldereta |[[Fayil:Beef_caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Goat |Dish whose common ingredients are goat shoulders with tomato paste and liver spread. |- |Kalops |[[Fayil:Skånsk_kalops_med_grillad_sparris.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sweden]] |Beef |Swedish stew made of beef, onion, allspice, bay leaves and sometimes carrots. Often eaten with beetroot and potatoes. |- |[[Kamounia]] |[[Fayil:Tunis_Glaïa_Djerba.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sudan]]<br /><br />[[Misra|Egypt]]<br /><br />[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Beef |Beef and liver stew prepared with cumin |- |Kapuska |[[Fayil:Kapuska.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Cabbage and veal stew. |- |Kare-kare |[[Fayil:Kare-kare_oxtail_stew_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Popular stew made from a peanut-based sauce with a variety of vegetables, stewed oxtail, beef, and occasionally offal or tripe. Meat variants may include goat meat or (rarely) chicken. |- |Karelian hot pot |[[Fayil:19-07-09-Karjalanpaisti-IMG_20190709_180453.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Beef and pork |Traditionally made of a combination of pork and beef, but lamb can also be used. The hot pot is usually seasoned with black peppercorns and salt. Other seasonings such as allspice and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] may be used too. Common vegetables such as carrot, onion, and root vegetables are acceptable additions to the stew. |- |Khoresh karafs |[[Fayil:Making_Khoresh_karafs_1.jpg|frameless|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Various |A celery stew, traditionally made with lamb (but various proteins can be used, including vegan versions).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Najmieh Batmanglij}}</ref> |- |Kig ha farz |[[Fayil:Kig-ha-farz.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Various |Stew consisting of various meats (hock, beef and lamb) simmered in a broth with carrots, potatoes, cabbage and a large buckwheat flour based dumpling. Literally means "meat and stuffing" in Breton. Known mainly in Finisterre. |- |Kokotxas |[[Fayil:Kokotxas_al_pilpil,_Bilbao_(33097477025).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Basque Country) |Fish |A traditional dish of fatty fish stewed in white wine, garlic, flour and olive oil. Other variations include parsley. |- |[[Palaver sauce|Kontomire stew]] |[[Fayil:Kontomire_Stew,_Eggs_and_Plantian.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Ghana]] |Fish (dried) |Cocoyam leaves braised with [[egusi]], dried fish, tomatoes, peppers, and egg. |- |Korma |[[Fayil:Chicken_Korma_1.jpg|187x187px]] |India<br /><br />Pakistan<br /><br />Bangladesh |Various |Meat and/or vegetables is seared, then braised with stock or yogurt kept below curdling temperature with a mixture of spices, including ground coriander, cumin, and Indian bay. Traditionally cooked in a pot set over a very low fire, with coals on the lid. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery, and may use lamb, beef, chicken, fish. Some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as spinach or cauliflower. |- |Kuru fasulye |[[Fayil:Kuru_fasulye.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of [[Wake|dry beans]], generally with meat (veal or mutton) and ''[[Pastirma|pastırma]]'' or ''sucuk'' in its broth, with tomato paste. Pictured here is the vegetarian variant. |- |Kuurdak |[[Fayil:Kazakh_quwyrdaq.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] |Goat |Stewed meat dish made with onion, animal fat, vegetable oil, lamb or mutton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2022 |title=Kuurdak: How The Kyrgyz Do Meat and Potatoes |url=https://folkways.today/kuurdak/ |publisher=Folkways}}</ref> |- |Lancashire hotpot |[[Fayil:Lancashire_hotpot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Lamb |Dish made traditionally from lamb or mutton, and onion topped with sliced potatoes, left to bake in the oven all day in a heavy pot and on a low heat. |- |Läskisoosi |[[Fayil:Läskisoosi_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Pork chops grilled in [[Man shanu|butter]] with [[Albasa|onions]] and flour, stirred in water with salt and pepper. |- |Lecsó |[[Fayil:Warm_Colors-_my_Mom's_Hungarian_Lecsó_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]]<br /><br />[[Kazech|Czech Republic]] |Vegetarian |Thick vegetable stew which features peppers, tomato, onion, lard, salt, sugar and ground [[paprika]] as a base recipe. |- |Linat-an | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |Pork stew or soup from the Visayas and Mindanao islands of the [[Filipin|Philippines]] that characteristically uses pork ribs, or other bony cuts of pork, simmered until very tender, lemongrass (tanglad), string beans, starchy ingredients for a thicker soup (usually [[Gwaza|taro]]), and various other vegetables. |- |Lobby | |[[Ingila|England]] (North Staffordshire) |Corned beef |Stew or casserole made from corned beef or sometimes [[Kaza|chicken]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], [[Karas|carrots]], peas, and [[Albasa|onion]]. |- |Lobster stew |[[Fayil:Caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Menorca) |Seafood |Stew made from lobster, which is added to a sofrito with onion, tomato, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley; then boiled, and is eaten with thin slices of bread. |- |Locro |[[Fayil:Locro_(served_in_Recoleta,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]]<br /><br />[[Peru]] |Beef |Hearty thick stew whose main ingredients are corn, some form of meat, usually beef, pork, and ''chorizo'', but sometimes beef jerky or cheese, and vegetables. Other ingredients vary widely, and typically include onion, beans, potato, squash or [[Kabushi|pumpkin]]. |- |Lunggoi Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Dish consisting of stewed sheep's head, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |[[Peanut stew|Maafe]] |[[Fayil:Maafé.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew that is made from lamb, beef, or chicken, cooked with a sauce based on tomatoes and groundnuts (peanuts). |- |Maconochie | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |Stew of sliced turnips and carrots in a thin soup that was especially made by the "Maconochie Company" for soldiers during [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] |- |Maneštra | |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Various |Stew of beans and potatoes which may include meat or spring corn (''bobići''). |- |Mazamorra |[[Fayil:Porotos.png|124x124px]] |Latin America<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Milk |Sweet stew prepared with [[Masara|corn]] (maize) as a primary ingredient. |- |Mechado |[[Fayil:Cooked_mechado.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A stew traditionally made with larded beef, but now also made with leaner cuts. Marinating in soy sauce and ''calamansi'' juice give it a Filipino flavor. |- |Menudo |[[Fayil:Orient_Valley_Filipino_Cuisine_-_5.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various<br /><br />Offal |Liver and beef or pork stewed in a tomato sauce with carrots and potatoes. A variation called ''waknatoy'' uses pickle relish and does not typically include other vegetables |- |Mjave lobio |[[Fayil:Lobyo1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Vegetarian |Dish of stewed beans, tomatoes and onion. |- |[[Moambe]] |[[Fayil:Chicken_moambe_with_French_fries_(14792587921).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Central Africa]] |Fowl |Dish prepared with a sauce usually made from the [[Ɗan'ice|pericarp]] (not the seeds) of palm nuts, the fruit of the African oil palm. |- |Mocotó |[[Fayil:Mocotó_gaúcho.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]] |Offal |Dish made from cow's feet, stewed with beans and vegetables. |- |Molagoottal | |[[Indiya|India]] |Vegetarian |South Indian stew with [[Attagara|coconut]] and lentils as a base. |- |Moqueca |[[Fayil:Moqueca.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Seafood |Stew based on fish or shrimp, tomatoes, onions, garlic and coriander. |- |Mulligan stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Various |Dish similar to Irish stew, Brunswick stew, or burgoo, as improvised by American hobos from available or scavenged ingredients, such as squirrel or opossum. |- |Navarin |[[Fayil:Navarin_of_lamb.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Lamb |French ragoût (stew) of lamb or mutton. Often, vegetables are added. |- |[[Ndolé]] |[[Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kamaru|Cameroon]] |Fish |National dish of Cameroon, a stew of nuts, ''ndoleh'' (bitter leaves indigenous to West Africa), and fish or ground beef. |- |Nihari |[[Fayil:নিহারী_(Nihari).jpg|127x127px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] |Various |South Asian dish consists of slow-cooked meat, mainly a shank cut of beef, lamb, mutton or goat meat, as well as chicken and bone marrow. It is flavoured with long pepper (pippali), a relative of black pepper. |- |Nikujaga |[[Fayil:Braised_pork_and_potatoes_(3089327692).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Pork or beef |Japanese dish of meat (either beef or pork), potatoes and onion stewed in sweetened soy sauce, sometimes with ''ito konnyaku'' and vegetables. |- |Nilaga |[[Fayil:Bulacan,Batangasjf8355_22.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A traditional meat stew or soup from the [[Filipin|Philippines]] made with boiled beef (''nilagang baka'') or pork (''nilagang baboy'') with various vegetables. It is typically eaten with [[Farar shinkafa|white rice]] and is served with soy sauce, patis (fish sauce), labuyo chilis, and calamansi on the side.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web |title=Nilagang Baboy (Boiled Pork and Vegetables) |url=https://casaveneracion.com/nilagang-baboy-boiled-pork-ribs-with-vegetables/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Casa Veneracion}}</ref> |- |Oil down |[[Fayil:Cooking_oil_down_03.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Grenada]] |Fowl |Stew made of [[Berefut|breadfruit]], salted meat, chicken, dumplings, callaloo, and other vegetables, all stewed in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], herbs, and spices. National dish of [[Grenada]], but also popular in [[Trinidad da Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]], with hot peppers and no dumplings. |- |Olla podrida |[[Fayil:Olla_podrida_Covarrubias_-_Santaorosia_Photographic_Colectivity.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Spanish stew made from pork and beans and an inconsistent, wide variety of other meats and vegetables, often including chickpeas, depending on the recipe used. |- |Ollada | |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Valencia]]) |Sausage |Stew based on boiling vegetables and meat in a casserole. |- |Or lam |[[Fayil:O-lam.png|124x124px]] |[[Laos]] |Various |A thick, peppery broth seasoned primarily with Lao chili wood (sakhaan), chili pepper, and lemongrass. Dried water buffalo skin, beef, game meat, quail or chicken, eggplants, wood ear mushrooms, and asparagus bean. |- |Ostrich stew | |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Fowl |Ostrich stew is a stew prepared using ostrich meat as a primary ingredient. Can include vegetables such as onion, celery and carrot, tomatoes, soup stock and wine. |- |Ostropel |[[Fayil:Ostrpel.png|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Fowl |Stew that is primarily made from chicken mixed with a thick tomato sauce. |- |Oyster stew |[[Fayil:Oyster_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Seafood |Stew made from oysters with milk and cream |- |Oxtail Stew | |France |Oxtail, usually with root vegetables |There are numerous oxtail stews in French cuisine: Auguste Escoffier and others have published many recipes for variations on oxtail stew. |- |Paya |[[Fayil:Paya_Curry.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Pakistan]]<br /><br />[[Indiya|India]] |Goat |Stew made with alliums, ginger, spices, and goat or sheep trotters. Coveted for its spicy and fatty broth which is rich in gelatin and animal fat, both rendered from the trotter bones and joints. It is preferred as breakfast with [[Naan]] bread. |- |Paila marina |[[Fayil:Paila_Marina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Chile]] |Seafood |Typical stew that is usually made of a shellfish stock containing different kinds of cooked shellfish and fish. These are complemented with a variety of herbs and spices such as [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], cilantro, and onion. |- |[[Palaver sauce]] |[[Fayil:Palava_sauce_w-_cocoyam_leaf_(5612472154).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew popular in Western Africa that has many regional varieties and may contain beef, fish, shrimp, ''pepitas'', [[Rogo|cassava]], [[Gwaza|taro]] (''cocoyam'') leaves, and [[Manja|palm oil]]. It is served with boiled rice, potatoes, ''[[Gari|garri]]'', ''[[fufu]]'', or [[Doya|yams]]. |- |Paomo |[[Fayil:Paomo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Lamb |Stew of chopped-up baked unleavened bread cooked in lamb broth and served with lamb meat. It is often eaten with pickled [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and chilli sauce. |- |[[Pasulj]] |[[Fayil:Pasulj_(10291319804).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Serbiya|Serbia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]]<br /><br />[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]]<br /><br />[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] |Sausage |Also known as grah. Bean soup made of white, cranberry or pinto beans, usually prepared with smoked meat such as smoked bacon, sausage, and ham hock. This is a typical winter dish. |- |Pepián |[[Fayil:Cocinando_El_Pepian.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] |Various |Beef or chicken stewed with tomatillo, [[Tumatir|tomato]], and chili pepper and thickened with gourd seeds |- |Philadelphia Pepper Pot | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] ([[Pennsylvania]]) |Offal |Thick stew of beef tripe, vegetables and other seasonings; originates in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch. |- |Pichelsteiner |[[Fayil:Pichelsteiner_Eintopf.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Various |German stew that consists of several types of meats and vegetables. Common ingredients are beef, pork and mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots and [[Albasa mai kara|leek]]. |- |Pinangat |[[Fayil:Pinangat_na_Hito.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fish |Filipino stew made of [[Gwaza|taro]] leaves, chilli, meat and [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] wrapped in ''gabi'' leaves and tied securely with coconut leaf. |- |Pindang |[[Fayil:Pindang_Patin_Palembang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Stew made of by boiling ingredients, especially fish, in salt and certain spices. |- |Piperade |[[Fayil:Pipérade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Vegetarian |Typical Basque dish prepared with onion, green peppers, and tomatoes sautéed and flavored with red Espelette pepper. |- |Pisto |[[Fayil:Pisto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Murcia) |Vegetarian |Stew made of tomatoes, onions, eggplant or courgettes, green and red peppers and [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. |- |Pörkölt |[[Fayil:Gulasch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Pork |Hungarian stew that consists of meat, [[paprika]], and sometimes vegetables, but no potatoes. It should not be confused with goulash, which always contain potatoes and is more like a soup. |- |Pot-au-feu |[[Fayil:Pot-au-feu2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |French beef stew. Other ingredients may differ from region to region, but commonly various kinds of vegetables are included, such as carrots, turnips, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], celery and onions. |- |Potée Lorraine | |France |Pork or ham |French one-pot stew of salt pork or ham with haricot beans and seasonal vegetables |- |[[Potjiekos]] |[[Fayil:The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Game |South African stew that is usually prepared outdoors. The recipe commonly contains meat, vegetables, starches like rice or potatoes, all slow-cooked with Dutch-Malay spices, the distinctive spicing of South Africa's early culinary melting pot. Other common ingredients include fruits and flour-based products like [[pasta]]. |- |Pottage |[[Fayil:Yam_pottage.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Various |Thick soup or stew made by boiling vegetables, grains, and, if available, meat or fish. Pottage commonly consisted of various ingredients easily available to serfs and peasants, and could be kept over the fire for a period of days, during which time some of it was eaten and more ingredients added. The result was a dish that was slowly but constantly evolving, a "perpetual stew". |- |Pozole |[[Fayil:Pozole.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Pork or fowl |Mexican stew with ritual significance made from [[Masara|maize]] with meat, usually pork, chicken, turkey, or pork rinds, with chili peppers, and other seasonings and garnishes. Vegetarian and vegan versions also exist. |- |Puchero |[[Fayil:Puchero_canario.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Veal |Stew whose ingredients may vary greatly according to region. Its equivalent may be the Spanish ''cocido''. |- |Qoiri | |Tibet |Lamb |Stew of mutton chops, made with flour, shredded wheat, chilli, dry curd cheese, water and salt. |- |[[Ragout]] |[[Fayil:Ragoût_aux_lentilles.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Various |Refers to a main-dish stew. Ragouts may be prepared with or without meat, a wide variety of vegetables may be incorporated, and they may be more or less heavily spiced and seasoned. Pictured is ragout with lentils. |- |Ratatouille |[[Fayil:Ratatouille.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from the Provence that consists mainly of tomatoes with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, ''courgettes'' (zucchini), ''aubergine'' (eggplant), ''poivron'' ([[Barkono|bell peppers]]), marjoram and [[Ɗaɗɗoya|basil]], or [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] and thyme, or a mix of green herbs, such as ''herbes de Provence''. |- |Red cooked pork |[[Fayil:RedCookedPorkBelly.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]] |Pork |Braised stew made with soy sauce, Chinese rice wine, caramelized sugar, and spices. Usually made with pork, but other meats, such as beef or chicken are also cooked in this style. |- |Rendang |[[Fayil:Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Spicy beef stew braised in a [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and seasoned with a mixture of herbs and spices that has been slow cooked for usually four hours. |- |Rössypottu |[[Fayil:Rössypottua.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Stew made using potatoes (''pottu'', ''peruna''), some pork and the main ingredient, so-called "rössy" (i.e. blood pudding made of [[Jini|blood]], [[Giya|beer]], rye flour and some spices). |- |Rogan Josh |[[Fayil:Rogan_josh02.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indiya|India]] |Lamb |Aromatic lamb stew native to the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], which is one of the signature recipes of Kashmiri cuisine. Rogan josh consists of braised lamb chunks cooked with a gravy based on browned onions or shallots, yogurt, garlic, ginger and aromatic spices (cloves, bay leaves, cardamom and cinnamon). |- |Rubaboo | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Game |Basic stew or porridge consumed by ''coureurs des bois'' and ''voyageurs'' (fur traders), as well as Métis people from North America. Traditionally made of peas or corn, or both, with [[Dabbar beya|bear]] or pork grease, and a thickening agent of bread or flour. |- |Sagamite | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Offal |Native-American stew made from hominy or Indian corn. Additional ingredients may include vegetables, wild rice, brown sugar, animal fat, beans, smoked fish or animal [[Kwakwalwa|brains]]. |- |Saksang |[[Fayil:Saksang_3.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Pork |Spicy stew made from minced pork or dog meat (or more rarely, water buffalo meat) stewed in [[Jini|blood]], [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], and spices. |- |Saltah |[[Fayil:Saltah.gif|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Considered the national dish of Yemen, the base is a brown [[Nama|meat]] stew called ''maraq'', with [[fenugreek]] froth and ''sahawiq'' or ''sahowqa'', a mixture of chillies, [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and herbs ground into a salsa. Common additions are [[Shinkafa|rice]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], scrambled eggs, and [[Kayan Lambu|vegetables]]. |- |Sambar |[[Fayil:Pumpkin_sambar.JPG|124x124px]] |India |Lentils Meat |South Indian stew made with lentils, vegetables and tamarind pulp extract. Famously used as a side dish with [[idli]], dosa, [[Vada (abinci)|vada]], pongal and plain cooked rice. |- |Sancocho |[[Fayil:Sancocho_de_guandú_con_carne_salá.JPG|124x124px]] |Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic |Various |Meat, vegetables, root vegetables |- |Scouse |[[Fayil:Cookbook-beef-stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |A variation of labskaus. A type of meat or beef stew. |- |Seco |[[Fayil:Seco_de_Cordero_(Lamb_Leg_Stew)_from_Lima_Peruvian_at_Off_the_Grid-_Fort_Mason_Center_(7423438016).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ecuador]] |Lamb |Stewed meat. |- |Sekba |[[Fayil:Sekba_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Offal |Chinese Indonesian pork offals stewed in mild soy sauce-based soup. The stew tastes mildly sweet and salty, made from soy sauce, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and Chinese herbs. |- |Semur |[[Fayil:Semur_Ayam.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Type of meat stew that is processed in thick brown gravy. The main material used in ''semur'' gravy is shallots, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], ''kecap manis'' (sweet soy sauce), nutmeg, and [[Kaninfari|cloves]]. |- |Shiro |[[Fayil:Taita_and_shiro.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Eritrea]] |Vegetarian |Homogeneous stew whose primary ingredient is powdered chickpeas or broad bean meal. |- |Sinigang |[[Fayil:Sinigang_na_Baboy.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various |Filipino soup or stew characterized by its sour flavor most often associated with [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] (''sampalok''). |- |Skirts and kidneys |[[Fayil:Skirts_and_Kidneys.jpg|165x165px]] |Ireland |Pork & offal |Irish stew made from pork and pork kidneys. |- |Sonofabitch stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(West) |Veal and offal |Cowboy dish consisting of whatever is on hand. Most recipes call for meat and offal from a calf. |- |Spanish fricco | |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Beef |A hearty Westphalian stew prepared primarily using diced beef, potatoes and onions, typically in a cream soup base. |- |Spezzatino |[[Fayil:Veal_stew_with_apples_and_potatoes_(13886150756).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Beef | |- |[[Steak and Kidney]] | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Beef and offal |Slowly braised beef, traditionally the less tender cuts, and diced ox kidney. Traditionally served with beef suet dumplings which are cooked in the stew. |- |Stew peas | |[[Jamaika|Jamaica]] |Various |Jamaican stew prepared using [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], gungo peas ([[Waaken Santanbul|pigeon peas]]) or red peas (kidney beans), uncured meats and salted meats such as pork and beef. Can also include onion, garlic, scallions, pig tail, herbs, and spices. |- |Sulu köfte |[[Fayil:Sulu_koftes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Sausage |Soup-like stew with köfte meatballs in the dish. |- |[[Tajine]] |[[Fayil:Moroccan_Tajin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] |Lamb |[[Abincin Berber|Berber]] dish from North Africa, named after the special earthenware pot in which it is cooked. It includes different ingredients according to region, but commonly several kinds of vegetables, meats and spices |- |Tas kebap |[[Fayil:Tas_kebap_and_pilav.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Veal or mutton stew with potatoes |- |Tatws Pum Munud |[[Fayil:Tatws_Pum_Munud2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Pork |Traditional Welsh stew, made with smoked bacon, stock, potatoes and other vegetables. |- |[[Tharid]] |[[Fayil:LambTharid2.jpg|124x124px]] |Arab world |Lamb |Dish made from pieces of bread in a vegetable or meat broth. Pictured is lamb ''tharid''. |- |Tocană |[[Fayil:Plattradbrapolanta.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Vegetarian |Prepared with tomato, garlic and sweet paprika, it is traditionally consumed with a cornmeal mush called ''mămăligă''. |- |Tomato bredie |[[Fayil:Chicken_with_tomato_bredie_(12567481243).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |South African stew with Dutch origin that usually features mutton, which is cooked for a very long time, and includes cinnamon, [[cardamom]], [[Citta|ginger]], [[Kaninfari|cloves]], and chili as seasonings. |- |Tombet |[[Fayil:Tombet6116.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Mayorka|Mallorca]]) |Vegetarian |Traditional vegetable stew that contains layers of sliced potatoes, aubergines and red [[Barkono|bell peppers]] previously fried in [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. The aubergines and red peppers should not be peeled. The whole is topped with tomato fried with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley, and presented in a way that it looks like a pie without a crust. |- |Tuna pot |[[Fayil:Marmitako.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Fish |Fish stew that was eaten on tuna fishing boats in the Cantabrian Sea. A simple dish with potatoes, onions, pimientos, and tomatoes. |- |Türlü |[[Fayil:Турлитава_во_традиционална,_рачно_изработена_земјена_тава._01.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Vegetarian |Stew of mixed vegetables stew which may also include meat. The dish is known as ''tourlou'' in Greece and as ''turli tava'' in North Macedonia |- |[[Wat (abinci)|Wat (food)]] |[[Fayil:Ethiopian_wat.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]]<br /><br />[[Eritrea]] |Various |Stew or curry which may be prepared with meat, such as chicken, beef, or lamb, or a variety of vegetables, with spice mixtures, such as ''[[Berber|berbere]]'' and ''niter kibbeh'', a seasoned clarified butter. |- |Waterblommetjiebredie |[[Fayil:Aponogeton_distachyos_-_Waterblommetjies_from_tin.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |Meat, typically lamb, stewed together with ''waterblommetjies'' (''Aponogeton distachyos'' flowers, commonly known as Cape pondweed, Cape hawthorn or Cape asparagus). Literally means "small water flower stew" in [[Afrikaans]]. |- |Waterzooi |[[Fayil:(waterzooi)_(79743868).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]]<br /><br />(Flanders) |Fish |Stew made of fish or chicken, vegetables (carrots, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], and potatoes), herbs, eggs, cream, and [[Man shanu|butter]]. |- |Zoervleis |[[Fayil:Zuurvlees_met_frietjes.jpg|124x124px]] |Limburg region,<br /><br />Belgium&<br /><br />the Netherlands |Horse |Traditional dish similar to German ''sauerbraten'' which features meat (normally horse meat) that was marinated in vinegar or apple cider. Contrary to what one would expect, it is sweet, as it is served with gingerbread. |} 9e34v9szhi7o6oop5avbw36cq810cku 856459 856457 2026-06-13T21:41:43Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Matakai */ 856459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan shine '''jerin sanannun miyar taushe.''' Saki shine haɗuwa da sinadaran [[abinci]] masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka dafa a cikin ruwa kuma aka ba da su a cikin ruwan da aka samu. Abinci a cikin stew na iya haɗawa da kowane haɗuwa da [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], kamar carot, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], [[wake]], [[albasa]], albasa da sauransu, kuma akai-akai tare da [[nama]], musamman nama mai tauri wanda ya dace da danshi, jinkirin [[dafa abinci]], kamar naman sa ko zagaye. Ana amfani da kaji, naman alade, ɗan rago ko ragon, sausages, da abincin teku. == Matakai == {| class="wikitable sortable " !Name ! style="width:100px" |Image !Origin !Tradit­ional protein !Description and distinctive ingredients |- |Ají de gallina |[[Fayil:Ají_de_gallina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Peru]] |Fowl |Peruvian chicken stew |- |Alicot | |[[Faransa|France]] |Offal |Stew made with poultry giblets and possibly the head, feet and wing tips |- |Andrajos |[[Fayil:Andrajos_(3633922072).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] (Jaén) |Game |Stew of [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], red pepper, and [[Zomo|rabbit]], thickened with cake flour |- |Asam pedas |[[Fayil:Ikan_Asam_Padeh_Padang.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Sour and spicy stew dish made of seafood, typically fish, cooked in [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] fruit juice, [[Chili foda|chili]], and other spices |- |Balbacua |[[Fayil:BALBACUA_10-31_screenshot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Beef stew made from beef and collagen-rich parts of beef stewed for four to six hours in various spices |- |[[Bamia]] |[[Fayil:Bamia-Ocras_tomate_(cropped).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Misra|Egypt]] |Lamb |Stew prepared with okra and lamb as primary ingredients<ref name="Iranica">{{Cite web |last=Aʿlam |first=H. |last2=Ramazani |first2=N. |date=December 15, 1989 |title=Bāmīā |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bamia-or-bamia-okra |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]], Vol. III |pages=656–657}}</ref> |- |Beef bourguignon |[[Fayil:Boeuf_bourguignon_servie_avec_des_pâtes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Burgundy) |Beef |Stew made of beef braised in red wine, traditionally red Burgundy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of boeuf bourguignon |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000035/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=2013-04-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> and beef broth, generally flavoured with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, and a ''bouquet garni'', with pearl onions and mushrooms |- |Beef Stroganoff |[[Fayil:Beef_Stroganoff-02_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Rasha|Russia]]<br /><br />[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |'''Beef Stroganoff''' or '''beef Stroganov''' ([[Rashanci|Russian]]: бефстроганов ''befstróganov'') is a Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef served in a sauce with <nowiki><i id="mwpA">smetana</i></nowiki> (sour cream). |- |Beaver stew |[[Fayil:Castor_estufado.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Lithuania]] |Beaver |Stew made beaver meat, mashed potatoes and various vegetables |- |Bicol express |[[Fayil:Bicol_Express.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork or beef |Stew made from long chillies, pork or beef, [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], shrimp paste or stockfish, onions, pork, and [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Bigos |[[Fayil:Bigos_in_Kraków_(Rynek_Główny).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Poland]]<br /><br />[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]<br /><br />[[Lithuania]] |Pork |Stew that features white cabbage, sauerkraut, various cuts of meat and sausages, often whole or puréed [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], honey, and mushrooms |- |Birnen, Bohnen und Speck |[[Fayil:Birnen,_Bohnen_und_Speck_2a.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Pork |Typical dish in which pears, beans, and bacon are cooked together |- |Birria |[[Fayil:Plato_de_birria.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Goat |Spicy meat stew made of pork, goat, lamb, or mutton that is traditionally served on holidays, such as [[Kirsimeti|Christmas]] |- |[[Kayan maraƙi|Blanquette de veau]] |[[Fayil:Blanquette_de_veau.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Veal |Bright veal [[ragout]] with <nowiki><i id="mw-w">mirepoix</i></nowiki> |- |Blindhuhn |[[Fayil:Westfälisches_Blindhuhn_mit_Mettenden_und_Schweinespeck-6650.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Westphalia) |Pork |A stew of the Westphalian cuisine prepared with beans, vegetables, and bacon |- |Booyah |[[Fayil:Booyah.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Upper Midwest) |Various |Thick stew popular in the Upper Midwestern United States with meat and vegetables, often prepared communally in large kettles, with several different meats |- |Bosanski lonac |[[Fayil:Bosanskilonac.jpg|141x141px]] |[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lamb |Typical Bosnian dish with beef, lamb, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, parsley, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and peppercorns (whole, not ground) |- |Bouillabaisse |[[Fayil:Bullabessa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />([[Marseille]]) |Seafood |Bony fish and seafood stew with vegetables and Provençal herbs and spices: The name refers to a "simmering boil", the temperature of cooking the stew. |- |Brongkos |[[Fayil:Brongkos_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />(Yogyakarta and<br /><br />Central Java) |Beef |Meat (beef or mutton) with beans (black-eyed peas or kidney beans) stew, with boiled egg and spicy soup made of ''Pangium edule'', coconut milk, and other spices |- |Brodetto |[[Fayil:Foto_brodetto_.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |Fish stew typical of the Eastern (Adriatic) coast of Italy: It may slightly vary from place to place. In Veneto, it is eaten with polenta. In Abruzzo, tomato sauce is added. It is similar to Croatian ''brudet.'' |- |Brudet |[[Fayil:Brodet.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]] |Fish |A fish stew that is usually eaten with polenta, similar to Italian ''brodetto'' |- |Brunswick stew |[[Fayil:Brunswick_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Game |Tomato-based stew containing various types of lima beans or butter beans, corn, okra, and other vegetables, and one or more types of meat: Most recipes claiming authenticity call for squirrel or [[Zomo|rabbit]] meat, but chicken, pork, and beef are also common ingredients. |- |Trippa alla milanese ([[Buseca]] in South America) |[[Fayil:Trippa_alla_milanese.JPG|165x165px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Offal |Italian stew also common in [[Uruguay]] and Argentina, similar to Spanish ''callos'', it is made of finely chopped ''mondongo'' (beef tripe), potatoes, and legumes such as lentils or chickpeas. |- |Buddha Jumps Over the Wall |[[Fayil:Buddha_soup_boul.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Fish |Cantonese variation on shark fin soup |- |Buğu kebabı | |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Turkish lamb and vegetable stew with a [[kebab]] name |- |Burgoo |[[Fayil:Kentucky_burgoo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Midwest and<br /><br />South) |Game |Traditionally made with wild game, this spicy thick stew is similar to Irish or Mulligan stew, often served with cornbread or corn muffins. Often prepared communally, it is made with several different meats. |- |Cabbage stew |[[Fayil:Kapuska_with_veal.jpg|120x120px]] |Central Europe |Vegetarian |Prepared using cabbage as a main ingredient: Pictured is ''kapuska''. |- |Cacciatore |[[Fayil:Flickr_preppybyday_4618397089--Chicken_cacciatore.jpg|181x181px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fowl |A stew with braised chicken (pollo alla cacciatora), sometimes with rabbit (coniglio alla cacciatora), tomatoes, onions, herbs, often bell peppers, and sometimes wine. |- |Cacciucco |[[Fayil:Cacciucco.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |A fish stew, it is made with several different types of fish and shellfish cooked in wine, tomatoes, and chili pepper, as typical of west-central Italy and especially Livorno. |- |Cachupa |[[Fayil:Cachupa_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |Goat |Slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat (sausage, beef, goat, or chicken) |- |Caldeirada |[[Fayil:Caldeirada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]] |Seafood |Stew consisting of a large variety of fish, and sometimes shellfish, with potatoes, tomatoes and onions |- |[[Caldereta de cordero]] |[[Fayil:Caldereta_de_Cordero_-_2015.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Lamb |Lamb or mutton stew |- |[[Caldo avá]] | |[[Paraguay]] |Offal |Stew made of beef tripes, chitterlings, heart, and ''matambre'' |- |Caldo gallego |[[Fayil:Caldo_gallego_-_juantiagues.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Stew made with fatty pork, white beans, and greens (cabbage or spring greens), literally means "Galician broth" |- |Callaloo |[[Fayil:Callaloo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]<br /><br />[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Vegetarian |Caribbean dish made of leaf vegetables, amaranth, capsicum, and [[Gwaza|taro]] |- |Callos |[[Fayil:Callos_cociendose.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Offal |A stew common across Spain, it is considered traditional to Madrid, where it is referred to as ''callos a la madrileña''. It contains beef tripe and chickpeas, blood sausage, and bell peppers. ''Chorizo'' sausage may also be used. |- |Caparrones |[[Fayil:Caparrones89.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(La Rioja) |Sausage |Stew made of ''caparrón'' (a variety of red kidney beans) and a spicy ''chorizo'' sausage |- |Caponata |[[Fayil:Caponata_(14049113982).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />([[Sisiliya|Sicily]]) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from Sicily that consists mainly of ''aubergine'' (eggplant) tomato sauce, onions, celery, olives, capers, and Agrodolce. |- |Capra e fagioli | |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />(Liguria) |Goat |Stew made of goat meat, white wine, and white pigna beans |- |[[Carbonada]] | |[[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional Argentinian and Uruguayan sweet-sour beef, squash, and apricot stew, traditionally served inside a squash |- |Carbonade flamande |[[Fayil:Jielbeaumadier_carbonade_flamande_2010.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Traditional Belgian sweet-sour beef and onion stew made with [[Giya|beer]], and seasoned with thyme and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]]: Pictured is ''carbonade flamande'' with fries and a side of greens. |- |Carne mechada |[[Fayil:Carne_Mechada_(11351611734).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Kolombiya|Colombia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carne Mechada |url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517224523/http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |archive-date=2008-05-17 |access-date=2008-03-23}}</ref> |Beef |Latin American beef stew |- |Cassoulet |[[Fayil:Cassoulet.cuit.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Languedoc) |Fowl and sausage |French dish that consists of slow-cooked meat, typically pork sausages, pork, goose, duck, and sometimes mutton, with white haricot beans |- |Cawl |[[Fayil:Cawl_Cymreig.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Lamb |Lamb stew (beef or hock in Pembrokeshire), which includes vegetables, such as [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]] and potatoes, as well as carrots, celery, onion, parsnip, swede, and turnip |- |Chairo |[[Fayil:Chairo_at_Ciclik_La_Paz.png|152x152px]] |[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] |Beef |Meat and vegetable stew with potato starch (''chuños''), onions, carrots, potatoes, [[Masara|white corn]], beef, and wheat kernels |- |Chakapuli |[[Fayil:Chakapuli.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Lamb |Popular stew with lamb chops or veal, onions, tarragon leaves, cherry plums or ''tkemali'' (cherry plum sauce), dry white wine, mixed fresh herbs (parsley, mint, dill, coriander), garlic, and salt |- |Chapea | |[[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican Republic]] |Sausage |Traditional dish from the countryside that consists of cooked red beans with ''longaniza'' (Dominican sausage), rice, ripe plantain, and mashed squash used as a thickener |- |Chicken mull |[[Fayil:Chicken_mull.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Fowl |A traditional dish from [[North Carolina]] and [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], it consists of parboiled whole chicken in a cream- or milk-based broth with butter, seasoned with salt, white or black pepper, and other ingredients. Traditionally, the stew is served in the late fall and winter, often prepared communally. |- |Chicken pastel |[[Fayil:Filipino_Chicken_Pastel.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Chicken or pork |Stew or pie made with chicken, sometimes pork, sausages, mushrooms, peas, carrots, potatoes, soy sauce, and various spices in a creamy sauce. |- |Chili con carne |[[Fayil:Pot-o-chili.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Texas]]) |Beef |A spicy stew that traditionally features chopped or ground beef, chili peppers, and other ingredients. |- |Cholent |[[Fayil:Vegetable_cholent.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef, chicken or goose |Slowly simmered Jewish stew of Ashkenazi origin that cooks overnight and is traditionally served at the ''Shabbat'' meal. Its main ingredients are meat, onions, potatoes, beans or chickpeas, and [[Sha'ir|barley]]. It is believed to be derived from the hamin of Sephardic Jews. Similar to the French cassoulet. |- |Chraime |[[Fayil:צלחת_חריימה.png|138x138px]] |Maghreb |Fish |Fish stewed with tomatoes and peppers, flavored with hot peppers and spices |- |Chupe Andino | |[[Andes]] |Game |Refers to various stews and soups that are prepared in Andes Mountains region of South America |- |[[Chupín]] | |[[Uruguay]] |Fish |Made with any fish of firm meat, usually hake, croaker, or boga, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions, crumbs of marine crackers are usually poured over at the end. |- |Ciambotta |[[Fayil:Ciambotta_di_Vietri_di_Potenza.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Vegetarian |Typically based on vegetables, but it may have other ingredients, such as meat or fish. The vegetable choices are usually potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, [[Barkono|sweet peppers]], chili, onion and herbs. |- |Cioppino |[[Fayil:Cioppino.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[San Francisco]]) |Fish |An Italian-American fish stew, it is traditionally made from the catch of the day, which in the dish's place of origin is typically a combination of Dungeness crab, clams, shrimp, scallops, squid, mussels, and fish. The seafood is then combined with fresh tomatoes in a wine sauce, and served with toasted bread, either sourdough or baguette. |- |Cocido lebaniego |[[Fayil:Cocido_lebaniego.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Its essential ingredients include chickpeas, potatoes, and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]]. The rest of the elements are ''compangu'', meat from the pig slaughter, such as bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and [[ham]]. Other additional ingredients are beef, especially <nowiki><i id="mwA1o">cecina</i></nowiki> and bones, and a stuffing made of bread flour, egg, and parsley. |- |Cocido madrileño |[[Fayil:CocidoMadrileño.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Madrid]]) |Pork |Its main ingredient is the chickpea or garbanzo bean, preferably of its larger variety, also known as ''kabuli''. Vegetables are added, potatoes mainly, but also cabbage, carrots, and turnips. In some cases, green beans, mangold, or cardoon are added. Meats like beef, hen, lard, chorizo, a small block of cured Jamón and morcilla (a type of black pudding) complete the ingredients. Cocido is commonly served with the ingredient types grouped, and the broth served as first course, with very thin pasta, fideo cabellín added. |- |Cocido montañés |[[Fayil:Cocidomontanes.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Also known as highlander stew. It is made with two vegetal ingredients, dried large white beans and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]] (''berza''). The rest of the elements of this recipe are known as ''compangu'', meat ingredients from the pig slaughter: bacon (''tocino''), pork ribs (''costilla''), black pudding (''morcilla'') with rice, and ''chorizo''. |- |Compote | | |Game |Game stew made for example from [[Zomo|rabbit]], partridge, or pigeon |- |Coq au vin |[[Fayil:Coq_au_vin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Fowl |French braise of chicken cooked with wine, lardons, mushrooms, and optionally [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Cotriade |[[Fayil:Cotriade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Fish |Breton-style stew made with potatoes and many kinds of fish, but ''without'' shellfish |- |Cozido/Cocido |[[Fayil:Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Various |Stew made with different meats and vegetables; numerous regional variations exist throughout Portugal and Spain |- |Cream stew |[[Fayil:Cream_Stew_001.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Various |Cream stew is a Japanese Yōshoku dish consisting of meat, usually chicken or pork, and mixed vegetables, onion, carrot, potato and cabbage, cooked in thick white roux. |- |Daube |[[Fayil:Daube_de_boeuf_carottes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Beef |Classic Provençal stew made with inexpensive beef braised in wine, vegetables, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and ''herbes de Provence'', and traditionally cooked in a ''daubière'', a braising pan. |- |Dillegrout |[[Fayil:Dillegrout,_also_known_at_le_mess_de_gyron,_girunt,_dilgirunt,_dilegrout,_dillygrout,_dilligrout,_maupygernon,_maupigyrnun,_malepigernout,_malpigernoun.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Fowl |Chicken pottage made with almond milk, sugar, and spices traditionally presented at coronations of English monarchs by the lord of the manor of Addington. |- |Dimlama |[[Fayil:Dimlama_(16425713838).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Uzbekistan]] |Lamb |Stew made with various combinations of meat, potatoes, onions, vegetables, and sometimes fruits. |- |Dinuguan |[[Fayil:Dinuguan_with_puto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Offal |Filipino savory stew of meat or offal (typically lungs, kidneys, intestines, ears, heart and snout) simmered in a rich, spicy dark gravy of pig [[Jini|blood]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], chili (most often ''siling mahaba''), and vinegar. |- |Drokpa Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Stewed tripe, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |Escudella i carn d'olla |[[Fayil:Escudella.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Katalunya|Catalonia]]) |Sausage |Stew that contains a ''pilota'', a very big meatball spiced with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley. It contains vegetables, such as celery, cabbage, carrots, etc. depending on the season. Bones, sausages called ''botifarras'', and other types of meat can be used. |- |Étouffée |[[Fayil:Crawfish_etouffee.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood |Seafood dish of the Creole cuisine of Louisiana that is usually served over rice. Literally means "smothered" in French. |- |Fabada Asturiana |[[Fayil:Fabada_y_sidra.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Pork |Fabada is made with dried large white beans (''fabes de la Granja'', soaked overnight before use), shoulder of pork (''Lacón Gallego'') or bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and often saffron (''azafrán''). Some recipes also call for ''longaniza''. |- |Fabes con almejas |[[Fayil:Fabes_con_almejas_-_Jlastras.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Seafood |Clam stew that calls for small clams, fava beans, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], salt, saffron, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaves]], [[Man zaitun|olive oil]], parsley, bread crumbs and sometimes sweet [[paprika]]. |- |Fahsa |[[Fayil:Fahsa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Stew made of lamb cutlets with lamb broth. Spices and ''holba'' ([[fenugreek]]) are added after cooking. |- |Fårikål |[[Fayil:Får_i_kål.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Norway]] |Lamb |Traditional dish, consisting of pieces of mutton with bone, cabbage, whole black pepper and optionally a little wheat flour, cooked for several hours in a casserole, traditionally served with potatoes boiled in their skins. Literally means "mutton in cabbage". |- |Fasole cu cârnaţi |[[Fayil:Fasole_cu_afumatura.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Sausage |Dish consisting of baked beans, sausages or [[Ham|smoked ham]]. |- |Feijoada |[[Fayil:Feijoada_à_transmontada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Stew of beans with beef or pork, and may include other vegetables. |- |Fesenjān |[[Fayil:Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Fowl |Thick, tart stew made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts; traditionally made with poultry, but variants using balls of ground meat, ''ghormeh'' cut lamb, fish, or no meat at all are not unusual. |- |Flaki |[[Fayil:Flaki_(2).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Poland]] |Beef |Meat stew with common ingredients, including beef tripe, beef, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]], parsley, carrots, beef broth, and spices to taste, including salt, black pepper, nutmeg, sweet [[paprika]], and marjoram. |- |Főzelék |[[Fayil:Fozelek.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Vegetarian |Very thick vegetable soup, so it may be considered a stew. Sometimes served with meatballs and often eaten as a side dish. |- |Fricot |[[Fayil:Fricot_de_barques.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kanada|Canada]]<br /><br />(Acadia) |Various |Consists of potatoes, onions, and whatever meat was available, cooked in a stew and topped with dumplings. The common meats used are chicken (''fricot au poulet''), clams (''fricot aux coques''), rabbit (''fricot au lapin des bois''), beef, or pork. |- |Gaisburger Marsch |[[Fayil:Gaisburger_Marsch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Swabia) |Beef |Swabian dish made from meat with cooked potatoes and spätzle. |- |Galinhada |[[Fayil:Galinhada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Fowl |Stew of rice and chicken. |- |Garbure |[[Fayil:Garbure.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Gascony) |Pork |Stew/soup of meat (e.g. goose, duck, salt pork, ham) with vegetables, mainly root vegetables. |- |Ghapama |[[Fayil:Ղափամա_2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Armeniya|Armenia]] |Vegetarian |Sweet [[Kabushi|pumpkin]] stew, traditionally cooked in the pumpkin shell; does not contain meat. |- |Gheimeh |[[Fayil:Gheymeh_stew.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Iran]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of diced lamb or sometimes beef, tomatoes, split peas, onion and dried lime, garnished with golden thinly sliced crispy potatoes. The stew is usually served with white rice. |- |Ghormeh sabzi |[[Fayil:Ghormeh_Sabzi.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Vegetarian (but often made with lamb or beef) |Dish that consists of a mixture of sautéed herbs, consisting mainly of parsley, [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], and a smaller amount of [[fenugreek]] leaves, where this is usually the dry herb of the mix. |- |Ginataang kalabasa |[[Fayil:Ginataang_kalabasa_at_hipon_(shrimp,_calabaza,_green_beans,_and_eggplant_in_coconut_milk)_-_Philippines.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Shrimp |Stew of calabaza squash cooked in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and spices, along with shrimp and asparagus bean. |- |Ginataang labong |[[Fayil:Bambooshootjf3760.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Seafood or pork |Stew of bamboo shoots cooked in coconut milk and spices, along with seafood or various meats. |- |Goat water |[[Fayil:Goat_Water.jpg|124x124px]] |Montserrat |Goat |A national dish of Montserrat prepared with goat meat and vegetables. |- |Goulash |[[Fayil:Gulyas080.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Beef |Soup or stew of meat, noodles and vegetables, especially potato, seasoned with [[paprika]] and other spices. |- |Guatitas |[[Fayil:Guatitas_a_la_Jardinera.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]] |Offal |Stew whose main ingredient is pieces of tripe. |- |[[Guiso carrero]] | |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional stew made with beef, chorizo, white beans, chickpeas, potato, sweet potato, squash, carrots, onions and noodles, seasoned with adobo, a spice mix of oregano, thyme, cumin, paprika and chili. |- |Gulai |[[Fayil:Gulai_cancang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Various |Stew or curry made with either beef, poultry (chicken or duck meat), vegetables, seafood or lamb with bumbu spice mix cooked in coconut milk. |- |Gumbo |[[Fayil:Shrimp_gumbo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood & sausage |Stew or soup that consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, with meat or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable "holy trinity" of celery, bell peppers, and onions. |- |Güveç |[[Fayil:Djuvec.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Vegetable and meat stew made with mutton or veal and common to Balkan countries. |- |Guyana Pepperpot |[[Fayil:Pepperpot_(16135006279).jpg|155x155px]] |[[Guyana]] |Various |Stewed meat dish, strongly flavored with cinnamon, hot chili peppers, and ''cassareep'', a special sauce made from the [[Rogo|cassava]] root. Beef, pork, and mutton are the most popular meats used. Chicken is also used. |- |Hachee |[[Fayil:Hachee_1.jpeg|124x124px]] |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |Various |Traditional Dutch stew based on diced meat, fish or poultry, and vegetables. |- |Hamin |[[Fayil:Chamin.jpg|124x124px]] |Iberia |Lamb, beef, or chicken |Traditional Sephardic Jewish Sabbath stew cooked overnight. Made from whole grains, meat, chickpeas or beans, and onion. Also known as dafina. |- |Hasenpfeffer |[[Fayil:Hasenpfeffer.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Game |Traditional German stew made from marinated [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare, cut into stewing-meat sized pieces and braised with onions and wine, in a marinade thickened with the animal's blood. |- |Hochepot |[[Fayil:Vlaamse_Hutsepot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Flemish stew made with oxtail, shoulder of mutton, salted bacon, and vegetables. |- |Hoosh | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Beef (dried) |Thick stew made from pemmican (a mix of dried meat, fat, and cereal) or other meat, thickener such as ground biscuits, and water. Used on expeditions to frozen polar regions. |- |Hot pot |[[Fayil:Day177lilybday.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]]<br /><br />[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] |Various |Stew made with a variety of raw meats, seafood, vegetables, noodles, dumplings, etc., all cooked at the table in a simmering hot pot of broth. |- |Irish stew |[[Fayil:Irish_Beef_Stew_(34046928633).jpg|124x124px]] |Ireland |Lamb |Traditional stew made from lamb or mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots, onions, and parsley. |- |Islim or patlıcan kebabı |[[Fayil:İslim_kebabı.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Traditional stew made from veal or mutton and eggplants, also having tomatoes and green peppers. |- |Istrian stew |[[Fayil:Jota_02.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Pork |Stew prepared using beans, sauerkraut, potatoes, bacon, and spare ribs; the main seasoning is garlic. |- |Jjigae |[[Fayil:Korean_stew-Sundubu_jjigae-05.jpg|120x120px]] |Korea |Various |Stew prepared using meat, seafood or vegetables in a broth seasoned with gochujang (red chilli paste), doenjang (soy bean paste), ganjang (soy sauce) or saeu-jeot (salted and fermented shrimp). |- |Jugged hare |[[Fayil:Civet_de_lapin_aux_USA.jpg|120x120px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Game |Stew prepared using [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare as a main ingredient. |- |Karhi |[[Fayil:Gujaratikadhi.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian Subcontinent]] |Vegetarian |Spicy stew with a thick gravy based on chickpea flour (called ''besan'' in Urdu / Hindi). Contains vegetable fritters called ''[[Pakora|pakoras]]'', to which sour yoghurt is added to give it a little sour taste. |- |Kadyos, baboy, kag langka |[[Fayil:KBL_(Kadios,_Baboy,_Langka).jpg|138x138px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], ham hock, and jackfruit soured with batuan fruits (''Garcinia binucao'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Time You Know about Kadios⁠ beyond KBL |url=https://pepper.ph/its-time-you-know-about-kadios%E2%81%A0-beyond-kbl/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Pepper.ph}}</ref> |- |Kadyos, manok, kag ubad | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fowl |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], [[Kaza|chicken]], and [[Ayaba|banana]] pith<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2007 |title=Manok at Kadyos / Purple Chicken With Pigeon Peas |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/manok-at-kadyos-purple-chicken-with-pigeon-peas |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Market Manila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadyos Beans |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/kadyos-beans/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Ark of Taste |publisher=Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity}}</ref> |- |Kaldereta |[[Fayil:Beef_caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Goat |Dish whose common ingredients are goat shoulders with tomato paste and liver spread. |- |Kalops |[[Fayil:Skånsk_kalops_med_grillad_sparris.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sweden]] |Beef |Swedish stew made of beef, onion, allspice, bay leaves and sometimes carrots. Often eaten with beetroot and potatoes. |- |[[Kamounia]] |[[Fayil:Tunis_Glaïa_Djerba.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sudan]]<br /><br />[[Misra|Egypt]]<br /><br />[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Beef |Beef and liver stew prepared with cumin |- |Kapuska |[[Fayil:Kapuska.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Cabbage and veal stew. |- |Kare-kare |[[Fayil:Kare-kare_oxtail_stew_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Popular stew made from a peanut-based sauce with a variety of vegetables, stewed oxtail, beef, and occasionally offal or tripe. Meat variants may include goat meat or (rarely) chicken. |- |Karelian hot pot |[[Fayil:19-07-09-Karjalanpaisti-IMG_20190709_180453.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Beef and pork |Traditionally made of a combination of pork and beef, but lamb can also be used. The hot pot is usually seasoned with black peppercorns and salt. Other seasonings such as allspice and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] may be used too. Common vegetables such as carrot, onion, and root vegetables are acceptable additions to the stew. |- |Khoresh karafs |[[Fayil:Making_Khoresh_karafs_1.jpg|frameless|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Various |A celery stew, traditionally made with lamb (but various proteins can be used, including vegan versions).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Najmieh Batmanglij}}</ref> |- |Kig ha farz |[[Fayil:Kig-ha-farz.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Various |Stew consisting of various meats (hock, beef and lamb) simmered in a broth with carrots, potatoes, cabbage and a large buckwheat flour based dumpling. Literally means "meat and stuffing" in Breton. Known mainly in Finisterre. |- |Kokotxas |[[Fayil:Kokotxas_al_pilpil,_Bilbao_(33097477025).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Basque Country) |Fish |A traditional dish of fatty fish stewed in white wine, garlic, flour and olive oil. Other variations include parsley. |- |[[Palaver sauce|Kontomire stew]] |[[Fayil:Kontomire_Stew,_Eggs_and_Plantian.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Ghana]] |Fish (dried) |Cocoyam leaves braised with [[egusi]], dried fish, tomatoes, peppers, and egg. |- |Korma |[[Fayil:Chicken_Korma_1.jpg|187x187px]] |India<br /><br />Pakistan<br /><br />Bangladesh |Various |Meat and/or vegetables is seared, then braised with stock or yogurt kept below curdling temperature with a mixture of spices, including ground coriander, cumin, and Indian bay. Traditionally cooked in a pot set over a very low fire, with coals on the lid. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery, and may use lamb, beef, chicken, fish. Some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as spinach or cauliflower. |- |Kuru fasulye |[[Fayil:Kuru_fasulye.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of [[Wake|dry beans]], generally with meat (veal or mutton) and ''[[Pastirma|pastırma]]'' or ''sucuk'' in its broth, with tomato paste. Pictured here is the vegetarian variant. |- |Kuurdak |[[Fayil:Kazakh_quwyrdaq.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] |Goat |Stewed meat dish made with onion, animal fat, vegetable oil, lamb or mutton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2022 |title=Kuurdak: How The Kyrgyz Do Meat and Potatoes |url=https://folkways.today/kuurdak/ |publisher=Folkways}}</ref> |- |Lancashire hotpot |[[Fayil:Lancashire_hotpot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Lamb |Dish made traditionally from lamb or mutton, and onion topped with sliced potatoes, left to bake in the oven all day in a heavy pot and on a low heat. |- |Läskisoosi |[[Fayil:Läskisoosi_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Pork chops grilled in [[Man shanu|butter]] with [[Albasa|onions]] and flour, stirred in water with salt and pepper. |- |Lecsó |[[Fayil:Warm_Colors-_my_Mom's_Hungarian_Lecsó_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]]<br /><br />[[Kazech|Czech Republic]] |Vegetarian |Thick vegetable stew which features peppers, tomato, onion, lard, salt, sugar and ground [[paprika]] as a base recipe. |- |Linat-an | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |Pork stew or soup from the Visayas and Mindanao islands of the [[Filipin|Philippines]] that characteristically uses pork ribs, or other bony cuts of pork, simmered until very tender, lemongrass (tanglad), string beans, starchy ingredients for a thicker soup (usually [[Gwaza|taro]]), and various other vegetables. |- |Lobby | |[[Ingila|England]] (North Staffordshire) |Corned beef |Stew or casserole made from corned beef or sometimes [[Kaza|chicken]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], [[Karas|carrots]], peas, and [[Albasa|onion]]. |- |Lobster stew |[[Fayil:Caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Menorca) |Seafood |Stew made from lobster, which is added to a sofrito with onion, tomato, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley; then boiled, and is eaten with thin slices of bread. |- |Locro |[[Fayil:Locro_(served_in_Recoleta,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]]<br /><br />[[Peru]] |Beef |Hearty thick stew whose main ingredients are corn, some form of meat, usually beef, pork, and ''chorizo'', but sometimes beef jerky or cheese, and vegetables. Other ingredients vary widely, and typically include onion, beans, potato, squash or [[Kabushi|pumpkin]]. |- |Lunggoi Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Dish consisting of stewed sheep's head, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |[[Peanut stew|Maafe]] |[[Fayil:Maafé.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew that is made from lamb, beef, or chicken, cooked with a sauce based on tomatoes and groundnuts (peanuts). |- |Maconochie | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |Stew of sliced turnips and carrots in a thin soup that was especially made by the "Maconochie Company" for soldiers during [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] |- |Maneštra | |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Various |Stew of beans and potatoes which may include meat or spring corn (''bobići''). |- |Mazamorra |[[Fayil:Porotos.png|124x124px]] |Latin America<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Milk |Sweet stew prepared with [[Masara|corn]] (maize) as a primary ingredient. |- |Mechado |[[Fayil:Cooked_mechado.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A stew traditionally made with larded beef, but now also made with leaner cuts. Marinating in soy sauce and ''calamansi'' juice give it a Filipino flavor. |- |Menudo |[[Fayil:Orient_Valley_Filipino_Cuisine_-_5.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various<br /><br />Offal |Liver and beef or pork stewed in a tomato sauce with carrots and potatoes. A variation called ''waknatoy'' uses pickle relish and does not typically include other vegetables |- |Mjave lobio |[[Fayil:Lobyo1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Vegetarian |Dish of stewed beans, tomatoes and onion. |- |[[Moambe]] |[[Fayil:Chicken_moambe_with_French_fries_(14792587921).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Central Africa]] |Fowl |Dish prepared with a sauce usually made from the [[Ɗan'ice|pericarp]] (not the seeds) of palm nuts, the fruit of the African oil palm. |- |Mocotó |[[Fayil:Mocotó_gaúcho.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]] |Offal |Dish made from cow's feet, stewed with beans and vegetables. |- |Molagoottal | |[[Indiya|India]] |Vegetarian |South Indian stew with [[Attagara|coconut]] and lentils as a base. |- |Moqueca |[[Fayil:Moqueca.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Seafood |Stew based on fish or shrimp, tomatoes, onions, garlic and coriander. |- |Mulligan stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Various |Dish similar to Irish stew, Brunswick stew, or burgoo, as improvised by American hobos from available or scavenged ingredients, such as squirrel or opossum. |- |Navarin |[[Fayil:Navarin_of_lamb.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Lamb |French ragoût (stew) of lamb or mutton. Often, vegetables are added. |- |[[Ndolé]] |[[Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kamaru|Cameroon]] |Fish |National dish of Cameroon, a stew of nuts, ''ndoleh'' (bitter leaves indigenous to West Africa), and fish or ground beef. |- |Nihari |[[Fayil:নিহারী_(Nihari).jpg|127x127px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] |Various |South Asian dish consists of slow-cooked meat, mainly a shank cut of beef, lamb, mutton or goat meat, as well as chicken and bone marrow. It is flavoured with long pepper (pippali), a relative of black pepper. |- |Nikujaga |[[Fayil:Braised_pork_and_potatoes_(3089327692).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Pork or beef |Japanese dish of meat (either beef or pork), potatoes and onion stewed in sweetened soy sauce, sometimes with ''ito konnyaku'' and vegetables. |- |Nilaga |[[Fayil:Bulacan,Batangasjf8355_22.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A traditional meat stew or soup from the [[Filipin|Philippines]] made with boiled beef (''nilagang baka'') or pork (''nilagang baboy'') with various vegetables. It is typically eaten with [[Farar shinkafa|white rice]] and is served with soy sauce, patis (fish sauce), labuyo chilis, and calamansi on the side.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web |title=Nilagang Baboy (Boiled Pork and Vegetables) |url=https://casaveneracion.com/nilagang-baboy-boiled-pork-ribs-with-vegetables/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Casa Veneracion}}</ref> |- |Oil down |[[Fayil:Cooking_oil_down_03.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Grenada]] |Fowl |Stew made of [[Berefut|breadfruit]], salted meat, chicken, dumplings, callaloo, and other vegetables, all stewed in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], herbs, and spices. National dish of [[Grenada]], but also popular in [[Trinidad da Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]], with hot peppers and no dumplings. |- |Olla podrida |[[Fayil:Olla_podrida_Covarrubias_-_Santaorosia_Photographic_Colectivity.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Spanish stew made from pork and beans and an inconsistent, wide variety of other meats and vegetables, often including chickpeas, depending on the recipe used. |- |Ollada | |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Valencia]]) |Sausage |Stew based on boiling vegetables and meat in a casserole. |- |Or lam |[[Fayil:O-lam.png|124x124px]] |[[Laos]] |Various |A thick, peppery broth seasoned primarily with Lao chili wood (sakhaan), chili pepper, and lemongrass. Dried water buffalo skin, beef, game meat, quail or chicken, eggplants, wood ear mushrooms, and asparagus bean. |- |Ostrich stew | |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Fowl |Ostrich stew is a stew prepared using ostrich meat as a primary ingredient. Can include vegetables such as onion, celery and carrot, tomatoes, soup stock and wine. |- |Ostropel |[[Fayil:Ostrpel.png|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Fowl |Stew that is primarily made from chicken mixed with a thick tomato sauce. |- |Oyster stew |[[Fayil:Oyster_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Seafood |Stew made from oysters with milk and cream |- |Oxtail Stew | |France |Oxtail, usually with root vegetables |There are numerous oxtail stews in French cuisine: Auguste Escoffier and others have published many recipes for variations on oxtail stew. |- |Paya |[[Fayil:Paya_Curry.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Pakistan]]<br /><br />[[Indiya|India]] |Goat |Stew made with alliums, ginger, spices, and goat or sheep trotters. Coveted for its spicy and fatty broth which is rich in gelatin and animal fat, both rendered from the trotter bones and joints. It is preferred as breakfast with [[Naan]] bread. |- |Paila marina |[[Fayil:Paila_Marina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Chile]] |Seafood |Typical stew that is usually made of a shellfish stock containing different kinds of cooked shellfish and fish. These are complemented with a variety of herbs and spices such as [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], cilantro, and onion. |- |[[Palaver sauce]] |[[Fayil:Palava_sauce_w-_cocoyam_leaf_(5612472154).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew popular in Western Africa that has many regional varieties and may contain beef, fish, shrimp, ''pepitas'', [[Rogo|cassava]], [[Gwaza|taro]] (''cocoyam'') leaves, and [[Manja|palm oil]]. It is served with boiled rice, potatoes, ''[[Gari|garri]]'', ''[[fufu]]'', or [[Doya|yams]]. |- |Paomo |[[Fayil:Paomo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Lamb |Stew of chopped-up baked unleavened bread cooked in lamb broth and served with lamb meat. It is often eaten with pickled [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and chilli sauce. |- |[[Pasulj]] |[[Fayil:Pasulj_(10291319804).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Serbiya|Serbia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]]<br /><br />[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]]<br /><br />[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] |Sausage |Also known as grah. Bean soup made of white, cranberry or pinto beans, usually prepared with smoked meat such as smoked bacon, sausage, and ham hock. This is a typical winter dish. |- |Pepián |[[Fayil:Cocinando_El_Pepian.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] |Various |Beef or chicken stewed with tomatillo, [[Tumatir|tomato]], and chili pepper and thickened with gourd seeds |- |Philadelphia Pepper Pot | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] ([[Pennsylvania]]) |Offal |Thick stew of beef tripe, vegetables and other seasonings; originates in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch. |- |Pichelsteiner |[[Fayil:Pichelsteiner_Eintopf.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Various |German stew that consists of several types of meats and vegetables. Common ingredients are beef, pork and mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots and [[Albasa mai kara|leek]]. |- |Pinangat |[[Fayil:Pinangat_na_Hito.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fish |Filipino stew made of [[Gwaza|taro]] leaves, chilli, meat and [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] wrapped in ''gabi'' leaves and tied securely with coconut leaf. |- |Pindang |[[Fayil:Pindang_Patin_Palembang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Stew made of by boiling ingredients, especially fish, in salt and certain spices. |- |Piperade |[[Fayil:Pipérade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Vegetarian |Typical Basque dish prepared with onion, green peppers, and tomatoes sautéed and flavored with red Espelette pepper. |- |Pisto |[[Fayil:Pisto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Murcia) |Vegetarian |Stew made of tomatoes, onions, eggplant or courgettes, green and red peppers and [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. |- |Pörkölt |[[Fayil:Gulasch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Pork |Hungarian stew that consists of meat, [[paprika]], and sometimes vegetables, but no potatoes. It should not be confused with goulash, which always contain potatoes and is more like a soup. |- |Pot-au-feu |[[Fayil:Pot-au-feu2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |French beef stew. Other ingredients may differ from region to region, but commonly various kinds of vegetables are included, such as carrots, turnips, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], celery and onions. |- |Potée Lorraine | |France |Pork or ham |French one-pot stew of salt pork or ham with haricot beans and seasonal vegetables |- |[[Potjiekos]] |[[Fayil:The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Game |South African stew that is usually prepared outdoors. The recipe commonly contains meat, vegetables, starches like rice or potatoes, all slow-cooked with Dutch-Malay spices, the distinctive spicing of South Africa's early culinary melting pot. Other common ingredients include fruits and flour-based products like [[pasta]]. |- |Pottage |[[Fayil:Yam_pottage.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Various |Thick soup or stew made by boiling vegetables, grains, and, if available, meat or fish. Pottage commonly consisted of various ingredients easily available to serfs and peasants, and could be kept over the fire for a period of days, during which time some of it was eaten and more ingredients added. The result was a dish that was slowly but constantly evolving, a "perpetual stew". |- |Pozole |[[Fayil:Pozole.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Pork or fowl |Mexican stew with ritual significance made from [[Masara|maize]] with meat, usually pork, chicken, turkey, or pork rinds, with chili peppers, and other seasonings and garnishes. Vegetarian and vegan versions also exist. |- |Puchero |[[Fayil:Puchero_canario.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Veal |Stew whose ingredients may vary greatly according to region. Its equivalent may be the Spanish ''cocido''. |- |Qoiri | |Tibet |Lamb |Stew of mutton chops, made with flour, shredded wheat, chilli, dry curd cheese, water and salt. |- |[[Ragout]] |[[Fayil:Ragoût_aux_lentilles.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Various |Refers to a main-dish stew. Ragouts may be prepared with or without meat, a wide variety of vegetables may be incorporated, and they may be more or less heavily spiced and seasoned. Pictured is ragout with lentils. |- |Ratatouille |[[Fayil:Ratatouille.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from the Provence that consists mainly of tomatoes with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, ''courgettes'' (zucchini), ''aubergine'' (eggplant), ''poivron'' ([[Barkono|bell peppers]]), marjoram and [[Ɗaɗɗoya|basil]], or [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] and thyme, or a mix of green herbs, such as ''herbes de Provence''. |- |Red cooked pork |[[Fayil:RedCookedPorkBelly.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]] |Pork |Braised stew made with soy sauce, Chinese rice wine, caramelized sugar, and spices. Usually made with pork, but other meats, such as beef or chicken are also cooked in this style. |- |Rendang |[[Fayil:Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Spicy beef stew braised in a [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and seasoned with a mixture of herbs and spices that has been slow cooked for usually four hours. |- |Rössypottu |[[Fayil:Rössypottua.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Stew made using potatoes (''pottu'', ''peruna''), some pork and the main ingredient, so-called "rössy" (i.e. blood pudding made of [[Jini|blood]], [[Giya|beer]], rye flour and some spices). |- |Rogan Josh |[[Fayil:Rogan_josh02.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indiya|India]] |Lamb |Aromatic lamb stew native to the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], which is one of the signature recipes of Kashmiri cuisine. Rogan josh consists of braised lamb chunks cooked with a gravy based on browned onions or shallots, yogurt, garlic, ginger and aromatic spices (cloves, bay leaves, cardamom and cinnamon). |- |Rubaboo | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Game |Basic stew or porridge consumed by ''coureurs des bois'' and ''voyageurs'' (fur traders), as well as Métis people from North America. Traditionally made of peas or corn, or both, with [[Dabbar beya|bear]] or pork grease, and a thickening agent of bread or flour. |- |Sagamite | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Offal |Native-American stew made from hominy or Indian corn. Additional ingredients may include vegetables, wild rice, brown sugar, animal fat, beans, smoked fish or animal [[Kwakwalwa|brains]]. |- |Saksang |[[Fayil:Saksang_3.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Pork |Spicy stew made from minced pork or dog meat (or more rarely, water buffalo meat) stewed in [[Jini|blood]], [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], and spices. |- |Saltah |[[Fayil:Saltah.gif|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Considered the national dish of Yemen, the base is a brown [[Nama|meat]] stew called ''maraq'', with [[fenugreek]] froth and ''sahawiq'' or ''sahowqa'', a mixture of chillies, [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and herbs ground into a salsa. Common additions are [[Shinkafa|rice]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], scrambled eggs, and [[Kayan Lambu|vegetables]]. |- |Sambar |[[Fayil:Pumpkin_sambar.JPG|124x124px]] |India |Lentils Meat |South Indian stew made with lentils, vegetables and tamarind pulp extract. Famously used as a side dish with [[idli]], dosa, [[Vada (abinci)|vada]], pongal and plain cooked rice. |- |Sancocho |[[Fayil:Sancocho_de_guandú_con_carne_salá.JPG|124x124px]] |Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic |Various |Meat, vegetables, root vegetables |- |Scouse |[[Fayil:Cookbook-beef-stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |A variation of labskaus. A type of meat or beef stew. |- |Seco |[[Fayil:Seco_de_Cordero_(Lamb_Leg_Stew)_from_Lima_Peruvian_at_Off_the_Grid-_Fort_Mason_Center_(7423438016).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ecuador]] |Lamb |Stewed meat. |- |Sekba |[[Fayil:Sekba_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Offal |Chinese Indonesian pork offals stewed in mild soy sauce-based soup. The stew tastes mildly sweet and salty, made from soy sauce, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and Chinese herbs. |- |Semur |[[Fayil:Semur_Ayam.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Type of meat stew that is processed in thick brown gravy. The main material used in ''semur'' gravy is shallots, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], ''kecap manis'' (sweet soy sauce), nutmeg, and [[Kaninfari|cloves]]. |- |Shiro |[[Fayil:Taita_and_shiro.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Eritrea]] |Vegetarian |Homogeneous stew whose primary ingredient is powdered chickpeas or broad bean meal. |- |Sinigang |[[Fayil:Sinigang_na_Baboy.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various |Filipino soup or stew characterized by its sour flavor most often associated with [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] (''sampalok''). |- |Skirts and kidneys |[[Fayil:Skirts_and_Kidneys.jpg|165x165px]] |Ireland |Pork & offal |Irish stew made from pork and pork kidneys. |- |Sonofabitch stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(West) |Veal and offal |Cowboy dish consisting of whatever is on hand. Most recipes call for meat and offal from a calf. |- |Spanish fricco | |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Beef |A hearty Westphalian stew prepared primarily using diced beef, potatoes and onions, typically in a cream soup base. |- |Spezzatino |[[Fayil:Veal_stew_with_apples_and_potatoes_(13886150756).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Beef | |- |[[Steak and Kidney]] | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Beef and offal |Slowly braised beef, traditionally the less tender cuts, and diced ox kidney. Traditionally served with beef suet dumplings which are cooked in the stew. |- |Stew peas | |[[Jamaika|Jamaica]] |Various |Jamaican stew prepared using [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], gungo peas ([[Waaken Santanbul|pigeon peas]]) or red peas (kidney beans), uncured meats and salted meats such as pork and beef. Can also include onion, garlic, scallions, pig tail, herbs, and spices. |- |Sulu köfte |[[Fayil:Sulu_koftes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Sausage |Soup-like stew with köfte meatballs in the dish. |- |[[Tajine]] |[[Fayil:Moroccan_Tajin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] |Lamb |[[Abincin Berber|Berber]] dish from North Africa, named after the special earthenware pot in which it is cooked. It includes different ingredients according to region, but commonly several kinds of vegetables, meats and spices |- |Tas kebap |[[Fayil:Tas_kebap_and_pilav.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Veal or mutton stew with potatoes |- |Tatws Pum Munud |[[Fayil:Tatws_Pum_Munud2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Pork |Traditional Welsh stew, made with smoked bacon, stock, potatoes and other vegetables. |- |[[Tharid]] |[[Fayil:LambTharid2.jpg|124x124px]] |Arab world |Lamb |Dish made from pieces of bread in a vegetable or meat broth. Pictured is lamb ''tharid''. |- |Tocană |[[Fayil:Plattradbrapolanta.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Vegetarian |Prepared with tomato, garlic and sweet paprika, it is traditionally consumed with a cornmeal mush called ''mămăligă''. |- |Tomato bredie |[[Fayil:Chicken_with_tomato_bredie_(12567481243).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |South African stew with Dutch origin that usually features mutton, which is cooked for a very long time, and includes cinnamon, [[cardamom]], [[Citta|ginger]], [[Kaninfari|cloves]], and chili as seasonings. |- |Tombet |[[Fayil:Tombet6116.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Mayorka|Mallorca]]) |Vegetarian |Traditional vegetable stew that contains layers of sliced potatoes, aubergines and red [[Barkono|bell peppers]] previously fried in [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. The aubergines and red peppers should not be peeled. The whole is topped with tomato fried with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley, and presented in a way that it looks like a pie without a crust. |- |Tuna pot |[[Fayil:Marmitako.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Fish |Fish stew that was eaten on tuna fishing boats in the Cantabrian Sea. A simple dish with potatoes, onions, pimientos, and tomatoes. |- |Türlü |[[Fayil:Турлитава_во_традиционална,_рачно_изработена_земјена_тава._01.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Vegetarian |Stew of mixed vegetables stew which may also include meat. The dish is known as ''tourlou'' in Greece and as ''turli tava'' in North Macedonia |- |[[Wat (abinci)|Wat (food)]] |[[Fayil:Ethiopian_wat.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]]<br /><br />[[Eritrea]] |Various |Stew or curry which may be prepared with meat, such as chicken, beef, or lamb, or a variety of vegetables, with spice mixtures, such as ''[[Berber|berbere]]'' and ''niter kibbeh'', a seasoned clarified butter. |- |Waterblommetjiebredie |[[Fayil:Aponogeton_distachyos_-_Waterblommetjies_from_tin.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |Meat, typically lamb, stewed together with ''waterblommetjies'' (''Aponogeton distachyos'' flowers, commonly known as Cape pondweed, Cape hawthorn or Cape asparagus). Literally means "small water flower stew" in [[Afrikaans]]. |- |Waterzooi |[[Fayil:(waterzooi)_(79743868).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]]<br /><br />(Flanders) |Fish |Stew made of fish or chicken, vegetables (carrots, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], and potatoes), herbs, eggs, cream, and [[Man shanu|butter]]. |- |Zoervleis |[[Fayil:Zuurvlees_met_frietjes.jpg|124x124px]] |Limburg region,<br /><br />Belgium&<br /><br />the Netherlands |Horse |Traditional dish similar to German ''sauerbraten'' which features meat (normally horse meat) that was marinated in vinegar or apple cider. Contrary to what one would expect, it is sweet, as it is served with gingerbread. |} == Manazarta == k6j0e7hzp4nuu1q2jdj4ca92hhv63kx 856462 856459 2026-06-13T21:42:06Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Manazarta */ 856462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan shine '''jerin sanannun miyar taushe.''' Saki shine haɗuwa da sinadaran [[abinci]] masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka dafa a cikin ruwa kuma aka ba da su a cikin ruwan da aka samu. Abinci a cikin stew na iya haɗawa da kowane haɗuwa da [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], kamar carot, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], [[wake]], [[albasa]], albasa da sauransu, kuma akai-akai tare da [[nama]], musamman nama mai tauri wanda ya dace da danshi, jinkirin [[dafa abinci]], kamar naman sa ko zagaye. Ana amfani da kaji, naman alade, ɗan rago ko ragon, sausages, da abincin teku. == Matakai == {| class="wikitable sortable " !Name ! style="width:100px" |Image !Origin !Tradit­ional protein !Description and distinctive ingredients |- |Ají de gallina |[[Fayil:Ají_de_gallina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Peru]] |Fowl |Peruvian chicken stew |- |Alicot | |[[Faransa|France]] |Offal |Stew made with poultry giblets and possibly the head, feet and wing tips |- |Andrajos |[[Fayil:Andrajos_(3633922072).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] (Jaén) |Game |Stew of [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], red pepper, and [[Zomo|rabbit]], thickened with cake flour |- |Asam pedas |[[Fayil:Ikan_Asam_Padeh_Padang.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Sour and spicy stew dish made of seafood, typically fish, cooked in [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] fruit juice, [[Chili foda|chili]], and other spices |- |Balbacua |[[Fayil:BALBACUA_10-31_screenshot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Beef stew made from beef and collagen-rich parts of beef stewed for four to six hours in various spices |- |[[Bamia]] |[[Fayil:Bamia-Ocras_tomate_(cropped).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Misra|Egypt]] |Lamb |Stew prepared with okra and lamb as primary ingredients<ref name="Iranica">{{Cite web |last=Aʿlam |first=H. |last2=Ramazani |first2=N. |date=December 15, 1989 |title=Bāmīā |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bamia-or-bamia-okra |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]], Vol. III |pages=656–657}}</ref> |- |Beef bourguignon |[[Fayil:Boeuf_bourguignon_servie_avec_des_pâtes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Burgundy) |Beef |Stew made of beef braised in red wine, traditionally red Burgundy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of boeuf bourguignon |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000035/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/boeuf%20bourguignon |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=2013-04-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> and beef broth, generally flavoured with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, and a ''bouquet garni'', with pearl onions and mushrooms |- |Beef Stroganoff |[[Fayil:Beef_Stroganoff-02_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Rasha|Russia]]<br /><br />[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |'''Beef Stroganoff''' or '''beef Stroganov''' ([[Rashanci|Russian]]: бефстроганов ''befstróganov'') is a Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef served in a sauce with <nowiki><i id="mwpA">smetana</i></nowiki> (sour cream). |- |Beaver stew |[[Fayil:Castor_estufado.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Lithuania]] |Beaver |Stew made beaver meat, mashed potatoes and various vegetables |- |Bicol express |[[Fayil:Bicol_Express.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork or beef |Stew made from long chillies, pork or beef, [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], shrimp paste or stockfish, onions, pork, and [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Bigos |[[Fayil:Bigos_in_Kraków_(Rynek_Główny).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Poland]]<br /><br />[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]<br /><br />[[Lithuania]] |Pork |Stew that features white cabbage, sauerkraut, various cuts of meat and sausages, often whole or puréed [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], honey, and mushrooms |- |Birnen, Bohnen und Speck |[[Fayil:Birnen,_Bohnen_und_Speck_2a.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Pork |Typical dish in which pears, beans, and bacon are cooked together |- |Birria |[[Fayil:Plato_de_birria.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Goat |Spicy meat stew made of pork, goat, lamb, or mutton that is traditionally served on holidays, such as [[Kirsimeti|Christmas]] |- |[[Kayan maraƙi|Blanquette de veau]] |[[Fayil:Blanquette_de_veau.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Veal |Bright veal [[ragout]] with <nowiki><i id="mw-w">mirepoix</i></nowiki> |- |Blindhuhn |[[Fayil:Westfälisches_Blindhuhn_mit_Mettenden_und_Schweinespeck-6650.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Westphalia) |Pork |A stew of the Westphalian cuisine prepared with beans, vegetables, and bacon |- |Booyah |[[Fayil:Booyah.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Upper Midwest) |Various |Thick stew popular in the Upper Midwestern United States with meat and vegetables, often prepared communally in large kettles, with several different meats |- |Bosanski lonac |[[Fayil:Bosanskilonac.jpg|141x141px]] |[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lamb |Typical Bosnian dish with beef, lamb, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, parsley, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and peppercorns (whole, not ground) |- |Bouillabaisse |[[Fayil:Bullabessa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />([[Marseille]]) |Seafood |Bony fish and seafood stew with vegetables and Provençal herbs and spices: The name refers to a "simmering boil", the temperature of cooking the stew. |- |Brongkos |[[Fayil:Brongkos_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />(Yogyakarta and<br /><br />Central Java) |Beef |Meat (beef or mutton) with beans (black-eyed peas or kidney beans) stew, with boiled egg and spicy soup made of ''Pangium edule'', coconut milk, and other spices |- |Brodetto |[[Fayil:Foto_brodetto_.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |Fish stew typical of the Eastern (Adriatic) coast of Italy: It may slightly vary from place to place. In Veneto, it is eaten with polenta. In Abruzzo, tomato sauce is added. It is similar to Croatian ''brudet.'' |- |Brudet |[[Fayil:Brodet.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]] |Fish |A fish stew that is usually eaten with polenta, similar to Italian ''brodetto'' |- |Brunswick stew |[[Fayil:Brunswick_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Game |Tomato-based stew containing various types of lima beans or butter beans, corn, okra, and other vegetables, and one or more types of meat: Most recipes claiming authenticity call for squirrel or [[Zomo|rabbit]] meat, but chicken, pork, and beef are also common ingredients. |- |Trippa alla milanese ([[Buseca]] in South America) |[[Fayil:Trippa_alla_milanese.JPG|165x165px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Offal |Italian stew also common in [[Uruguay]] and Argentina, similar to Spanish ''callos'', it is made of finely chopped ''mondongo'' (beef tripe), potatoes, and legumes such as lentils or chickpeas. |- |Buddha Jumps Over the Wall |[[Fayil:Buddha_soup_boul.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Fish |Cantonese variation on shark fin soup |- |Buğu kebabı | |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Turkish lamb and vegetable stew with a [[kebab]] name |- |Burgoo |[[Fayil:Kentucky_burgoo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(Midwest and<br /><br />South) |Game |Traditionally made with wild game, this spicy thick stew is similar to Irish or Mulligan stew, often served with cornbread or corn muffins. Often prepared communally, it is made with several different meats. |- |Cabbage stew |[[Fayil:Kapuska_with_veal.jpg|120x120px]] |Central Europe |Vegetarian |Prepared using cabbage as a main ingredient: Pictured is ''kapuska''. |- |Cacciatore |[[Fayil:Flickr_preppybyday_4618397089--Chicken_cacciatore.jpg|181x181px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fowl |A stew with braised chicken (pollo alla cacciatora), sometimes with rabbit (coniglio alla cacciatora), tomatoes, onions, herbs, often bell peppers, and sometimes wine. |- |Cacciucco |[[Fayil:Cacciucco.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Fish |A fish stew, it is made with several different types of fish and shellfish cooked in wine, tomatoes, and chili pepper, as typical of west-central Italy and especially Livorno. |- |Cachupa |[[Fayil:Cachupa_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |Goat |Slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat (sausage, beef, goat, or chicken) |- |Caldeirada |[[Fayil:Caldeirada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]] |Seafood |Stew consisting of a large variety of fish, and sometimes shellfish, with potatoes, tomatoes and onions |- |[[Caldereta de cordero]] |[[Fayil:Caldereta_de_Cordero_-_2015.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Lamb |Lamb or mutton stew |- |[[Caldo avá]] | |[[Paraguay]] |Offal |Stew made of beef tripes, chitterlings, heart, and ''matambre'' |- |Caldo gallego |[[Fayil:Caldo_gallego_-_juantiagues.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Stew made with fatty pork, white beans, and greens (cabbage or spring greens), literally means "Galician broth" |- |Callaloo |[[Fayil:Callaloo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]<br /><br />[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Vegetarian |Caribbean dish made of leaf vegetables, amaranth, capsicum, and [[Gwaza|taro]] |- |Callos |[[Fayil:Callos_cociendose.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Offal |A stew common across Spain, it is considered traditional to Madrid, where it is referred to as ''callos a la madrileña''. It contains beef tripe and chickpeas, blood sausage, and bell peppers. ''Chorizo'' sausage may also be used. |- |Caparrones |[[Fayil:Caparrones89.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(La Rioja) |Sausage |Stew made of ''caparrón'' (a variety of red kidney beans) and a spicy ''chorizo'' sausage |- |Caponata |[[Fayil:Caponata_(14049113982).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />([[Sisiliya|Sicily]]) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from Sicily that consists mainly of ''aubergine'' (eggplant) tomato sauce, onions, celery, olives, capers, and Agrodolce. |- |Capra e fagioli | |[[Italiya|Italy]]<br /><br />(Liguria) |Goat |Stew made of goat meat, white wine, and white pigna beans |- |[[Carbonada]] | |[[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional Argentinian and Uruguayan sweet-sour beef, squash, and apricot stew, traditionally served inside a squash |- |Carbonade flamande |[[Fayil:Jielbeaumadier_carbonade_flamande_2010.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Traditional Belgian sweet-sour beef and onion stew made with [[Giya|beer]], and seasoned with thyme and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]]: Pictured is ''carbonade flamande'' with fries and a side of greens. |- |Carne mechada |[[Fayil:Carne_Mechada_(11351611734).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Kolombiya|Colombia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carne Mechada |url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517224523/http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/recipesfromvenezuela/r/carnemechada.htm |archive-date=2008-05-17 |access-date=2008-03-23}}</ref> |Beef |Latin American beef stew |- |Cassoulet |[[Fayil:Cassoulet.cuit.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Languedoc) |Fowl and sausage |French dish that consists of slow-cooked meat, typically pork sausages, pork, goose, duck, and sometimes mutton, with white haricot beans |- |Cawl |[[Fayil:Cawl_Cymreig.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Lamb |Lamb stew (beef or hock in Pembrokeshire), which includes vegetables, such as [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]] and potatoes, as well as carrots, celery, onion, parsnip, swede, and turnip |- |Chairo |[[Fayil:Chairo_at_Ciclik_La_Paz.png|152x152px]] |[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] |Beef |Meat and vegetable stew with potato starch (''chuños''), onions, carrots, potatoes, [[Masara|white corn]], beef, and wheat kernels |- |Chakapuli |[[Fayil:Chakapuli.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Lamb |Popular stew with lamb chops or veal, onions, tarragon leaves, cherry plums or ''tkemali'' (cherry plum sauce), dry white wine, mixed fresh herbs (parsley, mint, dill, coriander), garlic, and salt |- |Chapea | |[[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican Republic]] |Sausage |Traditional dish from the countryside that consists of cooked red beans with ''longaniza'' (Dominican sausage), rice, ripe plantain, and mashed squash used as a thickener |- |Chicken mull |[[Fayil:Chicken_mull.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(South) |Fowl |A traditional dish from [[North Carolina]] and [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], it consists of parboiled whole chicken in a cream- or milk-based broth with butter, seasoned with salt, white or black pepper, and other ingredients. Traditionally, the stew is served in the late fall and winter, often prepared communally. |- |Chicken pastel |[[Fayil:Filipino_Chicken_Pastel.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Chicken or pork |Stew or pie made with chicken, sometimes pork, sausages, mushrooms, peas, carrots, potatoes, soy sauce, and various spices in a creamy sauce. |- |Chili con carne |[[Fayil:Pot-o-chili.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Texas]]) |Beef |A spicy stew that traditionally features chopped or ground beef, chili peppers, and other ingredients. |- |Cholent |[[Fayil:Vegetable_cholent.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef, chicken or goose |Slowly simmered Jewish stew of Ashkenazi origin that cooks overnight and is traditionally served at the ''Shabbat'' meal. Its main ingredients are meat, onions, potatoes, beans or chickpeas, and [[Sha'ir|barley]]. It is believed to be derived from the hamin of Sephardic Jews. Similar to the French cassoulet. |- |Chraime |[[Fayil:צלחת_חריימה.png|138x138px]] |Maghreb |Fish |Fish stewed with tomatoes and peppers, flavored with hot peppers and spices |- |Chupe Andino | |[[Andes]] |Game |Refers to various stews and soups that are prepared in Andes Mountains region of South America |- |[[Chupín]] | |[[Uruguay]] |Fish |Made with any fish of firm meat, usually hake, croaker, or boga, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions, crumbs of marine crackers are usually poured over at the end. |- |Ciambotta |[[Fayil:Ciambotta_di_Vietri_di_Potenza.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Vegetarian |Typically based on vegetables, but it may have other ingredients, such as meat or fish. The vegetable choices are usually potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, [[Barkono|sweet peppers]], chili, onion and herbs. |- |Cioppino |[[Fayil:Cioppino.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[San Francisco]]) |Fish |An Italian-American fish stew, it is traditionally made from the catch of the day, which in the dish's place of origin is typically a combination of Dungeness crab, clams, shrimp, scallops, squid, mussels, and fish. The seafood is then combined with fresh tomatoes in a wine sauce, and served with toasted bread, either sourdough or baguette. |- |Cocido lebaniego |[[Fayil:Cocido_lebaniego.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Its essential ingredients include chickpeas, potatoes, and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]]. The rest of the elements are ''compangu'', meat from the pig slaughter, such as bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and [[ham]]. Other additional ingredients are beef, especially <nowiki><i id="mwA1o">cecina</i></nowiki> and bones, and a stuffing made of bread flour, egg, and parsley. |- |Cocido madrileño |[[Fayil:CocidoMadrileño.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Madrid]]) |Pork |Its main ingredient is the chickpea or garbanzo bean, preferably of its larger variety, also known as ''kabuli''. Vegetables are added, potatoes mainly, but also cabbage, carrots, and turnips. In some cases, green beans, mangold, or cardoon are added. Meats like beef, hen, lard, chorizo, a small block of cured Jamón and morcilla (a type of black pudding) complete the ingredients. Cocido is commonly served with the ingredient types grouped, and the broth served as first course, with very thin pasta, fideo cabellín added. |- |Cocido montañés |[[Fayil:Cocidomontanes.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Cantabria) |Pork and offal |Also known as highlander stew. It is made with two vegetal ingredients, dried large white beans and [[Collard (shuka)|collard greens]] (''berza''). The rest of the elements of this recipe are known as ''compangu'', meat ingredients from the pig slaughter: bacon (''tocino''), pork ribs (''costilla''), black pudding (''morcilla'') with rice, and ''chorizo''. |- |Compote | | |Game |Game stew made for example from [[Zomo|rabbit]], partridge, or pigeon |- |Coq au vin |[[Fayil:Coq_au_vin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Fowl |French braise of chicken cooked with wine, lardons, mushrooms, and optionally [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] |- |Cotriade |[[Fayil:Cotriade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Fish |Breton-style stew made with potatoes and many kinds of fish, but ''without'' shellfish |- |Cozido/Cocido |[[Fayil:Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Various |Stew made with different meats and vegetables; numerous regional variations exist throughout Portugal and Spain |- |Cream stew |[[Fayil:Cream_Stew_001.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Various |Cream stew is a Japanese Yōshoku dish consisting of meat, usually chicken or pork, and mixed vegetables, onion, carrot, potato and cabbage, cooked in thick white roux. |- |Daube |[[Fayil:Daube_de_boeuf_carottes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Beef |Classic Provençal stew made with inexpensive beef braised in wine, vegetables, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and ''herbes de Provence'', and traditionally cooked in a ''daubière'', a braising pan. |- |Dillegrout |[[Fayil:Dillegrout,_also_known_at_le_mess_de_gyron,_girunt,_dilgirunt,_dilegrout,_dillygrout,_dilligrout,_maupygernon,_maupigyrnun,_malepigernout,_malpigernoun.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Fowl |Chicken pottage made with almond milk, sugar, and spices traditionally presented at coronations of English monarchs by the lord of the manor of Addington. |- |Dimlama |[[Fayil:Dimlama_(16425713838).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Uzbekistan]] |Lamb |Stew made with various combinations of meat, potatoes, onions, vegetables, and sometimes fruits. |- |Dinuguan |[[Fayil:Dinuguan_with_puto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Offal |Filipino savory stew of meat or offal (typically lungs, kidneys, intestines, ears, heart and snout) simmered in a rich, spicy dark gravy of pig [[Jini|blood]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], chili (most often ''siling mahaba''), and vinegar. |- |Drokpa Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Stewed tripe, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |Escudella i carn d'olla |[[Fayil:Escudella.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Katalunya|Catalonia]]) |Sausage |Stew that contains a ''pilota'', a very big meatball spiced with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley. It contains vegetables, such as celery, cabbage, carrots, etc. depending on the season. Bones, sausages called ''botifarras'', and other types of meat can be used. |- |Étouffée |[[Fayil:Crawfish_etouffee.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood |Seafood dish of the Creole cuisine of Louisiana that is usually served over rice. Literally means "smothered" in French. |- |Fabada Asturiana |[[Fayil:Fabada_y_sidra.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Pork |Fabada is made with dried large white beans (''fabes de la Granja'', soaked overnight before use), shoulder of pork (''Lacón Gallego'') or bacon (''tocino''), black pudding (''morcilla''), ''chorizo'', and often saffron (''azafrán''). Some recipes also call for ''longaniza''. |- |Fabes con almejas |[[Fayil:Fabes_con_almejas_-_Jlastras.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Asturias) |Seafood |Clam stew that calls for small clams, fava beans, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], salt, saffron, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaves]], [[Man zaitun|olive oil]], parsley, bread crumbs and sometimes sweet [[paprika]]. |- |Fahsa |[[Fayil:Fahsa.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Stew made of lamb cutlets with lamb broth. Spices and ''holba'' ([[fenugreek]]) are added after cooking. |- |Fårikål |[[Fayil:Får_i_kål.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Norway]] |Lamb |Traditional dish, consisting of pieces of mutton with bone, cabbage, whole black pepper and optionally a little wheat flour, cooked for several hours in a casserole, traditionally served with potatoes boiled in their skins. Literally means "mutton in cabbage". |- |Fasole cu cârnaţi |[[Fayil:Fasole_cu_afumatura.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Sausage |Dish consisting of baked beans, sausages or [[Ham|smoked ham]]. |- |Feijoada |[[Fayil:Feijoada_à_transmontada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Stew of beans with beef or pork, and may include other vegetables. |- |Fesenjān |[[Fayil:Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Fowl |Thick, tart stew made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts; traditionally made with poultry, but variants using balls of ground meat, ''ghormeh'' cut lamb, fish, or no meat at all are not unusual. |- |Flaki |[[Fayil:Flaki_(2).JPG|124x124px]] |[[Poland]] |Beef |Meat stew with common ingredients, including beef tripe, beef, [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]], parsley, carrots, beef broth, and spices to taste, including salt, black pepper, nutmeg, sweet [[paprika]], and marjoram. |- |Főzelék |[[Fayil:Fozelek.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Vegetarian |Very thick vegetable soup, so it may be considered a stew. Sometimes served with meatballs and often eaten as a side dish. |- |Fricot |[[Fayil:Fricot_de_barques.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kanada|Canada]]<br /><br />(Acadia) |Various |Consists of potatoes, onions, and whatever meat was available, cooked in a stew and topped with dumplings. The common meats used are chicken (''fricot au poulet''), clams (''fricot aux coques''), rabbit (''fricot au lapin des bois''), beef, or pork. |- |Gaisburger Marsch |[[Fayil:Gaisburger_Marsch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]]<br /><br />(Swabia) |Beef |Swabian dish made from meat with cooked potatoes and spätzle. |- |Galinhada |[[Fayil:Galinhada.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Fowl |Stew of rice and chicken. |- |Garbure |[[Fayil:Garbure.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Gascony) |Pork |Stew/soup of meat (e.g. goose, duck, salt pork, ham) with vegetables, mainly root vegetables. |- |Ghapama |[[Fayil:Ղափամա_2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Armeniya|Armenia]] |Vegetarian |Sweet [[Kabushi|pumpkin]] stew, traditionally cooked in the pumpkin shell; does not contain meat. |- |Gheimeh |[[Fayil:Gheymeh_stew.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Iran]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of diced lamb or sometimes beef, tomatoes, split peas, onion and dried lime, garnished with golden thinly sliced crispy potatoes. The stew is usually served with white rice. |- |Ghormeh sabzi |[[Fayil:Ghormeh_Sabzi.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Vegetarian (but often made with lamb or beef) |Dish that consists of a mixture of sautéed herbs, consisting mainly of parsley, [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], and a smaller amount of [[fenugreek]] leaves, where this is usually the dry herb of the mix. |- |Ginataang kalabasa |[[Fayil:Ginataang_kalabasa_at_hipon_(shrimp,_calabaza,_green_beans,_and_eggplant_in_coconut_milk)_-_Philippines.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Shrimp |Stew of calabaza squash cooked in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and spices, along with shrimp and asparagus bean. |- |Ginataang labong |[[Fayil:Bambooshootjf3760.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Seafood or pork |Stew of bamboo shoots cooked in coconut milk and spices, along with seafood or various meats. |- |Goat water |[[Fayil:Goat_Water.jpg|124x124px]] |Montserrat |Goat |A national dish of Montserrat prepared with goat meat and vegetables. |- |Goulash |[[Fayil:Gulyas080.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Beef |Soup or stew of meat, noodles and vegetables, especially potato, seasoned with [[paprika]] and other spices. |- |Guatitas |[[Fayil:Guatitas_a_la_Jardinera.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]] |Offal |Stew whose main ingredient is pieces of tripe. |- |[[Guiso carrero]] | |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Uruguay]] |Beef |Traditional stew made with beef, chorizo, white beans, chickpeas, potato, sweet potato, squash, carrots, onions and noodles, seasoned with adobo, a spice mix of oregano, thyme, cumin, paprika and chili. |- |Gulai |[[Fayil:Gulai_cancang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Various |Stew or curry made with either beef, poultry (chicken or duck meat), vegetables, seafood or lamb with bumbu spice mix cooked in coconut milk. |- |Gumbo |[[Fayil:Shrimp_gumbo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />([[Louisiana]]) |Seafood & sausage |Stew or soup that consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, with meat or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable "holy trinity" of celery, bell peppers, and onions. |- |Güveç |[[Fayil:Djuvec.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Vegetable and meat stew made with mutton or veal and common to Balkan countries. |- |Guyana Pepperpot |[[Fayil:Pepperpot_(16135006279).jpg|155x155px]] |[[Guyana]] |Various |Stewed meat dish, strongly flavored with cinnamon, hot chili peppers, and ''cassareep'', a special sauce made from the [[Rogo|cassava]] root. Beef, pork, and mutton are the most popular meats used. Chicken is also used. |- |Hachee |[[Fayil:Hachee_1.jpeg|124x124px]] |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |Various |Traditional Dutch stew based on diced meat, fish or poultry, and vegetables. |- |Hamin |[[Fayil:Chamin.jpg|124x124px]] |Iberia |Lamb, beef, or chicken |Traditional Sephardic Jewish Sabbath stew cooked overnight. Made from whole grains, meat, chickpeas or beans, and onion. Also known as dafina. |- |Hasenpfeffer |[[Fayil:Hasenpfeffer.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Game |Traditional German stew made from marinated [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare, cut into stewing-meat sized pieces and braised with onions and wine, in a marinade thickened with the animal's blood. |- |Hochepot |[[Fayil:Vlaamse_Hutsepot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |Flemish stew made with oxtail, shoulder of mutton, salted bacon, and vegetables. |- |Hoosh | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Beef (dried) |Thick stew made from pemmican (a mix of dried meat, fat, and cereal) or other meat, thickener such as ground biscuits, and water. Used on expeditions to frozen polar regions. |- |Hot pot |[[Fayil:Day177lilybday.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]]<br /><br />[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] |Various |Stew made with a variety of raw meats, seafood, vegetables, noodles, dumplings, etc., all cooked at the table in a simmering hot pot of broth. |- |Irish stew |[[Fayil:Irish_Beef_Stew_(34046928633).jpg|124x124px]] |Ireland |Lamb |Traditional stew made from lamb or mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots, onions, and parsley. |- |Islim or patlıcan kebabı |[[Fayil:İslim_kebabı.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Traditional stew made from veal or mutton and eggplants, also having tomatoes and green peppers. |- |Istrian stew |[[Fayil:Jota_02.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Pork |Stew prepared using beans, sauerkraut, potatoes, bacon, and spare ribs; the main seasoning is garlic. |- |Jjigae |[[Fayil:Korean_stew-Sundubu_jjigae-05.jpg|120x120px]] |Korea |Various |Stew prepared using meat, seafood or vegetables in a broth seasoned with gochujang (red chilli paste), doenjang (soy bean paste), ganjang (soy sauce) or saeu-jeot (salted and fermented shrimp). |- |Jugged hare |[[Fayil:Civet_de_lapin_aux_USA.jpg|120x120px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Game |Stew prepared using [[Zomo|rabbit]] or hare as a main ingredient. |- |Karhi |[[Fayil:Gujaratikadhi.jpg|125x125px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian Subcontinent]] |Vegetarian |Spicy stew with a thick gravy based on chickpea flour (called ''besan'' in Urdu / Hindi). Contains vegetable fritters called ''[[Pakora|pakoras]]'', to which sour yoghurt is added to give it a little sour taste. |- |Kadyos, baboy, kag langka |[[Fayil:KBL_(Kadios,_Baboy,_Langka).jpg|138x138px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], ham hock, and jackfruit soured with batuan fruits (''Garcinia binucao'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Time You Know about Kadios⁠ beyond KBL |url=https://pepper.ph/its-time-you-know-about-kadios%E2%81%A0-beyond-kbl/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Pepper.ph}}</ref> |- |Kadyos, manok, kag ubad | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fowl |[[Waaken Santanbul|Pigeon peas]], [[Kaza|chicken]], and [[Ayaba|banana]] pith<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2007 |title=Manok at Kadyos / Purple Chicken With Pigeon Peas |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/manok-at-kadyos-purple-chicken-with-pigeon-peas |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Market Manila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadyos Beans |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/kadyos-beans/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Ark of Taste |publisher=Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity}}</ref> |- |Kaldereta |[[Fayil:Beef_caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Goat |Dish whose common ingredients are goat shoulders with tomato paste and liver spread. |- |Kalops |[[Fayil:Skånsk_kalops_med_grillad_sparris.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sweden]] |Beef |Swedish stew made of beef, onion, allspice, bay leaves and sometimes carrots. Often eaten with beetroot and potatoes. |- |[[Kamounia]] |[[Fayil:Tunis_Glaïa_Djerba.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Sudan]]<br /><br />[[Misra|Egypt]]<br /><br />[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Beef |Beef and liver stew prepared with cumin |- |Kapuska |[[Fayil:Kapuska.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Cabbage and veal stew. |- |Kare-kare |[[Fayil:Kare-kare_oxtail_stew_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |Popular stew made from a peanut-based sauce with a variety of vegetables, stewed oxtail, beef, and occasionally offal or tripe. Meat variants may include goat meat or (rarely) chicken. |- |Karelian hot pot |[[Fayil:19-07-09-Karjalanpaisti-IMG_20190709_180453.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Beef and pork |Traditionally made of a combination of pork and beef, but lamb can also be used. The hot pot is usually seasoned with black peppercorns and salt. Other seasonings such as allspice and [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] may be used too. Common vegetables such as carrot, onion, and root vegetables are acceptable additions to the stew. |- |Khoresh karafs |[[Fayil:Making_Khoresh_karafs_1.jpg|frameless|124x124px]] |[[Iran]] |Various |A celery stew, traditionally made with lamb (but various proteins can be used, including vegan versions).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Najmieh Batmanglij}}</ref> |- |Kig ha farz |[[Fayil:Kig-ha-farz.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Brittany) |Various |Stew consisting of various meats (hock, beef and lamb) simmered in a broth with carrots, potatoes, cabbage and a large buckwheat flour based dumpling. Literally means "meat and stuffing" in Breton. Known mainly in Finisterre. |- |Kokotxas |[[Fayil:Kokotxas_al_pilpil,_Bilbao_(33097477025).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Basque Country) |Fish |A traditional dish of fatty fish stewed in white wine, garlic, flour and olive oil. Other variations include parsley. |- |[[Palaver sauce|Kontomire stew]] |[[Fayil:Kontomire_Stew,_Eggs_and_Plantian.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Ghana]] |Fish (dried) |Cocoyam leaves braised with [[egusi]], dried fish, tomatoes, peppers, and egg. |- |Korma |[[Fayil:Chicken_Korma_1.jpg|187x187px]] |India<br /><br />Pakistan<br /><br />Bangladesh |Various |Meat and/or vegetables is seared, then braised with stock or yogurt kept below curdling temperature with a mixture of spices, including ground coriander, cumin, and Indian bay. Traditionally cooked in a pot set over a very low fire, with coals on the lid. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery, and may use lamb, beef, chicken, fish. Some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as spinach or cauliflower. |- |Kuru fasulye |[[Fayil:Kuru_fasulye.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Lamb |Stew consisting of [[Wake|dry beans]], generally with meat (veal or mutton) and ''[[Pastirma|pastırma]]'' or ''sucuk'' in its broth, with tomato paste. Pictured here is the vegetarian variant. |- |Kuurdak |[[Fayil:Kazakh_quwyrdaq.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] |Goat |Stewed meat dish made with onion, animal fat, vegetable oil, lamb or mutton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2022 |title=Kuurdak: How The Kyrgyz Do Meat and Potatoes |url=https://folkways.today/kuurdak/ |publisher=Folkways}}</ref> |- |Lancashire hotpot |[[Fayil:Lancashire_hotpot.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Lamb |Dish made traditionally from lamb or mutton, and onion topped with sliced potatoes, left to bake in the oven all day in a heavy pot and on a low heat. |- |Läskisoosi |[[Fayil:Läskisoosi_1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Pork chops grilled in [[Man shanu|butter]] with [[Albasa|onions]] and flour, stirred in water with salt and pepper. |- |Lecsó |[[Fayil:Warm_Colors-_my_Mom's_Hungarian_Lecsó_cropped.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]]<br /><br />[[Kazech|Czech Republic]] |Vegetarian |Thick vegetable stew which features peppers, tomato, onion, lard, salt, sugar and ground [[paprika]] as a base recipe. |- |Linat-an | |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Pork |Pork stew or soup from the Visayas and Mindanao islands of the [[Filipin|Philippines]] that characteristically uses pork ribs, or other bony cuts of pork, simmered until very tender, lemongrass (tanglad), string beans, starchy ingredients for a thicker soup (usually [[Gwaza|taro]]), and various other vegetables. |- |Lobby | |[[Ingila|England]] (North Staffordshire) |Corned beef |Stew or casserole made from corned beef or sometimes [[Kaza|chicken]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], [[Karas|carrots]], peas, and [[Albasa|onion]]. |- |Lobster stew |[[Fayil:Caldereta.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Menorca) |Seafood |Stew made from lobster, which is added to a sofrito with onion, tomato, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley; then boiled, and is eaten with thin slices of bread. |- |Locro |[[Fayil:Locro_(served_in_Recoleta,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Argentina]]<br /><br />[[Bolibiya|Bolivia]]<br /><br />[[Chile]]<br /><br />[[Ecuador]]<br /><br />[[Peru]] |Beef |Hearty thick stew whose main ingredients are corn, some form of meat, usually beef, pork, and ''chorizo'', but sometimes beef jerky or cheese, and vegetables. Other ingredients vary widely, and typically include onion, beans, potato, squash or [[Kabushi|pumpkin]]. |- |Lunggoi Katsa | |Tibet |Offal |Dish consisting of stewed sheep's head, with [[curry]], [[fennel]], monosodium glutamate, and salt. |- |[[Peanut stew|Maafe]] |[[Fayil:Maafé.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew that is made from lamb, beef, or chicken, cooked with a sauce based on tomatoes and groundnuts (peanuts). |- |Maconochie | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |Stew of sliced turnips and carrots in a thin soup that was especially made by the "Maconochie Company" for soldiers during [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] |- |Maneštra | |[[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |Various |Stew of beans and potatoes which may include meat or spring corn (''bobići''). |- |Mazamorra |[[Fayil:Porotos.png|124x124px]] |Latin America<br /><br />[[Portugal]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Milk |Sweet stew prepared with [[Masara|corn]] (maize) as a primary ingredient. |- |Mechado |[[Fayil:Cooked_mechado.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A stew traditionally made with larded beef, but now also made with leaner cuts. Marinating in soy sauce and ''calamansi'' juice give it a Filipino flavor. |- |Menudo |[[Fayil:Orient_Valley_Filipino_Cuisine_-_5.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various<br /><br />Offal |Liver and beef or pork stewed in a tomato sauce with carrots and potatoes. A variation called ''waknatoy'' uses pickle relish and does not typically include other vegetables |- |Mjave lobio |[[Fayil:Lobyo1.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Georgia]] |Vegetarian |Dish of stewed beans, tomatoes and onion. |- |[[Moambe]] |[[Fayil:Chicken_moambe_with_French_fries_(14792587921).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Central Africa]] |Fowl |Dish prepared with a sauce usually made from the [[Ɗan'ice|pericarp]] (not the seeds) of palm nuts, the fruit of the African oil palm. |- |Mocotó |[[Fayil:Mocotó_gaúcho.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]]<br /><br />[[Portugal]] |Offal |Dish made from cow's feet, stewed with beans and vegetables. |- |Molagoottal | |[[Indiya|India]] |Vegetarian |South Indian stew with [[Attagara|coconut]] and lentils as a base. |- |Moqueca |[[Fayil:Moqueca.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Brazil]] |Seafood |Stew based on fish or shrimp, tomatoes, onions, garlic and coriander. |- |Mulligan stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Various |Dish similar to Irish stew, Brunswick stew, or burgoo, as improvised by American hobos from available or scavenged ingredients, such as squirrel or opossum. |- |Navarin |[[Fayil:Navarin_of_lamb.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Lamb |French ragoût (stew) of lamb or mutton. Often, vegetables are added. |- |[[Ndolé]] |[[Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Kamaru|Cameroon]] |Fish |National dish of Cameroon, a stew of nuts, ''ndoleh'' (bitter leaves indigenous to West Africa), and fish or ground beef. |- |Nihari |[[Fayil:নিহারী_(Nihari).jpg|127x127px]] |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] |Various |South Asian dish consists of slow-cooked meat, mainly a shank cut of beef, lamb, mutton or goat meat, as well as chicken and bone marrow. It is flavoured with long pepper (pippali), a relative of black pepper. |- |Nikujaga |[[Fayil:Braised_pork_and_potatoes_(3089327692).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Japan]] |Pork or beef |Japanese dish of meat (either beef or pork), potatoes and onion stewed in sweetened soy sauce, sometimes with ''ito konnyaku'' and vegetables. |- |Nilaga |[[Fayil:Bulacan,Batangasjf8355_22.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Beef |A traditional meat stew or soup from the [[Filipin|Philippines]] made with boiled beef (''nilagang baka'') or pork (''nilagang baboy'') with various vegetables. It is typically eaten with [[Farar shinkafa|white rice]] and is served with soy sauce, patis (fish sauce), labuyo chilis, and calamansi on the side.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web |title=Nilagang Baboy (Boiled Pork and Vegetables) |url=https://casaveneracion.com/nilagang-baboy-boiled-pork-ribs-with-vegetables/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Casa Veneracion}}</ref> |- |Oil down |[[Fayil:Cooking_oil_down_03.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Grenada]] |Fowl |Stew made of [[Berefut|breadfruit]], salted meat, chicken, dumplings, callaloo, and other vegetables, all stewed in [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], herbs, and spices. National dish of [[Grenada]], but also popular in [[Trinidad da Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]], with hot peppers and no dumplings. |- |Olla podrida |[[Fayil:Olla_podrida_Covarrubias_-_Santaorosia_Photographic_Colectivity.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Pork |Spanish stew made from pork and beans and an inconsistent, wide variety of other meats and vegetables, often including chickpeas, depending on the recipe used. |- |Ollada | |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Valencia]]) |Sausage |Stew based on boiling vegetables and meat in a casserole. |- |Or lam |[[Fayil:O-lam.png|124x124px]] |[[Laos]] |Various |A thick, peppery broth seasoned primarily with Lao chili wood (sakhaan), chili pepper, and lemongrass. Dried water buffalo skin, beef, game meat, quail or chicken, eggplants, wood ear mushrooms, and asparagus bean. |- |Ostrich stew | |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Fowl |Ostrich stew is a stew prepared using ostrich meat as a primary ingredient. Can include vegetables such as onion, celery and carrot, tomatoes, soup stock and wine. |- |Ostropel |[[Fayil:Ostrpel.png|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Fowl |Stew that is primarily made from chicken mixed with a thick tomato sauce. |- |Oyster stew |[[Fayil:Oyster_stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |Seafood |Stew made from oysters with milk and cream |- |Oxtail Stew | |France |Oxtail, usually with root vegetables |There are numerous oxtail stews in French cuisine: Auguste Escoffier and others have published many recipes for variations on oxtail stew. |- |Paya |[[Fayil:Paya_Curry.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Pakistan]]<br /><br />[[Indiya|India]] |Goat |Stew made with alliums, ginger, spices, and goat or sheep trotters. Coveted for its spicy and fatty broth which is rich in gelatin and animal fat, both rendered from the trotter bones and joints. It is preferred as breakfast with [[Naan]] bread. |- |Paila marina |[[Fayil:Paila_Marina.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Chile]] |Seafood |Typical stew that is usually made of a shellfish stock containing different kinds of cooked shellfish and fish. These are complemented with a variety of herbs and spices such as [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], cilantro, and onion. |- |[[Palaver sauce]] |[[Fayil:Palava_sauce_w-_cocoyam_leaf_(5612472154).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] |Various |Stew popular in Western Africa that has many regional varieties and may contain beef, fish, shrimp, ''pepitas'', [[Rogo|cassava]], [[Gwaza|taro]] (''cocoyam'') leaves, and [[Manja|palm oil]]. It is served with boiled rice, potatoes, ''[[Gari|garri]]'', ''[[fufu]]'', or [[Doya|yams]]. |- |Paomo |[[Fayil:Paomo.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]] |Lamb |Stew of chopped-up baked unleavened bread cooked in lamb broth and served with lamb meat. It is often eaten with pickled [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and chilli sauce. |- |[[Pasulj]] |[[Fayil:Pasulj_(10291319804).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Serbiya|Serbia]]<br /><br />[[Montenegro]]<br /><br />[[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]]<br /><br />[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]<br /><br />[[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] |Sausage |Also known as grah. Bean soup made of white, cranberry or pinto beans, usually prepared with smoked meat such as smoked bacon, sausage, and ham hock. This is a typical winter dish. |- |Pepián |[[Fayil:Cocinando_El_Pepian.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] |Various |Beef or chicken stewed with tomatillo, [[Tumatir|tomato]], and chili pepper and thickened with gourd seeds |- |Philadelphia Pepper Pot | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] ([[Pennsylvania]]) |Offal |Thick stew of beef tripe, vegetables and other seasonings; originates in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch. |- |Pichelsteiner |[[Fayil:Pichelsteiner_Eintopf.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Various |German stew that consists of several types of meats and vegetables. Common ingredients are beef, pork and mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots and [[Albasa mai kara|leek]]. |- |Pinangat |[[Fayil:Pinangat_na_Hito.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Fish |Filipino stew made of [[Gwaza|taro]] leaves, chilli, meat and [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] wrapped in ''gabi'' leaves and tied securely with coconut leaf. |- |Pindang |[[Fayil:Pindang_Patin_Palembang_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]<br /><br />[[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |Fish |Stew made of by boiling ingredients, especially fish, in salt and certain spices. |- |Piperade |[[Fayil:Pipérade.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Vegetarian |Typical Basque dish prepared with onion, green peppers, and tomatoes sautéed and flavored with red Espelette pepper. |- |Pisto |[[Fayil:Pisto.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />(Murcia) |Vegetarian |Stew made of tomatoes, onions, eggplant or courgettes, green and red peppers and [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. |- |Pörkölt |[[Fayil:Gulasch.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |Pork |Hungarian stew that consists of meat, [[paprika]], and sometimes vegetables, but no potatoes. It should not be confused with goulash, which always contain potatoes and is more like a soup. |- |Pot-au-feu |[[Fayil:Pot-au-feu2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Beef |French beef stew. Other ingredients may differ from region to region, but commonly various kinds of vegetables are included, such as carrots, turnips, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], celery and onions. |- |Potée Lorraine | |France |Pork or ham |French one-pot stew of salt pork or ham with haricot beans and seasonal vegetables |- |[[Potjiekos]] |[[Fayil:The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Game |South African stew that is usually prepared outdoors. The recipe commonly contains meat, vegetables, starches like rice or potatoes, all slow-cooked with Dutch-Malay spices, the distinctive spicing of South Africa's early culinary melting pot. Other common ingredients include fruits and flour-based products like [[pasta]]. |- |Pottage |[[Fayil:Yam_pottage.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Various |Thick soup or stew made by boiling vegetables, grains, and, if available, meat or fish. Pottage commonly consisted of various ingredients easily available to serfs and peasants, and could be kept over the fire for a period of days, during which time some of it was eaten and more ingredients added. The result was a dish that was slowly but constantly evolving, a "perpetual stew". |- |Pozole |[[Fayil:Pozole.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |Pork or fowl |Mexican stew with ritual significance made from [[Masara|maize]] with meat, usually pork, chicken, turkey, or pork rinds, with chili peppers, and other seasonings and garnishes. Vegetarian and vegan versions also exist. |- |Puchero |[[Fayil:Puchero_canario.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]]<br /><br />[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Veal |Stew whose ingredients may vary greatly according to region. Its equivalent may be the Spanish ''cocido''. |- |Qoiri | |Tibet |Lamb |Stew of mutton chops, made with flour, shredded wheat, chilli, dry curd cheese, water and salt. |- |[[Ragout]] |[[Fayil:Ragoût_aux_lentilles.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]] |Various |Refers to a main-dish stew. Ragouts may be prepared with or without meat, a wide variety of vegetables may be incorporated, and they may be more or less heavily spiced and seasoned. Pictured is ragout with lentils. |- |Ratatouille |[[Fayil:Ratatouille.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Provence) |Vegetarian |Vegetable stew from the Provence that consists mainly of tomatoes with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], onions, ''courgettes'' (zucchini), ''aubergine'' (eggplant), ''poivron'' ([[Barkono|bell peppers]]), marjoram and [[Ɗaɗɗoya|basil]], or [[Ganyen bay|bay leaf]] and thyme, or a mix of green herbs, such as ''herbes de Provence''. |- |Red cooked pork |[[Fayil:RedCookedPorkBelly.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Sin|China]]<br /><br />[[Taiwan]] |Pork |Braised stew made with soy sauce, Chinese rice wine, caramelized sugar, and spices. Usually made with pork, but other meats, such as beef or chicken are also cooked in this style. |- |Rendang |[[Fayil:Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Spicy beef stew braised in a [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]] and seasoned with a mixture of herbs and spices that has been slow cooked for usually four hours. |- |Rössypottu |[[Fayil:Rössypottua.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Finland]] |Pork |Stew made using potatoes (''pottu'', ''peruna''), some pork and the main ingredient, so-called "rössy" (i.e. blood pudding made of [[Jini|blood]], [[Giya|beer]], rye flour and some spices). |- |Rogan Josh |[[Fayil:Rogan_josh02.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indiya|India]] |Lamb |Aromatic lamb stew native to the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], which is one of the signature recipes of Kashmiri cuisine. Rogan josh consists of braised lamb chunks cooked with a gravy based on browned onions or shallots, yogurt, garlic, ginger and aromatic spices (cloves, bay leaves, cardamom and cinnamon). |- |Rubaboo | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Game |Basic stew or porridge consumed by ''coureurs des bois'' and ''voyageurs'' (fur traders), as well as Métis people from North America. Traditionally made of peas or corn, or both, with [[Dabbar beya|bear]] or pork grease, and a thickening agent of bread or flour. |- |Sagamite | |[[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] |Offal |Native-American stew made from hominy or Indian corn. Additional ingredients may include vegetables, wild rice, brown sugar, animal fat, beans, smoked fish or animal [[Kwakwalwa|brains]]. |- |Saksang |[[Fayil:Saksang_3.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Pork |Spicy stew made from minced pork or dog meat (or more rarely, water buffalo meat) stewed in [[Jini|blood]], [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], and spices. |- |Saltah |[[Fayil:Saltah.gif|124x124px]] |[[Yemen]] |Lamb |Considered the national dish of Yemen, the base is a brown [[Nama|meat]] stew called ''maraq'', with [[fenugreek]] froth and ''sahawiq'' or ''sahowqa'', a mixture of chillies, [[Tumatir|tomatoes]], [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and herbs ground into a salsa. Common additions are [[Shinkafa|rice]], [[Dankalin turawa|potatoes]], scrambled eggs, and [[Kayan Lambu|vegetables]]. |- |Sambar |[[Fayil:Pumpkin_sambar.JPG|124x124px]] |India |Lentils Meat |South Indian stew made with lentils, vegetables and tamarind pulp extract. Famously used as a side dish with [[idli]], dosa, [[Vada (abinci)|vada]], pongal and plain cooked rice. |- |Sancocho |[[Fayil:Sancocho_de_guandú_con_carne_salá.JPG|124x124px]] |Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic |Various |Meat, vegetables, root vegetables |- |Scouse |[[Fayil:Cookbook-beef-stew.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Ingila|England]]) |Beef |A variation of labskaus. A type of meat or beef stew. |- |Seco |[[Fayil:Seco_de_Cordero_(Lamb_Leg_Stew)_from_Lima_Peruvian_at_Off_the_Grid-_Fort_Mason_Center_(7423438016).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Ecuador]] |Lamb |Stewed meat. |- |Sekba |[[Fayil:Sekba_2.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Offal |Chinese Indonesian pork offals stewed in mild soy sauce-based soup. The stew tastes mildly sweet and salty, made from soy sauce, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], and Chinese herbs. |- |Semur |[[Fayil:Semur_Ayam.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] |Beef |Type of meat stew that is processed in thick brown gravy. The main material used in ''semur'' gravy is shallots, onions, [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]], ''kecap manis'' (sweet soy sauce), nutmeg, and [[Kaninfari|cloves]]. |- |Shiro |[[Fayil:Taita_and_shiro.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Eritrea]] |Vegetarian |Homogeneous stew whose primary ingredient is powdered chickpeas or broad bean meal. |- |Sinigang |[[Fayil:Sinigang_na_Baboy.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Filipin|Philippines]] |Various |Filipino soup or stew characterized by its sour flavor most often associated with [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] (''sampalok''). |- |Skirts and kidneys |[[Fayil:Skirts_and_Kidneys.jpg|165x165px]] |Ireland |Pork & offal |Irish stew made from pork and pork kidneys. |- |Sonofabitch stew | |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />(West) |Veal and offal |Cowboy dish consisting of whatever is on hand. Most recipes call for meat and offal from a calf. |- |Spanish fricco | |[[Jamus|Germany]] |Beef |A hearty Westphalian stew prepared primarily using diced beef, potatoes and onions, typically in a cream soup base. |- |Spezzatino |[[Fayil:Veal_stew_with_apples_and_potatoes_(13886150756).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Italiya|Italy]] |Beef | |- |[[Steak and Kidney]] | |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] |Beef and offal |Slowly braised beef, traditionally the less tender cuts, and diced ox kidney. Traditionally served with beef suet dumplings which are cooked in the stew. |- |Stew peas | |[[Jamaika|Jamaica]] |Various |Jamaican stew prepared using [[Madara ta kwakwa|coconut milk]], gungo peas ([[Waaken Santanbul|pigeon peas]]) or red peas (kidney beans), uncured meats and salted meats such as pork and beef. Can also include onion, garlic, scallions, pig tail, herbs, and spices. |- |Sulu köfte |[[Fayil:Sulu_koftes.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Sausage |Soup-like stew with köfte meatballs in the dish. |- |[[Tajine]] |[[Fayil:Moroccan_Tajin.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] |Lamb |[[Abincin Berber|Berber]] dish from North Africa, named after the special earthenware pot in which it is cooked. It includes different ingredients according to region, but commonly several kinds of vegetables, meats and spices |- |Tas kebap |[[Fayil:Tas_kebap_and_pilav.jpg|165x165px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Veal |Veal or mutton stew with potatoes |- |Tatws Pum Munud |[[Fayil:Tatws_Pum_Munud2.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]<br /><br />([[Wales]]) |Pork |Traditional Welsh stew, made with smoked bacon, stock, potatoes and other vegetables. |- |[[Tharid]] |[[Fayil:LambTharid2.jpg|124x124px]] |Arab world |Lamb |Dish made from pieces of bread in a vegetable or meat broth. Pictured is lamb ''tharid''. |- |Tocană |[[Fayil:Plattradbrapolanta.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Romainiya|Romania]] |Vegetarian |Prepared with tomato, garlic and sweet paprika, it is traditionally consumed with a cornmeal mush called ''mămăligă''. |- |Tomato bredie |[[Fayil:Chicken_with_tomato_bredie_(12567481243).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |South African stew with Dutch origin that usually features mutton, which is cooked for a very long time, and includes cinnamon, [[cardamom]], [[Citta|ginger]], [[Kaninfari|cloves]], and chili as seasonings. |- |Tombet |[[Fayil:Tombet6116.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]]<br /><br />([[Mayorka|Mallorca]]) |Vegetarian |Traditional vegetable stew that contains layers of sliced potatoes, aubergines and red [[Barkono|bell peppers]] previously fried in [[Man zaitun|olive oil]]. The aubergines and red peppers should not be peeled. The whole is topped with tomato fried with [[Tafarnuwa|garlic]] and parsley, and presented in a way that it looks like a pie without a crust. |- |Tuna pot |[[Fayil:Marmitako.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa|France]]<br /><br />(Basque) |Fish |Fish stew that was eaten on tuna fishing boats in the Cantabrian Sea. A simple dish with potatoes, onions, pimientos, and tomatoes. |- |Türlü |[[Fayil:Турлитава_во_традиционална,_рачно_изработена_земјена_тава._01.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |Vegetarian |Stew of mixed vegetables stew which may also include meat. The dish is known as ''tourlou'' in Greece and as ''turli tava'' in North Macedonia |- |[[Wat (abinci)|Wat (food)]] |[[Fayil:Ethiopian_wat.jpg|124x124px]] |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]]<br /><br />[[Eritrea]] |Various |Stew or curry which may be prepared with meat, such as chicken, beef, or lamb, or a variety of vegetables, with spice mixtures, such as ''[[Berber|berbere]]'' and ''niter kibbeh'', a seasoned clarified butter. |- |Waterblommetjiebredie |[[Fayil:Aponogeton_distachyos_-_Waterblommetjies_from_tin.JPG|124x124px]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |Lamb |Meat, typically lamb, stewed together with ''waterblommetjies'' (''Aponogeton distachyos'' flowers, commonly known as Cape pondweed, Cape hawthorn or Cape asparagus). Literally means "small water flower stew" in [[Afrikaans]]. |- |Waterzooi |[[Fayil:(waterzooi)_(79743868).jpg|124x124px]] |[[Beljik|Belgium]]<br /><br />(Flanders) |Fish |Stew made of fish or chicken, vegetables (carrots, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], and potatoes), herbs, eggs, cream, and [[Man shanu|butter]]. |- |Zoervleis |[[Fayil:Zuurvlees_met_frietjes.jpg|124x124px]] |Limburg region,<br /><br />Belgium&<br /><br />the Netherlands |Horse |Traditional dish similar to German ''sauerbraten'' which features meat (normally horse meat) that was marinated in vinegar or apple cider. Contrary to what one would expect, it is sweet, as it is served with gingerbread. |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ixzqx6d9ci6q6tda3dz0j2qnc916cgf 1 157294 856458 2026-06-13T21:41:21Z Nnadi Samuel 45941 /* Edit Request: Addition of New Work Information */ sabon sashe 856458 wikitext text/x-wiki == Edit Request: Addition of New Work Information == Hello, I am reaching to seek anyone's kind assistance with including a recently published article titled "Exploring Non-Heteronormative Elements in Nigerian Confessional Poetry: A Reading of Nnadi Samuel and Logan February's Poetry" by a Nigerian Researcher, Doc, Lakanse about my work(poetry) on my Wikepedia page, as editing them into the reference section myself seems to violate the rules. I alongside a fellow Nigerian writer, Logan February are the subjects of this very important article, which is gaining significant influence amongst young writers, and would love to have it included in my personal Wikepedia page "Nnadi Samuel" by any generous third-party editor for wider visibility. Thank you! '''Below, is the direct link/citation to the main article.''' <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/404704091_Exploring_Non-Heteronormative_Elements_in_Nigerian_Confessional_Poetry_A_Reading_of_Nnadi_Samuel_and_Logan_February's_Poetry</nowiki> ''Ohaeto, Ezenwa. [https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/IJRHR/article/view/4205 "Exploring Non-Heteronormative Elements in Nigerian Confessional Poetry: A Reading of Nnadi Samuel and Logan February's Poetry"]. International Journal of Religion and Human Relations.'' [[User:Nnadi Samuel|Nnadi Samuel]] ([[Tattaunawar user:Nnadi Samuel|talk]]) 20:47, 13 June 2026 (UTC) [[User:Nnadi Samuel|Nnadi Samuel]] ([[User talk:Nnadi Samuel|talk]]) 21:41, 13 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) b9n0tj56gvokcin6i2c6f65v4lq6ixm 0 157295 856460 2026-06-13T21:41:43Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''San Siro Stadium''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''Stadio Giuseppe Meazza''') babban filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke birnin [[Milan]], ƙasar [[Italiya]]. Shi ne filin wasa na gida ga kulob-kulob biyu masu girma: [[Inter Milan]] da [[AC Milan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Siro-Stadium |title=San Siro Stadium |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe San Siro a ranar '''19 ga Satumba 1926''', inda farko AC Milan ce kawai ke amfani da shi. Daga baya a 1947, Inter Milan ta fara amfani da shi tare da AC Milan, wanda ya sa ya zama filin wasa na haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Siro |title=San Siro Stadium |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> An ba shi sunan “Giuseppe Meazza” a shekarar 1980 domin girmama tsohon ɗan wasan Italiya Giuseppe Meazza, wanda ya taka leda a Inter Milan da AC Milan. == Ƙarfi da tsari == San Siro yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasa a Turai, kuma yana ɗaukar kusan '''75,000–80,000''' na magoya baya. An tsara shi domin manyan wasanni na ƙasa da ƙasa da na gasar Serie A. == Amfani == Filin wasan yana amfani da shi wajen: * Wasannin [[Serie A]] * [[UEFA Champions League]] * Wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa na Italiya * Wasannin derby tsakanin [[Inter Milan]] da [[AC Milan]] == Muhimmanci == San Siro yana da muhimmanci sosai saboda: * Tarihinsa mai tsawo a ƙwallon ƙafa * Kasancewarsa gida ga manyan kulob biyu * Karɓar manyan wasannin Turai da duniya * Zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun filayen wasa a duniya == Wasannin tarihi == Filin wasan ya karɓi manyan wasanni kamar: * Gasar [[FIFA World Cup 1990]] * Gasar [[UEFA Champions League]] da dama * Wasannin derby na Milan (Derby della Madonnina) == Makomar filin == A ‘yan shekarun nan, akwai shawarwarin rushe San Siro domin gina sabon filin wasa na zamani ga Inter Milan da AC Milan, duk da cewa har yanzu ana tattaunawa kan makomarsa. == Duba kuma == * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Serie A]] * [[Italian football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasa a Italiya]] [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Milan]] [[Category:Wuraren wasanni da aka buɗe a 1926]] [[Category:AC Milan]] [[Category:Inter Milan]] hgo2l3s9m6y22496i0s9o6bb9b94mfm 856461 856460 2026-06-13T21:42:01Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''San Siro Stadium''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''Stadio Giuseppe Meazza''') babban filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke birnin [[Milan]], ƙasar [[Italiya]]. Shi ne filin wasa na gida ga kulob-kulob biyu masu girma: [[Inter Milan]] da [[AC Milan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Siro-Stadium |title=San Siro Stadium |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe San Siro a ranar '''19 ga Satumba 1926''', inda farko AC Milan ce kawai ke amfani da shi. Daga baya a 1947, Inter Milan ta fara amfani da shi tare da AC Milan, wanda ya sa ya zama filin wasa na haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Siro |title=San Siro Stadium |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> An ba shi sunan “Giuseppe Meazza” a shekarar 1980 domin girmama tsohon ɗan wasan Italiya Giuseppe Meazza, wanda ya taka leda a Inter Milan da AC Milan. == Ƙarfi da tsari == San Siro yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasa a Turai, kuma yana ɗaukar kusan '''75,000–80,000''' na magoya baya. An tsara shi domin manyan wasanni na ƙasa da ƙasa da na gasar Serie A. == Amfani == Filin wasan yana amfani da shi wajen: * Wasannin [[Serie A]] * [[UEFA Champions League]] * Wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa na Italiya * Wasannin derby tsakanin [[Inter Milan]] da [[AC Milan]] == Muhimmanci == San Siro yana da muhimmanci sosai saboda: * Tarihinsa mai tsawo a ƙwallon ƙafa * Kasancewarsa gida ga manyan kulob biyu * Karɓar manyan wasannin Turai da duniya * Zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun filayen wasa a duniya == Wasannin tarihi == Filin wasan ya karɓi manyan wasanni kamar: * Gasar [[FIFA World Cup 1990]] * Gasar [[UEFA Champions League]] da dama * Wasannin derby na Milan (Derby della Madonnina) == Makomar filin == A ‘yan shekarun nan, akwai shawarwarin rushe San Siro domin gina sabon filin wasa na zamani ga Inter Milan da AC Milan, duk da cewa har yanzu ana tattaunawa kan makomarsa. == Duba kuma == * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Serie A]] * [[Italian football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasa a Italiya]] [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Milan]] [[Category:Wuraren wasanni da aka buɗe a 1926]] [[Category:AC Milan]] [[Category:Inter Milan]] cwnaxosb2ogsv5i3rop55kmxe2ct4nf 0 157296 856466 2026-06-13T21:43:48Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Italy national football team''' (wanda ake kira '''Azzurri''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce da ke wakiltar ƙasar [[Italiya]] a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Hukumar [[Italian Football Federation]] (FIGC) ce ke kula da ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Italy-national-football-team |title=Italy national football team |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya ta fara buga wasanta na farko a ranar '''15 ga Mayu 1910''' da ƙasar Faransa, inda ta ci 6–2. Tun daga lokacin, Italiya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team |title=Italy national football team |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> Italiya ta shahara musamman saboda tsarin kariya mai ƙarfi da ake kira '''catenaccio''', wanda ya taimaka mata wajen samun nasarori a manyan gasa. == Nasarori == Italiya tana daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi lashe manyan kofuna: * '''FIFA World Cup''' – sau 4 (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006) * '''UEFA European Championship''' – sau 2 (1968, 2020) * '''Olympic Gold Medal''' – 1936 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/national-teams/italy |title=Italy honours |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Lokutan zinariya == * 1930s – nasarar farko a World Cup (1934, 1938) * 1982 – nasarar Spain World Cup tare da Paolo Rossi * 2006 – nasarar World Cup a Jamus * 2020 – nasarar Euro 2020 (an buga 2021 saboda COVID-19) == Salon wasa == Italy national football team an san ta da: * Tsarin kariya mai ƙarfi * Tactics masu zurfi * Ƙwarewar ‘yan wasa a Serie A * Ƙarfafa wasan ƙungiya == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan Italiya akwai: * [[Paolo Maldini]] * [[Francesco Totti]] * [[Andrea Pirlo]] * [[Gianluigi Buffon]] * [[Roberto Baggio]] * [[Paolo Rossi]] == Filin wasa == Italiya ba ta da filin wasa guda na dindindin; tana amfani da filaye daban-daban kamar: * [[San Siro Stadium]] * Stadio Olimpico (Rome) * Stadio Diego Armando Maradona (Naples) == Muhimmanci == Ƙungiyar Italiya tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Tarihi mai tsawo a ƙwallon ƙafa * Yawan kofuna na duniya * Tasiri a FIFA da UEFA * Samar da manyan ‘yan wasa == Duba kuma == * [[Serie A]] * [[Italian football]] * [[Juventus]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AC Milan]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa]] [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya]] [[Category:Italy national football team]] qfpknti7nh7688yvik4vtye2f9x3yap 856467 856466 2026-06-13T21:44:18Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856467 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Italy national football team''' (wanda ake kira '''Azzurri''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce da ke wakiltar ƙasar [[Italiya]] a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Hukumar [[Italian Football Federation]] (FIGC) ce ke kula da ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Italy-national-football-team |title=Italy national football team |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya ta fara buga wasanta na farko a ranar '''15 ga Mayu 1910''' da ƙasar Faransa, inda ta ci 6–2. Tun daga lokacin, Italiya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team |title=Italy national football team |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> Italiya ta shahara musamman saboda tsarin kariya mai ƙarfi da ake kira '''catenaccio''', wanda ya taimaka mata wajen samun nasarori a manyan gasa. == Nasarori == Italiya tana daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi lashe manyan kofuna: * '''FIFA World Cup''' – sau 4 (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006) * '''UEFA European Championship''' – sau 2 (1968, 2020) * '''Olympic Gold Medal''' – 1936 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/national-teams/italy |title=Italy honours |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Lokutan zinariya == * 1930s – nasarar farko a World Cup (1934, 1938) * 1982 – nasarar Spain World Cup tare da Paolo Rossi * 2006 – nasarar World Cup a Jamus * 2020 – nasarar Euro 2020 (an buga 2021 saboda COVID-19) == Salon wasa == Italy national football team an san ta da: * Tsarin kariya mai ƙarfi * Tactics masu zurfi * Ƙwarewar ‘yan wasa a Serie A * Ƙarfafa wasan ƙungiya == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan Italiya akwai: * [[Paolo Maldini]] * [[Francesco Totti]] * [[Andrea Pirlo]] * [[Gianluigi Buffon]] * [[Roberto Baggio]] * [[Paolo Rossi]] == Filin wasa == Italiya ba ta da filin wasa guda na dindindin; tana amfani da filaye daban-daban kamar: * [[San Siro Stadium]] * Stadio Olimpico (Rome) * Stadio Diego Armando Maradona (Naples) == Muhimmanci == Ƙungiyar Italiya tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Tarihi mai tsawo a ƙwallon ƙafa * Yawan kofuna na duniya * Tasiri a FIFA da UEFA * Samar da manyan ‘yan wasa == Duba kuma == * [[Serie A]] * [[Italian football]] * [[Juventus]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AC Milan]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa]] [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya]] [[Category:Italy national football team]] 5umeajq3r0bet9ar9uinkjghd66vg04 0 157297 856468 2026-06-13T21:45:36Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359214221|Trillionaire]]" 856468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Elon_Musk_(54816836217)_(cropped_2).jpg|thumb|261x261px|A cikin 2026, ɗan kasuwa wanda ya kafa [[Elon Musk]] (wanda aka nuna a cikin 2025) ya zama mutum na farko da ya kai dala tiriliyan 1.]] Trillionaire mutum ne wanda dukiyarsa ta kai akalla tiriliyan daya (billion daya ko miliyan daya) n ko 1.000.000.000) raka'a na kudin da aka ba su, yawanci USD. Yana da wani subcategory na ra'ayi na ultra-high-net-worth mutane. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2026, mutum ne kawai ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mai kudi. == A cikin daloli na Amurka da kudaden da suka danganci == [[Elon Musk]] ya zama mutum na farko kuma kawai wanda darajarsa ta wuce dala tiriliyan 1, a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2026, biyo bayan gabatarwar jama'a ta farko ta SpaceX.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishant |first=Niket |last2=Saini |first2=Manya |date=11 June 2026 |title=SpaceX IPO makes Elon Musk the world's first trillionaire |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/spacex-ipo-makes-elon-musk-worlds-first-trillionaire-2026-06-11/ |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2026 |title=SpaceX Filing Starts Countdown to Massive IPO |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-sp-500-nasdaq-05-20-2026 |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Jason |date=22 May 2026 |title=Musk may already be a trillionaire while these SpaceX employees and investors will hit multibillion-dollar jackpots after blockbuster IPO |url=https://fortune.com/2026/05/22/elon-musk-net-worth-trillionaire-spacex-ipo-employees-investors-billion-dollar-gains/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Zimbabwe_$100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg|thumb|100 tiriliyan daloli, daga Zimbabwe. Misali na hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.]] == A cikin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki == Akwai trillionaires a wasu kudade saboda hyperinflation, kamar Hungarian pengő a 1946 da kuma Zimbabwean dollar a 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2009 |title=Zimbabwe: Country of trillionaires couldn't buy bread - Zimbabwe {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-country-trillionaires-couldnt-buy-bread |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2015 |title=What can you buy for $100 trillion in Zimbabwe? Not even a candy bar |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2015/06/12/what-can-you-buy-100-trillion-zimbabwe-maybe-ice-cream |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref> Kalmar "trillionaire" ta fara bayyana a cikin The New York Times a 1927, dangane da hauhawar farashi a Jamhuriyar Weimar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2026 |title=Trillionaire {{!}} Acadian Asset Management |url=https://www.acadian-asset.com/investment-insights/owenomics/trillionaire |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=www.acadian-asset.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:One_Milliard_Pengos.jpg|thumb|252x252px|1 biliyan pengos, daga Hungary. Misali na hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.]] == Kididdiga == Wadannan kididdigar da aka tara don trillionaires sun hada da jimlar adadin sanannun trillionaire na Amurka da kuma darajar mutum mafi arziki a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga 2026 {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Adadin biliyoyin<br /> !Sunan !Kudin da aka samu |- |2026 |1 |[[Elon Musk]] |Miliyan dala 1.1 |- |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 5peet3nwujbp5a0riwgq21zd7pjbudj 856469 856468 2026-06-13T21:45:52Z Arabiyu 28508 856469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Elon_Musk_(54816836217)_(cropped_2).jpg|thumb|261x261px|A cikin 2026, ɗan kasuwa wanda ya kafa [[Elon Musk]] (wanda aka nuna a cikin 2025) ya zama mutum na farko da ya kai dala tiriliyan 1.]] Trillionaire mutum ne wanda dukiyarsa ta kai akalla tiriliyan daya (billion daya ko miliyan daya) n ko 1.000.000.000) raka'a na kudin da aka ba su, yawanci USD. Yana da wani subcategory na ra'ayi na ultra-high-net-worth mutane. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2026, mutum ne kawai ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mai kudi. == A cikin daloli na Amurka da kudaden da suka danganci == [[Elon Musk]] ya zama mutum na farko kuma kawai wanda darajarsa ta wuce dala tiriliyan 1, a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2026, biyo bayan gabatarwar jama'a ta farko ta SpaceX.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishant |first=Niket |last2=Saini |first2=Manya |date=11 June 2026 |title=SpaceX IPO makes Elon Musk the world's first trillionaire |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/spacex-ipo-makes-elon-musk-worlds-first-trillionaire-2026-06-11/ |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2026 |title=SpaceX Filing Starts Countdown to Massive IPO |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-sp-500-nasdaq-05-20-2026 |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Jason |date=22 May 2026 |title=Musk may already be a trillionaire while these SpaceX employees and investors will hit multibillion-dollar jackpots after blockbuster IPO |url=https://fortune.com/2026/05/22/elon-musk-net-worth-trillionaire-spacex-ipo-employees-investors-billion-dollar-gains/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Zimbabwe_$100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg|thumb|100 tiriliyan daloli, daga Zimbabwe. Misali na hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.]] == A cikin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki == Akwai trillionaires a wasu kudade saboda hyperinflation, kamar Hungarian pengő a 1946 da kuma Zimbabwean dollar a 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2009 |title=Zimbabwe: Country of trillionaires couldn't buy bread - Zimbabwe {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-country-trillionaires-couldnt-buy-bread |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2015 |title=What can you buy for $100 trillion in Zimbabwe? Not even a candy bar |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2015/06/12/what-can-you-buy-100-trillion-zimbabwe-maybe-ice-cream |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref> Kalmar "trillionaire" ta fara bayyana a cikin The New York Times a 1927, dangane da hauhawar farashi a Jamhuriyar Weimar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2026 |title=Trillionaire {{!}} Acadian Asset Management |url=https://www.acadian-asset.com/investment-insights/owenomics/trillionaire |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=www.acadian-asset.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:One_Milliard_Pengos.jpg|thumb|252x252px|1 biliyan pengos, daga Hungary. Misali na hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.]] == Kididdiga == Wadannan kididdigar da aka tara don trillionaires sun hada da jimlar adadin sanannun trillionaire na Amurka da kuma darajar mutum mafi arziki a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga 2026 {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Adadin biliyoyin<br /> !Sunan !Kudin da aka samu |- |2026 |1 |[[Elon Musk]] |Miliyan dala 1.1 |- |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 8ceng6o6qzrlla60jh9v6vtvfulygqd 0 157298 856470 2026-06-13T21:46:47Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856470 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serie A''' ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan lig-lig a duniya. Hukumar [[Lega Serie A]] ce ke kula da gasar, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mataki na farko (top division) a tsarin ƙwallon ƙafar Italiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Serie-A |title=Serie A |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == Serie A ta fara ne a shekarar '''1898''' a tsarin da bai kasance cikakke ba, amma ta samu tsarin zamani a shekarar '''1929'''. Tun daga lokacin, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa mafi ƙarfi a Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A |title=Serie A |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> A shekarun 1980s da 1990s, Serie A ta kasance mafi ƙarfi a duniya saboda yawan manyan ‘yan wasa da kulob-kulob na duniya da ke cikinta. == Tsarin gasar == Serie A tana da ƙungiyoyi '''20''' a kowane kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar: * Kowane kulob yana buga wasa gida da waje da sauran kulob * Ana ba da maki: nasara = 3, canjaras = 1, rashin nasara = 0 * A ƙarshe: * Ƙungiyar da ta fi maki ta zama zakara * Ƙungiyoyi 3 na ƙasa suna sauka zuwa [[Serie B]] == Manyan kulob == Daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Serie A akwai: * [[Juventus]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[AS Roma]] * [[Napoli]] * [[Lazio]] == Zakaru == Kulob da suka fi lashe Serie A: * Juventus – mafi yawan nasarori * Inter Milan * AC Milan * Napoli (lokutan daban-daban) == Gasar ƙasa da ƙasa == Ƙungiyoyin Serie A suna shiga manyan gasannin UEFA: * [[UEFA Champions League]] * UEFA Europa League * UEFA Conference League == Muhimmanci == Serie A tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Tarihi mai tsawo a ƙwallon ƙafa * Manyan kulob a duniya * Samar da fitattun ‘yan wasa * Tasiri a Turai da FIFA == Salon wasa == An san Serie A da: * Tsarin kariya mai ƙarfi (defensive tactics) * Ƙwarewar dabaru (tactics) * Ƙwararrun masu tsaron baya * Wasanni masu ƙarfi da tunani == Duba kuma == * [[Italian football]] * [[Juventus]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Italy national football team]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya]] [[Category:Serie A]] [[Category:Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa]] ol2nfir79yexkihayjftasbtm2itbj2 856473 856470 2026-06-13T21:47:09Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serie A''' ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan lig-lig a duniya. Hukumar [[Lega Serie A]] ce ke kula da gasar, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mataki na farko (top division) a tsarin ƙwallon ƙafar Italiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Serie-A |title=Serie A |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == Serie A ta fara ne a shekarar '''1898''' a tsarin da bai kasance cikakke ba, amma ta samu tsarin zamani a shekarar '''1929'''. Tun daga lokacin, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa mafi ƙarfi a Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A |title=Serie A |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> A shekarun 1980s da 1990s, Serie A ta kasance mafi ƙarfi a duniya saboda yawan manyan ‘yan wasa da kulob-kulob na duniya da ke cikinta. == Tsarin gasar == Serie A tana da ƙungiyoyi '''20''' a kowane kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar: * Kowane kulob yana buga wasa gida da waje da sauran kulob * Ana ba da maki: nasara = 3, canjaras = 1, rashin nasara = 0 * A ƙarshe: * Ƙungiyar da ta fi maki ta zama zakara * Ƙungiyoyi 3 na ƙasa suna sauka zuwa [[Serie B]] == Manyan kulob == Daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Serie A akwai: * [[Juventus]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[AS Roma]] * [[Napoli]] * [[Lazio]] == Zakaru == Kulob da suka fi lashe Serie A: * Juventus – mafi yawan nasarori * Inter Milan * AC Milan * Napoli (lokutan daban-daban) == Gasar ƙasa da ƙasa == Ƙungiyoyin Serie A suna shiga manyan gasannin UEFA: * [[UEFA Champions League]] * UEFA Europa League * UEFA Conference League == Muhimmanci == Serie A tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Tarihi mai tsawo a ƙwallon ƙafa * Manyan kulob a duniya * Samar da fitattun ‘yan wasa * Tasiri a Turai da FIFA == Salon wasa == An san Serie A da: * Tsarin kariya mai ƙarfi (defensive tactics) * Ƙwarewar dabaru (tactics) * Ƙwararrun masu tsaron baya * Wasanni masu ƙarfi da tunani == Duba kuma == * [[Italian football]] * [[Juventus]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Italy national football team]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya]] [[Category:Serie A]] [[Category:Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa]] ngpzoa8daxq6fqnksr8z4vlm9bqd6fi 0 157299 856471 2026-06-13T21:46:53Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359213488|Books on Tape (company)]]" 856471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Littattafai a kan Tape''' (wani lokacin an taƙaita shi BoT) littafi ne mai bugawa na Random House wanda ke jaddada rikodin Littafin sauti don makarantu da ɗakunan karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=August 1, 2013 |title=The New Explosion in Audio Books |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220144155/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |archive-date=2014-12-20 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> A baya kamfani ne mai zaman kansa na California kafin Random House ta saye shi, a shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=October 22, 2001 |title=Random Buys Books on Tape |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20011022/19061-random-buys-books-on-tape.html |access-date=2014-06-02 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> Kamfanin ne ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics Duvall Hecht a cikin 1975 a matsayin sabis na haya kai tsaye ga mai amfani don littattafan sauti da ba a taƙaita su ba a kan tef.[1] Yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni masu gabatarwa a cikin kasuwancin littattafai masu sauti tare da Littattafan da aka rubuta.[1] 971rdb35amrh97h5x4xvtbbgjta3s77 856472 856471 2026-06-13T21:47:08Z Arabiyu 28508 856472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Littattafai a kan Tape''' (wani lokacin an taƙaita shi BoT) littafi ne mai bugawa na Random House wanda ke jaddada rikodin Littafin sauti don makarantu da ɗakunan karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=August 1, 2013 |title=The New Explosion in Audio Books |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220144155/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |archive-date=2014-12-20 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> A baya kamfani ne mai zaman kansa na California kafin Random House ta saye shi, a shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=October 22, 2001 |title=Random Buys Books on Tape |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20011022/19061-random-buys-books-on-tape.html |access-date=2014-06-02 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> Kamfanin ne ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics Duvall Hecht a cikin 1975 a matsayin sabis na haya kai tsaye ga mai amfani don littattafan sauti da ba a taƙaita su ba a kan tef.[1] Yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni masu gabatarwa a cikin kasuwancin littattafai masu sauti tare da Littattafan da aka rubuta.[1] 523kc02blawhgcy69c1u9s6h0747j3j 856474 856472 2026-06-13T21:47:17Z Arabiyu 28508 856474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Littattafai a kan Tape''' (wani lokacin an taƙaita shi BoT) littafi ne mai bugawa na Random House wanda ke jaddada rikodin Littafin sauti don makarantu da ɗakunan karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=August 1, 2013 |title=The New Explosion in Audio Books |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220144155/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |archive-date=2014-12-20 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> A baya kamfani ne mai zaman kansa na California kafin Random House ta saye shi, a shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=October 22, 2001 |title=Random Buys Books on Tape |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20011022/19061-random-buys-books-on-tape.html |access-date=2014-06-02 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> Kamfanin ne ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics Duvall Hecht a cikin 1975 a matsayin sabis na haya kai tsaye ga mai amfani don littattafan sauti da ba a taƙaita su ba a kan tef.[1] Yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni masu gabatarwa a cikin kasuwancin littattafai masu sauti tare da Littattafan da aka rubuta. kcauw107zn08nhrxgpc6bxmxeg89b6o 856475 856474 2026-06-13T21:47:27Z Arabiyu 28508 856475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Littattafai a kan Tape''' (wani lokacin an taƙaita shi BoT) littafi ne mai bugawa na Random House wanda ke jaddada rikodin Littafin sauti don makarantu da ɗakunan karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=August 1, 2013 |title=The New Explosion in Audio Books |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220144155/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |archive-date=2014-12-20 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> A baya kamfani ne mai zaman kansa na California kafin Random House ta saye shi, a shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=October 22, 2001 |title=Random Buys Books on Tape |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20011022/19061-random-buys-books-on-tape.html |access-date=2014-06-02 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> Kamfanin ne ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics Duvall Hecht a cikin 1975 a matsayin sabis na haya kai tsaye ga mai amfani don littattafan sauti da ba a taƙaita su ba a kan tef. Yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni masu gabatarwa a cikin kasuwancin littattafai masu sauti tare da Littattafan da aka rubuta. 8lbmbjrvkxz491ae8vzg3il21gl925a 856476 856475 2026-06-13T21:48:19Z Arabiyu 28508 856476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Littattafai a kan Tape''' (wani lokacin an taƙaita shi BoT) littafi ne mai bugawa na Random House wanda ke jaddada rikodin Littafin sauti don makarantu da ɗakunan karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=August 1, 2013 |title=The New Explosion in Audio Books |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220144155/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |archive-date=2014-12-20 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> A baya kamfani ne mai zaman kansa na California kafin Random House ta saye shi, a shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=October 22, 2001 |title=Random Buys Books on Tape |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20011022/19061-random-buys-books-on-tape.html |access-date=2014-06-02 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> Kamfanin ne ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics Duvall Hecht a cikin 1975 a matsayin sabis na haya kai tsaye ga mai amfani don littattafan sauti da ba a taƙaita su ba a kan tef.<ref name="Blake">{{cite book |last=Blake |first=Virgil L. P. |title=Information Literacies for the Twenty-First Century |chapter=Something New Has Been Added: Aural Literacy and Libraries |publisher=G. K. Hall & Co. |year=1990 |pages=203–218 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/SomethingNewHasBeenAdded }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni masu gabatarwa a cikin kasuwancin littattafai masu sauti tare da Littattafan da aka rubuta. tls3ezcs6nyij8f43c9th9wctncmtb2 856477 856476 2026-06-13T21:48:40Z Arabiyu 28508 856477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Littattafai a kan Tape''' (wani lokacin an taƙaita shi BoT) littafi ne mai bugawa na Random House wanda ke jaddada rikodin Littafin sauti don makarantu da ɗakunan karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=August 1, 2013 |title=The New Explosion in Audio Books |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220144155/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578637850049098298 |archive-date=2014-12-20 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> A baya kamfani ne mai zaman kansa na California kafin Random House ta saye shi, a shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=October 22, 2001 |title=Random Buys Books on Tape |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20011022/19061-random-buys-books-on-tape.html |access-date=2014-06-02 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> Kamfanin ne ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics Duvall Hecht a cikin 1975 a matsayin sabis na haya kai tsaye ga mai amfani don littattafan sauti da ba a taƙaita su ba a kan tef.<ref name="Blake">{{cite book |last=Blake |first=Virgil L. P. |title=Information Literacies for the Twenty-First Century |chapter=Something New Has Been Added: Aural Literacy and Libraries |publisher=G. K. Hall & Co. |year=1990 |pages=203–218 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/SomethingNewHasBeenAdded }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni masu gabatarwa a cikin kasuwancin littattafai masu sauti tare da Littattafan da aka rubuta. == Manazarta == 2ib4i0ngpmgrkjn0f6f7vojp88wgnz1 0 157300 856478 2026-06-13T21:49:40Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gianluigi Buffon''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 Janairu 1978) tsohon ƙwararren mai tsaron raga ne daga ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman goalkeepers a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gianluigi-Buffon |title=Gianluigi Buffon |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Buffon a Carrara, Italiya. Ya fito daga dangin ‘yan wasa, kuma ya fara nuna hazaka a ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami kafin ya shiga tsarin matasa na [[Parma]] FC.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon |title=Gianluigi Buffon |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Parma === Buffon ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙwararru a [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] a shekarar 1995. A nan ya taimaka wa kulob ɗin lashe: * Coppa Italia * UEFA Cup (1999) Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan matasa masu tsaron raga a duniya. === Juventus === A shekarar 2001, Buffon ya koma [[Juventus]] a kudin canja wuri mai yawa a lokacin. A Juventus ya zama: * Kyaftin * Alamar kulob * Mai tsaron raga mafi dogaro a Serie A Ya taimaka wa Juventus lashe Serie A sau da dama kuma ya kasance ginshiƙi a lokacin “golden era” na kulob ɗin. === Paris Saint-Germain === A shekarar 2018, Buffon ya koma [[Paris Saint-Germain]] na Faransa, inda ya yi kakar wasa ɗaya kuma ya lashe Ligue 1. === Komawa Juventus da ritaya === Bayan PSG, ya koma Juventus sannan daga baya ya koma Parma kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa. == Ƙungiyar ƙasa (Italiya) == Buffon ya wakilci [[Italy national football team]] daga 1997 zuwa 2018. Ya yi wasa a: * FIFA World Cup 1998 * Euro 2000 * World Cup 2006 (wanda Italiya ta lashe) * Euro 2012 da sauran gasa Babbar nasararsa ita ce lashe [[FIFA World Cup]] 2006 a Jamus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/italy-2006-world-cup-winners |title=Italy World Cup 2006 |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Buffon ya shahara saboda: * Saurin reflexes * Jagoranci a filin wasa * Ƙarfin tsayawa ƙarƙashin matsin lamba * Kwarewar sarrafa tsaron baya == Nasarori == * FIFA World Cup – 2006 (Italiya) * Serie A titles – Juventus * Coppa Italia – Parma da Juventus * UEFA Cup – Parma * Ligue 1 – PSG == Laƙabi == Ana kiran Buffon da: * “Gigi” * “Superman” (saboda kwarewarsa a goalkeeping) == Duba kuma == * [[Juventus]] * [[Parma Calcio 1913]] * [[Italy national football team]] * [[Serie A]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:‘Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Masu tsaron raga]] [[Category:Haihuwar 1978]] [[Category:Mutanen Carrara]] [[Category:Tsoffin ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] 9pn7qmukt7cvhqli4phyuztcshcevp4 856479 856478 2026-06-13T21:49:56Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gianluigi Buffon''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 Janairu 1978) tsohon ƙwararren mai tsaron raga ne daga ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman goalkeepers a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gianluigi-Buffon |title=Gianluigi Buffon |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Buffon a Carrara, Italiya. Ya fito daga dangin ‘yan wasa, kuma ya fara nuna hazaka a ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami kafin ya shiga tsarin matasa na [[Parma]] FC.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon |title=Gianluigi Buffon |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Parma === Buffon ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙwararru a [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] a shekarar 1995. A nan ya taimaka wa kulob ɗin lashe: * Coppa Italia * UEFA Cup (1999) Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan matasa masu tsaron raga a duniya. === Juventus === A shekarar 2001, Buffon ya koma [[Juventus]] a kudin canja wuri mai yawa a lokacin. A Juventus ya zama: * Kyaftin * Alamar kulob * Mai tsaron raga mafi dogaro a Serie A Ya taimaka wa Juventus lashe Serie A sau da dama kuma ya kasance ginshiƙi a lokacin “golden era” na kulob ɗin. === Paris Saint-Germain === A shekarar 2018, Buffon ya koma [[Paris Saint-Germain]] na Faransa, inda ya yi kakar wasa ɗaya kuma ya lashe Ligue 1. === Komawa Juventus da ritaya === Bayan PSG, ya koma Juventus sannan daga baya ya koma Parma kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa. == Ƙungiyar ƙasa (Italiya) == Buffon ya wakilci [[Italy national football team]] daga 1997 zuwa 2018. Ya yi wasa a: * FIFA World Cup 1998 * Euro 2000 * World Cup 2006 (wanda Italiya ta lashe) * Euro 2012 da sauran gasa Babbar nasararsa ita ce lashe [[FIFA World Cup]] 2006 a Jamus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/italy-2006-world-cup-winners |title=Italy World Cup 2006 |website=FIFA }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Buffon ya shahara saboda: * Saurin reflexes * Jagoranci a filin wasa * Ƙarfin tsayawa ƙarƙashin matsin lamba * Kwarewar sarrafa tsaron baya == Nasarori == * FIFA World Cup – 2006 (Italiya) * Serie A titles – Juventus * Coppa Italia – Parma da Juventus * UEFA Cup – Parma * Ligue 1 – PSG == Laƙabi == Ana kiran Buffon da: * “Gigi” * “Superman” (saboda kwarewarsa a goalkeeping) == Duba kuma == * [[Juventus]] * [[Parma Calcio 1913]] * [[Italy national football team]] * [[Serie A]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:‘Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Masu tsaron raga]] [[Category:Haihuwar 1978]] [[Category:Mutanen Carrara]] [[Category:Tsoffin ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] tkl1d3tpbi0iwyjvoizrnrqqinfax8k 0 157301 856480 2026-06-13T21:52:30Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355419874|Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe]]" 856480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1953) ya kasance mai kula da jama'a na Najeriya, shi fasihi ne kuma tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Jihar Legas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Doctors' face-off with Lagos govt, most challenging Ogunlewe, ex-HoS |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/doctors-face-lagos-govt-challenging-ogunlewe-ex-hos-2/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ogunlewe a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, a shekarear 1953, a [[:en:Igbogbo|Igbogbo]], wani birni ne a yankin Ikorodu na [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas, Najeriya]]. Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar United African Methodist Church [[:en:Igbogbo|Igbogbo]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Oriwu, Ikorodu, Jihar Legas inda ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulwark Vault - Safes Deposits in Lagos, Nigeria |url=http://www.bulwarkvault.com/board-directors.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205082557/http://bulwarkvault.com/board-directors.php |archive-date=2015-02-05 |website=bulwarkvault.com}}</ref> Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin [[:en:Sociology|Sociology]] daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] a shekarar 1978 da kuma Digiri na biyu a bangaren [[:en:Public_administration|Public administration]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ogunlewe's Brother Becomes New Lagos Head of Service |url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/news/24778/1/ogunlewes-brother-becomes-new-lagos-head-of-servic.html |website=TheNigerianVoice}}</ref> == Ayyukan gwamnati == Ya shiga aikin gwamnati ta jihar Legas a shekarar 1979 a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa bayan ya kammala karatunsa a jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to pursue a successful career in public service – retired Lagos HoS |url=http://www.daargroup.com/daar-group/latest-news/vanguardngr-pursue-successful-career-public-service-retired-lagos-hos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212243/http://www.daargroup.com/daar-group/latest-news/vanguardngr-pursue-successful-career-public-service-retired-lagos-hos |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2015-04-16 |website=DAAR Communications}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Sabis don ya gaji [[Balogun Yakub Abiodun]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lagos HOS advocates women equality |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/pursue-successful-career-public-service-retired-/lagos-hos/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a watan Oktoba ta 2013 kuma [[Josephine Oluseyi Williams]] ne ya gaje shi, wanda [[Babatunde Fashola]], Babban Gwamnan Jihar Legas ya tabbatar da nadin a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Williams succeeds Ogunlewe as Lagos Head of service |url=http://www.thegazellenews.com/2013/10/13/williams-succeeds-ogunlewe-as-lagos-head-of-service/ |website=The Gazelle News}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] dx7nbpjyuk6xhpwvj2v8qlfizc5rllo 856484 856480 2026-06-13T21:57:10Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 856484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe | image = | image_size = | caption = | office1 = [[Lagos State Head of Service]] | term_start1 = May 2010 | term_end1 = October 2013 | office2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | office3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | predecessor3 =[[Yakub Abiodun Balogun]] | successor3 = [[Josephine Oluseyi Williams]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|10|16|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Igbogbo]], [[Lagos State, Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party =Non-partisian }} '''Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1953) ya kasance mai kula da jama'a na Najeriya, shi fasihi ne kuma tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Jihar Legas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Doctors' face-off with Lagos govt, most challenging Ogunlewe, ex-HoS |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/doctors-face-lagos-govt-challenging-ogunlewe-ex-hos-2/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ogunlewe a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, a shekarear 1953, a [[:en:Igbogbo|Igbogbo]], wani birni ne a yankin Ikorodu na [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas, Najeriya]]. Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar United African Methodist Church [[:en:Igbogbo|Igbogbo]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Oriwu, Ikorodu, Jihar Legas inda ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulwark Vault - Safes Deposits in Lagos, Nigeria |url=http://www.bulwarkvault.com/board-directors.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205082557/http://bulwarkvault.com/board-directors.php |archive-date=2015-02-05 |website=bulwarkvault.com}}</ref> Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin [[:en:Sociology|Sociology]] daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] a shekarar 1978 da kuma Digiri na biyu a bangaren [[:en:Public_administration|Public administration]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ogunlewe's Brother Becomes New Lagos Head of Service |url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/news/24778/1/ogunlewes-brother-becomes-new-lagos-head-of-servic.html |website=TheNigerianVoice}}</ref> == Ayyukan gwamnati == Ya shiga aikin gwamnati ta jihar Legas a shekarar 1979 a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa bayan ya kammala karatunsa a jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to pursue a successful career in public service – retired Lagos HoS |url=http://www.daargroup.com/daar-group/latest-news/vanguardngr-pursue-successful-career-public-service-retired-lagos-hos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212243/http://www.daargroup.com/daar-group/latest-news/vanguardngr-pursue-successful-career-public-service-retired-lagos-hos |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2015-04-16 |website=DAAR Communications}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Sabis don ya gaji [[Balogun Yakub Abiodun]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lagos HOS advocates women equality |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/pursue-successful-career-public-service-retired-/lagos-hos/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a watan Oktoba ta 2013 kuma [[Josephine Oluseyi Williams]] ne ya gaje shi, wanda [[Babatunde Fashola]], Babban Gwamnan Jihar Legas ya tabbatar da nadin a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Williams succeeds Ogunlewe as Lagos Head of service |url=http://www.thegazellenews.com/2013/10/13/williams-succeeds-ogunlewe-as-lagos-head-of-service/ |website=The Gazelle News}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] is6m32qvizg7bd2fsebrhsjiecgm1a8 0 157302 856481 2026-06-13T21:53:08Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Associazione Sportiva Roma''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''AS Roma''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] da ke birnin [[Rome]]. An kafa ta a ranar '''7 ga Yuni 1927''', kuma tana taka leda a gasar [[Serie A]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/AS-Roma |title=AS Roma |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Tarihi == AS Roma an kafa ta ne sakamakon haɗuwar wasu ƙananan kulob na Rome domin ƙarfafa ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin. Kulob ɗin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Italiya, tare da tsohon abokin hamayya [[SS Lazio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma |title=AS Roma |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Nasarori == AS Roma ta lashe manyan kofuna ciki har da: * Serie A – sau 3 * Coppa Italia – sau da dama * Supercoppa Italiana – sau kaɗan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50137/profile/ |title=AS Roma honours |website=UEFA }}</ref> A matakin Turai, Roma ta lashe: * UEFA Europa Conference League – 2022 == Filin wasa == AS Roma tana buga wasanta a [[Stadio Olimpico (Rome)|Stadio Olimpico]] wanda take raba shi da [[SS Lazio]]. Filin wasan yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 70,000. == Hamayya == Babban hamayyar AS Roma shi ne: * [[SS Lazio]] – wasan da ake kira '''Derby della Capitale''' Wannan wasa yana daga cikin mafi zafi a ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya. == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan Roma akwai: * [[Francesco Totti]] * [[Daniele De Rossi]] * Gabriel Batistuta * Paulo Dybala * Aldair == Francesco Totti == Francesco Totti shi ne fitaccen ɗan wasan AS Roma, wanda ya shafe duk rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa a kulob ɗin, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar Roma. == Muhimmanci == AS Roma tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Tarihi mai tsawo a Serie A * Ƙarfi a wasan gida * Manyan magoya baya * Tasiri a Turai == Duba kuma == * [[Serie A]] * [[SS Lazio]] * [[Juventus]] * [[Italian football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:AS Roma]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1927]] [[Category:Rome]] a9bivqokis4iwp1oxjzqrfdyochec4m 0 157303 856482 2026-06-13T21:55:24Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Parma Calcio 1913''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] da ke birnin [[Parma]]. An kafa ta a ranar '''16 ga Disamba 1913''', kuma tana taka leda a tsarin lig na Italiya, ciki har da [[Serie A]] da [[Serie B]] a lokuta daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 |title=Parma Calcio 1913 |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Tarihi == Parma ta fara rayuwa a matsayin ƙaramar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa, amma ta samu ci gaba sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da 1990 lokacin da ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kulob a Italiya da Turai. A shekarar 2015, kulob ɗin ya fuskanci matsalar kuɗi mai tsanani wanda ya kai ga rushewar tsohuwar Parma FC. Daga baya aka sake kafa ta a matsayin '''Parma Calcio 1913''' kuma ta fara sake hawa matakan lig daga ƙasa zuwa sama.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parma-Calcio-1913 |title=Parma Calcio 1913 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Nasarori == Parma ta yi fice musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, inda ta lashe manyan kofuna na Italiya da Turai: * Coppa Italia – sau da dama * Supercoppa Italiana * UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup – 1993 * UEFA Cup – 1995, 1999 * UEFA Super Cup – 1993 Wannan ya sa Parma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin kulob masu tasiri a Turai a wancan lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50145/profile/history/ |title=Parma honours |website=UEFA }}</ref> == Filin wasa == Parma tana buga wasanta a [[Stadio Ennio Tardini]], wanda ke cikin birnin Parma kuma yana ɗaukar dubban magoya baya. == Lokutan zinariya == Mafi kyawun lokutan Parma sun kasance a: * 1990s – lokacin da ta lashe kofunan Turai * 1999 – lashe UEFA Cup da manyan ‘yan wasa * 2010s – sake dawowa daga rushewa zuwa Serie A == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin shahararrun ‘yan wasan da suka buga wa Parma akwai: * [[Gianluigi Buffon]] * Fabio Cannavaro * Lilian Thuram * Hernán Crespo * Roberto Sensini == Muhimmanci == Parma tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Nasarorin Turai da ta samu a 1990s * Gudummawa wajen haɓaka ‘yan wasa na duniya * Labarin sake tashi bayan rushewa (comeback story) * Tasiri a [[Italian football]] == Duba kuma == * [[Serie A]] * [[Juventus]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[Italian football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Parma Calcio 1913]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1913]] [[Category:Parma]] s8ntks41kin69oyep82a46v2fe5iq0f 856483 856482 2026-06-13T21:55:40Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Parma Calcio 1913''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] da ke birnin [[Parma]]. An kafa ta a ranar '''16 ga Disamba 1913''', kuma tana taka leda a tsarin lig na Italiya, ciki har da [[Serie A]] da [[Serie B]] a lokuta daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 |title=Parma Calcio 1913 |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Tarihi == Parma ta fara rayuwa a matsayin ƙaramar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa, amma ta samu ci gaba sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da 1990 lokacin da ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kulob a Italiya da Turai. A shekarar 2015, kulob ɗin ya fuskanci matsalar kuɗi mai tsanani wanda ya kai ga rushewar tsohuwar Parma FC. Daga baya aka sake kafa ta a matsayin '''Parma Calcio 1913''' kuma ta fara sake hawa matakan lig daga ƙasa zuwa sama.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parma-Calcio-1913 |title=Parma Calcio 1913 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Nasarori == Parma ta yi fice musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, inda ta lashe manyan kofuna na Italiya da Turai: * Coppa Italia – sau da dama * Supercoppa Italiana * UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup – 1993 * UEFA Cup – 1995, 1999 * UEFA Super Cup – 1993 Wannan ya sa Parma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin kulob masu tasiri a Turai a wancan lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50145/profile/history/ |title=Parma honours |website=UEFA }}</ref> == Filin wasa == Parma tana buga wasanta a [[Stadio Ennio Tardini]], wanda ke cikin birnin Parma kuma yana ɗaukar dubban magoya baya. == Lokutan zinariya == Mafi kyawun lokutan Parma sun kasance a: * 1990s – lokacin da ta lashe kofunan Turai * 1999 – lashe UEFA Cup da manyan ‘yan wasa * 2010s – sake dawowa daga rushewa zuwa Serie A == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin shahararrun ‘yan wasan da suka buga wa Parma akwai: * [[Gianluigi Buffon]] * Fabio Cannavaro * Lilian Thuram * Hernán Crespo * Roberto Sensini == Muhimmanci == Parma tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Nasarorin Turai da ta samu a 1990s * Gudummawa wajen haɓaka ‘yan wasa na duniya * Labarin sake tashi bayan rushewa (comeback story) * Tasiri a [[Italian football]] == Duba kuma == * [[Serie A]] * [[Juventus]] * [[AC Milan]] * [[Inter Milan]] * [[Italian football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Parma Calcio 1913]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1913]] [[Category:Parma]] 0j6nh06oum7d6vsvpb3f1ny01q4n94n 0 157304 856485 2026-06-13T21:58:29Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 856485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Società Sportiva Lazio''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''SS Lazio''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] da ke birnin [[Rome]]. An kafa ta a ranar '''9 ga Janairu 1900''', kuma tana taka leda a gasar [[Serie A]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio |title=SS Lazio |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Tarihi == SS Lazio ta fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar wasanni gabaɗaya kafin ta mai da hankali kan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kulob a Italiya. A shekara ta 1927, an yi yunƙurin haɗa wasu kulob na Rome domin kafa AS Roma, amma Lazio ta ƙi shiga wannan haɗin, wanda ya sa ta ci gaba da zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a birnin Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lazio-Italian-sports-club |title=SS Lazio history |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Nasarori == SS Lazio ta lashe manyan kofuna ciki har da: * Serie A – sau 2 * Coppa Italia – sau da dama * Supercoppa Italiana – sau da dama * UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup – 1999 * UEFA Super Cup – 1999 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50158/profile/history/ |title=Lazio honours |website=UEFA }}</ref> == Filin wasa == Lazio tana buga wasanta a [[Stadio Olimpico (Rome)|Stadio Olimpico]] wanda take raba shi da [[AS Roma]]. Filin wasan yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 70,000. == Hamayya == Babban hamayyar SS Lazio ita ce: * [[AS Roma]] – wasan da ake kira '''Derby della Capitale''' Wannan derby yana daga cikin mafi zafi a ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya. == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan Lazio akwai: * Alessandro Nesta * Pavel Nedvěd * Ciro Immobile * Giuseppe Signori * Sinisa Mihajlovic == Muhimmanci == SS Lazio tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Tarihi mai tsawo a Serie A * Nasarori a Turai * Babban hamayya da AS Roma * Tasiri a [[Italian football]] == Duba kuma == * [[AS Roma]] * [[Serie A]] * [[Italian football]] * [[Stadio Olimpico]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:SS Lazio]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1900]] [[Category:Rome]] ol6oyer7cb1c3ei5wmecl4innzrcwsu 856486 856485 2026-06-13T21:59:04Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 856486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Società Sportiva Lazio''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''SS Lazio''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] da ke birnin [[Rome]]. An kafa ta a ranar '''9 ga Janairu 1900''', kuma tana taka leda a gasar [[Serie A]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio |title=SS Lazio |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Tarihi == SS Lazio ta fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar wasanni gabaɗaya kafin ta mai da hankali kan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kulob a Italiya. A shekara ta 1927, an yi yunƙurin haɗa wasu kulob na Rome domin kafa AS Roma, amma Lazio ta ƙi shiga wannan haɗin, wanda ya sa ta ci gaba da zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a birnin Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lazio-Italian-sports-club |title=SS Lazio history |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> == Nasarori == SS Lazio ta lashe manyan kofuna ciki har da: * Serie A – sau 2 * Coppa Italia – sau da dama * Supercoppa Italiana – sau da dama * UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup – 1999 * UEFA Super Cup – 1999 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50158/profile/history/ |title=Lazio honours |website=UEFA }}</ref> == Filin wasa == Lazio tana buga wasanta a [[Stadio Olimpico (Rome)|Stadio Olimpico]] wanda take raba shi da [[AS Roma]]. Filin wasan yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 70,000. == Hamayya == Babban hamayyar SS Lazio ita ce: * [[AS Roma]] – wasan da ake kira '''Derby della Capitale''' Wannan derby yana daga cikin mafi zafi a ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya. == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == Daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan Lazio akwai: * Alessandro Nesta * Pavel Nedvěd * Ciro Immobile * Giuseppe Signori * Sinisa Mihajlovic == Muhimmanci == SS Lazio tana da muhimmanci saboda: * Tarihi mai tsawo a Serie A * Nasarori a Turai * Babban hamayya da AS Roma * Tasiri a [[Italian football]] == Duba kuma == * [[AS Roma]] * [[Serie A]] * [[Italian football]] * [[Stadio Olimpico]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:SS Lazio]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1900]] [[Category:Rome]] hck65l75yyqaq1yzzauvb2yruppoxc3 0 157305 856492 2026-06-13T22:04:33Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358737771|Francesco Totti]]" 856492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francesco Totti''' Ufficiale OMRI <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2014 |title=2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: List of Players: Italy |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610174527/https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2019 |publisher=FIFA |page=15}}</ref> (pronunciation Italiyanci: [franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti]; <ref name="Presidenza">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2006 |title=Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana |url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=198829 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703003702/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=198829 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015 |publisher=Presidenza della Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> an haife shi 27 Satumba 1976) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Italiya wanda ya buga wa Roma da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Italiya kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Luciano Canepari]] |title=Francesco |url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Francesco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410122704/http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Francesco |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=26 October 2018 |website=DiPI Online |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luciano Canepari |title=Totti |url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Totti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721180342/http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Totti |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=26 October 2018 |website=DiPI Online |language=it}}</ref> Ya kasance mai basira da ƙwarewa wanda zai iya yin wasa a matsayin mai kai hari na tsakiya ko a matsayin mai gaba, galibi mai gaba.{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti}}{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti}}{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti}} Totti mutum ne mai kulob daya, ya shafe dukkan aikinsa a Roma kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Jerin A, lambobin yabo na Coppa Italia guda biyu, da lambobin Supercoppa Italiana guda biyu. A matsayinsa na Mai Girma kwallaye, shi ne na biyu mafi girma a duk lokacin a tarihin league na Italiya tare da kwallaye 250, kuma shi ne na bakwai mafi girma a Italiya a duk gasa tare da kwallan 316. [1] Totti shine Babban mai zira kwallaye kuma dan wasan da ya fi buga kwallo a tarihin Roma, yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a Serie A yayin da yake wasa ga kulob guda ɗaya, kuma yana da rikodi ga kyaftin din kulob din mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Serie A. A lokacin aikinsa a Roma, an kira Totti Er Bimbo de Oro (The Golden Boy), Er Pupone (The Big Baby), L'Ottawa Re di Roma (The Eighth King of Rome), L'Imperatore (The Emperor) da Er Capitano (The Italian sports. A cikin 2013, New York Times ta bayyana shi a matsayin "allahn Romawa a cikin wasansa" Totti ya sami nasarar duniya a matakin duniya inda ya lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2006 kuma ya bayyana a wasan karshe na [[UEFA Euro 2004|Yuro 2004]]">UEFA Euro 2000 tare da Italiya. An zabi Totti a cikin tawagar All-Star don duka wasannin; ya kuma wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2002 da Euro 2004. A shekara ta 2007 saboda matsalolin jiki, Totti ya sanar da ritayar sa ta kasa da kasa don mayar da hankali kan wasan kulob din tare da Roma. An dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa na ƙarni, kuma daya daga cikin' yan wasan kwallon kafa na Italiya mafi girma a kowane lokaci, Totti ya lashe lambar yabo ta Oscar del Calcio guda goma sha ɗaya daga kungiyar' yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya: lambar yabo ta Serie A ta shekara guda biyar, lambar yabo ta Series A Goal of the Year guda biyu, lambar yabo ce ta Serie A Goalscorer of the Year, da kuma lambar yabo ta A Young Footballer of the Year. Ya kuma lashe takalmin zinare na Turai na 2007 da kuma 2010 Golden Foot . An zaɓi Totti a cikin ƙungiyar watsa labarai ta Turai na kakar sau uku. A shekara ta 2004, an ambaci sunansa a cikin [[FIFA]]_100" id="mwYg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="FIFA 100">FIFA 100, jerin manyan 'yan wasa masu rai a duniya kamar yadda Pelé ya zaba, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru dari na FIFA. A shekara ta 2011, IFFHS ta amince da Totti a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi mashahuri a Turai. A shekara ta 2015, ''Kwallon ƙafa na Faransa'' ya sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa goma mafi kyau a duniya wadanda suka wuce shekaru 36.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas Simon |date=19 May 2015 |title=Le top 10 des meilleurs vieux |trans-title=The top 10 of the best oldies |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/Le-top-10-des-meilleurs-vieux/559763 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022011421/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Le-top-10-des-meilleurs-vieux/559763 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=France Football |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017, an ba Totti lambar yabo ta Player's Career da lambar yabo ta shugaban UEFA. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 68z2f2kxetlc5ikz0bttwwj0r8z8fev 856493 856492 2026-06-13T22:04:54Z Arabiyu 28508 856493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Francesco Totti''' Ufficiale OMRI <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2014 |title=2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: List of Players: Italy |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610174527/https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2019 |publisher=FIFA |page=15}}</ref> (pronunciation Italiyanci: [franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti]; <ref name="Presidenza">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2006 |title=Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana |url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=198829 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703003702/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=198829 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015 |publisher=Presidenza della Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> an haife shi 27 Satumba 1976) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Italiya wanda ya buga wa Roma da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Italiya kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Luciano Canepari]] |title=Francesco |url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Francesco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410122704/http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Francesco |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=26 October 2018 |website=DiPI Online |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luciano Canepari |title=Totti |url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Totti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721180342/http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Totti |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=26 October 2018 |website=DiPI Online |language=it}}</ref> Ya kasance mai basira da ƙwarewa wanda zai iya yin wasa a matsayin mai kai hari na tsakiya ko a matsayin mai gaba, galibi mai gaba.{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti}}{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti}}{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti}} Totti mutum ne mai kulob daya, ya shafe dukkan aikinsa a Roma kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Jerin A, lambobin yabo na Coppa Italia guda biyu, da lambobin Supercoppa Italiana guda biyu. A matsayinsa na Mai Girma kwallaye, shi ne na biyu mafi girma a duk lokacin a tarihin league na Italiya tare da kwallaye 250, kuma shi ne na bakwai mafi girma a Italiya a duk gasa tare da kwallan 316. [1] Totti shine Babban mai zira kwallaye kuma dan wasan da ya fi buga kwallo a tarihin Roma, yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a Serie A yayin da yake wasa ga kulob guda ɗaya, kuma yana da rikodi ga kyaftin din kulob din mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Serie A. A lokacin aikinsa a Roma, an kira Totti Er Bimbo de Oro (The Golden Boy), Er Pupone (The Big Baby), L'Ottawa Re di Roma (The Eighth King of Rome), L'Imperatore (The Emperor) da Er Capitano (The Italian sports. A cikin 2013, New York Times ta bayyana shi a matsayin "allahn Romawa a cikin wasansa" Totti ya sami nasarar duniya a matakin duniya inda ya lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2006 kuma ya bayyana a wasan karshe na [[UEFA Euro 2004|Yuro 2004]]">UEFA Euro 2000 tare da Italiya. An zabi Totti a cikin tawagar All-Star don duka wasannin; ya kuma wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2002 da Euro 2004. A shekara ta 2007 saboda matsalolin jiki, Totti ya sanar da ritayar sa ta kasa da kasa don mayar da hankali kan wasan kulob din tare da Roma. An dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa na ƙarni, kuma daya daga cikin' yan wasan kwallon kafa na Italiya mafi girma a kowane lokaci, Totti ya lashe lambar yabo ta Oscar del Calcio guda goma sha ɗaya daga kungiyar' yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya: lambar yabo ta Serie A ta shekara guda biyar, lambar yabo ta Series A Goal of the Year guda biyu, lambar yabo ce ta Serie A Goalscorer of the Year, da kuma lambar yabo ta A Young Footballer of the Year. Ya kuma lashe takalmin zinare na Turai na 2007 da kuma 2010 Golden Foot . An zaɓi Totti a cikin ƙungiyar watsa labarai ta Turai na kakar sau uku. A shekara ta 2004, an ambaci sunansa a cikin [[FIFA]]_100" id="mwYg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="FIFA 100">FIFA 100, jerin manyan 'yan wasa masu rai a duniya kamar yadda Pelé ya zaba, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru dari na FIFA. A shekara ta 2011, IFFHS ta amince da Totti a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi mashahuri a Turai. A shekara ta 2015, ''Kwallon ƙafa na Faransa'' ya sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa goma mafi kyau a duniya wadanda suka wuce shekaru 36.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas Simon |date=19 May 2015 |title=Le top 10 des meilleurs vieux |trans-title=The top 10 of the best oldies |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/Le-top-10-des-meilleurs-vieux/559763 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022011421/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Le-top-10-des-meilleurs-vieux/559763 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=France Football |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017, an ba Totti lambar yabo ta Player's Career da lambar yabo ta shugaban UEFA. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 8k1wzkjdcpdp0bla73md00f6ctg0et2 856494 856493 2026-06-13T22:05:14Z Arabiyu 28508 856494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Francesco Totti''' Ufficiale OMRI <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2014 |title=2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: List of Players: Italy |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610174527/https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2019 |publisher=FIFA |page=15}}</ref> (pronunciation Italiyanci: [franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti]; <ref name="Presidenza">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2006 |title=Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana |url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=198829 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703003702/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=198829 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015 |publisher=Presidenza della Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> an haife shi 27 Satumba 1976) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Italiya wanda ya buga wa Roma da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Italiya kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Luciano Canepari]] |title=Francesco |url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Francesco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410122704/http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Francesco |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=26 October 2018 |website=DiPI Online |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luciano Canepari |title=Totti |url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Totti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721180342/http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Totti |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=26 October 2018 |website=DiPI Online |language=it}}</ref> Ya kasance mai basira da ƙwarewa wanda zai iya yin wasa a matsayin mai kai hari na tsakiya ko a matsayin mai gaba, galibi mai gaba.{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti}}{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti}}{{IPA|it|franˈtʃesko ˈtɔtti}} Totti mutum ne mai kulob daya, ya shafe dukkan aikinsa a Roma kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Jerin A, lambobin yabo na Coppa Italia guda biyu, da lambobin Supercoppa Italiana guda biyu. A matsayinsa na Mai Girma kwallaye, shi ne na biyu mafi girma a duk lokacin a tarihin league na Italiya tare da kwallaye 250, kuma shi ne na bakwai mafi girma a Italiya a duk gasa tare da kwallan 316. [1] Totti shine Babban mai zira kwallaye kuma dan wasan da ya fi buga kwallo a tarihin Roma, yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a Serie A yayin da yake wasa ga kulob guda ɗaya, kuma yana da rikodi ga kyaftin din kulob din mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Serie A. A lokacin aikinsa a Roma, an kira Totti Er Bimbo de Oro (The Golden Boy), Er Pupone (The Big Baby), L'Ottawa Re di Roma (The Eighth King of Rome), L'Imperatore (The Emperor) da Er Capitano (The Italian sports. A cikin 2013, New York Times ta bayyana shi a matsayin "allahn Romawa a cikin wasansa" Totti ya sami nasarar duniya a matakin duniya inda ya lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2006 kuma ya bayyana a wasan karshe na [[UEFA Euro 2004|Yuro 2004]]">UEFA Euro 2000 tare da Italiya. An zabi Totti a cikin tawagar All-Star don duka wasannin; ya kuma wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2002 da Euro 2004. A shekara ta 2007 saboda matsalolin jiki, Totti ya sanar da ritayar sa ta kasa da kasa don mayar da hankali kan wasan kulob din tare da Roma. An dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa na ƙarni, kuma daya daga cikin' yan wasan kwallon kafa na Italiya mafi girma a kowane lokaci, Totti ya lashe lambar yabo ta Oscar del Calcio guda goma sha ɗaya daga kungiyar' yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya: lambar yabo ta Serie A ta shekara guda biyar, lambar yabo ta Series A Goal of the Year guda biyu, lambar yabo ce ta Serie A Goalscorer of the Year, da kuma lambar yabo ta A Young Footballer of the Year. Ya kuma lashe takalmin zinare na Turai na 2007 da kuma 2010 Golden Foot . An zaɓi Totti a cikin ƙungiyar watsa labarai ta Turai na kakar sau uku. A shekara ta 2004, an ambaci sunansa a cikin [[FIFA]]_100" id="mwYg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="FIFA 100">FIFA 100, jerin manyan 'yan wasa masu rai a duniya kamar yadda Pelé ya zaba, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru dari na FIFA. A shekara ta 2011, IFFHS ta amince da Totti a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi mashahuri a Turai. A shekara ta 2015, ''Kwallon ƙafa na Faransa'' ya sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa goma mafi kyau a duniya wadanda suka wuce shekaru 36.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas Simon |date=19 May 2015 |title=Le top 10 des meilleurs vieux |trans-title=The top 10 of the best oldies |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/Le-top-10-des-meilleurs-vieux/559763 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022011421/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Le-top-10-des-meilleurs-vieux/559763 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=France Football |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017, an ba Totti lambar yabo ta Player's Career da lambar yabo ta shugaban UEFA. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] sbnfkot2xnr49fudm6g3v6q4v3gfxce 3 157306 856496 2026-06-14T00:04:20Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Politheory1983]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Politheory]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Politheory1983|Politheory1983]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Politheory|Politheory]]" 856496 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Politheory]] c6gwaibhe8clh4508np5238viko8sra 3 157307 856498 2026-06-14T00:10:29Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Penguuiin]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Altaire]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Penguuiin|Penguuiin]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Altaire|Altaire]]" 856498 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Altaire]] pdq90uu5y2x9bhutkpic1lqgnvaeirj 0 157308 856514 2026-06-14T05:13:23Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354768302|James Clark Ross]]" 856514 wikitext text/x-wiki Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9agr7tvjgx0q6pyvaah64z1ved2kx0a 856515 856514 2026-06-14T05:13:42Z Arabiyu 28508 856515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kpdxxeixffxo1zjjbvvstzl0wxlmrfy 856516 856515 2026-06-14T05:14:21Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 856516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3zkxdosx9l38lfhzvohgvi6ilj2b6a8 856517 856516 2026-06-14T05:14:34Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 856517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} pqj7vtzy9jnvvs3gbcltnerw4sofv1n 856518 856517 2026-06-14T05:14:49Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 856518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == szgmxqhdh0twun5yo665iilawnj4nri 856519 856518 2026-06-14T05:15:25Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bibiyar Tarihi */ 856519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}} 43rfac8vlmee3bzoh7cqye8s0abtqf6 856520 856519 2026-06-14T05:15:50Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bibiyar Tarihi */ 856520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last = Coleman |first = E. C. |date = 2006 |title = The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross |location = Stroud |publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]] |isbn = 9780752436609 }} guhdr8g6cr2wb518458mmi0svxa7enc 856521 856520 2026-06-14T05:16:13Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bibiyar Tarihi */ 856521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last = Coleman |first = E. C. |date = 2006 |title = The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross |location = Stroud |publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]] |isbn = 9780752436609 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |author-link1 = John Ross (Royal Navy officer) |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835a |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon00ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 1049894753 }} 47879kaciw5t1zz7prvdnqm50emicrb 856522 856521 2026-06-14T05:16:40Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bibiyar Tarihi */ 856522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last = Coleman |first = E. C. |date = 2006 |title = The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross |location = Stroud |publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]] |isbn = 9780752436609 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |author-link1 = John Ross (Royal Navy officer) |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835a |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon00ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 1049894753 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835b |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon12ross#page/n6 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 579644792 }} 2b9lwvmzjscibnvtedi5rz5p9v8jl0p 856523 856522 2026-06-14T05:17:06Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bibiyar Tarihi */ 856523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last = Coleman |first = E. C. |date = 2006 |title = The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross |location = Stroud |publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]] |isbn = 9780752436609 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |author-link1 = John Ross (Royal Navy officer) |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835a |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon00ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 1049894753 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835b |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon12ross#page/n6 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 579644792 }} * {{cite book |last = Ross |first = J. C. |date = 1847a |title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions |url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover01ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc = 62006339 }} 81hf4ioa67rf0xxx57th592xs0pv0p3 856524 856523 2026-06-14T05:17:36Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bibiyar Tarihi */ 856524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last = Coleman |first = E. C. |date = 2006 |title = The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross |location = Stroud |publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]] |isbn = 9780752436609 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |author-link1 = John Ross (Royal Navy officer) |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835a |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon00ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 1049894753 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835b |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon12ross#page/n6 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 579644792 }} * {{cite book |last = Ross |first = J. C. |date = 1847a |title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions |url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover01ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc = 62006339 }} * {{cite book |last = Ross |first = J. C. |date = 1847b |title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions |url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover02rossuoft#page/n4 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc = 81909940 }} mdte9zxd4wixfljupsxdcrkfea1buuj 856525 856524 2026-06-14T05:17:48Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Bibiyar Tarihi */ 856525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. [1] Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last = Coleman |first = E. C. |date = 2006 |title = The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross |location = Stroud |publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]] |isbn = 9780752436609 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |author-link1 = John Ross (Royal Navy officer) |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835a |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon00ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 1049894753 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835b |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon12ross#page/n6 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 579644792 }} * {{cite book |last = Ross |first = J. C. |date = 1847a |title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions |url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover01ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc = 62006339 }} * {{cite book |last = Ross |first = J. C. |date = 1847b |title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions |url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover02rossuoft#page/n4 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc = 81909940 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last = Wilson |editor-first = J. G. |editor-link = James Grant Wilson |display-editors = etal |date = 1900 |title = Ross, Sir John |title-link = s:en:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ross, John (explorer) |encyclopedia = [[Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography]] |volume = 5 |location = New York |publisher = [[D. Appleton & Company|D. Appleton & Co.]] |page = 330 }} {{refend}} 9gxferc5gvoxeidy301210rf51vydpu 856526 856525 2026-06-14T05:18:24Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Binciken Antarctic */ 856526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [1] [2] [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last = Coleman |first = E. C. |date = 2006 |title = The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross |location = Stroud |publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]] |isbn = 9780752436609 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |author-link1 = John Ross (Royal Navy officer) |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835a |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon00ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 1049894753 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835b |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon12ross#page/n6 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 579644792 }} * {{cite book |last = Ross |first = J. C. |date = 1847a |title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions |url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover01ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc = 62006339 }} * {{cite book |last = Ross |first = J. C. |date = 1847b |title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions |url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover02rossuoft#page/n4 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc = 81909940 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last = Wilson |editor-first = J. G. |editor-link = James Grant Wilson |display-editors = etal |date = 1900 |title = Ross, Sir John |title-link = s:en:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ross, John (explorer) |encyclopedia = [[Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography]] |volume = 5 |location = New York |publisher = [[D. Appleton & Company|D. Appleton & Co.]] |page = 330 }} {{refend}} tkmj0aesbu4eib5n07r186kf9dpi8bd 856527 856526 2026-06-14T05:18:37Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Binciken Antarctic */ 856527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rear-Admiral na Red '''Sir James Clark Ross''' FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin [[Arctic]], ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.&nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i></nowiki> da HMS Driver . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} === Binciken Arctic === [[Fayil:Ross_at_the_North_Magnetic_Pole.jpg|thumb|Hoton binciken Arewacin Magnetic Pole a kan Boothia Peninsula a 1831, daga littafin Robert Huish na 1835.]] Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman [[Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma]] a cikin 1818 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Isabella</i></nowiki> . <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.<ref name="archive" /> Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a [[Portsmouth]] na tsawon watanni 12.{{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS ''Cove'' a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, ''William Torr'', wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A.G.E. |year=1950 |title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150 |journal=[[Polar Record]] |volume=5 |issue=40 |pages=543–556 |bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150 |s2cid=128912203 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya === Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da ''Cove,'' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.<ref name="Sabine">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Matthew |date=20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmc=4978730 |pmid=31390418}}</ref> === Binciken Antarctic === [[Fayil:James_Ross-fr.svg|thumb|494x494px|Taswirar Ross ta 1839-43 Antarctic balaguron]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace. [[Fayil:HMS_Erebus_and_Terror_in_the_Antarctic_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken Ross a cikin Antarctic, 1847, na John Carmichael]] A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]], Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoneham1860">Boneham, M (1860). [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website"]. ''JISC Archive''. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar {{Convert|900|km|mi}} na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu <ref name="archive" /> (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na {{Convert|250|nmi|km}} a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi. Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843. Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.&nbsp; Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.<ref name="NewScientist">{{Cite journal |date=7 October 1982 |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. <ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 March 1844}}</ref> === Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace === [[Fayil:E&I_1849_Somerset_Island.jpg|thumb|"E.I. 1849": Kamfanin da Mai Bincike, wanda wani ma'aikacin Ross ya rubuta a [[Nunavut]])" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Tsibirin Somerset a Nunavut, Kanada]] [[Fayil:The_Arctic_Council_planning_a_search_for_Sir_John_Franklin_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|''Majalisar Arctic da ke shirin neman Sir John Franklin'' ta Stephen Pearce, 1851]] A ranar 31 ga Janairu {{Sfn|O'Byrne|1849}} 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS ''Plover'' da {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, tare da {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}} . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === [[Fayil:Sir_James_Clark_Ross_by_Stephen_Pearce.jpg|thumb|James Clark Ross, wanda Stephen Pearce ya nuna a cikin 1850]] Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Ross |url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379 |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Derbyshire Record Office}}</ref> Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Open Plaques}}</ref> Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da ''Erebus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Sir James Clark Ross |url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=Aston Abbotts}}</ref> Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7144|date=13 August 1861|page=1044|city=e}}</ref> Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreeBMD |publisher=ONS}}</ref> An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === A cikin almara === Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <nowiki><i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i></nowiki>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyauta == * James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa * RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine|Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRS ''James Clark Ross'' |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref> * Crater Ross a kan [[Wata]] an sanya masa suna <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831 |url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/ |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=History Channel}}</ref> * Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf <ref name="MJR" /> da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1] * Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na {{Convert|6070|ft}} , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross. == Taxon mai suna don girmama shi == * Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushton |first=Annabel |date=9 February 2014 |title=Who's this Ross character then? |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx |access-date=28 October 2016 |publisher=RSPB}}</ref> * Alamar Ross, ''Ommatophoca rossii'', ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross * ''Melanocetus rossi'' wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Bibiyar Tarihi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last = Coleman |first = E. C. |date = 2006 |title = The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross |location = Stroud |publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]] |isbn = 9780752436609 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |author-link1 = John Ross (Royal Navy officer) |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835a |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon00ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 1049894753 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Ross |first1 = J. |last2 = Ross |first2 = J. C. |date = 1835b |title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage |url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon12ross#page/n6 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = A. W. Webster |oclc = 579644792 }} * {{cite book |last = Ross |first = J. C. |date = 1847a |title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions |url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover01ross#page/n8 |volume = 1 |location = London |publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc = 62006339 }} * {{cite book |last = Ross |first = J. C. |date = 1847b |title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions |url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover02rossuoft#page/n4 |volume = 2 |location = London |publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc = 81909940 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last = Wilson |editor-first = J. G. |editor-link = James Grant Wilson |display-editors = etal |date = 1900 |title = Ross, Sir John |title-link = s:en:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ross, John (explorer) |encyclopedia = [[Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography]] |volume = 5 |location = New York |publisher = [[D. Appleton & Company|D. Appleton & Co.]] |page = 330 }} {{refend}} nb3ite25c37iaz2n79fzc0vzhjqsqep 0 157309 856528 2026-06-14T05:26:37Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325235802|Riwo]]" 856528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Riwo''' ƙauye ne kusa da Kabarnet a cikin Baringo County, [[Kenya]] . Yana daga cikin karamar hukumar Kabarnet. Shi ne wurin haihuwar sanannen mai tsere na Kenya Paul Tergat . Makarantar firamare ta cikin gida tana samun tallafi daga Shirin Abinci na Duniya . == Sauran wuraren da ake kira Riwo == Har ila yau akwai ƙauyen da ake kira Riwo a cikin West Pokot County da Trans-Nzoia County. == Bayanan da aka ambata == ao2b5ktf436mbxabe9e8e55roc4fgo9 856529 856528 2026-06-14T05:26:53Z Arabiyu 28508 856529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Riwo''' ƙauye ne kusa da Kabarnet a cikin Baringo County, [[Kenya]] . Yana daga cikin karamar hukumar Kabarnet. Shi ne wurin haihuwar sanannen mai tsere na Kenya Paul Tergat . Makarantar firamare ta cikin gida tana samun tallafi daga Shirin Abinci na Duniya . == Sauran wuraren da ake kira Riwo == Har ila yau akwai ƙauyen da ake kira Riwo a cikin West Pokot County da Trans-Nzoia County. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 36gtf65oj90g012lqrfw0claghae0gk 856530 856529 2026-06-14T05:27:22Z Arabiyu 28508 856530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Riwo''' ƙauye ne kusa da Kabarnet a cikin Baringo County, [[Kenya]] . Yana daga cikin karamar hukumar Kabarnet. Shi ne wurin haihuwar sanannen mai tsere na Kenya Paul Tergat . Makarantar firamare ta cikin gida tana samun tallafi daga Shirin Abinci na Duniya .<ref>{{cite news |author=World Food Programme |title=Marathon man with a mission |url=http://www.wfp.org/newsroom/in_depth/africa/tergat0209.htm |accessdate=2007-03-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314232058/http://www.wfp.org/Newsroom/in_depth/africa/tergat0209.htm |archivedate=2007-03-14 }}</ref> == Sauran wuraren da ake kira Riwo == Har ila yau akwai ƙauyen da ake kira Riwo a cikin West Pokot County da Trans-Nzoia County. == Bayanan da aka ambata == bweh7ltxxlpxqcx15ps6dgf6c08x0vk 0 157310 856531 2026-06-14T05:28:23Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352230517|Ainamoi]]" 856531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ainamoi''' wani yanki ne a cikin Kericho County na [[Kenya]] wanda tsohon yana cikin Lardin Rift Valley . == Ƙabila == Mutanen Rift Valley aiki ne na asali na kabilun daban-daban, kuma Kalenjin da Maasai sune biyu daga cikin kabilun da aka fi sani. Yawancin manyan 'yan tseren Kenya sun fito ne daga al'ummar Kalenjin. Mutanen Maasai suna da al'adun al'adu mafi ganewa, a cikin ƙasa da na duniya, kuma suna aiki a matsayin alamar al'adun Kenya ta duniya. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kogin Kerio]] * [[Zeitz Foundation|Gidauniyar Zeitz]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == o6n9uk1sp2rbbj79vfs89lttijwgcg1 856532 856531 2026-06-14T05:28:38Z Arabiyu 28508 856532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ainamoi''' wani yanki ne a cikin Kericho County na [[Kenya]] wanda tsohon yana cikin Lardin Rift Valley . == Ƙabila == Mutanen Rift Valley aiki ne na asali na kabilun daban-daban, kuma Kalenjin da Maasai sune biyu daga cikin kabilun da aka fi sani. Yawancin manyan 'yan tseren Kenya sun fito ne daga al'ummar Kalenjin. Mutanen Maasai suna da al'adun al'adu mafi ganewa, a cikin ƙasa da na duniya, kuma suna aiki a matsayin alamar al'adun Kenya ta duniya. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kogin Kerio]] * [[Zeitz Foundation|Gidauniyar Zeitz]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == g0lpmwonc0folcttny8ft73r587midh 856533 856532 2026-06-14T05:29:32Z Arabiyu 28508 856533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ainamoi''' wani yanki ne a cikin Kericho County na [[Kenya]] wanda tsohon yana cikin Lardin Rift Valley . == Ƙabila == Mutanen Rift Valley aiki ne na asali na kabilun daban-daban, kuma Kalenjin da Maasai sune biyu daga cikin kabilun da aka fi sani. Yawancin manyan 'yan tseren Kenya sun fito ne daga al'ummar Kalenjin. [[Mutanen Maasai]] suna da al'adun al'adu mafi ganewa, a cikin ƙasa da na duniya, kuma suna aiki a matsayin alamar al'adun Kenya ta duniya. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kogin Kerio]] * [[Zeitz Foundation|Gidauniyar Zeitz]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == 2x2z1yamp0phr4bvpau7ypj1ykob0jo 0 157311 856534 2026-06-14T05:30:24Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325119633|Angorangora]]" 856534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angorangora''' wani yanki ne a cikin Gundumar Turkana ta [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=RESEARCH BRIEF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Introduction. Kenya s Urbanization Context RESEARCH BRIEFING: URBANIZATION IN NORTH RIFT KENYA APRIL PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/228252210-Research-brief-socio-economic-development-introduction-kenya-s-urbanization-context-research-briefing-urbanization-in-north-rift-kenya-april-2022.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=docplayer.net}}</ref> Tana da ƙididdigar yawan mutane 134.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nygaard |first=Ivan |date=October 2018 |title=Market for the integration of smaller wind turbines in minigrids in Kenya |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/189889183.pdf |journal=Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> [[Fayil:Kenya-relief-map-towns.jpg|thumb|Taswirar ƙasa ta Kenya]] == Tarihi == Kafin Babban zaben Kenya a shekarar 2013, Angorangora ta zabe a matsayin wani bangare na Lardin Rift Valley . == Bayanan da aka ambata == 5e7kj83qlxyc66q4emzoamfqfvxituo 856535 856534 2026-06-14T05:30:42Z Arabiyu 28508 856535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Angorangora''' wani yanki ne a cikin Gundumar Turkana ta [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=RESEARCH BRIEF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Introduction. Kenya s Urbanization Context RESEARCH BRIEFING: URBANIZATION IN NORTH RIFT KENYA APRIL PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/228252210-Research-brief-socio-economic-development-introduction-kenya-s-urbanization-context-research-briefing-urbanization-in-north-rift-kenya-april-2022.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=docplayer.net}}</ref> Tana da ƙididdigar yawan mutane 134.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nygaard |first=Ivan |date=October 2018 |title=Market for the integration of smaller wind turbines in minigrids in Kenya |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/189889183.pdf |journal=Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> [[Fayil:Kenya-relief-map-towns.jpg|thumb|Taswirar ƙasa ta Kenya]] == Tarihi == Kafin Babban zaben Kenya a shekarar 2013, Angorangora ta zabe a matsayin wani bangare na Lardin Rift Valley . == Bayanan da aka ambata == ojchjr4o5khw9rg6533qm760y3frz9l 0 157312 856536 2026-06-14T05:32:34Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325119658|Arwos]]" 856536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arwos''' is a settlement in [[Kenya]]'s Nandy County, in the former Rift Valley Province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arwos, Kenya |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-200843.html |website=mindat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi County, Kenya |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-290320.html}}</ref> It is roughly 152 miles NW of [[Nairobi]], the capital of [[Kenya]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ƙabilar == Mutanen Rift Valley ƙungiya ce ta kabilu daban-daban; Kalenjin da Maasai su ne biyu da aka fi sani. Yawancin manyan 'yan tsere na Kenya sun fito ne daga al'ummar Kalenjin . Mutanen Maasai suna da asalin al'adu da aka fi sani, a ƙasa da kuma a duniya; suna aiki a matsayin alamar al'adun ƙasa da ƙasa ta Kenya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 83drlnq5a1myb3i1a2dy4vjkcant4e0 856537 856536 2026-06-14T05:32:49Z Arabiyu 28508 856537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Arwos''' is a settlement in [[Kenya]]'s Nandy County, in the former Rift Valley Province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arwos, Kenya |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-200843.html |website=mindat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi County, Kenya |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-290320.html}}</ref> It is roughly 152 miles NW of [[Nairobi]], the capital of [[Kenya]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ƙabilar == Mutanen Rift Valley ƙungiya ce ta kabilu daban-daban; Kalenjin da Maasai su ne biyu da aka fi sani. Yawancin manyan 'yan tsere na Kenya sun fito ne daga al'ummar Kalenjin . Mutanen Maasai suna da asalin al'adu da aka fi sani, a ƙasa da kuma a duniya; suna aiki a matsayin alamar al'adun ƙasa da ƙasa ta Kenya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == sa2lrbgvkmb95sftcnvnttlnw8cds9r 856538 856537 2026-06-14T05:33:10Z Arabiyu 28508 856538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Arwos''' is a settlement in [[Kenya]]'s Nandy County, in the former Rift Valley Province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arwos, Kenya |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-200843.html |website=mindat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi County, Kenya |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-290320.html}}</ref> It is roughly 152 miles NW of [[Nairobi]], the capital of [[Kenya]]. == Ƙabilar == Mutanen Rift Valley ƙungiya ce ta kabilu daban-daban; Kalenjin da Maasai su ne biyu da aka fi sani. Yawancin manyan 'yan tsere na Kenya sun fito ne daga al'ummar Kalenjin . Mutanen Maasai suna da asalin al'adu da aka fi sani, a ƙasa da kuma a duniya; suna aiki a matsayin alamar al'adun ƙasa da ƙasa ta Kenya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == cmtju51er62zexd4j5lmm19ja44ogoi 856539 856538 2026-06-14T05:33:24Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Ƙabilar */ 856539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Arwos''' is a settlement in [[Kenya]]'s Nandy County, in the former Rift Valley Province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arwos, Kenya |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-200843.html |website=mindat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi County, Kenya |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-290320.html}}</ref> It is roughly 152 miles NW of [[Nairobi]], the capital of [[Kenya]]. == Ƙabila == Mutanen Rift Valley ƙungiya ce ta kabilu daban-daban; Kalenjin da Maasai su ne biyu da aka fi sani. Yawancin manyan 'yan tsere na Kenya sun fito ne daga al'ummar Kalenjin . Mutanen Maasai suna da asalin al'adu da aka fi sani, a ƙasa da kuma a duniya; suna aiki a matsayin alamar al'adun ƙasa da ƙasa ta Kenya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 9xhb24kvy01a4pm5os3fdd0h25sl8xq 0 157313 856544 2026-06-14T07:02:39Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329679630|Baragoi]]" 856544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baragoi''' gari ne na kasuwa a Kenya, yana arewacin Maralal da gabashin Kwarin Suguta . Tana cikin [[Samburu people|Samburu]]_County" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Samburu County">Gundumar Samburu . Dukan yankin Baragoi yana da yawan jama'a kusan 20,000 (ƙidayar 1999) wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan mutane daga kabilun Samburu da Turkana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.cck.go.ke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050622050433/http://www.cck.go.ke/ |archive-date=22 June 2005 |access-date=22 April 2006}}</ref> Babban hanyar shiga Baragoi ita ce hanyar A4 daga Rumuruti-Maralal-Baragoi, wanda tun daga shekarar 2019 ya kasance tarmac daga Rumuru ti zuwa Maralal. Yankin kilomita 108 daga Maralal zuwa Baragoi har yanzu ba a shimfiɗa shi ba.[1] == Dubi kuma == 1f82qxlz1a369li2vwaxhm409bbpehl 856545 856544 2026-06-14T07:02:51Z Arabiyu 28508 856545 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baragoi''' gari ne na kasuwa a Kenya, yana arewacin Maralal da gabashin Kwarin Suguta . Tana cikin [[Samburu people|Samburu]]_County" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Samburu County">Gundumar Samburu . Dukan yankin Baragoi yana da yawan jama'a kusan 20,000 (ƙidayar 1999) wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan mutane daga kabilun Samburu da Turkana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.cck.go.ke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050622050433/http://www.cck.go.ke/ |archive-date=22 June 2005 |access-date=22 April 2006}}</ref> Babban hanyar shiga Baragoi ita ce hanyar A4 daga Rumuruti-Maralal-Baragoi, wanda tun daga shekarar 2019 ya kasance tarmac daga Rumuru ti zuwa Maralal. Yankin kilomita 108 daga Maralal zuwa Baragoi har yanzu ba a shimfiɗa shi ba. == Dubi kuma == 1943epkt12sblw82pynr0jkrqm5s6c2 856546 856545 2026-06-14T07:03:14Z Arabiyu 28508 856546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baragoi''' gari ne na kasuwa a Kenya, yana arewacin Maralal da gabashin Kwarin Suguta . Tana cikin [[Samburu people|Samburu]] Gundumar Samburu . Dukan yankin Baragoi yana da yawan jama'a kusan 20,000 (ƙidayar 1999) wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan mutane daga kabilun Samburu da Turkana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.cck.go.ke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050622050433/http://www.cck.go.ke/ |archive-date=22 June 2005 |access-date=22 April 2006}}</ref> Babban hanyar shiga Baragoi ita ce hanyar A4 daga Rumuruti-Maralal-Baragoi, wanda tun daga shekarar 2019 ya kasance tarmac daga Rumuru ti zuwa Maralal. Yankin kilomita 108 daga Maralal zuwa Baragoi har yanzu ba a shimfiɗa shi ba. == Dubi kuma == cqar10h2r7gcyh3p5urr66unhfijmki 856547 856546 2026-06-14T07:03:29Z Arabiyu 28508 856547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Baragoi''' gari ne na kasuwa a Kenya, yana arewacin Maralal da gabashin Kwarin Suguta . Tana cikin [[Samburu people|Samburu]] Gundumar Samburu . Dukan yankin Baragoi yana da yawan jama'a kusan 20,000 (ƙidayar 1999) wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan mutane daga kabilun Samburu da Turkana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.cck.go.ke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050622050433/http://www.cck.go.ke/ |archive-date=22 June 2005 |access-date=22 April 2006}}</ref> Babban hanyar shiga Baragoi ita ce hanyar A4 daga Rumuruti-Maralal-Baragoi, wanda tun daga shekarar 2019 ya kasance tarmac daga Rumuru ti zuwa Maralal. Yankin kilomita 108 daga Maralal zuwa Baragoi har yanzu ba a shimfiɗa shi ba. == Dubi kuma == 964y010pb97xm3c7v2y8f6a00d8uj9y 0 157314 856548 2026-06-14T07:05:35Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325119715|Bartabwa]]" 856548 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bartabwa''' wani yanki ne a yankin Baringo na [[Kenya]] . Make dkdd djs dskaks dkdd dksn dksbd da djdj == Bayanan da aka ambata == lkc1miww8xd7elq3q8kefkcrwgj46by 856549 856548 2026-06-14T07:05:52Z Arabiyu 28508 856549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bartabwa''' wani yanki ne a yankin Baringo na [[Kenya]]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 9osiwmrmhat6tgmt3g0a3awtrd7qkog 856550 856549 2026-06-14T07:07:45Z Arabiyu 28508 856550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bartabwa''' wani yanki ne a yankin Baringo na [[Kenya]]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 1jcbu7hyjsojaf98nkr7qsqzgpa7ux8 856551 856550 2026-06-14T07:09:09Z Arabiyu 28508 856551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bartabwa''' wani yanki ne a yankin Baringo na [[Kenya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume II: Distribution of Population by Administrative Units|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units|website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistic|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == ikisljrjfu7ket3wgbnls9ywggo5jrx 0 157315 856552 2026-06-14T07:10:00Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325119719|Bartolimo]]" 856552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bartolimo''' wani yanki ne a yankin Baringo na [[Kenya]] . Masn sjsd sjsd dks ddndn fd == Bayanan da aka ambata == 719jjqvype43twbbuuis6gqtqq5z693 856553 856552 2026-06-14T07:10:17Z Arabiyu 28508 856553 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bartolimo''' wani yanki ne a yankin Baringo na [[Kenya]]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == o0k9njbdgxyifbjot9vq5dbf834h6gm 856554 856553 2026-06-14T07:10:36Z Arabiyu 28508 856554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bartolimo''' wani yanki ne a yankin Baringo na [[Kenya]]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == kd7otigqy4p00y6d3990udxr3ewrlw1 856555 856554 2026-06-14T07:11:05Z Arabiyu 28508 856555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bartolimo''' wani yanki ne a yankin Baringo na [[Kenya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume II: Distribution of Population by Administrative Units|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units|website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistic|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == mxuya576gopjs1rtlwa25p5mebknm72 0 157316 856568 2026-06-14T07:48:14Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342161756|Child PTSD Symptom Scale]]" 856568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sikelin Alamomin PTSD na Yara (CPSS)''' jerin gwaje-gwaje ne kyauta wanda aka tsara don yara da matasa su ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru da alamun da za su iya ji daga baya. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Foa |first=Edna B. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Feeny |first3=Norah C. |last4=Treadwell |first4=Kimberli R. H. |date=2001-08-01 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=376–384 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9 |issn=1537-4416 |pmid=11501254 |s2cid=9334984}}</ref> Abubuwan sun ƙunshi alamun cututtukan damuwa bayan rauni ( PTSD ), musamman, alamomin da ƙungiyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin DSM-IV . Duk da cewa sabo ne, an yi bincike mai kyau kan CPSS saboda yawan abubuwan da suka faru na rauni da suka shafi yara. Yawanci ana ba da CPSS ga yara 'yan makaranta a cikin iyakokin makaranta, ko a wani wuri a waje don tantance alamun rauni. <ref name=":12" /> Wasu, amma ba duka ba, suna fuskantar alamun bayan wani mummunan lamari, kuma a cikin mawuyacin hali, waɗannan mutanen ba za su iya samun sauƙi da kansu ba. Ganowa da wuri da daidaito, musamman a cikin yara, na fuskantar damuwa bayan rauni na iya taimakawa tare da shiga tsakani da wuri. <ref>Ramos, S.M., & Boyle, G.J. (2001). Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: Evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder. In G.C. Denniston, F.M. Hodges, & M.F. Milos (Eds.), ''Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem'' (Ch. 14, pp. 253-270). New York: Kluwer/Plenum. {{ISBN|0-306-46701-1}} {{ISBN|978-0306-46701-1}}</ref> CPSS yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan matakan da suka yi alƙawarin da suka tara shaida mai kyau don aminci da inganci, tare da ƙarancin farashi, yana ba shi kyakkyawan amfani na asibiti yayin da yake magance buƙatar lafiyar jama'a don kimantawa mafi kyau da girma. == Bayani == Tambayoyin CPSS sun ƙunshi alamun PTSD, musamman a cikin matasa, ta amfani da ma'anoni da ƙa'idodi daga DSM-IV. Bugun DSM na yanzu ( DSM-V ) ya yi canje-canje ga ganewar cutar PTSD, kuma sabon bincike yana buƙatar tabbatar da ko canje-canjen DSM sun canza daidaiton CPSS. CPSS yana nufin Sikelin Alamomin PTSD na Yara, CPSS-I shine Hira da CPSS, kuma CPSS-SR shine Rahoton Kai na CPSS. CPSS ta ƙunshi ma'auni 26 na kai-tsaye don gano alamun cutar PTSD na yara waɗanda Edna Foa ta ƙirƙira, waɗanda ke tantance ka'idojin ganewar cutar PTSD da tsananin alamun a cikin yara 'yan shekara 8 zuwa 18. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Foa |first=Edna B. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Feeny |first3=Norah C. |last4=Treadwell |first4=Kimberli R. H. |date=2001-08-01 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=376–384 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9 |issn=1537-4416 |pmid=11501254 |s2cid=9334984}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoaJohnsonFeenyTreadwell2001">Foa, Edna B.; Johnson, Kelly M.; Feeny, Norah C.; Treadwell, Kimberli R. H. (2001-08-01). "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties". ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology''. '''30''' (3): <span class="nowrap">376–</span>384. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9|10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-4416 1537-4416]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11501254 11501254]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9334984 9334984].</cite></ref> Ya haɗa da abubuwa 2 na taron, abubuwa 17 na alamun, da abubuwa 7 na raunin aiki. Ana kimanta abubuwan alamun a kan sikelin mita mai maki 4 (0 = "ba kwata-kwata" zuwa 3 = "sau 5 ko fiye a mako"). <ref name="NationalCenter4PTSD2">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2016 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) |url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/child/cpss.asp |access-date=2016-11-17 |website=National Center for PTSD |publisher=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs}}</ref> CPSS yana ba da jimlar ma'aunin tsananin alamun (daga 0 zuwa 51) da jimlar ma'aunin rauni (daga 0 zuwa 7). <ref name=":12" /> <ref name="NationalCenter4PTSD2" /> Tsawon lokacin gudanar da gwajin ya bambanta dangane da wanda ke gudanar da gwajin, amma ya fi guntu fiye da&nbsp;wasu gwaje-gwajen PTSD na yara kamar CPTSD-RI (Ma'aunin Rage Damuwa na Yara bayan Rauni), CITES-2 (Tasirin Yara na Abubuwan da Suka Faru da Rauni), da CPTSDI (Inventory na PTSD na Yara). <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of All Measures - PTSD: National Center for PTSD |url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/all_measures.asp |access-date=2016-12-01 |website=www.ptsd.va.gov}}</ref> CPSS tana adana kuɗi da lokaci ta hanyar haɗa ƙaramin hulɗa da likitoci don gudanarwa kuma galibi ana amfani da ita don kula da manyan ƙungiyoyin yara a lokaci bayan wani mummunan lamari. <ref name=":12" /> == Tarihi == Edna B. Foa da abokan aikinta ne suka ƙirƙiro wannan gwajin a shekara ta 2001 a matsayin daidaitawa da Tsarin Alamomin PTSD (PSS) wanda Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum suka ƙirƙira a shekara ta 1993. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Foa |first=Edna B. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Feeny |first3=Norah C. |last4=Treadwell |first4=Kimberli R. H. |date=2001-08-01 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=376–384 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9 |issn=1537-4416 |pmid=11501254 |s2cid=9334984}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoaJohnsonFeenyTreadwell2001">Foa, Edna B.; Johnson, Kelly M.; Feeny, Norah C.; Treadwell, Kimberli R. H. (2001-08-01). "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties". ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology''. '''30''' (3): <span class="nowrap">376–</span>384. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9|10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-4416 1537-4416]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11501254 11501254]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9334984 9334984].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burkett |first=Whitney |title=Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) |url=http://www.performwell.org/index.php/find-surveyassessments/child-ptsd-symptom-scale-cpss |access-date=2016-11-17 |website=PerformWell}}</ref> Canje-canjen da aka yi tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu galibi don sauƙaƙe fahimtar ƙamus ga matasa. <ref name="NationalCenter4PTSD2">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2016 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) |url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/child/cpss.asp |access-date=2016-11-17 |website=National Center for PTSD |publisher=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/child/cpss.asp "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS)"]. ''National Center for PTSD''. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 23 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Sigar asali ta CPSS ta Foa ta kafa maki na ƙarshe na asibiti wanda ya fi ko daidai da 11 kuma ya samar da kashi 95% na jin daɗi da kuma takamaiman kashi 96%. Duk da haka, tun daga lokacin an tabbatar da cewa maki na ƙarshe na asibiti na 15 ya fi dacewa. [1] An ƙirƙiri CPSS da nufin yin bincike cikin sauri da inganci game da duk alamun PTSD a cikin yara da yawa. Ana buƙatar tantance waɗannan sharuɗɗan DSM-IV don PTSD a cikin ƙungiyoyin alamun guda uku ta amfani da kimanta abubuwa 7: sake fuskantar, gujewa, alamun tashin hankali [1] da raunin aiki da ya shafi rauni. [2] Hakanan ana buƙatar tantance tsananin alamun da ke sama, kuma CPSS zai buƙaci ya iya annabta farkon alamun PTSD a cikin yaro idan zai fuskanci rauni. Gwajin ya buƙaci ya zama tsawon aiki don amfani a makarantu, bincike, da al'ummomi gabaɗaya inda yara ke fuskantar rauni. [2] == Kimantawa == Kimantawar hankali wani tsari ne na kimantawa ta tunani da likitoci ke amfani da shi, domin taimaka musu su samar da hasashe yadda ya kamata daga bayanan marasa lafiya da aka tattara. Sikelin Alamomin PTSD na Yara kimantawa ne na kai wanda likitoci ke amfani da shi don gano alamun PTSD da kuma tsananin su a cikin yara 'yan shekara 8-18. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Foa |first=Edna B. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Feeny |first3=Norah C. |last4=Treadwell |first4=Kimberli R. H. |date=2001-08-01 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=376–384 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9 |issn=1537-4416 |pmid=11501254 |s2cid=9334984}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoaJohnsonFeenyTreadwell2001">Foa, Edna B.; Johnson, Kelly M.; Feeny, Norah C.; Treadwell, Kimberli R. H. (2001-08-01). "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties". ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology''. '''30''' (3): <span class="nowrap">376–</span>384. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9|10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-4416 1537-4416]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11501254 11501254]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9334984 9334984].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, ana iya gano PTSD tun kafin shekaru 8, kuma wani lokacin wanda abin ya shafa yana jin tsoron wanda ya ba da rahoton abin da ya faru da shi. Saboda haka, dole ne a gudanar da wasu matakai, kamar tantancewar malami da mai kulawa. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |+Matakan PTSD na Yara ! Kimantawa ! Sigar ! Shekaru ! Tsawon ! Bayani |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Sikelin Alamomin PTSD na Yara (CPSS) | Rahoton Kai | 8-18 | Abu 26 | |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Jerin Abubuwan da ke Nuna Alamun Rauni ga Yara (TSCC) | Rahoton Kai | 8-16 | Abu 54 | |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Jerin Abubuwan da Za Su Iya Bayyana Alamun Rauni ga Yara Kanana (TSCYC) | Mai Kulawa | 3-12 | Abu 90 | |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Rahoton Iyaye game da Yadda Yaro Yake Fuskantar Damuwa | Mai Kulawa | Ba a Samu Ba | Abu 79 | |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Sikelin PTSD na DSM-5: Sigar Yaro/Matashi (CAPS-CA-5) | Likitan asibiti | 7+ | Abu 30 | |} == Amfani a cikin sauran al'umma == Ana samun sigar a Turanci da Sifaniyanci. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Child PTSD Symptom Scale |url=http://www.istss.org/assessing-trauma/child-ptsd-symptom-scale.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006052232/http://www.istss.org/assessing-trauma/child-ptsd-symptom-scale.aspx |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies |publisher=}}</ref> An kuma gwada CPSS a cikin al'ummomin Nepal, <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Kohrt |first=Brandon A. |last2=Jordans |first2=Mark JD |last3=Tol |first3=Wietse A. |last4=Luitel |first4=Nagendra P. |last5=Maharjan |first5=Sujen M. |last6=Upadhaya |first6=Nawaraj |date=2011-01-01 |title=Validation of cross-cultural child mental health and psychosocial research instruments: adapting the Depression Self-Rating Scale and Child PTSD Symptom Scale in Nepal |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=127 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-11-127 |issn=1471-244X |pmc=3162495 |pmid=21816045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Turkawa <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Kadak |first=Muhammed Tayyib |last2=Boysan |first2=Murat |last3=Ceylan |first3=Nesrin |last4=Çeri |first4=Veysi |date=August 2014 |title=Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1435–1441 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.001 |pmid=24928279}}</ref> da Norway <ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Hukkelberg |first=Silje |last2=Ormhaug |first2=Silje M. |last3=Holt |first3=Tonje |last4=Wentzel-Larsen |first4=Tore |last5=Jensen |first5=Tine K. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Diagnostic utility of CPSS vs. CAPS-CA for assessing posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.001 |issn=1873-7897 |pmid=24361907}}</ref> . An yi amfani da CPSS wajen tantance alamun cutar PTSD da suka shafi girgizar ƙasar Van ta 2011. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Kadak |first=Muhammed Tayyib |last2=Boysan |first2=Murat |last3=Ceylan |first3=Nesrin |last4=Çeri |first4=Veysi |date=August 2014 |title=Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1435–1441 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.001 |pmid=24928279}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKadakBoysanCeylanÇeri2014">Kadak, Muhammed Tayyib; Boysan, Murat; Ceylan, Nesrin; Çeri, Veysi (August 2014). "Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale". ''Comprehensive Psychiatry''. '''55''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1435–</span>1441. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.001|10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.001]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24928279 24928279].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == jt2p935cpdd0cetnhm4ob546uh9azz2 856569 856568 2026-06-14T07:48:33Z Sardeeq 39275 856569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sikelin Alamomin PTSD na Yara (CPSS)''' jerin gwaje-gwaje ne kyauta wanda aka tsara don yara da matasa su ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru da alamun da za su iya ji daga baya. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Foa |first=Edna B. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Feeny |first3=Norah C. |last4=Treadwell |first4=Kimberli R. H. |date=2001-08-01 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=376–384 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9 |issn=1537-4416 |pmid=11501254 |s2cid=9334984}}</ref> Abubuwan sun ƙunshi alamun cututtukan damuwa bayan rauni ( PTSD ), musamman, alamomin da ƙungiyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin DSM-IV . Duk da cewa sabo ne, an yi bincike mai kyau kan CPSS saboda yawan abubuwan da suka faru na rauni da suka shafi yara. Yawanci ana ba da CPSS ga yara 'yan makaranta a cikin iyakokin makaranta, ko a wani wuri a waje don tantance alamun rauni. <ref name=":12" /> Wasu, amma ba duka ba, suna fuskantar alamun bayan wani mummunan lamari, kuma a cikin mawuyacin hali, waɗannan mutanen ba za su iya samun sauƙi da kansu ba. Ganowa da wuri da daidaito, musamman a cikin yara, na fuskantar damuwa bayan rauni na iya taimakawa tare da shiga tsakani da wuri. <ref>Ramos, S.M., & Boyle, G.J. (2001). Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: Evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder. In G.C. Denniston, F.M. Hodges, & M.F. Milos (Eds.), ''Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem'' (Ch. 14, pp. 253-270). New York: Kluwer/Plenum. {{ISBN|0-306-46701-1}} {{ISBN|978-0306-46701-1}}</ref> CPSS yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan matakan da suka yi alƙawarin da suka tara shaida mai kyau don aminci da inganci, tare da ƙarancin farashi, yana ba shi kyakkyawan amfani na asibiti yayin da yake magance buƙatar lafiyar jama'a don kimantawa mafi kyau da girma. == Bayani == Tambayoyin CPSS sun ƙunshi alamun PTSD, musamman a cikin matasa, ta amfani da ma'anoni da ƙa'idodi daga DSM-IV. Bugun DSM na yanzu ( DSM-V ) ya yi canje-canje ga ganewar cutar PTSD, kuma sabon bincike yana buƙatar tabbatar da ko canje-canjen DSM sun canza daidaiton CPSS. CPSS yana nufin Sikelin Alamomin PTSD na Yara, CPSS-I shine Hira da CPSS, kuma CPSS-SR shine Rahoton Kai na CPSS. CPSS ta ƙunshi ma'auni 26 na kai-tsaye don gano alamun cutar PTSD na yara waɗanda Edna Foa ta ƙirƙira, waɗanda ke tantance ka'idojin ganewar cutar PTSD da tsananin alamun a cikin yara 'yan shekara 8 zuwa 18. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Foa |first=Edna B. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Feeny |first3=Norah C. |last4=Treadwell |first4=Kimberli R. H. |date=2001-08-01 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=376–384 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9 |issn=1537-4416 |pmid=11501254 |s2cid=9334984}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoaJohnsonFeenyTreadwell2001">Foa, Edna B.; Johnson, Kelly M.; Feeny, Norah C.; Treadwell, Kimberli R. H. (2001-08-01). "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties". ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology''. '''30''' (3): <span class="nowrap">376–</span>384. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9|10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-4416 1537-4416]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11501254 11501254]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9334984 9334984].</cite></ref> Ya haɗa da abubuwa 2 na taron, abubuwa 17 na alamun, da abubuwa 7 na raunin aiki. Ana kimanta abubuwan alamun a kan sikelin mita mai maki 4 (0 = "ba kwata-kwata" zuwa 3 = "sau 5 ko fiye a mako"). <ref name="NationalCenter4PTSD2">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2016 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) |url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/child/cpss.asp |access-date=2016-11-17 |website=National Center for PTSD |publisher=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs}}</ref> CPSS yana ba da jimlar ma'aunin tsananin alamun (daga 0 zuwa 51) da jimlar ma'aunin rauni (daga 0 zuwa 7). <ref name=":12" /> <ref name="NationalCenter4PTSD2" /> Tsawon lokacin gudanar da gwajin ya bambanta dangane da wanda ke gudanar da gwajin, amma ya fi guntu fiye da&nbsp;wasu gwaje-gwajen PTSD na yara kamar CPTSD-RI (Ma'aunin Rage Damuwa na Yara bayan Rauni), CITES-2 (Tasirin Yara na Abubuwan da Suka Faru da Rauni), da CPTSDI (Inventory na PTSD na Yara). <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of All Measures - PTSD: National Center for PTSD |url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/all_measures.asp |access-date=2016-12-01 |website=www.ptsd.va.gov}}</ref> CPSS tana adana kuɗi da lokaci ta hanyar haɗa ƙaramin hulɗa da likitoci don gudanarwa kuma galibi ana amfani da ita don kula da manyan ƙungiyoyin yara a lokaci bayan wani mummunan lamari. <ref name=":12" /> == Tarihi == Edna B. Foa da abokan aikinta ne suka ƙirƙiro wannan gwajin a shekara ta 2001 a matsayin daidaitawa da Tsarin Alamomin PTSD (PSS) wanda Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum suka ƙirƙira a shekara ta 1993. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Foa |first=Edna B. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Feeny |first3=Norah C. |last4=Treadwell |first4=Kimberli R. H. |date=2001-08-01 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=376–384 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9 |issn=1537-4416 |pmid=11501254 |s2cid=9334984}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoaJohnsonFeenyTreadwell2001">Foa, Edna B.; Johnson, Kelly M.; Feeny, Norah C.; Treadwell, Kimberli R. H. (2001-08-01). "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties". ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology''. '''30''' (3): <span class="nowrap">376–</span>384. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9|10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-4416 1537-4416]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11501254 11501254]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9334984 9334984].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burkett |first=Whitney |title=Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) |url=http://www.performwell.org/index.php/find-surveyassessments/child-ptsd-symptom-scale-cpss |access-date=2016-11-17 |website=PerformWell}}</ref> Canje-canjen da aka yi tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu galibi don sauƙaƙe fahimtar ƙamus ga matasa. <ref name="NationalCenter4PTSD2">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2016 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) |url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/child/cpss.asp |access-date=2016-11-17 |website=National Center for PTSD |publisher=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/child/cpss.asp "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS)"]. ''National Center for PTSD''. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 23 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Sigar asali ta CPSS ta Foa ta kafa maki na ƙarshe na asibiti wanda ya fi ko daidai da 11 kuma ya samar da kashi 95% na jin daɗi da kuma takamaiman kashi 96%. Duk da haka, tun daga lokacin an tabbatar da cewa maki na ƙarshe na asibiti na 15 ya fi dacewa. [1] An ƙirƙiri CPSS da nufin yin bincike cikin sauri da inganci game da duk alamun PTSD a cikin yara da yawa. Ana buƙatar tantance waɗannan sharuɗɗan DSM-IV don PTSD a cikin ƙungiyoyin alamun guda uku ta amfani da kimanta abubuwa 7: sake fuskantar, gujewa, alamun tashin hankali [1] da raunin aiki da ya shafi rauni. [2] Hakanan ana buƙatar tantance tsananin alamun da ke sama, kuma CPSS zai buƙaci ya iya annabta farkon alamun PTSD a cikin yaro idan zai fuskanci rauni. Gwajin ya buƙaci ya zama tsawon aiki don amfani a makarantu, bincike, da al'ummomi gabaɗaya inda yara ke fuskantar rauni. [2] == Kimantawa == Kimantawar hankali wani tsari ne na kimantawa ta tunani da likitoci ke amfani da shi, domin taimaka musu su samar da hasashe yadda ya kamata daga bayanan marasa lafiya da aka tattara. Sikelin Alamomin PTSD na Yara kimantawa ne na kai wanda likitoci ke amfani da shi don gano alamun PTSD da kuma tsananin su a cikin yara 'yan shekara 8-18. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Foa |first=Edna B. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Feeny |first3=Norah C. |last4=Treadwell |first4=Kimberli R. H. |date=2001-08-01 |title=The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=376–384 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9 |issn=1537-4416 |pmid=11501254 |s2cid=9334984}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoaJohnsonFeenyTreadwell2001">Foa, Edna B.; Johnson, Kelly M.; Feeny, Norah C.; Treadwell, Kimberli R. H. (2001-08-01). "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties". ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology''. '''30''' (3): <span class="nowrap">376–</span>384. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9|10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-4416 1537-4416]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11501254 11501254]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9334984 9334984].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, ana iya gano PTSD tun kafin shekaru 8, kuma wani lokacin wanda abin ya shafa yana jin tsoron wanda ya ba da rahoton abin da ya faru da shi. Saboda haka, dole ne a gudanar da wasu matakai, kamar tantancewar malami da mai kulawa. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |+Matakan PTSD na Yara ! Kimantawa ! Sigar ! Shekaru ! Tsawon ! Bayani |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Sikelin Alamomin PTSD na Yara (CPSS) | Rahoton Kai | 8-18 | Abu 26 | |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Jerin Abubuwan da ke Nuna Alamun Rauni ga Yara (TSCC) | Rahoton Kai | 8-16 | Abu 54 | |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Jerin Abubuwan da Za Su Iya Bayyana Alamun Rauni ga Yara Kanana (TSCYC) | Mai Kulawa | 3-12 | Abu 90 | |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Rahoton Iyaye game da Yadda Yaro Yake Fuskantar Damuwa | Mai Kulawa | Ba a Samu Ba | Abu 79 | |- | class="table-rh" {{rh}} | Sikelin PTSD na DSM-5: Sigar Yaro/Matashi (CAPS-CA-5) | Likitan asibiti | 7+ | Abu 30 | |} == Amfani a cikin sauran al'umma == Ana samun sigar a Turanci da Sifaniyanci. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Child PTSD Symptom Scale |url=http://www.istss.org/assessing-trauma/child-ptsd-symptom-scale.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006052232/http://www.istss.org/assessing-trauma/child-ptsd-symptom-scale.aspx |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies |publisher=}}</ref> An kuma gwada CPSS a cikin al'ummomin Nepal, <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Kohrt |first=Brandon A. |last2=Jordans |first2=Mark JD |last3=Tol |first3=Wietse A. |last4=Luitel |first4=Nagendra P. |last5=Maharjan |first5=Sujen M. |last6=Upadhaya |first6=Nawaraj |date=2011-01-01 |title=Validation of cross-cultural child mental health and psychosocial research instruments: adapting the Depression Self-Rating Scale and Child PTSD Symptom Scale in Nepal |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=127 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-11-127 |issn=1471-244X |pmc=3162495 |pmid=21816045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Turkawa <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Kadak |first=Muhammed Tayyib |last2=Boysan |first2=Murat |last3=Ceylan |first3=Nesrin |last4=Çeri |first4=Veysi |date=August 2014 |title=Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1435–1441 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.001 |pmid=24928279}}</ref> da Norway <ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Hukkelberg |first=Silje |last2=Ormhaug |first2=Silje M. |last3=Holt |first3=Tonje |last4=Wentzel-Larsen |first4=Tore |last5=Jensen |first5=Tine K. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Diagnostic utility of CPSS vs. CAPS-CA for assessing posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.001 |issn=1873-7897 |pmid=24361907}}</ref> . An yi amfani da CPSS wajen tantance alamun cutar PTSD da suka shafi girgizar ƙasar Van ta 2011. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Kadak |first=Muhammed Tayyib |last2=Boysan |first2=Murat |last3=Ceylan |first3=Nesrin |last4=Çeri |first4=Veysi |date=August 2014 |title=Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1435–1441 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.001 |pmid=24928279}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKadakBoysanCeylanÇeri2014">Kadak, Muhammed Tayyib; Boysan, Murat; Ceylan, Nesrin; Çeri, Veysi (August 2014). "Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale". ''Comprehensive Psychiatry''. '''55''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1435–</span>1441. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.001|10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.001]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24928279 24928279].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == dnfhn0ygdmrdfscvqtfmusslzdt1xbb 0 157317 856571 2026-06-14T07:50:48Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329158081|Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder]]" 856571 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matsalar damuwa da sinadarin Caffeine ke haifarwa''' ita ce matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa inda alamun [[Anxiety|damuwa]] ke bayyana sakamakon shan maganin kafeyin. Waɗannan alamun na iya bayyana a lokacin ko jim kaɗan bayan shan ko daina shan maganin kafeyin. Wannan matsalar tana bayyana ta hanyar tsoro mai yawa, tsoro, damuwa, da kuma alamun jiki na ƙaruwar aikin kai. <ref name="c871">{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics:6C48.40 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/en#1115271910 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutane na iya nuna halayen gujewa saboda damuwa. An rarraba wannan cuta a matsayin wani nau'in matsalar damuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi/magani ke haifarwa a cikin DSM-5 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Addicott |first=MA |year=2014 |title=Caffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications |journal=Current Addiction Reports |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=186–192 |doi=10.1007/s40429-014-0024-9 |pmc=4115451 |pmid=25089257}}</ref> Haka kuma an san shi a matsayin ganewar asibiti a cikin ICD-11 . An daɗe ana danganta shan maganin kafeyin da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=R.N. |date=June 1996 |title=Drugs Which Induce Anxiety: Caffeine |url=http://www.psychology.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZJP-Vol251-1996-7-Hughes.pdf |journal=New Zealand Journal of Psychology |volume=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130090750/https://www.psychology.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZJP-Vol251-1996-7-Hughes.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-30}}</ref> Tasirin maganin kafeyin da alamun damuwa suna ƙara yawan aiki a cikin tsarin juyayi mai tausayi . An danganta maganin kafeyin da ta'azzara da kuma kula da matsalolin damuwa, da kuma fara tashin hankali ko hare-haren damuwa ga waɗanda suka riga suka kamu da irin wannan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winston |first=Anthony P. |last2=Hardwick |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Jaberi |first3=Neema |date=October 2005 |title=Neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=432–439 |doi=10.1192/apt.11.6.432 |issn=2056-4678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan amfani da maganin kafeyin ya wuce 400&nbsp;An nuna cewa mg yana ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da tashin hankali da tsoro a cikin al'umma. Mutanen da ke fama da matsalar tashin hankali suna da haɗarin kamuwa da tashin hankali lokacin shan maganin kafeyin fiye da lokacin da ba sa shansa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klevebrant |first=Lisa |last2=Frick |first2=Andreas |date=2022-01-01 |title=Effects of caffeine on anxiety and panic attacks in patients with panic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |language=en |volume=74 |pages=22–31 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.11.005 |issn=0163-8343 |pmid=34871964 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan shan maganin kafeyin na iya haifar da alamu daga damuwa gabaɗaya zuwa alamun damuwa da tsoro. == Ganewar Ganewa == === DSM-5 === ==== Ka'idojin ganewar asali ==== Ciwon damuwa da Caffeine ke haifarwa wani rukuni ne na binciken DSM-5 na matsalar damuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi/magani ke haifarwa. Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali, Bugu na Biyar, ko DSM-5, shine ikon da ake da shi a yanzu don gano cutar tabin hankali a Amurka. Ciwon damuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi/magani ke haifarwa yana ƙarƙashin rukunin [[Matsalar damuwa|cututtukan damuwa]] a cikin DSM-5, ba nau'in cututtukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da jaraba ba, duk da cewa alamun sun faru ne saboda tasirin wani abu. Ganewar asali bisa ga DSM-5 ya dogara ne akan sharuɗɗa daban-daban. Dole ne marasa lafiya su nuna alamun ko dai harin tsoro ko damuwa. Dole ne kuma a sami shaida cewa alamun tsoro ko damuwa sakamakon amfani da abu mai maye ne kai tsaye. A cikin matsalar damuwa da caffeine ke haifarwa, irin waɗannan alamun za su kasance ne saboda shan maganin kafeyin. DSM-5 ya bambanta cewa abu dole ne ya kasance yana da ikon haifar da alamun damuwa da tsoro a fannin jiki. Wannan yana tabbatar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin sinadarin da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma tasirin asibiti da aka lura. An tabbatar da cewa maganin kafeyin yana aiki a matsayin mai hana masu karɓar adenosine, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai motsa jiki don haka ya cika wannan ƙa'ida. Hakanan alamun ba dole ba ne su sami wata hanyar asibiti mafi yuwuwa, kamar wani nau'in matsalar damuwa, ya zo kafin shan maganin mai maye, ko kuma ya daɗe na tsawon lokaci bayan dakatar da amfani da maganin. Ganewar asali kuma yana buƙatar cewa hare-haren tsoro ko damuwa saboda amfani da abu mai maye yana haifar da wani adadin tashin hankali a cikin majiyyaci ko kuma ya haifar da ƙarancin nau'ikan ayyukan yau da kullun daban-daban. ==== Siffofin Bincike ==== Baya ga sharuɗɗan da ke sama, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa ba a cika sharuɗɗan ganewar cutar damuwa da ke haifar da sinadarai/magani ba idan alamun firgici sun zo kafin maye da sinadarin. A cikin matsalar damuwa da ke haifar da sinadarin caffeine, ba za a yi ganewar asali ba idan alamun damuwa ko firgici suka riga sun fara shan maganin kafeyin. Haka kuma, idan alamun suka ci gaba fiye da wata ɗaya bayan maye da sinadarai, ba za a iya gano cutar ba. Nacewa da ci gaba da alamun bayan shan maganin kafeyin na farko suna ba da shawarar wani ganewar daban wanda zai fi bayyana alamun da ke daɗewa. Alamomin damuwa da maganin kafeyin ke haifarwa galibi ana kuskuren ɗauka su ne da manyan cututtukan kwakwalwa ciki har da [[cutar bipolar]] da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], suna barin marasa lafiya su sami magani don matsalar da ba ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Francis M. |date=April 2009 |title=Caffeine - Induced Psychiatric Disorders |url=http://www.americanmedtech.org/files/STEP_Online_articles/353.pdf |journal=Journal of Continuing Education Topics & Issues |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> Ya kamata a yi gwajin cutar damuwa da ke haifar da sinadarin kafeyin, maimakon amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ko kuma shan giya, lokacin da alamun hare-haren tsoro ko damuwa suka fi yawa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Amy |last2=Palmer |first2=Abraham A. |last3=de Wit |first3=Harriet |date=June 9, 2010 |title=Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=211 |issue=3 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1007/s00213-010-1900-1 |pmc=4242593 |pmid=20532872}}</ref> ==== Yaɗuwa ==== Duk da cewa ba a samu ainihin adadin kamuwa da cutar ba, bayanai game da yawan jama'a sun nuna cewa kamuwa da cutar ya kai kashi 0.002% a tsawon shekara guda, kuma ya fi yawa a cikin al'ummomin da ke fama da cutar. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Amy |last2=Palmer |first2=Abraham A. |last3=de Wit |first3=Harriet |date=June 9, 2010 |title=Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=211 |issue=3 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1007/s00213-010-1900-1 |pmc=4242593 |pmid=20532872}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYangPalmerde_Wit2010">Yang, Amy; Palmer, Abraham A.; de Wit, Harriet (June 9, 2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242593 "Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine"]. ''Psychopharmacology''. '''211''' (3): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>257. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1900-1|10.1007/s00213-010-1900-1]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242593 4242593]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20532872 20532872].</cite></ref> == Caffeine == [[Fayil:Koffein_-_Caffeine.svg|thumb|180x180px|Tsarin maganin kafeyin]] Caffeine methylxanthine ne, kuma yana da illa ga ruwa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=B. B. |last2=Bättig |first2=K. |last3=Holmén |first3=J. |last4=Nehlig |first4=A. |last5=Zvartau |first5=E. E. |date=1999-03-01 |title=Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=83–133 |doi=10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6 |issn=0031-6997 |pmid=10049999 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tsarin maganin kafeyin yana bawa kwayoyin halittar damar wucewa ta cikin membranes na halitta, gami da shingen jini da kwakwalwa . Shaye-shayen abinci a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci yana kusan kammalawa da kusan kashi 99% bayan mintuna 45 kacal.&nbsp;mintuna. Rabin rayuwar kafeyin ga yawancin manya yana tsakanin 2.5 da 4.5&nbsp;awanni lokacin da amfani ya iyakance ga ƙasa da 10&nbsp;mg/kg. Duk da haka, a lokacin ci gaban jarirai, rabin rayuwar tayin yana da tsayi sosai kuma yana raguwa sosai bayan haihuwa don isa ga ƙimar al'ada a kimanin watanni 6. <ref name=":3" /> Cytochrome P-450, wani nau'in hemeprotein, yana aiki a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin hanta don haɓaka caffeine zuwa dimethylxanthines, monomethylxanthines, dimethyl uric acid, monomethyl uric acid, trimethylallantoin, dimethylallantoin, da abubuwan da suka samo asali daga uracil . Yawancin caffeine ana metabolize su ta hanyar 3-methyl demethylation, suna samar da metabolite na paraxanthine . Yawancin metabolites, ban da caffeine, suna aiki a cikin jiki kuma suna da alhakin wani ɓangare na amsawar jiki ga caffeine. <ref name=":3" /> == Tsarin aikin maganin kafeyin == Caffeine yana aiki ta hanyoyi da yawa a cikin kwakwalwa da sauran jiki. Duk da haka, saboda yawan sinadarin caffeine da ake buƙata, ƙin karɓar masu karɓar adenosine shine babban hanyar aiki. <ref name="NehligEtal1992">{{Cite journal |last=Nehlig |first=Astrid |last2=Daval |first2=Jean-Luc |last3=Debry |first3=Gérard |date=June 2, 1992 |title=Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects |journal=Brain Research Reviews |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–170 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B |pmid=1356551 |s2cid=14277779}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin sune hanyoyin da maganin kafeyin zai iya aiki a cikin jiki, amma dangane da yawan sinadarin kafeyin da ake buƙata da sauran abubuwa bazai zama sanadin tasirin maganin ba. === Haɗakar ƙwayoyin calcium na cikin ƙwayoyin halitta === A yawan sinadarin caffeine mai yawa na kimanin 1-2 mM, yana rage matakin kuzari a cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka, wanda ke haifar da tsawaitar matsewa. Gabatar da irin wannan yawan sinadarin caffeine yana ba da damar calcium ya shiga cikin ƙwayar tsoka ta hanyar membrane na plasma da sarcoplasmic reticulum cikin sauƙi. Yawan sinadarin calcium ta cikin membranes a cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka yana buƙatar aƙalla 250 μM na maganin kafeyin. Yawanci, wasu tasirin guba na maganin kafeyin suna fara faruwa a cikin yawan sinadarin da ya wuce 200.&nbsp;μM, duk da haka matsakaicin amfani yana haifar da yawan amfani da ƙasa da 100&nbsp;μM. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwararar sinadarin calcium da kuma motsa jiki ba su ne sanadin tasirin maganin kafeyin a kan tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya ba, don haka ba su ne sanadin matsalar damuwa da kafeyin ke haifarwa ba. <ref name="NehligEtal1992">{{Cite journal |last=Nehlig |first=Astrid |last2=Daval |first2=Jean-Luc |last3=Debry |first3=Gérard |date=June 2, 1992 |title=Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects |journal=Brain Research Reviews |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–170 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B |pmid=1356551 |s2cid=14277779}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNehligDavalDebry1992">Nehlig, Astrid; Daval, Jean-Luc; Debry, Gérard (June 2, 1992). "Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects". ''Brain Research Reviews''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>170. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B|10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551 1356551]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14277779 14277779].</cite></ref> === Hana phosphodiesterases === Methylxanthines kamar caffeine suna hana aikin cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, wanda yawanci yana aiki don rushe cAMP . cyclic adenosine monophosphate, ko cAMP, shine manzo na biyu mai mahimmanci a cikin ayyukan ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa kuma muhimmin abu ne a cikin watsa sigina . Hana phosphodiesterase zai haifar da tarin cAMP, yana ƙara ayyukan manzo na biyu a cikin tantanin halitta. Kodayake wannan tsari yana yiwuwa, yana faruwa ne kawai bayan matakan caffeine sun kai matakin guba, don haka da wuya a bayyana tsarin maganin kafeyin a cikin kwakwalwa. <ref name="NehligEtal1992">{{Cite journal |last=Nehlig |first=Astrid |last2=Daval |first2=Jean-Luc |last3=Debry |first3=Gérard |date=June 2, 1992 |title=Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects |journal=Brain Research Reviews |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–170 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B |pmid=1356551 |s2cid=14277779}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNehligDavalDebry1992">Nehlig, Astrid; Daval, Jean-Luc; Debry, Gérard (June 2, 1992). "Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects". ''Brain Research Reviews''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>170. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B|10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551 1356551]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14277779 14277779].</cite></ref> === Hamayya tsakanin masu karɓar adenosine === Akwai sanannun masu karɓar adenosine guda huɗu da aka samu a jiki, A <nowiki><sub id="mwhQ">1</sub></nowiki>, A <nowiki><sub id="mwhw">2A</sub></nowiki>, A <nowiki><sub id="mwiQ">2B</sub></nowiki>, da A <nowiki><sub id="mwiw">3.</sub></nowiki> Mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta na waɗannan masu karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta shine adenosine, wanda shine nucleoside na purine wanda yake da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin kamar canja wurin makamashi a cikin nau'in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) da adenosine monophosphate (AMP) da kuma canja wurin sigina a cikin nau'in adenosine monophosphate na cyclic (cAMP). Masu karɓar A _2B da A ₃ suna buƙatar yawan maganin kafeyin da ba ya faruwa a matakan ilimin halittar jiki na yau da kullun ko tare da matakan shan maganin kafeyin na yau da kullun don a iya hana shi, don haka ba za a ɗauke shi a matsayin wata hanya ta damuwa da caffeine ke haifarwa ba. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=B. B. |last2=Bättig |first2=K. |last3=Holmén |first3=J. |last4=Nehlig |first4=A. |last5=Zvartau |first5=E. E. |date=1999-03-01 |title=Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=83–133 |doi=10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6 |issn=0031-6997 |pmid=10049999 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFredholmBättigHolménNehlig1999">Fredholm, B. B.; Bättig, K.; Holmén, J.; Nehlig, A.; Zvartau, E. E. (1999-03-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long "Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use"]</span>. ''Pharmacological Reviews''. '''51''' (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6|10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-6997 0031-6997]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10049999 10049999].</cite></ref> Caffeine yana aiki a matsayin mai hana masu karɓar adenosine A ₁ da A _2A . Adenosine wani sinadari ne na yau da kullun wanda ke kunna masu karɓar adenosine g-protein masu haɗin gwiwa . Ayyukan masu karɓar A ₁ da A _2A suna adawa da juna amma duka suna da alaƙa da maganin kafeyin saboda aikinsa a matsayin mai hana. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=B. B. |last2=Bättig |first2=K. |last3=Holmén |first3=J. |last4=Nehlig |first4=A. |last5=Zvartau |first5=E. E. |date=1999-03-01 |title=Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=83–133 |doi=10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6 |issn=0031-6997 |pmid=10049999 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFredholmBättigHolménNehlig1999">Fredholm, B. B.; Bättig, K.; Holmén, J.; Nehlig, A.; Zvartau, E. E. (1999-03-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long "Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use"]</span>. ''Pharmacological Reviews''. '''51''' (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6|10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-6997 0031-6997]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10049999 10049999].</cite></ref> Ana haɗa masu karɓar _2A zuwa sunadaran G _s waɗanda ke kunna adenylate cyclase da wasu tashoshin Ca <nowiki><sup id="mwpw">2+</sup></nowiki> masu ƙarfin lantarki . Masu karɓar _2A suna cikin yankunan kwakwalwa masu arzikin [[dopamine]] . An sami mRNA mai karɓar _2A a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi iri ɗaya kamar mai karɓar dopamine D <nowiki><sub id="mwrA">2</sub></nowiki> a cikin dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens da tuberculum olfactorium . Ba a samun masu karɓar _2A a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi waɗanda ke bayyana masu karɓar dopamine D <nowiki><sub id="mwsg">1</sub></nowiki> da Substance P. A cikin striatum, wani ɓangare na basal ganglia, kunna masu karɓar A _2A ta hanyar adenosine yana ƙara sakin GABA, wani mai ba da amsa ga neurotransmitter. Lokacin da caffeine ya haɗu da mai karɓar, ana fitar da ƙarancin mai hana amsawa ga neurotransmitter, wanda ke tallafawa rawar caffeine a matsayin mai motsa tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=B. B. |last2=Bättig |first2=K. |last3=Holmén |first3=J. |last4=Nehlig |first4=A. |last5=Zvartau |first5=E. E. |date=1999-03-01 |title=Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=83–133 |doi=10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6 |issn=0031-6997 |pmid=10049999 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFredholmBättigHolménNehlig1999">Fredholm, B. B.; Bättig, K.; Holmén, J.; Nehlig, A.; Zvartau, E. E. (1999-03-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long "Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use"]</span>. ''Pharmacological Reviews''. '''51''' (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6|10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-6997 0031-6997]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10049999 10049999].</cite></ref> An haɗa masu karɓar A 1 da furotin G-na G i-1, G i-2, G i-3, G o1, da G o2 . Sunadaran g-na masu karɓar A 1 suna ci gaba da hana adenylate cyclase, wasu tashoshin Ca 2+ masu ƙarfin lantarki, da kuma kunna wasu tashoshin K +, da phospholipase C da D. Masu karɓar A 1 galibi suna cikin hippocampus, cerebral da cerebellar cortex, da kuma musamman thalamic nucleus . Adenosine yana aiki akan masu karɓar A 1 don rage buɗe tashoshin Ca 2+ na N-type a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin hippocampal, don haka yana rage yawan harbi tunda Ca 2+ ya zama dole don sakin neurotransmitter. Ayyukan adawa na Caffeine akan mai karɓar A 1 don haka yana rage aikin adenosine, yana ba da damar ƙaruwar shigarwar Ca 2+ ta hanyar tashoshin N-type da kuma yawan sakin neurotransmitter. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] stnk4fxdkb5z0b7r9uwfzys9b61s6z3 856573 856571 2026-06-14T07:51:08Z Sardeeq 39275 856573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matsalar damuwa da sinadarin Caffeine ke haifarwa''' ita ce matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa inda alamun [[Anxiety|damuwa]] ke bayyana sakamakon shan maganin kafeyin. Waɗannan alamun na iya bayyana a lokacin ko jim kaɗan bayan shan ko daina shan maganin kafeyin. Wannan matsalar tana bayyana ta hanyar tsoro mai yawa, tsoro, damuwa, da kuma alamun jiki na ƙaruwar aikin kai. <ref name="c871">{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics:6C48.40 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/en#1115271910 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutane na iya nuna halayen gujewa saboda damuwa. An rarraba wannan cuta a matsayin wani nau'in matsalar damuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi/magani ke haifarwa a cikin DSM-5 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Addicott |first=MA |year=2014 |title=Caffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications |journal=Current Addiction Reports |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=186–192 |doi=10.1007/s40429-014-0024-9 |pmc=4115451 |pmid=25089257}}</ref> Haka kuma an san shi a matsayin ganewar asibiti a cikin ICD-11 . An daɗe ana danganta shan maganin kafeyin da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=R.N. |date=June 1996 |title=Drugs Which Induce Anxiety: Caffeine |url=http://www.psychology.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZJP-Vol251-1996-7-Hughes.pdf |journal=New Zealand Journal of Psychology |volume=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130090750/https://www.psychology.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZJP-Vol251-1996-7-Hughes.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-30}}</ref> Tasirin maganin kafeyin da alamun damuwa suna ƙara yawan aiki a cikin tsarin juyayi mai tausayi . An danganta maganin kafeyin da ta'azzara da kuma kula da matsalolin damuwa, da kuma fara tashin hankali ko hare-haren damuwa ga waɗanda suka riga suka kamu da irin wannan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winston |first=Anthony P. |last2=Hardwick |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Jaberi |first3=Neema |date=October 2005 |title=Neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=432–439 |doi=10.1192/apt.11.6.432 |issn=2056-4678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan amfani da maganin kafeyin ya wuce 400&nbsp;An nuna cewa mg yana ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da tashin hankali da tsoro a cikin al'umma. Mutanen da ke fama da matsalar tashin hankali suna da haɗarin kamuwa da tashin hankali lokacin shan maganin kafeyin fiye da lokacin da ba sa shansa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klevebrant |first=Lisa |last2=Frick |first2=Andreas |date=2022-01-01 |title=Effects of caffeine on anxiety and panic attacks in patients with panic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |language=en |volume=74 |pages=22–31 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.11.005 |issn=0163-8343 |pmid=34871964 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan shan maganin kafeyin na iya haifar da alamu daga damuwa gabaɗaya zuwa alamun damuwa da tsoro. == Ganewar Ganewa == === DSM-5 === ==== Ka'idojin ganewar asali ==== Ciwon damuwa da Caffeine ke haifarwa wani rukuni ne na binciken DSM-5 na matsalar damuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi/magani ke haifarwa. Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali, Bugu na Biyar, ko DSM-5, shine ikon da ake da shi a yanzu don gano cutar tabin hankali a Amurka. Ciwon damuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi/magani ke haifarwa yana ƙarƙashin rukunin [[Matsalar damuwa|cututtukan damuwa]] a cikin DSM-5, ba nau'in cututtukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da jaraba ba, duk da cewa alamun sun faru ne saboda tasirin wani abu. Ganewar asali bisa ga DSM-5 ya dogara ne akan sharuɗɗa daban-daban. Dole ne marasa lafiya su nuna alamun ko dai harin tsoro ko damuwa. Dole ne kuma a sami shaida cewa alamun tsoro ko damuwa sakamakon amfani da abu mai maye ne kai tsaye. A cikin matsalar damuwa da caffeine ke haifarwa, irin waɗannan alamun za su kasance ne saboda shan maganin kafeyin. DSM-5 ya bambanta cewa abu dole ne ya kasance yana da ikon haifar da alamun damuwa da tsoro a fannin jiki. Wannan yana tabbatar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin sinadarin da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma tasirin asibiti da aka lura. An tabbatar da cewa maganin kafeyin yana aiki a matsayin mai hana masu karɓar adenosine, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai motsa jiki don haka ya cika wannan ƙa'ida. Hakanan alamun ba dole ba ne su sami wata hanyar asibiti mafi yuwuwa, kamar wani nau'in matsalar damuwa, ya zo kafin shan maganin mai maye, ko kuma ya daɗe na tsawon lokaci bayan dakatar da amfani da maganin. Ganewar asali kuma yana buƙatar cewa hare-haren tsoro ko damuwa saboda amfani da abu mai maye yana haifar da wani adadin tashin hankali a cikin majiyyaci ko kuma ya haifar da ƙarancin nau'ikan ayyukan yau da kullun daban-daban. ==== Siffofin Bincike ==== Baya ga sharuɗɗan da ke sama, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa ba a cika sharuɗɗan ganewar cutar damuwa da ke haifar da sinadarai/magani ba idan alamun firgici sun zo kafin maye da sinadarin. A cikin matsalar damuwa da ke haifar da sinadarin caffeine, ba za a yi ganewar asali ba idan alamun damuwa ko firgici suka riga sun fara shan maganin kafeyin. Haka kuma, idan alamun suka ci gaba fiye da wata ɗaya bayan maye da sinadarai, ba za a iya gano cutar ba. Nacewa da ci gaba da alamun bayan shan maganin kafeyin na farko suna ba da shawarar wani ganewar daban wanda zai fi bayyana alamun da ke daɗewa. Alamomin damuwa da maganin kafeyin ke haifarwa galibi ana kuskuren ɗauka su ne da manyan cututtukan kwakwalwa ciki har da [[cutar bipolar]] da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], suna barin marasa lafiya su sami magani don matsalar da ba ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Francis M. |date=April 2009 |title=Caffeine - Induced Psychiatric Disorders |url=http://www.americanmedtech.org/files/STEP_Online_articles/353.pdf |journal=Journal of Continuing Education Topics & Issues |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> Ya kamata a yi gwajin cutar damuwa da ke haifar da sinadarin kafeyin, maimakon amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ko kuma shan giya, lokacin da alamun hare-haren tsoro ko damuwa suka fi yawa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Amy |last2=Palmer |first2=Abraham A. |last3=de Wit |first3=Harriet |date=June 9, 2010 |title=Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=211 |issue=3 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1007/s00213-010-1900-1 |pmc=4242593 |pmid=20532872}}</ref> ==== Yaɗuwa ==== Duk da cewa ba a samu ainihin adadin kamuwa da cutar ba, bayanai game da yawan jama'a sun nuna cewa kamuwa da cutar ya kai kashi 0.002% a tsawon shekara guda, kuma ya fi yawa a cikin al'ummomin da ke fama da cutar. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Amy |last2=Palmer |first2=Abraham A. |last3=de Wit |first3=Harriet |date=June 9, 2010 |title=Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=211 |issue=3 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1007/s00213-010-1900-1 |pmc=4242593 |pmid=20532872}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYangPalmerde_Wit2010">Yang, Amy; Palmer, Abraham A.; de Wit, Harriet (June 9, 2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242593 "Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine"]. ''Psychopharmacology''. '''211''' (3): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>257. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1900-1|10.1007/s00213-010-1900-1]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242593 4242593]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20532872 20532872].</cite></ref> == Caffeine == [[Fayil:Koffein_-_Caffeine.svg|thumb|180x180px|Tsarin maganin kafeyin]] Caffeine methylxanthine ne, kuma yana da illa ga ruwa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=B. B. |last2=Bättig |first2=K. |last3=Holmén |first3=J. |last4=Nehlig |first4=A. |last5=Zvartau |first5=E. E. |date=1999-03-01 |title=Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=83–133 |doi=10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6 |issn=0031-6997 |pmid=10049999 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tsarin maganin kafeyin yana bawa kwayoyin halittar damar wucewa ta cikin membranes na halitta, gami da shingen jini da kwakwalwa . Shaye-shayen abinci a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci yana kusan kammalawa da kusan kashi 99% bayan mintuna 45 kacal.&nbsp;mintuna. Rabin rayuwar kafeyin ga yawancin manya yana tsakanin 2.5 da 4.5&nbsp;awanni lokacin da amfani ya iyakance ga ƙasa da 10&nbsp;mg/kg. Duk da haka, a lokacin ci gaban jarirai, rabin rayuwar tayin yana da tsayi sosai kuma yana raguwa sosai bayan haihuwa don isa ga ƙimar al'ada a kimanin watanni 6. <ref name=":3" /> Cytochrome P-450, wani nau'in hemeprotein, yana aiki a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin hanta don haɓaka caffeine zuwa dimethylxanthines, monomethylxanthines, dimethyl uric acid, monomethyl uric acid, trimethylallantoin, dimethylallantoin, da abubuwan da suka samo asali daga uracil . Yawancin caffeine ana metabolize su ta hanyar 3-methyl demethylation, suna samar da metabolite na paraxanthine . Yawancin metabolites, ban da caffeine, suna aiki a cikin jiki kuma suna da alhakin wani ɓangare na amsawar jiki ga caffeine. <ref name=":3" /> == Tsarin aikin maganin kafeyin == Caffeine yana aiki ta hanyoyi da yawa a cikin kwakwalwa da sauran jiki. Duk da haka, saboda yawan sinadarin caffeine da ake buƙata, ƙin karɓar masu karɓar adenosine shine babban hanyar aiki. <ref name="NehligEtal1992">{{Cite journal |last=Nehlig |first=Astrid |last2=Daval |first2=Jean-Luc |last3=Debry |first3=Gérard |date=June 2, 1992 |title=Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects |journal=Brain Research Reviews |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–170 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B |pmid=1356551 |s2cid=14277779}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin sune hanyoyin da maganin kafeyin zai iya aiki a cikin jiki, amma dangane da yawan sinadarin kafeyin da ake buƙata da sauran abubuwa bazai zama sanadin tasirin maganin ba. === Haɗakar ƙwayoyin calcium na cikin ƙwayoyin halitta === A yawan sinadarin caffeine mai yawa na kimanin 1-2 mM, yana rage matakin kuzari a cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka, wanda ke haifar da tsawaitar matsewa. Gabatar da irin wannan yawan sinadarin caffeine yana ba da damar calcium ya shiga cikin ƙwayar tsoka ta hanyar membrane na plasma da sarcoplasmic reticulum cikin sauƙi. Yawan sinadarin calcium ta cikin membranes a cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka yana buƙatar aƙalla 250 μM na maganin kafeyin. Yawanci, wasu tasirin guba na maganin kafeyin suna fara faruwa a cikin yawan sinadarin da ya wuce 200.&nbsp;μM, duk da haka matsakaicin amfani yana haifar da yawan amfani da ƙasa da 100&nbsp;μM. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwararar sinadarin calcium da kuma motsa jiki ba su ne sanadin tasirin maganin kafeyin a kan tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya ba, don haka ba su ne sanadin matsalar damuwa da kafeyin ke haifarwa ba. <ref name="NehligEtal1992">{{Cite journal |last=Nehlig |first=Astrid |last2=Daval |first2=Jean-Luc |last3=Debry |first3=Gérard |date=June 2, 1992 |title=Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects |journal=Brain Research Reviews |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–170 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B |pmid=1356551 |s2cid=14277779}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNehligDavalDebry1992">Nehlig, Astrid; Daval, Jean-Luc; Debry, Gérard (June 2, 1992). "Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects". ''Brain Research Reviews''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>170. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B|10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551 1356551]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14277779 14277779].</cite></ref> === Hana phosphodiesterases === Methylxanthines kamar caffeine suna hana aikin cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, wanda yawanci yana aiki don rushe cAMP . cyclic adenosine monophosphate, ko cAMP, shine manzo na biyu mai mahimmanci a cikin ayyukan ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa kuma muhimmin abu ne a cikin watsa sigina . Hana phosphodiesterase zai haifar da tarin cAMP, yana ƙara ayyukan manzo na biyu a cikin tantanin halitta. Kodayake wannan tsari yana yiwuwa, yana faruwa ne kawai bayan matakan caffeine sun kai matakin guba, don haka da wuya a bayyana tsarin maganin kafeyin a cikin kwakwalwa. <ref name="NehligEtal1992">{{Cite journal |last=Nehlig |first=Astrid |last2=Daval |first2=Jean-Luc |last3=Debry |first3=Gérard |date=June 2, 1992 |title=Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects |journal=Brain Research Reviews |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–170 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B |pmid=1356551 |s2cid=14277779}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNehligDavalDebry1992">Nehlig, Astrid; Daval, Jean-Luc; Debry, Gérard (June 2, 1992). "Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects". ''Brain Research Reviews''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>170. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B|10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551 1356551]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14277779 14277779].</cite></ref> === Hamayya tsakanin masu karɓar adenosine === Akwai sanannun masu karɓar adenosine guda huɗu da aka samu a jiki, A <nowiki><sub id="mwhQ">1</sub></nowiki>, A <nowiki><sub id="mwhw">2A</sub></nowiki>, A <nowiki><sub id="mwiQ">2B</sub></nowiki>, da A <nowiki><sub id="mwiw">3.</sub></nowiki> Mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta na waɗannan masu karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta shine adenosine, wanda shine nucleoside na purine wanda yake da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin kamar canja wurin makamashi a cikin nau'in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) da adenosine monophosphate (AMP) da kuma canja wurin sigina a cikin nau'in adenosine monophosphate na cyclic (cAMP). Masu karɓar A _2B da A ₃ suna buƙatar yawan maganin kafeyin da ba ya faruwa a matakan ilimin halittar jiki na yau da kullun ko tare da matakan shan maganin kafeyin na yau da kullun don a iya hana shi, don haka ba za a ɗauke shi a matsayin wata hanya ta damuwa da caffeine ke haifarwa ba. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=B. B. |last2=Bättig |first2=K. |last3=Holmén |first3=J. |last4=Nehlig |first4=A. |last5=Zvartau |first5=E. E. |date=1999-03-01 |title=Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=83–133 |doi=10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6 |issn=0031-6997 |pmid=10049999 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFredholmBättigHolménNehlig1999">Fredholm, B. B.; Bättig, K.; Holmén, J.; Nehlig, A.; Zvartau, E. E. (1999-03-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long "Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use"]</span>. ''Pharmacological Reviews''. '''51''' (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6|10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-6997 0031-6997]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10049999 10049999].</cite></ref> Caffeine yana aiki a matsayin mai hana masu karɓar adenosine A ₁ da A _2A . Adenosine wani sinadari ne na yau da kullun wanda ke kunna masu karɓar adenosine g-protein masu haɗin gwiwa . Ayyukan masu karɓar A ₁ da A _2A suna adawa da juna amma duka suna da alaƙa da maganin kafeyin saboda aikinsa a matsayin mai hana. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=B. B. |last2=Bättig |first2=K. |last3=Holmén |first3=J. |last4=Nehlig |first4=A. |last5=Zvartau |first5=E. E. |date=1999-03-01 |title=Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=83–133 |doi=10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6 |issn=0031-6997 |pmid=10049999 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFredholmBättigHolménNehlig1999">Fredholm, B. B.; Bättig, K.; Holmén, J.; Nehlig, A.; Zvartau, E. E. (1999-03-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long "Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use"]</span>. ''Pharmacological Reviews''. '''51''' (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6|10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-6997 0031-6997]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10049999 10049999].</cite></ref> Ana haɗa masu karɓar _2A zuwa sunadaran G _s waɗanda ke kunna adenylate cyclase da wasu tashoshin Ca <nowiki><sup id="mwpw">2+</sup></nowiki> masu ƙarfin lantarki . Masu karɓar _2A suna cikin yankunan kwakwalwa masu arzikin [[dopamine]] . An sami mRNA mai karɓar _2A a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi iri ɗaya kamar mai karɓar dopamine D <nowiki><sub id="mwrA">2</sub></nowiki> a cikin dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens da tuberculum olfactorium . Ba a samun masu karɓar _2A a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi waɗanda ke bayyana masu karɓar dopamine D <nowiki><sub id="mwsg">1</sub></nowiki> da Substance P. A cikin striatum, wani ɓangare na basal ganglia, kunna masu karɓar A _2A ta hanyar adenosine yana ƙara sakin GABA, wani mai ba da amsa ga neurotransmitter. Lokacin da caffeine ya haɗu da mai karɓar, ana fitar da ƙarancin mai hana amsawa ga neurotransmitter, wanda ke tallafawa rawar caffeine a matsayin mai motsa tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=B. B. |last2=Bättig |first2=K. |last3=Holmén |first3=J. |last4=Nehlig |first4=A. |last5=Zvartau |first5=E. E. |date=1999-03-01 |title=Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=83–133 |doi=10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6 |issn=0031-6997 |pmid=10049999 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFredholmBättigHolménNehlig1999">Fredholm, B. B.; Bättig, K.; Holmén, J.; Nehlig, A.; Zvartau, E. E. (1999-03-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long "Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use"]</span>. ''Pharmacological Reviews''. '''51''' (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6|10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-6997 0031-6997]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10049999 10049999].</cite></ref> An haɗa masu karɓar A 1 da furotin G-na G i-1, G i-2, G i-3, G o1, da G o2 . Sunadaran g-na masu karɓar A 1 suna ci gaba da hana adenylate cyclase, wasu tashoshin Ca 2+ masu ƙarfin lantarki, da kuma kunna wasu tashoshin K +, da phospholipase C da D. Masu karɓar A 1 galibi suna cikin hippocampus, cerebral da cerebellar cortex, da kuma musamman thalamic nucleus . Adenosine yana aiki akan masu karɓar A 1 don rage buɗe tashoshin Ca 2+ na N-type a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin hippocampal, don haka yana rage yawan harbi tunda Ca 2+ ya zama dole don sakin neurotransmitter. Ayyukan adawa na Caffeine akan mai karɓar A 1 don haka yana rage aikin adenosine, yana ba da damar ƙaruwar shigarwar Ca 2+ ta hanyar tashoshin N-type da kuma yawan sakin neurotransmitter. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0ahw3d73jdwjwb3mh497o57eosqyl2q 4 157318 856574 2026-06-14T07:51:33Z Hausa Wikimedians User Group 13974 shafin taron 856574 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {| style="border-spacing:8px; margin:0px auto; width:100%" | style="background:#005A9C; border-radius:10px; color:white; padding:20px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | <span style="font-size:32px; font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif;">Taron Inganta Muƙalolin na Gadon Al'adun Hausa</span><br /> <span style="font-size:18px; font-style:italic;">Shirin Hausa Wikimedians User Group</span> |} == Manufar Inganta Muƙalolin == Wannan taro ne na musamman da gidauniyar Hausa Wikimedians User Group ta shirya domin bama masu bada gudummuwa dama, tare da duk masu sha'awar al'adun Hausa da tarihi domin mu gyara, mu inganta, sannan kuma mu ƙirƙiri sabbin muƙaloli da suka shafi Gadon Al'adun Hausawa da na maƙwabtansu (Cultural herigate) a Wikipedia ta harshen Hausa. Wannan taro zai kasance na musamman domin bunƙasa Wikipedia ta Hausa da ingantattun muƙaloli a kan fannonin al'adu da dama kama daga tufafi, abinci, raye-raye, sana'o'i, da tarihin al'adun Hausa ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen bayani mai madogara na gari a yadda masu karanta Wikipedia da masu bincike zasu amfana. * Ranar gudanarwa: 14 ga Yuni 2026 * Lokacin farawa: 10:00 Na safe (WAT) * Wuri: Babban ɗakin taro na Albustan Hotel == Abubuwan mayar da hankali a kai == A yayin wannan taron, za mu fi mayar da hankali ne akan: * '''Faɗaɗa muƙaloli:''' Gyara gajerun muƙaloli da ƙara musu inganci da madogara (References). * '''Sana'o'in Gargajiya:''' Kamar su ƙira, jima, saƙa, da rini. * '''Abinci da Abubuwan sha:''' Irin su fura da nono, dambun shinkafa, tuwon masara, da miyar kuka. * '''Tarihi da Wurare:''' Kamar tsofaffin ganuwoyi, fadoji, da wuraren tarihi. * '''Kayan Kwalliya da Tufafi:''' Kamar babban riga, lalle, da hula. * Da sauran duk wani abu da ya shafi al'ada da tarihi na Hausa. == Yadda Za a Shiga == Taron na kowa da kowa ne (na tsofaffin masu bada gudummuwa da sababbin zuwa). # Domin mu san yawan mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa, akwai buƙatar yin rajista a shafin Dashboard na wannan taro ta nan: [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group/Inganta_Mukalolin_Al'adun_Hausa?enroll= Inganta Mukalolin Al'adun Hausa (Dashboard)] # Idan kai sabon mai bada gudummuwa ne, za a yi takaitaccen horo a farkon zaman don nuna muku yadda ake gyara Wikipedia cikin sauƙi. <div style="margin-top: 50px; border-top: 2px solid #eaecf0; padding: 5px 0; text-align: center;"> <p style="color: #72777d; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px;">GIDAUNIYAR WIKIMEDIA HAUSA</p> </div> <div style = "border-bottom: 2px solid #eaecf0; border-radius: .2em; padding: .5em .8em; font-size: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px; "><center> [[File:Font Awesome 5 brands facebook-square.svg|20px|link=https://fb.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:X icon 2.svg|20px|link=https://twitter.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:Globe font awesome.svg|20px|link=https://wikimediahausa.org|]]&nbsp;[https://wikimediahausa.org https://wikimediahausa.org]</center> </div> <center>[[File:Font Awesome 5 solid envelope.svg|18px]] '''Ƙarin bayani:''' [mailto:contact@wikimediahausa.org contact@wikimediahausa.org]</center> 85fn94r2ae0q3y8uqcb4yh0v80ixlq0 856597 856574 2026-06-14T08:07:12Z Hausa Wikimedians User Group 13974 add logo 856597 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {| style="border-spacing:8px; margin:0px auto; width:100%; background:#005A9C; border-radius:10px; color:white; padding:20px;" | style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; padding-left:10px;" | <div style="font-size:32px; font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; line-height:1.2;">Taron Inganta Muƙalolin na Gadon Al'adun Hausa</div> <div style="font-size:18px; font-style:italic; margin-top:10px;">Shirin Hausa Wikimedians User Group</div> | style="width:180px; height:180px; background:#F8F9FA; border-radius:50%; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:10px;" | [[File:Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group_Logo.svg|200px|center|link=]] |} == Manufar Inganta Muƙalolin == Wannan taro ne na musamman da gidauniyar Hausa Wikimedians User Group ta shirya domin bama masu bada gudummuwa dama, tare da duk masu sha'awar al'adun Hausa da tarihi domin mu gyara, mu inganta, sannan kuma mu ƙirƙiri sabbin muƙaloli da suka shafi Gadon Al'adun Hausawa da na maƙwabtansu (Cultural herigate) a Wikipedia ta harshen Hausa. Wannan taro zai kasance na musamman domin bunƙasa Wikipedia ta Hausa da ingantattun muƙaloli a kan fannonin al'adu da dama kama daga tufafi, abinci, raye-raye, sana'o'i, da tarihin al'adun Hausa ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen bayani mai madogara na gari a yadda masu karanta Wikipedia da masu bincike zasu amfana. * Ranar gudanarwa: 14 ga Yuni 2026 * Lokacin farawa: 10:00 Na safe (WAT) * Wuri: Babban ɗakin taro na Albustan Hotel == Abubuwan mayar da hankali a kai == A yayin wannan taron, za mu fi mayar da hankali ne akan: * '''Faɗaɗa muƙaloli:''' Gyara gajerun muƙaloli da ƙara musu inganci da madogara (References). * '''Sana'o'in Gargajiya:''' Kamar su ƙira, jima, saƙa, da rini. * '''Abinci da Abubuwan sha:''' Irin su fura da nono, dambun shinkafa, tuwon masara, da miyar kuka. * '''Tarihi da Wurare:''' Kamar tsofaffin ganuwoyi, fadoji, da wuraren tarihi. * '''Kayan Kwalliya da Tufafi:''' Kamar babban riga, lalle, da hula. * Da sauran duk wani abu da ya shafi al'ada da tarihi na Hausa. == Yadda Za a Shiga == Taron na kowa da kowa ne (na tsofaffin masu bada gudummuwa da sababbin zuwa). # Domin mu san yawan mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa, akwai buƙatar yin rajista a shafin Dashboard na wannan taro ta nan: [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group/Inganta_Mukalolin_Al'adun_Hausa?enroll= Inganta Mukalolin Al'adun Hausa (Dashboard)] # Idan kai sabon mai bada gudummuwa ne, za a yi takaitaccen horo a farkon zaman don nuna muku yadda ake gyara Wikipedia cikin sauƙi. <div style="margin-top: 50px; border-top: 2px solid #eaecf0; padding: 5px 0; text-align: center;"> <p style="color: #72777d; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px;">GIDAUNIYAR WIKIMEDIA HAUSA</p> </div> <div style = "border-bottom: 2px solid #eaecf0; border-radius: .2em; padding: .5em .8em; font-size: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px; "><center> [[File:Font Awesome 5 brands facebook-square.svg|20px|link=https://fb.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:X icon 2.svg|20px|link=https://twitter.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:Globe font awesome.svg|20px|link=https://wikimediahausa.org|]]&nbsp;[https://wikimediahausa.org https://wikimediahausa.org]</center> </div> <center>[[File:Font Awesome 5 solid envelope.svg|18px]] '''Ƙarin bayani:''' [mailto:contact@wikimediahausa.org contact@wikimediahausa.org]</center> 9t1r7un3f5eoahh1b4yrhgg8ay9jluf 856615 856597 2026-06-14T08:35:45Z Hausa Wikimedians User Group 13974 add media files 856615 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {| style="border-spacing:8px; margin:0px auto; width:100%; background:#005A9C; border-radius:10px; color:white; padding:20px;" | style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; padding-left:10px;" | <div style="font-size:32px; font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; line-height:1.2;">Taron Inganta Muƙalolin na Gadon Al'adun Hausa</div> <div style="font-size:18px; font-style:italic; margin-top:10px;">Shirin Hausa Wikimedians User Group</div> | style="width:180px; height:180px; background:#F8F9FA; border-radius:50%; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:10px;" | [[File:Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group_Logo.svg|170px|center|link=]] |} == Manufar Inganta Muƙalolin == [[File:Hausa Wikimedians User Group editathon flyer June 2026.png|280px|right|link=]] Wannan taro ne na musamman da gidauniyar Hausa Wikimedians User Group ta shirya domin bama masu bada gudummuwa dama, tare da duk masu sha'awar al'adun Hausa da tarihi domin mu gyara, mu inganta, sannan kuma mu ƙirƙiri sabbin muƙaloli da suka shafi Gadon Al'adun Hausawa da na maƙwabtansu (Cultural herigate) a Wikipedia ta harshen Hausa. Wannan taro zai kasance na musamman domin bunƙasa Wikipedia ta Hausa da ingantattun muƙaloli a kan fannonin al'adu da dama kama daga tufafi, abinci, raye-raye, sana'o'i, da tarihin al'adun Hausa ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen bayani mai madogara na gari a yadda masu karanta Wikipedia da masu bincike zasu amfana. * Ranar gudanarwa: 14 ga Yuni 2026 * Lokacin farawa: 10:00 Na safe (WAT) * Wuri: Babban ɗakin taro na Albustan Hotel == Abubuwan mayar da hankali a kai == [[File:Hausa_traditional_culture.jpg|280px|right|link=]] A yayin wannan taron, za mu fi mayar da hankali ne akan: * '''Faɗaɗa muƙaloli:''' Gyara gajerun muƙaloli da ƙara musu inganci da madogara (References). * '''Sana'o'in Gargajiya:''' Kamar su ƙira, jima, saƙa, da rini. * '''Abinci da Abubuwan sha:''' Irin su fura da nono, dambun shinkafa, tuwon masara, da miyar kuka. * '''Tarihi da Wurare:''' Kamar tsofaffin ganuwoyi, fadoji, da wuraren tarihi. * '''Kayan Kwalliya da Tufafi:''' Kamar babban riga, lalle, da hula. * Da sauran duk wani abu da ya shafi al'ada da tarihi na Hausa. == Yadda Za a Shiga == Taron na kowa da kowa ne (na tsofaffin masu bada gudummuwa da sababbin zuwa). # Domin mu san yawan mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa, akwai buƙatar yin rajista a shafin Dashboard na wannan taro ta nan: [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group/Inganta_Mukalolin_Al'adun_Hausa?enroll= Inganta Mukalolin Al'adun Hausa (Dashboard)] # Idan kai sabon mai bada gudummuwa ne, za a yi takaitaccen horo a farkon zaman don nuna muku yadda ake gyara Wikipedia cikin sauƙi. <div id="regbtn" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; margin:24px 0; font-size: 1.5em;" class = "plainlinks" > [[Special:RegisterForEvent/3958|<span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Domin shiga shirin, ku yi rajista a nan</span>]]</div> <div style="margin-top: 50px; border-top: 2px solid #eaecf0; padding: 5px 0; text-align: center;"> <p style="color: #72777d; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px;">GIDAUNIYAR WIKIMEDIA HAUSA</p> </div> <div style = "border-bottom: 2px solid #eaecf0; border-radius: .2em; padding: .5em .8em; font-size: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px; "><center> [[File:Font Awesome 5 brands facebook-square.svg|20px|link=https://fb.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:X icon 2.svg|20px|link=https://twitter.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:Globe font awesome.svg|20px|link=https://wikimediahausa.org|]]&nbsp;[https://wikimediahausa.org https://wikimediahausa.org]</center> </div> <center>[[File:Font Awesome 5 solid envelope.svg|18px]] '''Ƙarin bayani:''' [mailto:contact@wikimediahausa.org contact@wikimediahausa.org]</center> pi6gew1uee6qc9efn2quz7uot4cfiy4 0 157319 856576 2026-06-14T07:52:34Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355713017|Arithmomania]]" 856576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arithmomania''' (daga {{Lang|grc|arithmós}} Girkanci, "lamba", da kuma {{Lang|grc|[[mania|maníā]]}}, "tilastawa") wata cuta ce ta kwakwalwa wadda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin bayyanar cutar damuwa ta rashin ƙarfi (OCD). Mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan matsalar suna da matuƙar buƙatar ƙirga ayyukansu ko abubuwan da ke kewaye da su. Misali, mutanen da ke fama da matsalar lissafi (arithmomania) na iya jin dole su ƙirga matakai yayin hawa ko saukowa matakala ko kuma su ƙirga adadin haruffa a cikin kalmomi. Sau da yawa suna jin dole su maimaita wani aiki sau da yawa don guje wa bala'i da ake tsammani. Wasu misalan sun haɗa da ƙirga tayal a kan benaye ko silinda, layuka a kan manyan hanyoyi, ko taɓa abubuwa a takamaiman adadin lokaci, kamar maɓallan ƙofa ko tebura. Wani lokaci ilimin lissafi yana tasowa zuwa wani tsari mai rikitarwa inda mutum ke sanya dabi'u ko lambobi ga mutane, abubuwa da abubuwan da suka faru domin a fahimci daidaiton su. Wani lokaci lambobi suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru a baya kuma mutumin yana tuna abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai ta hanyar takamaiman ƙimomin lambobi. Mutum yana yin ayyukansu sau da yawa, kuma wannan lambar tana da alaƙa da takamaiman abin da ya faru da su. [ ana buƙatar bayani ] Ana iya yin ƙirgawa da ƙarfi ko kuma a cikin tunani. == Almarar almara == Tatsuniyar Turai game da vampires sau da yawa tana nuna su da lissafi, kamar tilasta ƙirga iri ko hatsin gero. == A cikin al'adun jama'a == Inspector Franklin Jalbert, wani jarumi a cikin littafin tarihin ''Danny Coughlin na 2024 mai suna "Bad Dream"'' na [[Stephen King]], yana fama da matsalar lissafi. <ref name="King2024A">{{Cite book|last3=Stephen King}}</ref> <ref name="Iglesias">{{Cite web |last=Iglesias |first=Gabino |author-link=Gabino Iglesias |date=May 31, 2024 |title=4 New Horror Books to Read, Including Stephen King's Latest Collection |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/31/books/new-horror-books.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531114242/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/31/books/new-horror-books.html |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Count von Count, wani jarumin macizai a kan ''titin Sesame'', an san shi da ƙirga komai da komai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == tc8gtovag2rs07w6mpfkl4ypa29npw5 856578 856576 2026-06-14T07:52:49Z Sardeeq 39275 856578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arithmomania''' (daga {{Lang|grc|arithmós}} Girkanci, "lamba", da kuma {{Lang|grc|[[mania|maníā]]}}, "tilastawa") wata cuta ce ta kwakwalwa wadda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin bayyanar cutar damuwa ta rashin ƙarfi (OCD). Mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan matsalar suna da matuƙar buƙatar ƙirga ayyukansu ko abubuwan da ke kewaye da su. Misali, mutanen da ke fama da matsalar lissafi (arithmomania) na iya jin dole su ƙirga matakai yayin hawa ko saukowa matakala ko kuma su ƙirga adadin haruffa a cikin kalmomi. Sau da yawa suna jin dole su maimaita wani aiki sau da yawa don guje wa bala'i da ake tsammani. Wasu misalan sun haɗa da ƙirga tayal a kan benaye ko silinda, layuka a kan manyan hanyoyi, ko taɓa abubuwa a takamaiman adadin lokaci, kamar maɓallan ƙofa ko tebura. Wani lokaci ilimin lissafi yana tasowa zuwa wani tsari mai rikitarwa inda mutum ke sanya dabi'u ko lambobi ga mutane, abubuwa da abubuwan da suka faru domin a fahimci daidaiton su. Wani lokaci lambobi suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru a baya kuma mutumin yana tuna abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai ta hanyar takamaiman ƙimomin lambobi. Mutum yana yin ayyukansu sau da yawa, kuma wannan lambar tana da alaƙa da takamaiman abin da ya faru da su. [ ana buƙatar bayani ] Ana iya yin ƙirgawa da ƙarfi ko kuma a cikin tunani. == Almarar almara == Tatsuniyar Turai game da vampires sau da yawa tana nuna su da lissafi, kamar tilasta ƙirga iri ko hatsin gero. == A cikin al'adun jama'a == Inspector Franklin Jalbert, wani jarumi a cikin littafin tarihin ''Danny Coughlin na 2024 mai suna "Bad Dream"'' na [[Stephen King]], yana fama da matsalar lissafi. <ref name="King2024A">{{Cite book|last3=Stephen King}}</ref> <ref name="Iglesias">{{Cite web |last=Iglesias |first=Gabino |author-link=Gabino Iglesias |date=May 31, 2024 |title=4 New Horror Books to Read, Including Stephen King's Latest Collection |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/31/books/new-horror-books.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531114242/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/31/books/new-horror-books.html |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Count von Count, wani jarumin macizai a kan ''titin Sesame'', an san shi da ƙirga komai da komai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == cge9fqt0rrwss68yy3g5k1omn0quphz 0 157320 856582 2026-06-14T07:55:05Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356808483|Attachment disorder]]" 856582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matsalolin alaƙar da ke tattare da juna''' sune rikice-rikicen yanayi, ɗabi'u, da alaƙar zamantakewa da ke tasowa sakamakon rashin samun kulawar zamantakewa ta yau da kullun da kuma kulawa daga [[Mai kula da shi|manyan masu kula da yara]] a farkon ƙuruciya . Irin wannan gazawar zai faru ne sakamakon abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na farko na sakaci, cin zarafi, rabuwar kai tsaye daga masu kula da yara tsakanin watanni uku zuwa shekaru uku, sau da yawa canji ko yawan masu kula da yara, ko rashin amsawar mai kula da yara ga ƙoƙarin sadarwa wanda ke haifar da rashin aminci na asali. Tarihin matsala na dangantakar zamantakewa da ke faruwa bayan kimanin shekaru uku na iya zama abin damuwa ga yaro, amma ba ya haifar da rashin jituwa da juna. == Matsalar ''Haɗin kai'' da ''Haɗin Kai'' == Ka'idar haɗewa galibi ka'idar juyin halitta ce da kuma ta ɗabi'a . Dangane da jarirai, galibi ta ƙunshi ''kusanci da neman'' ''siffar haɗewa'' a gaban barazana, don manufar rayuwa. Kodayake haɗewa "ƙulla ce", ba ta da alaƙa da soyayya da ƙauna, duk da cewa suna haɗuwa akai-akai; haɗin gwiwa mai kyau ana ɗaukarsa muhimmin tushe ne na duk wata dangantaka da ke tafe. Jarirai suna haɗuwa da manya waɗanda ke da hankali da amsawa a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa da jariri, kuma waɗanda suka kasance masu kula da juna na ɗan lokaci. Amsoshin iyaye suna haifar da haɓaka tsarin haɗewa wanda hakan ke haifar da "samfuran aiki na ciki" waɗanda ke jagorantar ji, tunani, da tsammanin mutum a cikin dangantaka ta gaba. Babban ɓangaren haɗin kai ana kiransa ''amintaccen aminci'' . Amincewar asali ra'ayi ne mai faɗi fiye da haɗin kai domin ya wuce dangantakar mai kula da jarirai zuwa "faɗin hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa ta wasu masu aminci da kulawa" <ref name="Newman">Newman, Barbara M., and Philip R. Newman. ''Development through Life: A Psychosocial Approach''. 12th ed. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2015. 177. Print. {{ISBN|9781285459967}}</ref> kuma "yana haɗa amincewa game da abin da ya gabata da imani game da makomar". <ref name="Newman" /> " Erikson ya yi jayayya cewa jin daɗin amincewa da kai da wasu shine tushen ci gaban ɗan adam" kuma tare da daidaiton rashin yarda yana haifar da bege . A ma'anar asibiti, rashin lafiya yanayi ne da ke buƙatar magani maimakon abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka masu zuwa. Akwai rashin daidaito game da ainihin ma'anar kalmar "rashin haɗin gwiwa", amma akwai yarjejeniya gabaɗaya cewa irin waɗannan rikice-rikicen suna tasowa ne kawai bayan abubuwan da suka faru na rashin kulawa da wuri. Rashin haɗin gwiwa mai amsawa (RAD) yana nuna rashin ɗayan ko duka manyan ɓangarorin ''kusanci da ke neman'' ''siffar haɗin gwiwa'' da aka gano. Wannan na iya faruwa a cibiyoyi, tare da canje-canje masu maimaitawa na mai kulawa, ko kuma daga masu kula da farko waɗanda ba su da kulawa sosai waɗanda ke nuna rashin kulawa akai-akai ga buƙatun haɗin gwiwa na yaro bayan watanni 6. Rarraba RAD na hukuma a yanzu a ƙarƙashin DSM-IV-TR da ICD-10 sun dogara ne akan wannan fahimtar yanayin haɗin gwiwa. Kalmomin ''salon haɗewa'' ko ''tsari'' suna nufin nau'ikan haɗe-haɗe daban-daban da suka taso daga abubuwan da suka faru na kulawa da wuri, waɗanda ake kira ''tsaro'', ''damuwa-ambivalent'', ''damuwa-avoidant'', (duk an tsara su), da ''rashin tsari'' . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan salon sun fi wasu matsaloli, kuma, kodayake ba cututtuka ba ne a ma'anar asibiti, wani lokacin ana tattauna su a ƙarƙashin kalmar 'cutar haɗe-haɗe'. Tattaunawa game da salon haɗe-haɗe mara tsari wani lokacin yana haɗa shi da yanayin rashin haɗin kai saboda haɗin kai mara tsari ana ganinsa a matsayin farkon yanayin ci gaba wanda ke kai mutum nesa da matakin al'ada, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice na tunani, hali, ko yanayi. Shiga cikin gaggawa don haɗin kai mara tsari, ko wasu salon matsala, yana mai da hankali ne kan canza yanayin ci gaba don samar da sakamako mafi kyau daga baya a rayuwa. Zeanah da abokan aikinsa sun gabatar da wani tsari na daban na sharuɗɗa (duba ƙasa) na nau'ikan cututtukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku, wato "babu wani adadi na haɗin gwiwa da aka nuna wariya", "ƙarfin tushe mai aminci" da "rashin lafiyar haɗin gwiwa da aka samu". Waɗannan rarrabuwa suna ɗaukar cuta a matsayin bambancin da ke buƙatar magani maimakon bambancin mutum ɗaya a cikin kewayon da aka saba. == Tsarin Boris da Zeanah == Manyan masana ka'idojin haɗe-haɗe da yawa, kamar Zeanah da Leiberman, sun fahimci iyakokin ka'idojin DSM-IV-TR da ICD-10 kuma sun gabatar da manyan ka'idojin ganewar asali. Har yanzu babu wata yarjejeniya a hukumance kan waɗannan ka'idoji. APSAC Taskforce ta fahimci a cikin shawarwarinta cewa "matsalolin haɗe-haɗe da suka wuce RAD, damuwa ce ta gaske kuma ta dace ga ƙwararru da ke aiki da yara", kuma ta tsara shawarwari don tantancewa. Boris da Zeanah (1999), sun bayar da hanyar magance matsalolin haɗe-haɗe wanda ke la'akari da shari'o'in da yara ba su sami damar ƙirƙirar haɗe-haɗe ba, waɗanda akwai dangantaka mara kyau, da kuma waɗanda aka katse haɗin da ke akwai ba zato ba tsammani. Wannan zai faɗaɗa ma'anar sosai fiye da ma'anar ICD-10 da DSM-IV-TR saboda waɗannan ma'anoni sun takaita ne ga yanayi inda yaron ba shi da haɗe-haɗe ko babu haɗe-haɗe ga takamaiman adadi na haɗe- ''haɗe'' . Boris da Zeanah suna amfani da kalmar "cutar haɗe-haɗe" don nuna yanayin da ƙaramin yaro ba shi da wani babban mai kula da shi. Irin waɗannan yaran na iya zama masu son jama'a ba tare da la'akari da su ba kuma suna kusantar duk manya, ko da sun saba ko a'a; a madadin haka, ana iya janye su daga motsin rai kuma ba sa neman ta'aziyya daga kowa. Wannan nau'in matsalar haɗe-haɗe yana kama da matsalar haɗe-haɗe mai amsawa kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin DSM da ICD a cikin siffofin da aka hana da aka hana kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Boris da Zeanah sun kuma bayyana wani yanayi da suke kira "ƙarfin tushe mai aminci". A wannan yanayin, yaron yana da wanda ya fi so ya kula da shi, amma dangantakar ta kasance ta yadda yaron ba zai iya amfani da babba don aminci ba yayin da yake bincika muhalli a hankali. Irin waɗannan yaran na iya sanya kansu cikin haɗari, suna iya manne wa babba, suna iya yin biyayya sosai, ko kuma suna iya nuna juyawar rawar da suke kula da shi ko hukunta babban. Nau'in cuta na uku da Boris da Zeanah suka tattauna ana kiransa "haɗin gwiwa da ya lalace". Wannan nau'in matsala, wadda ba a rufe ta a ƙarƙashin wasu hanyoyin da za a bi don haɗa kai da rashin jituwa ba, tana faruwa ne sakamakon rabuwar kai tsaye ko rashin mai kula da wanda aka saba da shi wanda aka haɗa kai da shi. Martanin ƙaramin yaro ga irin wannan rashin yana daidai da martanin baƙin cikin da wani dattijo ya yi, tare da sauye-sauye masu ci gaba daga zanga-zanga (kuka da bincike) zuwa yanke ƙauna, baƙin ciki, da janyewa daga sadarwa ko wasa, da kuma a ƙarshe rabuwa daga dangantaka ta asali da kuma murmurewa daga ayyukan zamantakewa da wasanni. Kwanan nan, Daniel Schechter da Erica Willheim sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin matsalar damuwa [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|bayan tashin hankali da ta shafi tashin hankali a]] cikin uwa da kuma karkacewar tushe mai aminci (duba sama) wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin kulawa da yara, damuwa game da rabuwa, saka ido sosai, da kuma juyawar rawa. == Matsalolin salon haɗe-haɗe == Yawancin yara 'yan shekara 1 za su iya jure rabuwar ɗan lokaci daga masu kula da su da suka sani kuma suna samun kwanciyar hankali da sauri lokacin da masu kula da su suka dawo. Waɗannan yaran kuma suna amfani da mutanen da suka sani a matsayin "tushe mai aminci" kuma suna komawa gare su lokaci-lokaci lokacin da suke bincika wani sabon yanayi. Ana cewa irin waɗannan yaran suna da salon haɗin kai mai aminci, kuma a zahiri suna ci gaba da haɓaka da kyau ta hanyar fahimta da motsin rai. Ƙananan yara ba sa nuna ci gaba mai kyau a lokacin da suka kai watanni 12. Salon haɗin kansu da ba su da kyau na iya zama masu hasashen mummunan ci gaban zamantakewa daga baya. Duk da cewa waɗannan halayen yaran a watanni 12 ba matsala ba ce mai tsanani, suna bayyana a kan hanyoyin ci gaba waɗanda za su ƙare da ƙarancin ƙwarewa da dangantaka ta zamantakewa. Saboda salon haɗin kai na iya zama masu hasashen ci gaba daga baya, yana iya zama daidai a yi tunanin wasu salon haɗin kai a matsayin wani ɓangare na nau'ikan matsalolin haɗin kai. Salon soyayya mara tsaro a cikin yara ƙanana yana haifar da haɗuwa ta musamman bayan rabuwa da wanda suka saba. Yara na iya ƙin mai kula da wanda ya dawo, ko kuma su je wurin mutumin amma sai su ƙi a ɗauke su. Suna iya sake haɗuwa da mai kula da su, amma sai su ci gaba da manne wa mai kula da su, kuma su kasa komawa ga wasan da suka yi a baya. Waɗannan yaran suna iya samun matsalolin zamantakewa daga baya tare da takwarorinsu da malamai, amma wasu daga cikinsu suna haɓaka hanyoyin mu'amala da wasu mutane ba zato ba tsammani. Ƙaramin rukuni na yara ƙanana suna nuna wata hanya mai ban tausayi ta sake haɗuwa bayan rabuwa. Ana kiranta salon rashin tsari/rashin tsari, wannan tsarin sake haɗuwa na iya haɗawa da kallon cikin ruɗewa ko tsoro, sanyi a wurin, komawa ga mai kula da shi ko kusantar da kai da sauri, ko nuna wasu halaye waɗanda ke nuna tsoron mutumin da ake nema. [1] An yi la'akari da rashin tsari na haɗin kai a matsayin babban abin haɗari ga ilimin halayyar yara, domin da alama yana tsoma baki ga tsari ko jure wa motsin rai mara kyau kuma don haka yana iya haifar da ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi. [2] Tsarin haɗin kai mara tsari yana da mafi girman alaƙa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na lokaci guda da na gaba, kuma bincike mai zurfi ya nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin yaro da muhalli na haɗin kai mara tsari. [3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qvpnzoavdk9gsr6qx8fa7d5zfw6w1m3 856584 856582 2026-06-14T07:55:22Z Sardeeq 39275 856584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matsalolin alaƙar da ke tattare da juna''' sune rikice-rikicen yanayi, ɗabi'u, da alaƙar zamantakewa da ke tasowa sakamakon rashin samun kulawar zamantakewa ta yau da kullun da kuma kulawa daga [[Mai kula da shi|manyan masu kula da yara]] a farkon ƙuruciya . Irin wannan gazawar zai faru ne sakamakon abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na farko na sakaci, cin zarafi, rabuwar kai tsaye daga masu kula da yara tsakanin watanni uku zuwa shekaru uku, sau da yawa canji ko yawan masu kula da yara, ko rashin amsawar mai kula da yara ga ƙoƙarin sadarwa wanda ke haifar da rashin aminci na asali. Tarihin matsala na dangantakar zamantakewa da ke faruwa bayan kimanin shekaru uku na iya zama abin damuwa ga yaro, amma ba ya haifar da rashin jituwa da juna. == Matsalar ''Haɗin kai'' da ''Haɗin Kai'' == Ka'idar haɗewa galibi ka'idar juyin halitta ce da kuma ta ɗabi'a . Dangane da jarirai, galibi ta ƙunshi ''kusanci da neman'' ''siffar haɗewa'' a gaban barazana, don manufar rayuwa. Kodayake haɗewa "ƙulla ce", ba ta da alaƙa da soyayya da ƙauna, duk da cewa suna haɗuwa akai-akai; haɗin gwiwa mai kyau ana ɗaukarsa muhimmin tushe ne na duk wata dangantaka da ke tafe. Jarirai suna haɗuwa da manya waɗanda ke da hankali da amsawa a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa da jariri, kuma waɗanda suka kasance masu kula da juna na ɗan lokaci. Amsoshin iyaye suna haifar da haɓaka tsarin haɗewa wanda hakan ke haifar da "samfuran aiki na ciki" waɗanda ke jagorantar ji, tunani, da tsammanin mutum a cikin dangantaka ta gaba. Babban ɓangaren haɗin kai ana kiransa ''amintaccen aminci'' . Amincewar asali ra'ayi ne mai faɗi fiye da haɗin kai domin ya wuce dangantakar mai kula da jarirai zuwa "faɗin hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa ta wasu masu aminci da kulawa" <ref name="Newman">Newman, Barbara M., and Philip R. Newman. ''Development through Life: A Psychosocial Approach''. 12th ed. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2015. 177. Print. {{ISBN|9781285459967}}</ref> kuma "yana haɗa amincewa game da abin da ya gabata da imani game da makomar". <ref name="Newman" /> " Erikson ya yi jayayya cewa jin daɗin amincewa da kai da wasu shine tushen ci gaban ɗan adam" kuma tare da daidaiton rashin yarda yana haifar da bege . A ma'anar asibiti, rashin lafiya yanayi ne da ke buƙatar magani maimakon abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka masu zuwa. Akwai rashin daidaito game da ainihin ma'anar kalmar "rashin haɗin gwiwa", amma akwai yarjejeniya gabaɗaya cewa irin waɗannan rikice-rikicen suna tasowa ne kawai bayan abubuwan da suka faru na rashin kulawa da wuri. Rashin haɗin gwiwa mai amsawa (RAD) yana nuna rashin ɗayan ko duka manyan ɓangarorin ''kusanci da ke neman'' ''siffar haɗin gwiwa'' da aka gano. Wannan na iya faruwa a cibiyoyi, tare da canje-canje masu maimaitawa na mai kulawa, ko kuma daga masu kula da farko waɗanda ba su da kulawa sosai waɗanda ke nuna rashin kulawa akai-akai ga buƙatun haɗin gwiwa na yaro bayan watanni 6. Rarraba RAD na hukuma a yanzu a ƙarƙashin DSM-IV-TR da ICD-10 sun dogara ne akan wannan fahimtar yanayin haɗin gwiwa. Kalmomin ''salon haɗewa'' ko ''tsari'' suna nufin nau'ikan haɗe-haɗe daban-daban da suka taso daga abubuwan da suka faru na kulawa da wuri, waɗanda ake kira ''tsaro'', ''damuwa-ambivalent'', ''damuwa-avoidant'', (duk an tsara su), da ''rashin tsari'' . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan salon sun fi wasu matsaloli, kuma, kodayake ba cututtuka ba ne a ma'anar asibiti, wani lokacin ana tattauna su a ƙarƙashin kalmar 'cutar haɗe-haɗe'. Tattaunawa game da salon haɗe-haɗe mara tsari wani lokacin yana haɗa shi da yanayin rashin haɗin kai saboda haɗin kai mara tsari ana ganinsa a matsayin farkon yanayin ci gaba wanda ke kai mutum nesa da matakin al'ada, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice na tunani, hali, ko yanayi. Shiga cikin gaggawa don haɗin kai mara tsari, ko wasu salon matsala, yana mai da hankali ne kan canza yanayin ci gaba don samar da sakamako mafi kyau daga baya a rayuwa. Zeanah da abokan aikinsa sun gabatar da wani tsari na daban na sharuɗɗa (duba ƙasa) na nau'ikan cututtukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku, wato "babu wani adadi na haɗin gwiwa da aka nuna wariya", "ƙarfin tushe mai aminci" da "rashin lafiyar haɗin gwiwa da aka samu". Waɗannan rarrabuwa suna ɗaukar cuta a matsayin bambancin da ke buƙatar magani maimakon bambancin mutum ɗaya a cikin kewayon da aka saba. == Tsarin Boris da Zeanah == Manyan masana ka'idojin haɗe-haɗe da yawa, kamar Zeanah da Leiberman, sun fahimci iyakokin ka'idojin DSM-IV-TR da ICD-10 kuma sun gabatar da manyan ka'idojin ganewar asali. Har yanzu babu wata yarjejeniya a hukumance kan waɗannan ka'idoji. APSAC Taskforce ta fahimci a cikin shawarwarinta cewa "matsalolin haɗe-haɗe da suka wuce RAD, damuwa ce ta gaske kuma ta dace ga ƙwararru da ke aiki da yara", kuma ta tsara shawarwari don tantancewa. Boris da Zeanah (1999), sun bayar da hanyar magance matsalolin haɗe-haɗe wanda ke la'akari da shari'o'in da yara ba su sami damar ƙirƙirar haɗe-haɗe ba, waɗanda akwai dangantaka mara kyau, da kuma waɗanda aka katse haɗin da ke akwai ba zato ba tsammani. Wannan zai faɗaɗa ma'anar sosai fiye da ma'anar ICD-10 da DSM-IV-TR saboda waɗannan ma'anoni sun takaita ne ga yanayi inda yaron ba shi da haɗe-haɗe ko babu haɗe-haɗe ga takamaiman adadi na haɗe- ''haɗe'' . Boris da Zeanah suna amfani da kalmar "cutar haɗe-haɗe" don nuna yanayin da ƙaramin yaro ba shi da wani babban mai kula da shi. Irin waɗannan yaran na iya zama masu son jama'a ba tare da la'akari da su ba kuma suna kusantar duk manya, ko da sun saba ko a'a; a madadin haka, ana iya janye su daga motsin rai kuma ba sa neman ta'aziyya daga kowa. Wannan nau'in matsalar haɗe-haɗe yana kama da matsalar haɗe-haɗe mai amsawa kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin DSM da ICD a cikin siffofin da aka hana da aka hana kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Boris da Zeanah sun kuma bayyana wani yanayi da suke kira "ƙarfin tushe mai aminci". A wannan yanayin, yaron yana da wanda ya fi so ya kula da shi, amma dangantakar ta kasance ta yadda yaron ba zai iya amfani da babba don aminci ba yayin da yake bincika muhalli a hankali. Irin waɗannan yaran na iya sanya kansu cikin haɗari, suna iya manne wa babba, suna iya yin biyayya sosai, ko kuma suna iya nuna juyawar rawar da suke kula da shi ko hukunta babban. Nau'in cuta na uku da Boris da Zeanah suka tattauna ana kiransa "haɗin gwiwa da ya lalace". Wannan nau'in matsala, wadda ba a rufe ta a ƙarƙashin wasu hanyoyin da za a bi don haɗa kai da rashin jituwa ba, tana faruwa ne sakamakon rabuwar kai tsaye ko rashin mai kula da wanda aka saba da shi wanda aka haɗa kai da shi. Martanin ƙaramin yaro ga irin wannan rashin yana daidai da martanin baƙin cikin da wani dattijo ya yi, tare da sauye-sauye masu ci gaba daga zanga-zanga (kuka da bincike) zuwa yanke ƙauna, baƙin ciki, da janyewa daga sadarwa ko wasa, da kuma a ƙarshe rabuwa daga dangantaka ta asali da kuma murmurewa daga ayyukan zamantakewa da wasanni. Kwanan nan, Daniel Schechter da Erica Willheim sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin matsalar damuwa [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|bayan tashin hankali da ta shafi tashin hankali a]] cikin uwa da kuma karkacewar tushe mai aminci (duba sama) wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin kulawa da yara, damuwa game da rabuwa, saka ido sosai, da kuma juyawar rawa. == Matsalolin salon haɗe-haɗe == Yawancin yara 'yan shekara 1 za su iya jure rabuwar ɗan lokaci daga masu kula da su da suka sani kuma suna samun kwanciyar hankali da sauri lokacin da masu kula da su suka dawo. Waɗannan yaran kuma suna amfani da mutanen da suka sani a matsayin "tushe mai aminci" kuma suna komawa gare su lokaci-lokaci lokacin da suke bincika wani sabon yanayi. Ana cewa irin waɗannan yaran suna da salon haɗin kai mai aminci, kuma a zahiri suna ci gaba da haɓaka da kyau ta hanyar fahimta da motsin rai. Ƙananan yara ba sa nuna ci gaba mai kyau a lokacin da suka kai watanni 12. Salon haɗin kansu da ba su da kyau na iya zama masu hasashen mummunan ci gaban zamantakewa daga baya. Duk da cewa waɗannan halayen yaran a watanni 12 ba matsala ba ce mai tsanani, suna bayyana a kan hanyoyin ci gaba waɗanda za su ƙare da ƙarancin ƙwarewa da dangantaka ta zamantakewa. Saboda salon haɗin kai na iya zama masu hasashen ci gaba daga baya, yana iya zama daidai a yi tunanin wasu salon haɗin kai a matsayin wani ɓangare na nau'ikan matsalolin haɗin kai. Salon soyayya mara tsaro a cikin yara ƙanana yana haifar da haɗuwa ta musamman bayan rabuwa da wanda suka saba. Yara na iya ƙin mai kula da wanda ya dawo, ko kuma su je wurin mutumin amma sai su ƙi a ɗauke su. Suna iya sake haɗuwa da mai kula da su, amma sai su ci gaba da manne wa mai kula da su, kuma su kasa komawa ga wasan da suka yi a baya. Waɗannan yaran suna iya samun matsalolin zamantakewa daga baya tare da takwarorinsu da malamai, amma wasu daga cikinsu suna haɓaka hanyoyin mu'amala da wasu mutane ba zato ba tsammani. Ƙaramin rukuni na yara ƙanana suna nuna wata hanya mai ban tausayi ta sake haɗuwa bayan rabuwa. Ana kiranta salon rashin tsari/rashin tsari, wannan tsarin sake haɗuwa na iya haɗawa da kallon cikin ruɗewa ko tsoro, sanyi a wurin, komawa ga mai kula da shi ko kusantar da kai da sauri, ko nuna wasu halaye waɗanda ke nuna tsoron mutumin da ake nema. [1] An yi la'akari da rashin tsari na haɗin kai a matsayin babban abin haɗari ga ilimin halayyar yara, domin da alama yana tsoma baki ga tsari ko jure wa motsin rai mara kyau kuma don haka yana iya haifar da ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi. [2] Tsarin haɗin kai mara tsari yana da mafi girman alaƙa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na lokaci guda da na gaba, kuma bincike mai zurfi ya nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin yaro da muhalli na haɗin kai mara tsari. [3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bl0wz43249zjqavqc70aemp5rjqx7uh 0 157321 856587 2026-06-14T07:59:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344347269|Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]]" 856587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{SIRS}} [[Fayil:Sepsi-SIRS.png|alt=A Venn (Circular Overlapping) Color Diagram Illustration Chart for SIRS|right|thumb]] A cikin ilimin rigakafi, '''ciwon amsar kumburi na tsarin''' ('''SIRS''') Yanayin kumburi ne wanda ke shafar dukkan jiki.<ref name="pmid23441054">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jaffer U, Wade RG, Gourlay T |date=2010 |title=Cytokines in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a review |journal=HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=161–75 |issn=2037-0504 |pmc=3484588 |pmid=23441054}}</ref> Amsa ne na jiki ga Zagi mai kamuwa da cuta ko wanda ba mai kamuwa ba. Kodayake ma'anar SIRS tana nufin shi a matsayin amsawar "inflammatory", a zahiri yana da abubuwan da ke tattare da kumburi da kuma rigakafin kumburi. == Gabatarwa == === Matsalolin === SIRS sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar gazawar ɗaya ko fiye da gabobin ko tsarin gabobin.<ref name="accp">{{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis |url=http://www.chestjournal.org/content/101/6/1644.full.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=864–74 |doi=10.1097/00003246-199206000-00025 |pmid=1597042 |s2cid=20057097 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017061809/http://www.chestjournal.org/content/101/6/1644.full.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> Matsalolin SIRS sun hada da * [[Rashin rauni mai tsanani na koda]] * [[Girgiza (hanzari)|Abin mamaki]] * Cutar rashin aiki da kwayoyin halitta da yawa Sauran dalilai sun hada da:<ref name="accp">{{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis |url=http://www.chestjournal.org/content/101/6/1644.full.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=864–74 |doi=10.1097/00003246-199206000-00025 |pmid=1597042 |s2cid=20057097 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017061809/http://www.chestjournal.org/content/101/6/1644.full.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> * Matsalolin tiyata * Rashin isasshen adrenal * Embolism na huhu * aneurysm mai rikitarwaaneurysm na aortic * Cutar zuciya * [[Anaphylaxis|Anafilaxis]] * shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da yawa == Binciken ganewa == SIRS mummunan yanayi ne da ke da alaƙa da kumburi na tsarin, rashin aiki na jiki, da gazawar jiki. Yana da wani sashi na guguwar cytokine, wanda akwai tsari mara kyau na cytokines daban-daban.[1] SIRS kuma yana da alaƙa da sepsis, wanda marasa lafiya suka gamsu da ka'idojin SIRS kuma suna da abin zargi ko tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta.[2][3][4][5] Masana da yawa suna la'akari da ka'idojin yanzu don ganewar asali na SIRS don zama mai saukin kamuwa, kamar yadda kusan dukkanin (> 90%) na marasa lafiya da aka shigar da su a cikin ICU sun cika ka'idodin SIRS.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eiswoxyc2lrecy2rlnwr4883qc2eev6 856637 856587 2026-06-14T08:59:06Z Arabiyu 28508 856637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{SIRS}} [[Fayil:Sepsi-SIRS.png|alt=A Venn (Circular Overlapping) Color Diagram Illustration Chart for SIRS|right|thumb]] A cikin ilimin rigakafi, '''ciwon amsar kumburi na tsarin''' ('''SIRS''') Yanayin kumburi ne wanda ke shafar dukkan jiki.<ref name="pmid23441054">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jaffer U, Wade RG, Gourlay T |date=2010 |title=Cytokines in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a review |journal=HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=161–75 |issn=2037-0504 |pmc=3484588 |pmid=23441054}}</ref> Amsa ne na jiki ga Zagi mai kamuwa da cuta ko wanda ba mai kamuwa ba. Kodayake ma'anar SIRS tana nufin shi a matsayin amsawar "inflammatory", a zahiri yana da abubuwan da ke tattare da kumburi da kuma rigakafin kumburi. == Gabatarwa == === Matsalolin === SIRS sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar gazawar ɗaya ko fiye da gabobin ko tsarin gabobin.<ref name="accp">{{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis |url=http://www.chestjournal.org/content/101/6/1644.full.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=864–74 |doi=10.1097/00003246-199206000-00025 |pmid=1597042 |s2cid=20057097 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017061809/http://www.chestjournal.org/content/101/6/1644.full.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> Matsalolin SIRS sun hada da * [[Rashin rauni mai tsanani na koda]] * [[Girgiza (hanzari)|Abin mamaki]] * Cutar rashin aiki da kwayoyin halitta da yawa Sauran dalilai sun hada da:<ref name="accp">{{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis |url=http://www.chestjournal.org/content/101/6/1644.full.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=864–74 |doi=10.1097/00003246-199206000-00025 |pmid=1597042 |s2cid=20057097 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017061809/http://www.chestjournal.org/content/101/6/1644.full.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> * Matsalolin tiyata * Rashin isasshen adrenal * Embolism na huhu * aneurysm mai rikitarwaaneurysm na aortic * Cutar zuciya * [[Anaphylaxis|Anafilaxis]] * shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da yawa == Binciken ganewa == SIRS mummunan yanayi ne da ke da alaƙa da kumburi na tsarin, rashin aiki na jiki, da gazawar jiki. Yana da wani sashi na guguwar cytokine, wanda akwai tsari mara kyau na cytokines daban-daban.[1] SIRS kuma yana da alaƙa da sepsis, wanda marasa lafiya suka gamsu da ka'idojin SIRS kuma suna da abin zargi ko tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta.[2][3][4][5] Masana da yawa suna la'akari da ka'idojin yanzu don ganewar asali na SIRS don zama mai saukin kamuwa, kamar yadda kusan dukkanin (> 90%) na marasa lafiya da aka shigar da su a cikin ICU sun cika ka'idodin SIRS.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] je4xordzkw563fhov05lljb4tau73v6 0 157322 856588 2026-06-14T07:59:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319527048|Congenital cytomegalovirus infection]]" 856588 wikitext text/x-wiki ''cytomegalovirus'' (cCMV) kamuwa ne na cytomegalovvirus (CMV) a lokacin daukar ciki wanda ke haifar da haihuwar [[jariri]] tare da kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="CDC2022">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Prevent the spread of CMV |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/congenital-infection.html#:~:text=CMV%20is%20the%20most%20common,How%20Does%20CMV%20Spread |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Yawancin su ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka.<ref name="CDC2022" /> Wasu jarirai da abin ya shafa ƙananan ne.<ref name="CDC2022" /> Sauran alamu da alamomi sun haɗa da rash, [[Shawara|jaundice]], hepatomegaly, retinitis, da seizures.<ref name="CDC2022" /> Zai iya haifar da asarar ji ko hangen nesa, [[Rashin ci gaba|nakasa ta ci gaba]], ko karamin kai.<ref name="CDC2022" /> CMV memba ne na dangin kwayar cutar herpesviridae kuma ita ce mafi yawan kamuwa da cuta ta [[Juna biyu|ciki]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dobbie |first=Allison M. |date=2017 |title=Evaluation and management of cytomegalovirus-associated congenital hearing loss |journal=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=390–395 |doi=10.1097/moo.0000000000000401 |issn=1068-9508 |pmid=28857892}}</ref> cCMV yana faruwa ne lokacin da uwa ta kamu da CMV a cikin ciki kuma ta ba da shi ga jaririnta da ba a haifa ba.<ref name="CDC2022">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Prevent the spread of CMV |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/congenital-infection.html#:~:text=CMV%20is%20the%20most%20common,How%20Does%20CMV%20Spread |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Hadarin kamuwa da mummunar cuta ya fi girma idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar a farkon ciki; yawancin ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje a cikin makonni 3 na farko bayan haihuwa; a kan fitsari, kodayake ana iya amfani da hawaye da jini.<ref name="CDC2022" /><ref name="Dom2020" /> Ana rage damar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar wanke hannu, da kuma guje wa taɓa haushi ko fitsari na yara ƙanana.<ref name="CDC2022" /> == Gabatarwa == Ga jarirai waɗanda mahaifiyarsu ta kamu da su kafin a haife su, akwai yanayi biyu masu haɗari: * Cutar ta gaba ɗaya na iya faruwa a cikin jariri, kuma tana iya haifar da rikitarwa kamar ƙarancin [[nauyin haihuwa]], microcephaly, fashewa, fashewar petechial mai kama da fashewar "blueberry muffin" na ciwon rubella na haihuwa, da matsakaici hepatosplenomegaly (tare da [[Shawara|jaundice]]). Kodayake cututtukan da suka faru na iya zama masu kisa, tare da maganin tallafi yawancin jarirai tare da cutar CMV za su tsira. Koyaya, daga 80% zuwa 90% za su sami rikitarwa a cikin 'yan shekarun farko na rayuwa wanda zai iya haɗawa da asarar ji, raunin gani, da kuma matakai daban-daban na nakasa na ilmantarwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Wani 5% zuwa 10% na jarirai da suka kamu da cutar amma ba tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka ba a lokacin haihuwa za su sami matakai daban-daban na ji da tunani ko matsalolin daidaitawa. CMV shine mafi yawan dalilin rashin jin daɗi a cikin yara. Farawar rashin jin na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci a lokacin ƙuruciya, kodayake yawanci a cikin shekaru goma na farko. Yana ci gaba kuma yana iya shafar kunnuwa biyu. A baya mahaifiyar ta kwantar da kwayar cutar a lokacin daukar ciki, tasirin ya fi tsanani a kan tayin, kamar yadda abin da ya faru na SNHL ya dogara da wane kwangila na CMV. Kwayar cutar tana da asusun 20% na asarar ji a cikin yara.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lim |first=Yinru |last2=Lyall |first2=Hermione |date=2017 |title=Congenital cytomegalovirus – who, when, what-with and why to treat? |journal=Journal of Infection |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=S89–S94 |doi=10.1016/s0163-4453(17)30197-4 |issn=0163-4453 |pmid=28646968}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dobbie |first=Allison M. |date=2017 |title=Evaluation and management of cytomegalovirus-associated congenital hearing loss |journal=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=390–395 |doi=10.1097/moo.0000000000000401 |issn=1068-9508 |pmid=28857892}}</ref> Wadannan haɗarin sun bayyana kusan suna da alaƙa da mata waɗanda a baya ba a kamu da CMV ba kuma waɗanda ke samun kamuwa da kwayar cutar ta farko yayin daukar ciki. Akwai ƙananan haɗarin rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da CMV ga mata waɗanda suka kamu da cutar aƙalla watanni 6 kafin a ɗauke su. Ga wannan rukuni, wanda ya kai kashi 50% zuwa 80% na mata masu haihuwa, yawan jaririn CMV shine 1%, kuma waɗannan jarirai sun bayyana ba su da wata cuta ko rashin lafiya. Hakanan ana iya yaduwar kwayar cutar ga jariri a lokacin haihuwa daga hulɗa da ɓoyayyun jima'i ko daga baya a jariri ta hanyar madarar nono. Koyaya, waɗannan cututtukan yawanci suna haifar da ƙarancin cuta ko babu cuta a cikin jariri. Hakanan ana iya canja wurin CMV ta hanyar ƙarin jini da kusanci da manyan kungiyoyin yara.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Coleman |first=J. L |last2=Steele |first2=R. W |date=2017 |title=Preventing Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection |journal=Clinical Pediatrics |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=1085–1084 |doi=10.1177/0009922817724400 |pmid=28825308 |s2cid=39691206}}</ref> Don taƙaitawa, a lokacin daukar ciki lokacin da mace da ba ta taɓa kamuwa da cutar CMV ba ta kamu da CMV, akwai haɗarin cewa bayan haihuwa jariri na iya samun matsalolin da suka shafi CMV, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da asarar ji, raunin gani, ko raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da motsi. A gefe guda, jarirai masu lafiya da yara waɗanda suka sami CMV bayan haihuwa suna da kaɗan, idan akwai, alamomi ko rikitarwa. Koyaya, jarirai da aka haifa kafin haihuwa kuma sun kamu da CMV bayan haihuwa (musamman ta hanyar madara [1]) na iya fuskantar raunin fahimta da motsi daga baya a rayuwa. [2][3] == Gwaje-Gwaje == Mutanen da suka kamu da CMV suna haɓaka magungunan rigakafi, da farko IgM daga baya IgG yana nuna kamuwa da cuta na yanzu da rigakafi bi da bi. Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ta hanyar warewar kwayar cuta, ko ta amfani da jini, fitsari, ko samfurori na hanci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dobbie |first=Allison M. |date=2017 |title=Evaluation and management of cytomegalovirus-associated congenital hearing loss |journal=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=390–395 |doi=10.1097/moo.0000000000000401 |issn=1068-9508 |pmid=28857892}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] skos1rt0eqvvsy3u6drttfle5p6wi50 856636 856588 2026-06-14T08:58:53Z Arabiyu 28508 856636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''cytomegalovirus'' (cCMV) kamuwa ne na cytomegalovvirus (CMV) a lokacin daukar ciki wanda ke haifar da haihuwar [[jariri]] tare da kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="CDC2022">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Prevent the spread of CMV |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/congenital-infection.html#:~:text=CMV%20is%20the%20most%20common,How%20Does%20CMV%20Spread |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Yawancin su ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka.<ref name="CDC2022" /> Wasu jarirai da abin ya shafa ƙananan ne.<ref name="CDC2022" /> Sauran alamu da alamomi sun haɗa da rash, [[Shawara|jaundice]], hepatomegaly, retinitis, da seizures.<ref name="CDC2022" /> Zai iya haifar da asarar ji ko hangen nesa, [[Rashin ci gaba|nakasa ta ci gaba]], ko karamin kai.<ref name="CDC2022" /> CMV memba ne na dangin kwayar cutar herpesviridae kuma ita ce mafi yawan kamuwa da cuta ta [[Juna biyu|ciki]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dobbie |first=Allison M. |date=2017 |title=Evaluation and management of cytomegalovirus-associated congenital hearing loss |journal=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=390–395 |doi=10.1097/moo.0000000000000401 |issn=1068-9508 |pmid=28857892}}</ref> cCMV yana faruwa ne lokacin da uwa ta kamu da CMV a cikin ciki kuma ta ba da shi ga jaririnta da ba a haifa ba.<ref name="CDC2022">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Prevent the spread of CMV |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/congenital-infection.html#:~:text=CMV%20is%20the%20most%20common,How%20Does%20CMV%20Spread |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Hadarin kamuwa da mummunar cuta ya fi girma idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar a farkon ciki; yawancin ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje a cikin makonni 3 na farko bayan haihuwa; a kan fitsari, kodayake ana iya amfani da hawaye da jini.<ref name="CDC2022" /><ref name="Dom2020" /> Ana rage damar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar wanke hannu, da kuma guje wa taɓa haushi ko fitsari na yara ƙanana.<ref name="CDC2022" /> == Gabatarwa == Ga jarirai waɗanda mahaifiyarsu ta kamu da su kafin a haife su, akwai yanayi biyu masu haɗari: * Cutar ta gaba ɗaya na iya faruwa a cikin jariri, kuma tana iya haifar da rikitarwa kamar ƙarancin [[nauyin haihuwa]], microcephaly, fashewa, fashewar petechial mai kama da fashewar "blueberry muffin" na ciwon rubella na haihuwa, da matsakaici hepatosplenomegaly (tare da [[Shawara|jaundice]]). Kodayake cututtukan da suka faru na iya zama masu kisa, tare da maganin tallafi yawancin jarirai tare da cutar CMV za su tsira. Koyaya, daga 80% zuwa 90% za su sami rikitarwa a cikin 'yan shekarun farko na rayuwa wanda zai iya haɗawa da asarar ji, raunin gani, da kuma matakai daban-daban na nakasa na ilmantarwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Wani 5% zuwa 10% na jarirai da suka kamu da cutar amma ba tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka ba a lokacin haihuwa za su sami matakai daban-daban na ji da tunani ko matsalolin daidaitawa. CMV shine mafi yawan dalilin rashin jin daɗi a cikin yara. Farawar rashin jin na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci a lokacin ƙuruciya, kodayake yawanci a cikin shekaru goma na farko. Yana ci gaba kuma yana iya shafar kunnuwa biyu. A baya mahaifiyar ta kwantar da kwayar cutar a lokacin daukar ciki, tasirin ya fi tsanani a kan tayin, kamar yadda abin da ya faru na SNHL ya dogara da wane kwangila na CMV. Kwayar cutar tana da asusun 20% na asarar ji a cikin yara.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lim |first=Yinru |last2=Lyall |first2=Hermione |date=2017 |title=Congenital cytomegalovirus – who, when, what-with and why to treat? |journal=Journal of Infection |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=S89–S94 |doi=10.1016/s0163-4453(17)30197-4 |issn=0163-4453 |pmid=28646968}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dobbie |first=Allison M. |date=2017 |title=Evaluation and management of cytomegalovirus-associated congenital hearing loss |journal=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=390–395 |doi=10.1097/moo.0000000000000401 |issn=1068-9508 |pmid=28857892}}</ref> Wadannan haɗarin sun bayyana kusan suna da alaƙa da mata waɗanda a baya ba a kamu da CMV ba kuma waɗanda ke samun kamuwa da kwayar cutar ta farko yayin daukar ciki. Akwai ƙananan haɗarin rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da CMV ga mata waɗanda suka kamu da cutar aƙalla watanni 6 kafin a ɗauke su. Ga wannan rukuni, wanda ya kai kashi 50% zuwa 80% na mata masu haihuwa, yawan jaririn CMV shine 1%, kuma waɗannan jarirai sun bayyana ba su da wata cuta ko rashin lafiya. Hakanan ana iya yaduwar kwayar cutar ga jariri a lokacin haihuwa daga hulɗa da ɓoyayyun jima'i ko daga baya a jariri ta hanyar madarar nono. Koyaya, waɗannan cututtukan yawanci suna haifar da ƙarancin cuta ko babu cuta a cikin jariri. Hakanan ana iya canja wurin CMV ta hanyar ƙarin jini da kusanci da manyan kungiyoyin yara.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Coleman |first=J. L |last2=Steele |first2=R. W |date=2017 |title=Preventing Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection |journal=Clinical Pediatrics |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=1085–1084 |doi=10.1177/0009922817724400 |pmid=28825308 |s2cid=39691206}}</ref> Don taƙaitawa, a lokacin daukar ciki lokacin da mace da ba ta taɓa kamuwa da cutar CMV ba ta kamu da CMV, akwai haɗarin cewa bayan haihuwa jariri na iya samun matsalolin da suka shafi CMV, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da asarar ji, raunin gani, ko raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da motsi. A gefe guda, jarirai masu lafiya da yara waɗanda suka sami CMV bayan haihuwa suna da kaɗan, idan akwai, alamomi ko rikitarwa. Koyaya, jarirai da aka haifa kafin haihuwa kuma sun kamu da CMV bayan haihuwa (musamman ta hanyar madara [1]) na iya fuskantar raunin fahimta da motsi daga baya a rayuwa. [2][3] == Gwaje-Gwaje == Mutanen da suka kamu da CMV suna haɓaka magungunan rigakafi, da farko IgM daga baya IgG yana nuna kamuwa da cuta na yanzu da rigakafi bi da bi. Ana iya gano kwayar cutar ta hanyar warewar kwayar cuta, ko ta amfani da jini, fitsari, ko samfurori na hanci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dobbie |first=Allison M. |date=2017 |title=Evaluation and management of cytomegalovirus-associated congenital hearing loss |journal=Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=390–395 |doi=10.1097/moo.0000000000000401 |issn=1068-9508 |pmid=28857892}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a2xn5kd7ia3fr9f3pq5izi2bjrtbwqd 0 157323 856593 2026-06-14T08:03:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301149389|Neonatal herpes]]" 856593 wikitext text/x-wiki Neonatal herpes simplex, ko kuma kawai neonatal herpes, kamuwa ne da cutar herpes a cikin jariri, wanda Kwayar cutar herpes simplex (HSV) ta haifar. Yana faruwa galibi ne sakamakon yaduwar HSV daga mahaifiyar da ke fama da cutar zuwa jaririnta.[1] Nau'o'in sun haɗa da fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM), herpes mai yaduwa (DIS), da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). [2] Dangane da nau'in, alamun sun bambanta daga zazzabi zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, rashin jin daɗi, ƙarancin zafin jiki, lethargy, wahalar numfashi, da babban ciki saboda ascites ko babban hanta.[2] Akwai yiwuwar idanu masu jan ruwa ko babu alamomi.[2] Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes ko rauni na haihuwa na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A duniya, an kiyasta yana shafar ɗaya cikin haihuwa 10,000.<ref name="WHO2023">{{Cite web |title=Herpes simplex virus |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818092142/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Kusan 1 a cikin kowane jarirai 3,500 a Amurka suna kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta. == Alamomi da alamomi == Neonatal herpes bayyana kansa a cikin nau'o'i uku: fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM, wani lokacin ana kiransa "na wuri"); yaduwar herpes (DIS); da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). <ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> * S == Dalilin da ya sa == Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes na dogon lokaci na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> Wuraren rauni kamar forceps ko scalp electrodes na iya samar da ƙofar shiga ga HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> === Abubuwan haɗari === Abubuwan haɗarin uwa don HSV-1 na jarirai sun haɗa da: White wanda ba na Hispanic ba, <ref name="pmid17240228">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Fujie |last2=Markowitz |first2=Lauri E. |last3=Gottlieb |first3=Sami L. |last4=Berman |first4=Stuart M. |date=1 January 2007 |title=Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in the United States |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258692 |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=43.e1–6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.051 |pmid=17240228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> shekarun uwa (<25), kamuwa da cuta ta farko a cikin watanni uku, ciki na farko, HSV (1&2) seronegativity, <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai rikitarwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=David A. |date=December 2005 |title=Risk factors for herpes simplex virus transmission to pregnant women: A couples study |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=193 |issue=6 |pages=1887–1888 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.007 |pmid=16325587}}</ref> ciki <38 makonni, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part II: Obstetric considerations -- a tale of hospitals in two cities (Seattle and Atlanta, USA) |journal=Herpes |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=41–44 |pmid=15955267}}</ref> da kuma jima'i na baki a cikin watanni huɗu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part I: continuing challenges |url=http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Herpes (journal)|Herpes]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=33–7 |pmid=15955265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412144622/http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-12 |access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref> Abubuwan haɗarin uwa na HSV-2 na jarirai: Black race, <ref name="pmid8106731">{{Cite journal |last=Mertz |first=Gregory J. |date=December 1993 |title=Epidemiology of genital herpes infections |journal=[[Infectious Disease Clinics of North America]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=825–839 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30561-4 |pmid=8106731}}</ref> matashi na uwa (<21), <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai banƙyama, na farko ko wanda ba na farko ba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardella |first=Carolyn |last2=Brown |first2=Zane A. |last3=Wald |first3=Anna |last4=Morrow |first4=Rhoda Ashley |last5=Selke |first5=Stacy |last6=Krantz |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Corey |first7=Lawrence |display-authors=etal |date=August 2005 |title=Poor correlation between genital lesions and detection of herpes simplex virus in women in labor |journal=[[Obstetrics and Gynecology (journal)| ]] |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000171102.07831.74 |pmid=16055574 |s2cid=23039017 |doi-access=}}</ref> abokan jima'i na rayuwa huɗu ko fiye, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> mafi ƙarancin ilimi, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> tarihin STD na baya, tarihin zubar da ciki na farko, da ciki na ciki < makonni 38. === Yaduwa === Yawancin shari'o'in (85%) suna faruwa ne a lokacin haihuwa lokacin da jaririn ya haɗu da ɓoyayyun al'aura masu kamuwa da cuta a cikin hanyar haihuwa, mafi yawanci tare da uwaye da aka fallasa sabon kwayar cutar (uwaye da ke da kwayar cutar kafin daukar ciki suna da ƙananan haɗarin yaduwa). An kiyasta kashi 5% sun kamu da cutar a cikin mahaifa, kuma kusan kashi 10% na shari'o'in ana samun su [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]]. Bincike da rigakafi yana da wahala saboda yaduwar ba ta da alamomi a cikin 60-98% na shari'o'in.<ref name="pmid16740836">{{Cite journal |last=Kropp |first=Rhonda Y. |last2=Wong |first2=Thomas |last3=Cormier |first3=Louise |last4=Ringrose |first4=Allison |last5=Burton |first5=Sandra |last6=Embree |first6=Joanne E. |last7=Steben |first7=Marc |display-authors=etal |date=June 2006 |title=Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Canada: Results of a 3-Year National Prospective Study |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)| ]] |volume=117 |issue=61 |pages=1955–1962 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1778 |pmid=16740836 |s2cid=9632498}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka faru bayan haihuwa na iya faruwa daga wata tushe ba tare da uwa ba, kamar wani Orthodox Jewish mohel tare da herpetic gingivostomatitis wanda ke yin shayarwa ta baki a kan raunin [[Kachiya|kaciya]] ba tare da amfani da shingen rigakafi ba don hana hulɗa tsakanin azzakari na jariri da bakin mohel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision by Orthodox Jews |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/baby-dies-herpes-virus-ritual-circumcision-nyc-orthodox/story?id=15888618 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=Cases of herpes in baby boys linked to ultra-Orthodox Jewish circumcision ritual going up |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |archive-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 NY babies get herpes from Jewish circumcision rite in past 6 months |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/4-ny-babies-get-herpes-from-jewish-circumcision-rite-in-past-6-months/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> == Gwaje-Gwaje == Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwajin jini da al'adu.<ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar Swabs daga baki, hanci, makogwaro, idanu, da hanci, don al'adun HSV PCR.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Ana iya shafa ruwa daga kowane kwalliya.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Enzymes na hanta na iya zama alamar farko da za a lura da ita lokacin da ake zargin neonatal HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Sauran gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da hotunan likita na kwakwalwa; MRI, [[CT scan]], ultrasound.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Binciken idanu na iya bayyana cutar ido.<ref name="Fernandes2023" /> === Binciken bambance-bambance === Sauran yanayin fata waɗanda zasu iya bayyana iri ɗaya sun haɗa da erythema toxicum neonatorum, transient neonatal pustular melanosis, ƙwayoyin cuta na yara, miliaria, acropustulosis na yara, da kuma shan blisters.[1] Cutar CNS na iya bayyana kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.[1] Conjunctivitis saboda kamuwa da kwayar cuta ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kama da cutar ido ta neonatal herpes.[1] Kwayar cuta, cutar hepatitis, da sauran cututtukan da suka hada da cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella na iya kwaikwayon nau'in da aka yada.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m2gjvr6dzub9j6jc95kox63whj6zwmq 856632 856593 2026-06-14T08:57:31Z Arabiyu 28508 856632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Neonatal herpes simplex, ko kuma kawai neonatal herpes, kamuwa ne da cutar herpes a cikin jariri, wanda Kwayar cutar herpes simplex (HSV) ta haifar. Yana faruwa galibi ne sakamakon yaduwar HSV daga mahaifiyar da ke fama da cutar zuwa jaririnta.[1] Nau'o'in sun haɗa da fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM), herpes mai yaduwa (DIS), da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). [2] Dangane da nau'in, alamun sun bambanta daga zazzabi zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, rashin jin daɗi, ƙarancin zafin jiki, lethargy, wahalar numfashi, da babban ciki saboda ascites ko babban hanta.[2] Akwai yiwuwar idanu masu jan ruwa ko babu alamomi.[2] Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes ko rauni na haihuwa na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A duniya, an kiyasta yana shafar ɗaya cikin haihuwa 10,000.<ref name="WHO2023">{{Cite web |title=Herpes simplex virus |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818092142/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Kusan 1 a cikin kowane jarirai 3,500 a Amurka suna kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta. == Alamomi da alamomi == Neonatal herpes bayyana kansa a cikin nau'o'i uku: fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM, wani lokacin ana kiransa "na wuri"); yaduwar herpes (DIS); da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). <ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> * S == Dalilin da ya sa == Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes na dogon lokaci na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> Wuraren rauni kamar forceps ko scalp electrodes na iya samar da ƙofar shiga ga HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> === Abubuwan haɗari === Abubuwan haɗarin uwa don HSV-1 na jarirai sun haɗa da: White wanda ba na Hispanic ba, <ref name="pmid17240228">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Fujie |last2=Markowitz |first2=Lauri E. |last3=Gottlieb |first3=Sami L. |last4=Berman |first4=Stuart M. |date=1 January 2007 |title=Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in the United States |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258692 |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=43.e1–6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.051 |pmid=17240228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> shekarun uwa (<25), kamuwa da cuta ta farko a cikin watanni uku, ciki na farko, HSV (1&2) seronegativity, <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai rikitarwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=David A. |date=December 2005 |title=Risk factors for herpes simplex virus transmission to pregnant women: A couples study |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=193 |issue=6 |pages=1887–1888 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.007 |pmid=16325587}}</ref> ciki <38 makonni, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part II: Obstetric considerations -- a tale of hospitals in two cities (Seattle and Atlanta, USA) |journal=Herpes |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=41–44 |pmid=15955267}}</ref> da kuma jima'i na baki a cikin watanni huɗu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part I: continuing challenges |url=http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Herpes (journal)|Herpes]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=33–7 |pmid=15955265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412144622/http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-12 |access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref> Abubuwan haɗarin uwa na HSV-2 na jarirai: Black race, <ref name="pmid8106731">{{Cite journal |last=Mertz |first=Gregory J. |date=December 1993 |title=Epidemiology of genital herpes infections |journal=[[Infectious Disease Clinics of North America]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=825–839 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30561-4 |pmid=8106731}}</ref> matashi na uwa (<21), <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai banƙyama, na farko ko wanda ba na farko ba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardella |first=Carolyn |last2=Brown |first2=Zane A. |last3=Wald |first3=Anna |last4=Morrow |first4=Rhoda Ashley |last5=Selke |first5=Stacy |last6=Krantz |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Corey |first7=Lawrence |display-authors=etal |date=August 2005 |title=Poor correlation between genital lesions and detection of herpes simplex virus in women in labor |journal=[[Obstetrics and Gynecology (journal)| ]] |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000171102.07831.74 |pmid=16055574 |s2cid=23039017 |doi-access=}}</ref> abokan jima'i na rayuwa huɗu ko fiye, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> mafi ƙarancin ilimi, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> tarihin STD na baya, tarihin zubar da ciki na farko, da ciki na ciki < makonni 38. === Yaduwa === Yawancin shari'o'in (85%) suna faruwa ne a lokacin haihuwa lokacin da jaririn ya haɗu da ɓoyayyun al'aura masu kamuwa da cuta a cikin hanyar haihuwa, mafi yawanci tare da uwaye da aka fallasa sabon kwayar cutar (uwaye da ke da kwayar cutar kafin daukar ciki suna da ƙananan haɗarin yaduwa). An kiyasta kashi 5% sun kamu da cutar a cikin mahaifa, kuma kusan kashi 10% na shari'o'in ana samun su [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]]. Bincike da rigakafi yana da wahala saboda yaduwar ba ta da alamomi a cikin 60-98% na shari'o'in.<ref name="pmid16740836">{{Cite journal |last=Kropp |first=Rhonda Y. |last2=Wong |first2=Thomas |last3=Cormier |first3=Louise |last4=Ringrose |first4=Allison |last5=Burton |first5=Sandra |last6=Embree |first6=Joanne E. |last7=Steben |first7=Marc |display-authors=etal |date=June 2006 |title=Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Canada: Results of a 3-Year National Prospective Study |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)| ]] |volume=117 |issue=61 |pages=1955–1962 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1778 |pmid=16740836 |s2cid=9632498}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka faru bayan haihuwa na iya faruwa daga wata tushe ba tare da uwa ba, kamar wani Orthodox Jewish mohel tare da herpetic gingivostomatitis wanda ke yin shayarwa ta baki a kan raunin [[Kachiya|kaciya]] ba tare da amfani da shingen rigakafi ba don hana hulɗa tsakanin azzakari na jariri da bakin mohel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision by Orthodox Jews |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/baby-dies-herpes-virus-ritual-circumcision-nyc-orthodox/story?id=15888618 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=Cases of herpes in baby boys linked to ultra-Orthodox Jewish circumcision ritual going up |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |archive-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 NY babies get herpes from Jewish circumcision rite in past 6 months |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/4-ny-babies-get-herpes-from-jewish-circumcision-rite-in-past-6-months/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> == Gwaje-Gwaje == Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwajin jini da al'adu.<ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar Swabs daga baki, hanci, makogwaro, idanu, da hanci, don al'adun HSV PCR.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Ana iya shafa ruwa daga kowane kwalliya.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Enzymes na hanta na iya zama alamar farko da za a lura da ita lokacin da ake zargin neonatal HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Sauran gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da hotunan likita na kwakwalwa; MRI, [[CT scan]], ultrasound.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Binciken idanu na iya bayyana cutar ido.<ref name="Fernandes2023" /> === Binciken bambance-bambance === Sauran yanayin fata waɗanda zasu iya bayyana iri ɗaya sun haɗa da erythema toxicum neonatorum, transient neonatal pustular melanosis, ƙwayoyin cuta na yara, miliaria, acropustulosis na yara, da kuma shan blisters.[1] Cutar CNS na iya bayyana kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.[1] Conjunctivitis saboda kamuwa da kwayar cuta ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kama da cutar ido ta neonatal herpes.[1] Kwayar cuta, cutar hepatitis, da sauran cututtukan da suka hada da cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella na iya kwaikwayon nau'in da aka yada.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p6ly2zl78mk6kkevn3c1z4rk0a3co07 856633 856632 2026-06-14T08:57:42Z Arabiyu 28508 856633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Gyara}} Neonatal herpes simplex, ko kuma kawai neonatal herpes, kamuwa ne da cutar herpes a cikin jariri, wanda Kwayar cutar herpes simplex (HSV) ta haifar. Yana faruwa galibi ne sakamakon yaduwar HSV daga mahaifiyar da ke fama da cutar zuwa jaririnta.[1] Nau'o'in sun haɗa da fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM), herpes mai yaduwa (DIS), da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). [2] Dangane da nau'in, alamun sun bambanta daga zazzabi zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, rashin jin daɗi, ƙarancin zafin jiki, lethargy, wahalar numfashi, da babban ciki saboda ascites ko babban hanta.[2] Akwai yiwuwar idanu masu jan ruwa ko babu alamomi.[2] Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes ko rauni na haihuwa na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A duniya, an kiyasta yana shafar ɗaya cikin haihuwa 10,000.<ref name="WHO2023">{{Cite web |title=Herpes simplex virus |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818092142/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Kusan 1 a cikin kowane jarirai 3,500 a Amurka suna kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta. == Alamomi da alamomi == Neonatal herpes bayyana kansa a cikin nau'o'i uku: fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM, wani lokacin ana kiransa "na wuri"); yaduwar herpes (DIS); da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). <ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> * S == Dalilin da ya sa == Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes na dogon lokaci na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> Wuraren rauni kamar forceps ko scalp electrodes na iya samar da ƙofar shiga ga HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> === Abubuwan haɗari === Abubuwan haɗarin uwa don HSV-1 na jarirai sun haɗa da: White wanda ba na Hispanic ba, <ref name="pmid17240228">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Fujie |last2=Markowitz |first2=Lauri E. |last3=Gottlieb |first3=Sami L. |last4=Berman |first4=Stuart M. |date=1 January 2007 |title=Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in the United States |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258692 |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=43.e1–6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.051 |pmid=17240228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> shekarun uwa (<25), kamuwa da cuta ta farko a cikin watanni uku, ciki na farko, HSV (1&2) seronegativity, <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai rikitarwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=David A. |date=December 2005 |title=Risk factors for herpes simplex virus transmission to pregnant women: A couples study |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=193 |issue=6 |pages=1887–1888 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.007 |pmid=16325587}}</ref> ciki <38 makonni, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part II: Obstetric considerations -- a tale of hospitals in two cities (Seattle and Atlanta, USA) |journal=Herpes |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=41–44 |pmid=15955267}}</ref> da kuma jima'i na baki a cikin watanni huɗu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part I: continuing challenges |url=http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Herpes (journal)|Herpes]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=33–7 |pmid=15955265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412144622/http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-12 |access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref> Abubuwan haɗarin uwa na HSV-2 na jarirai: Black race, <ref name="pmid8106731">{{Cite journal |last=Mertz |first=Gregory J. |date=December 1993 |title=Epidemiology of genital herpes infections |journal=[[Infectious Disease Clinics of North America]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=825–839 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30561-4 |pmid=8106731}}</ref> matashi na uwa (<21), <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai banƙyama, na farko ko wanda ba na farko ba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardella |first=Carolyn |last2=Brown |first2=Zane A. |last3=Wald |first3=Anna |last4=Morrow |first4=Rhoda Ashley |last5=Selke |first5=Stacy |last6=Krantz |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Corey |first7=Lawrence |display-authors=etal |date=August 2005 |title=Poor correlation between genital lesions and detection of herpes simplex virus in women in labor |journal=[[Obstetrics and Gynecology (journal)| ]] |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000171102.07831.74 |pmid=16055574 |s2cid=23039017 |doi-access=}}</ref> abokan jima'i na rayuwa huɗu ko fiye, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> mafi ƙarancin ilimi, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> tarihin STD na baya, tarihin zubar da ciki na farko, da ciki na ciki < makonni 38. === Yaduwa === Yawancin shari'o'in (85%) suna faruwa ne a lokacin haihuwa lokacin da jaririn ya haɗu da ɓoyayyun al'aura masu kamuwa da cuta a cikin hanyar haihuwa, mafi yawanci tare da uwaye da aka fallasa sabon kwayar cutar (uwaye da ke da kwayar cutar kafin daukar ciki suna da ƙananan haɗarin yaduwa). An kiyasta kashi 5% sun kamu da cutar a cikin mahaifa, kuma kusan kashi 10% na shari'o'in ana samun su [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]]. Bincike da rigakafi yana da wahala saboda yaduwar ba ta da alamomi a cikin 60-98% na shari'o'in.<ref name="pmid16740836">{{Cite journal |last=Kropp |first=Rhonda Y. |last2=Wong |first2=Thomas |last3=Cormier |first3=Louise |last4=Ringrose |first4=Allison |last5=Burton |first5=Sandra |last6=Embree |first6=Joanne E. |last7=Steben |first7=Marc |display-authors=etal |date=June 2006 |title=Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Canada: Results of a 3-Year National Prospective Study |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)| ]] |volume=117 |issue=61 |pages=1955–1962 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1778 |pmid=16740836 |s2cid=9632498}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka faru bayan haihuwa na iya faruwa daga wata tushe ba tare da uwa ba, kamar wani Orthodox Jewish mohel tare da herpetic gingivostomatitis wanda ke yin shayarwa ta baki a kan raunin [[Kachiya|kaciya]] ba tare da amfani da shingen rigakafi ba don hana hulɗa tsakanin azzakari na jariri da bakin mohel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision by Orthodox Jews |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/baby-dies-herpes-virus-ritual-circumcision-nyc-orthodox/story?id=15888618 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=Cases of herpes in baby boys linked to ultra-Orthodox Jewish circumcision ritual going up |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |archive-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 NY babies get herpes from Jewish circumcision rite in past 6 months |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/4-ny-babies-get-herpes-from-jewish-circumcision-rite-in-past-6-months/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> == Gwaje-Gwaje == Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwajin jini da al'adu.<ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar Swabs daga baki, hanci, makogwaro, idanu, da hanci, don al'adun HSV PCR.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Ana iya shafa ruwa daga kowane kwalliya.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Enzymes na hanta na iya zama alamar farko da za a lura da ita lokacin da ake zargin neonatal HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Sauran gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da hotunan likita na kwakwalwa; MRI, [[CT scan]], ultrasound.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Binciken idanu na iya bayyana cutar ido.<ref name="Fernandes2023" /> === Binciken bambance-bambance === Sauran yanayin fata waɗanda zasu iya bayyana iri ɗaya sun haɗa da erythema toxicum neonatorum, transient neonatal pustular melanosis, ƙwayoyin cuta na yara, miliaria, acropustulosis na yara, da kuma shan blisters.[1] Cutar CNS na iya bayyana kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.[1] Conjunctivitis saboda kamuwa da kwayar cuta ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kama da cutar ido ta neonatal herpes.[1] Kwayar cuta, cutar hepatitis, da sauran cututtukan da suka hada da cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella na iya kwaikwayon nau'in da aka yada.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pfynwrydn2zlkd1h6b1vjrint73j22j 856634 856633 2026-06-14T08:57:54Z Arabiyu 28508 856634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Neonatal herpes simplex, ko kuma kawai neonatal herpes, kamuwa ne da cutar herpes a cikin jariri, wanda Kwayar cutar herpes simplex (HSV) ta haifar. Yana faruwa galibi ne sakamakon yaduwar HSV daga mahaifiyar da ke fama da cutar zuwa jaririnta.[1] Nau'o'in sun haɗa da fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM), herpes mai yaduwa (DIS), da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). [2] Dangane da nau'in, alamun sun bambanta daga zazzabi zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, rashin jin daɗi, ƙarancin zafin jiki, lethargy, wahalar numfashi, da babban ciki saboda ascites ko babban hanta.[2] Akwai yiwuwar idanu masu jan ruwa ko babu alamomi.[2] Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes ko rauni na haihuwa na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A duniya, an kiyasta yana shafar ɗaya cikin haihuwa 10,000.<ref name="WHO2023">{{Cite web |title=Herpes simplex virus |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818092142/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Kusan 1 a cikin kowane jarirai 3,500 a Amurka suna kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta. == Alamomi da alamomi == Neonatal herpes bayyana kansa a cikin nau'o'i uku: fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM, wani lokacin ana kiransa "na wuri"); yaduwar herpes (DIS); da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). <ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> * S == Dalilin da ya sa == Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes na dogon lokaci na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> Wuraren rauni kamar forceps ko scalp electrodes na iya samar da ƙofar shiga ga HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> === Abubuwan haɗari === Abubuwan haɗarin uwa don HSV-1 na jarirai sun haɗa da: White wanda ba na Hispanic ba, <ref name="pmid17240228">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Fujie |last2=Markowitz |first2=Lauri E. |last3=Gottlieb |first3=Sami L. |last4=Berman |first4=Stuart M. |date=1 January 2007 |title=Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in the United States |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258692 |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=43.e1–6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.051 |pmid=17240228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> shekarun uwa (<25), kamuwa da cuta ta farko a cikin watanni uku, ciki na farko, HSV (1&2) seronegativity, <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai rikitarwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=David A. |date=December 2005 |title=Risk factors for herpes simplex virus transmission to pregnant women: A couples study |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=193 |issue=6 |pages=1887–1888 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.007 |pmid=16325587}}</ref> ciki <38 makonni, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part II: Obstetric considerations -- a tale of hospitals in two cities (Seattle and Atlanta, USA) |journal=Herpes |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=41–44 |pmid=15955267}}</ref> da kuma jima'i na baki a cikin watanni huɗu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part I: continuing challenges |url=http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Herpes (journal)|Herpes]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=33–7 |pmid=15955265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412144622/http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-12 |access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref> Abubuwan haɗarin uwa na HSV-2 na jarirai: Black race, <ref name="pmid8106731">{{Cite journal |last=Mertz |first=Gregory J. |date=December 1993 |title=Epidemiology of genital herpes infections |journal=[[Infectious Disease Clinics of North America]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=825–839 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30561-4 |pmid=8106731}}</ref> matashi na uwa (<21), <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai banƙyama, na farko ko wanda ba na farko ba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardella |first=Carolyn |last2=Brown |first2=Zane A. |last3=Wald |first3=Anna |last4=Morrow |first4=Rhoda Ashley |last5=Selke |first5=Stacy |last6=Krantz |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Corey |first7=Lawrence |display-authors=etal |date=August 2005 |title=Poor correlation between genital lesions and detection of herpes simplex virus in women in labor |journal=[[Obstetrics and Gynecology (journal)| ]] |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000171102.07831.74 |pmid=16055574 |s2cid=23039017 |doi-access=}}</ref> abokan jima'i na rayuwa huɗu ko fiye, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> mafi ƙarancin ilimi, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> tarihin STD na baya, tarihin zubar da ciki na farko, da ciki na ciki < makonni 38. === Yaduwa === Yawancin shari'o'in (85%) suna faruwa ne a lokacin haihuwa lokacin da jaririn ya haɗu da ɓoyayyun al'aura masu kamuwa da cuta a cikin hanyar haihuwa, mafi yawanci tare da uwaye da aka fallasa sabon kwayar cutar (uwaye da ke da kwayar cutar kafin daukar ciki suna da ƙananan haɗarin yaduwa). An kiyasta kashi 5% sun kamu da cutar a cikin mahaifa, kuma kusan kashi 10% na shari'o'in ana samun su [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]]. Bincike da rigakafi yana da wahala saboda yaduwar ba ta da alamomi a cikin 60-98% na shari'o'in.<ref name="pmid16740836">{{Cite journal |last=Kropp |first=Rhonda Y. |last2=Wong |first2=Thomas |last3=Cormier |first3=Louise |last4=Ringrose |first4=Allison |last5=Burton |first5=Sandra |last6=Embree |first6=Joanne E. |last7=Steben |first7=Marc |display-authors=etal |date=June 2006 |title=Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Canada: Results of a 3-Year National Prospective Study |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)| ]] |volume=117 |issue=61 |pages=1955–1962 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1778 |pmid=16740836 |s2cid=9632498}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka faru bayan haihuwa na iya faruwa daga wata tushe ba tare da uwa ba, kamar wani Orthodox Jewish mohel tare da herpetic gingivostomatitis wanda ke yin shayarwa ta baki a kan raunin [[Kachiya|kaciya]] ba tare da amfani da shingen rigakafi ba don hana hulɗa tsakanin azzakari na jariri da bakin mohel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision by Orthodox Jews |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/baby-dies-herpes-virus-ritual-circumcision-nyc-orthodox/story?id=15888618 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=Cases of herpes in baby boys linked to ultra-Orthodox Jewish circumcision ritual going up |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |archive-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 NY babies get herpes from Jewish circumcision rite in past 6 months |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/4-ny-babies-get-herpes-from-jewish-circumcision-rite-in-past-6-months/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> == Gwaje-Gwaje == Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwajin jini da al'adu.<ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar Swabs daga baki, hanci, makogwaro, idanu, da hanci, don al'adun HSV PCR.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Ana iya shafa ruwa daga kowane kwalliya.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Enzymes na hanta na iya zama alamar farko da za a lura da ita lokacin da ake zargin neonatal HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Sauran gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da hotunan likita na kwakwalwa; MRI, [[CT scan]], ultrasound.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Binciken idanu na iya bayyana cutar ido.<ref name="Fernandes2023" /> === Binciken bambance-bambance === Sauran yanayin fata waɗanda zasu iya bayyana iri ɗaya sun haɗa da erythema toxicum neonatorum, transient neonatal pustular melanosis, ƙwayoyin cuta na yara, miliaria, acropustulosis na yara, da kuma shan blisters.[1] Cutar CNS na iya bayyana kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.[1] Conjunctivitis saboda kamuwa da kwayar cuta ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kama da cutar ido ta neonatal herpes.[1] Kwayar cuta, cutar hepatitis, da sauran cututtukan da suka hada da cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella na iya kwaikwayon nau'in da aka yada.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jpb1vglg0rofdar3jm0hbnqivqjff9m 856635 856634 2026-06-14T08:58:23Z Arabiyu 28508 856635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Neonatal herpes simplex, ko kuma kawai neonatal herpes, kamuwa ne da cutar herpes a cikin jariri, wanda Kwayar cutar herpes simplex (HSV) ta haifar. Yana faruwa galibi ne sakamakon yaduwar HSV daga mahaifiyar da ke fama da cutar zuwa jaririnta. Nau'o'in sun haɗa da fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM), herpes mai yaduwa (DIS), da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). Dangane da nau'in, alamun sun bambanta daga zazzabi zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, rashin jin daɗi, ƙarancin zafin jiki, lethargy, wahalar numfashi, da babban ciki saboda ascites ko babban hanta. Akwai yiwuwar idanu masu jan ruwa ko babu alamomi. Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes ko rauni na haihuwa na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A duniya, an kiyasta yana shafar ɗaya cikin haihuwa 10,000.<ref name="WHO2023">{{Cite web |title=Herpes simplex virus |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818092142/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Kusan 1 a cikin kowane jarirai 3,500 a Amurka suna kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta. == Alamomi da alamomi == Neonatal herpes bayyana kansa a cikin nau'o'i uku: fata, ido, da herpes na baki (SEM, wani lokacin ana kiransa "na wuri"); yaduwar herpes (DIS); da kuma tsarin juyayi na tsakiya herpes (CNS). <ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> * S == Dalilin da ya sa == Dalilin shi ne HSV 1 da 2.<ref name="Jong2020">{{Cite book|edition=Dennis L.}}</ref> Zai iya kamuwa da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, amma sau da yawa yakan wuce ga jaririn yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Farawa yawanci a cikin makonni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Jaririn yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar idan mahaifiyar ta kamu da cutar HSV a cikin ciki daga baya.<ref name="Jong2020" /> A cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran tsagewar membranes na dogon lokaci na iya ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="Jong2020" /> Wuraren rauni kamar forceps ko scalp electrodes na iya samar da ƙofar shiga ga HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> === Abubuwan haɗari === Abubuwan haɗarin uwa don HSV-1 na jarirai sun haɗa da: White wanda ba na Hispanic ba, <ref name="pmid17240228">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Fujie |last2=Markowitz |first2=Lauri E. |last3=Gottlieb |first3=Sami L. |last4=Berman |first4=Stuart M. |date=1 January 2007 |title=Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in the United States |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258692 |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=43.e1–6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.051 |pmid=17240228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> shekarun uwa (<25), kamuwa da cuta ta farko a cikin watanni uku, ciki na farko, HSV (1&2) seronegativity, <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai rikitarwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=David A. |date=December 2005 |title=Risk factors for herpes simplex virus transmission to pregnant women: A couples study |journal=[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] |volume=193 |issue=6 |pages=1887–1888 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.007 |pmid=16325587}}</ref> ciki <38 makonni, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part II: Obstetric considerations -- a tale of hospitals in two cities (Seattle and Atlanta, USA) |journal=Herpes |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=41–44 |pmid=15955267}}</ref> da kuma jima'i na baki a cikin watanni huɗu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nahmias |first=Andre J. |date=August 2004 |title=Neonatal HSV infection Part I: continuing challenges |url=http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Herpes (journal)|Herpes]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=33–7 |pmid=15955265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412144622/http://www.ihmf.org/journal/download/112Nahmias(33)vol1133.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-12 |access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref> Abubuwan haɗarin uwa na HSV-2 na jarirai: Black race, <ref name="pmid8106731">{{Cite journal |last=Mertz |first=Gregory J. |date=December 1993 |title=Epidemiology of genital herpes infections |journal=[[Infectious Disease Clinics of North America]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=825–839 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30561-4 |pmid=8106731}}</ref> matashi na uwa (<21), <ref name="pmid12517231">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Zane A. |last2=Wald |first2=Anna |last3=Morrow |first3=Rhoda Ashley |last4=Selke |first4=Stacy |last5=Zeh |first5=Judith |last6=Corey |first6=Lawrence |date=January 2003 |title=Effect of Serologic Status and Cesarean Delivery on Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus From Mother to Infant |journal=[[JAMA (journal)| ]] |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.203 |pmid=12517231 |doi-access=free}} </ref> abokin tarayya mai banƙyama, na farko ko wanda ba na farko ba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardella |first=Carolyn |last2=Brown |first2=Zane A. |last3=Wald |first3=Anna |last4=Morrow |first4=Rhoda Ashley |last5=Selke |first5=Stacy |last6=Krantz |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Corey |first7=Lawrence |display-authors=etal |date=August 2005 |title=Poor correlation between genital lesions and detection of herpes simplex virus in women in labor |journal=[[Obstetrics and Gynecology (journal)| ]] |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000171102.07831.74 |pmid=16055574 |s2cid=23039017 |doi-access=}}</ref> abokan jima'i na rayuwa huɗu ko fiye, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> mafi ƙarancin ilimi, <ref name="pmid8106731" /> tarihin STD na baya, tarihin zubar da ciki na farko, da ciki na ciki < makonni 38. === Yaduwa === Yawancin shari'o'in (85%) suna faruwa ne a lokacin haihuwa lokacin da jaririn ya haɗu da ɓoyayyun al'aura masu kamuwa da cuta a cikin hanyar haihuwa, mafi yawanci tare da uwaye da aka fallasa sabon kwayar cutar (uwaye da ke da kwayar cutar kafin daukar ciki suna da ƙananan haɗarin yaduwa). An kiyasta kashi 5% sun kamu da cutar a cikin mahaifa, kuma kusan kashi 10% na shari'o'in ana samun su [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]]. Bincike da rigakafi yana da wahala saboda yaduwar ba ta da alamomi a cikin 60-98% na shari'o'in.<ref name="pmid16740836">{{Cite journal |last=Kropp |first=Rhonda Y. |last2=Wong |first2=Thomas |last3=Cormier |first3=Louise |last4=Ringrose |first4=Allison |last5=Burton |first5=Sandra |last6=Embree |first6=Joanne E. |last7=Steben |first7=Marc |display-authors=etal |date=June 2006 |title=Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Canada: Results of a 3-Year National Prospective Study |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)| ]] |volume=117 |issue=61 |pages=1955–1962 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1778 |pmid=16740836 |s2cid=9632498}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka faru bayan haihuwa na iya faruwa daga wata tushe ba tare da uwa ba, kamar wani Orthodox Jewish mohel tare da herpetic gingivostomatitis wanda ke yin shayarwa ta baki a kan raunin [[Kachiya|kaciya]] ba tare da amfani da shingen rigakafi ba don hana hulɗa tsakanin azzakari na jariri da bakin mohel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision by Orthodox Jews |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/baby-dies-herpes-virus-ritual-circumcision-nyc-orthodox/story?id=15888618 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=Cases of herpes in baby boys linked to ultra-Orthodox Jewish circumcision ritual going up |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html |archive-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 NY babies get herpes from Jewish circumcision rite in past 6 months |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/4-ny-babies-get-herpes-from-jewish-circumcision-rite-in-past-6-months/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> == Gwaje-Gwaje == Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwajin jini da al'adu.<ref name="Muller2019">{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=William J. |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaotian |date=May 2019 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01460-18 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=6498033 |pmid=30602444}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar Swabs daga baki, hanci, makogwaro, idanu, da hanci, don al'adun HSV PCR.<ref name="Jaan2023">{{Cite journal |last=Jaan |first=Ali |last2=Rajnik |first2=Michael |date=2023 |title=TORCH Complex |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809363}}</ref> Ana iya shafa ruwa daga kowane kwalliya.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Enzymes na hanta na iya zama alamar farko da za a lura da ita lokacin da ake zargin neonatal HSV.<ref name="Jaan2023" /> Sauran gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da hotunan likita na kwakwalwa; MRI, [[CT scan]], ultrasound.<ref name="Fernandes2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Neil D. |last2=Arya |first2=Kapil |last3=Ward |first3=Rebecca |date=2023 |title=Congenital Herpes Simplex |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/ |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939674}}</ref> Binciken idanu na iya bayyana cutar ido.<ref name="Fernandes2023" /> === Binciken bambance-bambance === Sauran yanayin fata waɗanda zasu iya bayyana iri ɗaya sun haɗa da erythema toxicum neonatorum, transient neonatal pustular melanosis, ƙwayoyin cuta na yara, miliaria, acropustulosis na yara, da kuma shan blisters.[1] Cutar CNS na iya bayyana kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.[1] Conjunctivitis saboda kamuwa da kwayar cuta ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kama da cutar ido ta neonatal herpes.[1] Kwayar cuta, cutar hepatitis, da sauran cututtukan da suka hada da cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella na iya kwaikwayon nau'in da aka yada.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] toxm3204y4d0nqt0wicc7ctqkiu5jn4 0 157324 856600 2026-06-14T08:12:40Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351010316|Congenital varicella syndrome]]" 856600 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar cututtukan cututtuken cututtukani ce da ba a saba gani ba wanda ya haifar da kamuwa da [[varicella]]_Zoster_Virus" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Varicella Zoster Virus">Kwayar cutar Varicella Zoster (VZV) a lokacin daukar [[Juna biyu|ciki]]. Kwayar cuta a lokacin kamuwa da cuta ta farko na iya haifar da yaduwar kamuwa da cutar ga tayin da ke tasowa. Kimanin kashi 25% na [[Jariri|jarirai]] suna kamuwa da cutar varicella lokacin da mahaifiyar ke da cutar vari cella a lokacin daukar ciki, amma haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon varicella na haihuwa yana kusa da 2%; sabili da haka, yawancin sakamakon su jarirai ne na yau da kullun. Marasa lafiya da ke fama da kamuwa da cuta ta farko kafin makonni 20 na ciki suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da mummunar kamuwa da cutar, wanda ke shafar idanu, gaɓoɓin, [[fata]], da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Binciken yana buƙatar tarihin rubuce-rubuce na kamuwa da cuta na farko a cikin uwa da kuma jerin ultrasound da ke nuna alamun cutar varicella. Babu cikakkiyar magani; ana ba da shawarar dakatar da ciki a cikin tayin da ke da siffofi masu tsanani. [[Alluran rigakafi|Allurar rigakafi]] don hana kamuwa da cutar varicella ta uwa da kuma shawarwari masu kyau don kauce wa hulɗa da mutanen da suka kamu da Cutar cuta da mahimmanci ga zaɓuɓɓukan gudanarwa don rage abin da ya faru na cutar varicilla ta haihuwa. == Tarihin tarihi == * A shekara ta 1947, Lynch ya ba da rahoton cutar ta farko ta cututtukan varicella.<ref name="LaforetLynch1947">{{Cite journal |last=Laforet |first=Eugene G. |last2=Lynch |first2=Charles L. |year=1947 |title=Multiple Congenital Defects Following Maternal Varicella |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=236 |issue=15 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1056/NEJM194704102361504 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> * A shekara ta 1987, Alkalay ya kirkiro kalmar fetal varicella syndrome. == Rarraba == Babu rarrabuwa don ciwon varicella na haihuwa. == Ilimin jiki == === Halitta === * Da zarar [[Mace|mata]] mai [[Juna biyu|ciki]] tana da kamuwa da cutar [[Ƙaranbau|varicella]] ta farko, yaduwar kwayar cuta ta iya faruwa sakamakon kwayar cuta da ke shafar tayin a cikin mahaifa. Sakamakon bayyanar asibiti ya dogara da Shekarar ciki na tayin a lokacin kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="pmid4682642">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKendry JB, Bailey JD |year=1973 |title=Congenital varicella associated with multiple defects. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4682642 |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=66–8 |doi= |pmc=1941110 |pmid=4682642}}</ref> * Kimanin kashi 25% na jarirai suna kamuwa da cutar [[Ƙaranbau|varicella]] lokacin da mahaifiyar ke da kamuwa da cuta ta farko a lokacin daukar ciki, amma kasa da kashi 2% na jarirai ne kawai ke kamuwa da ciwon varicella.<ref name="ParyaniArvin1986">{{Cite journal |last=Paryani |first=Sharon G. |last2=Arvin |first2=Ann M. |year=1986 |title=Intrauterine Infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus after Maternal Varicella |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=314 |issue=24 |pages=1542–1546 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198606123142403 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref><ref name="pmid942245">{{Cite journal |last=Brice JE |year=1976 |title=Congenital varicella resulting from infection during second trimester of pregnancy. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=942245 |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=474–6 |doi=10.1136/adc.51.6.474 |pmc=1546018 |pmid=942245}}</ref> * Hadarin kamuwa da bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani yana da yawa lokacin da kamuwa da cuta ta faru kafin makonni 20 na ciki, wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin ciki lokacin da innervation na idanu da gaɓoɓin ke faruwa.<ref name="PastuszakLevy1994">{{Cite journal |last=Pastuszak |first=Anne L. |last2=Levy |first2=Maurice |last3=Schick |first3=Betsy |last4=Zuber |first4=Carol |last5=Feldkamp |first5=Marcia |last6=Gladstone |first6=Johnathan |last7=Bar-Levy |first7=Fanny |last8=Jackson |first8=Elaine |last9=Donnenfeld |first9=Alan |last10=Meschino |first10=Wendy |last11=Koren |first11=Gideon |year=1994 |title=Outcome after Maternal Varicella Infection in the First 20 Weeks of Pregnancy |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=330 |issue=13 |pages=901–905 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199403313301305 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> * Hadarin kamuwa da cutar varicella na haihuwa (ƙasa) 0.55% tsakanin makonni 0 da 12 kuma ya fi girma (1.4%) tsakanin makonni 13 da 20.<ref name="pmid15979274">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tan MP, Koren G |year=2006 |title=Chickenpox in pregnancy: revisited. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15979274 |url-status=dead |journal=Reprod Toxicol |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=410–20 |doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.04.011 |pmc= |pmid=15979274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520051959/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238(05)00114-0 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> * VZV kwayar cuta ce ta neurotrophic, kuma asalin bayyanar cututtuka iri-iri a cikin tayin ba a bayyane yake ba. An ba da shawarar cewa yana da alaƙa da sake kunna kwayar cutar a cikin tayin, saboda tayin ba zai iya samun amsawar rigakafi game da kamuwa da cuta ba.<ref name="pmid3027637">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Higa K, Dan K, Manabe H |year=1987 |title=Varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy: hypothesis concerning the mechanisms of congenital malformations. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3027637 |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=214–22 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=3027637}}</ref><ref name="pmid2560525">{{Cite journal |last=Grose C |year=1989 |title=Congenital varicella-zoster virus infection and the failure to establish virus-specific cell-mediated immunity. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2560525 |journal=Mol Biol Med |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=453–62 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=2560525}}</ref> * Kwayar cutar VZV tana cikin ganglia na ji na Tushen baya na kashin baya a lokacin da aka ɓoye, sake kunna kwayar cutar yana haifar da lalacewar ƙwayar jijiya wanda ke haifar da cututtukan fata na cututtukani, hypoplasia na jiki, lalacewar bututu, da Bulbar palsy.<ref name="pmid15655777">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nikkels AF, Delbecque K, Pierard GE, Wienkotter B, Schalasta G, Enders M |year=2005 |title=Distribution of varicella-zoster virus DNA and gene products in tissues of a first-trimester varicella-infected fetus. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15655777 |url-status=dead |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=191 |issue=4 |pages=540–5 |doi=10.1086/426942 |pmc= |pmid=15655777 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807191944/https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/191/4/540/937890 |archive-date=August 7, 2022}}</ref> * Kasancewar calcifications a cikin hanci, hanta, myocardium da [[kwakwalwa]] suna tallafawa hanyar yaduwar jini.<ref name="pmid9285750">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rigsby CK, Donnelly LF |year=1997 |title=Fetal varicella syndrome: association with multiple hepatic calcifications and intestinal atresia. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9285750 |url-status=dead |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=779 |doi=10.1007/s002470050229 |pmc= |pmid=9285750 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727033139/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002470050229 |archive-date=July 27, 2024}}</ref> == Epidemiology da yawan jama'a == Cutar cututtukan cututtukani ce mai ban mamaki tare da fiye da 100 da aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen.<ref name="SattiAli2010">{{Cite journal |last=Satti |first=Komal Fayyaz |last2=Ali |first2=Syed Asad |last3=Weitkamp |first3=Jörn-Hendrik |year=2010 |title=Congenital Infections, Part 2: Parvovirus, Listeria, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, and Varicella |journal=NeoReviews |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=e681–e695 |doi=10.1542/neo.11-12-e681 |issn=1526-9906}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Cutar varicella ta haihuwa ta samo asali ne daga kwayar cuta Varicella zoster (VZV), kwayar cutar alpha herpes ta mutum. == Bambance-bambance na ƙwayoyin cuta daga wasu cututtuka == Mafi mahimmancin cututtukan haihuwa, waɗanda za a iya watsa su tsaye daga uwa zuwa tayin, sune cututtuken TORCH. Wadannan cututtukan suna da siffofi masu haɗuwa kuma saboda haka, dole ne a rarrabe su daga ciwon varicella na haihuwa: <ref name="pmid25677998">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neu N, Duchon J, Zachariah P |year=2015 |title=TORCH infections |url= |journal=Clin Perinatol |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=77–103, viii |doi=10.1016/j.clp.2014.11.001 |pmid=25677998}}</ref><ref name="pmid25654000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ajij M, Nangia S, Dubey BS |year=2014 |title=Congenital rubella syndrome with blueberry muffin lesions and extensive metaphysitis |url= |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=PD03–4 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/10271.5293 |pmc=4316306 |pmid=25654000}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" !Cutar haihuwa !Binciken Zuciya !Binciken fata !Binciken da aka samu !Hepatosplenomegaly !Hydrocephalus !Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ![[Intracranial calcifications|Calcifications na ciki]] !Rashin jin magana |- !Cutar kwayar cuta ta haihuwa | | - Ciwon fata na ciwo * Rashin rauni na fata * Rashin jinin fata | * [[Micropthalmus]] * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]] |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa | |- !Toxoplasmosis | | * Petechiae * Purpura * Rashin hanzari na maculopapular | * Chorioretinitis |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Rarrabawar [[Intracranial calcification|intracranial calcifications]] | |- ![[Tunjere|Syphilis]] na haihuwa | | * Petechiae * Purpura * Rashin hanzari na maculopapular | * Chorioretinitis * [[Glaucoma]] |Bayyanawa | | | | |- ![[Cutar rubella ta haihuwa|Rubella]] | * Patent ductus arteriosus * Stenosis na jijiyoyin huhu * Coarctation na aorta * Myocarditis | * Petechiae * Purpura | * Chorioretinitis * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]] * [[Glaucoma]] * Microphthalmia |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |- !Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |Bayyanawa | * Petechiae * Purpura | * Chorioretinitis |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |Calcifications na perventricular |Bayyanawa |- !Kwayar cutar Herpes simplex | * Myocarditis | * Petechiae * Purpura * [[Yanayin fata|Vesicles]] | * Chorioretinitis |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |- !Kwayar cutar B19 | * Myocarditis | * Petechiae * Rashin jinin da ke ƙarƙashin fata[[Kumburi|zubar da jini]] | * Chorioretinitis * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]] |Bayyanawa | | | | |} == Tarihin halitta, hangen nesa, da rikitarwa == === Tarihin halitta === Cutar VZV a lokacin daukar ciki tana haifar da haihuwar jariri na yau da kullun a cikin mafi yawan marasa lafiya, duk da haka, a cikin 'yan marasa lafiya yana iya haifar da ciwon varicella na haihuwa ko neonatal varicella ko zoster na asibiti a lokacin jariri, sakamakon ya dogara da shekarun ciki na tayin a lokacin kamuwa da cuta. Cutar farkon lokacin daukar ciki ta hanyar hanyar hanyar transplacental na iya haifar da ciwon varicella wanda ke haifar da zubar da ciki, zubar da ciki ko jariri tare da fasalulluka da ke shafar gaɓoɓin, idanu, tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, tsarin juyin halitta mai cin gashin kansa da kuma yanzu tare da fasalin kamar ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, scarring, hypoplasia na gaɓoƙi, microcephaly, cortical atrophy, chorioretinitis da cataracts.[1][2] === Hasashen da aka yi === Cutar da ke cikin tayin na iya haifar da [[zubar da ciki]]. [[Jariri|Jarirai]] da aka haifa tare da alamun cutar varicella na haihuwa suna da mummunan hangen nesa kuma suna mutuwa a cikin 'yan watanni na farko na rayuwa.<ref name="pmid11190597">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P |year=2000 |title=The congenital varicella syndrome. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/7200457 |journal=J Perinatol |volume=20 |issue=8 Pt 1 |pages=548–54 |doi=10.1038/sj.jp.7200457 |pmc= |pmid=11190597 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="pmid7802767">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Enders G, Miller E, Cradock-Watson J, Bolley I, Ridehalgh M |year=1994 |title=Consequences of varicella and herpes zoster in pregnancy: prospective study of 1739 cases. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7802767 |url-status=dead |journal=Lancet |volume=343 |issue=8912 |pages=1548–51 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=7802767 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520005819/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(94)92943-2 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> Jarirai da ke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullun na iya samun ci gaba na al'ada da kyakkyawar hangen nesa.<ref name="pmid6328456">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kotchmar GS, Grose C, Brunell PA |year=1984 |title=Complete spectrum of the varicella congenital defects syndrome in 5-year-old child. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6328456 |journal=Pediatr Infect Dis |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=142–5 |doi=10.1097/00006454-198403000-00015 |pmc= |pmid=6328456}}</ref><ref name="pmid11113846">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schulze A, Dietzsch HJ |year=2000 |title=The natural history of varicella embryopathy: a 25-year follow-up. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-3476(00)38207-5 |journal=J Pediatr |volume=137 |issue=6 |pages=871–4 |doi=10.1067/mpd.2000.109005 |pmc= |pmid=11113846 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Matsalolin === Cutar cututtukan cututtukani na haihuwa na iya haifar da matsaloli masu zuwa: <ref name="pmid4121940">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Savage MO, Moosa A, Gordon RR |year=1973 |title=Maternal varicella infection as a cause of fetal malformations. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(73)90134-7 |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7799 |pages=352–4 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(73)90134-7 |pmc= |pmid=4121940 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Mutuwar tayin * Ƙuntataccen girma a cikin mahaifa * Bayar da wuri * jinkirin ci gaba == Binciken ganewa == === Tarihi da alamun === '''Alamomin kamuwa da cuta ta farko a cikin uwa:''' * Cutar farko a cikin uwa tana gabatar da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], Rashin lafiya da rash na fata a farkon wanda ya zama [[Yanayin fata|vesicular]] da ɓawon burodi tare da warkarwa.<ref name="pmid8533407">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Katz VL, Kuller JA, McMahon MJ, Warren MA, Wells SR |year=1995 |title=Varicella during pregnancy. Maternal and fetal effects. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8533407 |journal=West J Med |volume=163 |issue=5 |pages=446–50 |doi= |pmc=1303168 |pmid=8533407}}</ref> === Binciken jiki === Binciken binciken jiki wanda ya nuna cewa cutar varicella ta haihuwa ta haɗa da: <ref name="pmid1733414">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Magliocco AM, Demetrick DJ, Sarnat HB, Hwang WS |year=1992 |title=Varicella embryopathy. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1733414 |journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=1733414}}</ref><ref name="pmid1336591">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendívil A, Mendívil MP, Cuartero V |year=1992 |title=Ocular manifestations of the congenital varicella-zoster syndrome. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1336591 |journal=Ophthalmologica |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=191–3 |doi=10.1159/000310340 |pmc= |pmid=1336591}}</ref> {| border="1" ! !'''Binciken gwajin jiki a cikin ciwon varicella na haihuwa''' |- !'''Fata''' | * Raunin rauni (Zig-Zag scarring a cikin rarrabawar fata) <ref name="pmid2322006">{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd KM |year=1990 |title=Skin lesions as the sole manifestation of the fetal varicella syndrome. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2322006 |url-status=dead |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=546–7 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=2322006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520063453/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/551684 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> * Rashin ƙarfi |- !'''Idanu''' | * Chorioretinitis<ref name="pmid411463">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Charles NC, Bennett TW, Margolis S |year=1977 |title=Ocular pathology of the congenital varicella syndrome. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=411463 |url-status=dead |journal=Arch Ophthalmol |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=2034–7 |doi=10.1001/archopht.1977.04450110128016 |pmc= |pmid=411463 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520044934/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/vol/95/pg/2034 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]]<ref name="pmid717518">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cotlier E |year=1978 |title=Congenital varicella cataract. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=717518 |url-status=dead |journal=Am J Ophthalmol |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=627–9 |doi=10.1016/0002-9394(78)90180-0 |pmc= |pmid=717518 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602000614/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-9394(78)90180-0 |archive-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref> * Micropthalmia * Rashin jituwa |- !'''Tsarin jijiyoyi na Tsakiya''' | * Cortical atrophy / porencephaly * Rashin ci gaba * Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta * Rashin kwanciyar hankali |- !'''Tsarin tsoka da kwarangwal''' | * Rashin lafiya na ƙwaƙwalwa * Rashin ƙarfi na tsoka |- !'''Bayyanawa na Tsarin''' | * Rashin ci gaban ciki |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cclil6vvk7p4bg8n1vnqy05xl7hshrd 856630 856600 2026-06-14T08:56:52Z Arabiyu 28508 856630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Cutar cututtukan cututtuken cututtukani ce da ba a saba gani ba wanda ya haifar da kamuwa da [[varicella]]_Zoster_Virus" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Varicella Zoster Virus">Kwayar cutar Varicella Zoster (VZV) a lokacin daukar [[Juna biyu|ciki]]. Kwayar cuta a lokacin kamuwa da cuta ta farko na iya haifar da yaduwar kamuwa da cutar ga tayin da ke tasowa. Kimanin kashi 25% na [[Jariri|jarirai]] suna kamuwa da cutar varicella lokacin da mahaifiyar ke da cutar vari cella a lokacin daukar ciki, amma haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon varicella na haihuwa yana kusa da 2%; sabili da haka, yawancin sakamakon su jarirai ne na yau da kullun. Marasa lafiya da ke fama da kamuwa da cuta ta farko kafin makonni 20 na ciki suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da mummunar kamuwa da cutar, wanda ke shafar idanu, gaɓoɓin, [[fata]], da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Binciken yana buƙatar tarihin rubuce-rubuce na kamuwa da cuta na farko a cikin uwa da kuma jerin ultrasound da ke nuna alamun cutar varicella. Babu cikakkiyar magani; ana ba da shawarar dakatar da ciki a cikin tayin da ke da siffofi masu tsanani. [[Alluran rigakafi|Allurar rigakafi]] don hana kamuwa da cutar varicella ta uwa da kuma shawarwari masu kyau don kauce wa hulɗa da mutanen da suka kamu da Cutar cuta da mahimmanci ga zaɓuɓɓukan gudanarwa don rage abin da ya faru na cutar varicilla ta haihuwa. == Tarihin tarihi == * A shekara ta 1947, Lynch ya ba da rahoton cutar ta farko ta cututtukan varicella.<ref name="LaforetLynch1947">{{Cite journal |last=Laforet |first=Eugene G. |last2=Lynch |first2=Charles L. |year=1947 |title=Multiple Congenital Defects Following Maternal Varicella |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=236 |issue=15 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1056/NEJM194704102361504 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> * A shekara ta 1987, Alkalay ya kirkiro kalmar fetal varicella syndrome. == Rarraba == Babu rarrabuwa don ciwon varicella na haihuwa. == Ilimin jiki == === Halitta === * Da zarar [[Mace|mata]] mai [[Juna biyu|ciki]] tana da kamuwa da cutar [[Ƙaranbau|varicella]] ta farko, yaduwar kwayar cuta ta iya faruwa sakamakon kwayar cuta da ke shafar tayin a cikin mahaifa. Sakamakon bayyanar asibiti ya dogara da Shekarar ciki na tayin a lokacin kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="pmid4682642">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKendry JB, Bailey JD |year=1973 |title=Congenital varicella associated with multiple defects. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4682642 |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=66–8 |doi= |pmc=1941110 |pmid=4682642}}</ref> * Kimanin kashi 25% na jarirai suna kamuwa da cutar [[Ƙaranbau|varicella]] lokacin da mahaifiyar ke da kamuwa da cuta ta farko a lokacin daukar ciki, amma kasa da kashi 2% na jarirai ne kawai ke kamuwa da ciwon varicella.<ref name="ParyaniArvin1986">{{Cite journal |last=Paryani |first=Sharon G. |last2=Arvin |first2=Ann M. |year=1986 |title=Intrauterine Infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus after Maternal Varicella |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=314 |issue=24 |pages=1542–1546 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198606123142403 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref><ref name="pmid942245">{{Cite journal |last=Brice JE |year=1976 |title=Congenital varicella resulting from infection during second trimester of pregnancy. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=942245 |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=474–6 |doi=10.1136/adc.51.6.474 |pmc=1546018 |pmid=942245}}</ref> * Hadarin kamuwa da bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani yana da yawa lokacin da kamuwa da cuta ta faru kafin makonni 20 na ciki, wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin ciki lokacin da innervation na idanu da gaɓoɓin ke faruwa.<ref name="PastuszakLevy1994">{{Cite journal |last=Pastuszak |first=Anne L. |last2=Levy |first2=Maurice |last3=Schick |first3=Betsy |last4=Zuber |first4=Carol |last5=Feldkamp |first5=Marcia |last6=Gladstone |first6=Johnathan |last7=Bar-Levy |first7=Fanny |last8=Jackson |first8=Elaine |last9=Donnenfeld |first9=Alan |last10=Meschino |first10=Wendy |last11=Koren |first11=Gideon |year=1994 |title=Outcome after Maternal Varicella Infection in the First 20 Weeks of Pregnancy |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=330 |issue=13 |pages=901–905 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199403313301305 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> * Hadarin kamuwa da cutar varicella na haihuwa (ƙasa) 0.55% tsakanin makonni 0 da 12 kuma ya fi girma (1.4%) tsakanin makonni 13 da 20.<ref name="pmid15979274">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tan MP, Koren G |year=2006 |title=Chickenpox in pregnancy: revisited. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15979274 |url-status=dead |journal=Reprod Toxicol |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=410–20 |doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.04.011 |pmc= |pmid=15979274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520051959/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238(05)00114-0 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> * VZV kwayar cuta ce ta neurotrophic, kuma asalin bayyanar cututtuka iri-iri a cikin tayin ba a bayyane yake ba. An ba da shawarar cewa yana da alaƙa da sake kunna kwayar cutar a cikin tayin, saboda tayin ba zai iya samun amsawar rigakafi game da kamuwa da cuta ba.<ref name="pmid3027637">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Higa K, Dan K, Manabe H |year=1987 |title=Varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy: hypothesis concerning the mechanisms of congenital malformations. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3027637 |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=214–22 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=3027637}}</ref><ref name="pmid2560525">{{Cite journal |last=Grose C |year=1989 |title=Congenital varicella-zoster virus infection and the failure to establish virus-specific cell-mediated immunity. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2560525 |journal=Mol Biol Med |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=453–62 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=2560525}}</ref> * Kwayar cutar VZV tana cikin ganglia na ji na Tushen baya na kashin baya a lokacin da aka ɓoye, sake kunna kwayar cutar yana haifar da lalacewar ƙwayar jijiya wanda ke haifar da cututtukan fata na cututtukani, hypoplasia na jiki, lalacewar bututu, da Bulbar palsy.<ref name="pmid15655777">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nikkels AF, Delbecque K, Pierard GE, Wienkotter B, Schalasta G, Enders M |year=2005 |title=Distribution of varicella-zoster virus DNA and gene products in tissues of a first-trimester varicella-infected fetus. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15655777 |url-status=dead |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=191 |issue=4 |pages=540–5 |doi=10.1086/426942 |pmc= |pmid=15655777 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807191944/https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/191/4/540/937890 |archive-date=August 7, 2022}}</ref> * Kasancewar calcifications a cikin hanci, hanta, myocardium da [[kwakwalwa]] suna tallafawa hanyar yaduwar jini.<ref name="pmid9285750">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rigsby CK, Donnelly LF |year=1997 |title=Fetal varicella syndrome: association with multiple hepatic calcifications and intestinal atresia. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9285750 |url-status=dead |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=779 |doi=10.1007/s002470050229 |pmc= |pmid=9285750 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727033139/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002470050229 |archive-date=July 27, 2024}}</ref> == Epidemiology da yawan jama'a == Cutar cututtukan cututtukani ce mai ban mamaki tare da fiye da 100 da aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen.<ref name="SattiAli2010">{{Cite journal |last=Satti |first=Komal Fayyaz |last2=Ali |first2=Syed Asad |last3=Weitkamp |first3=Jörn-Hendrik |year=2010 |title=Congenital Infections, Part 2: Parvovirus, Listeria, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, and Varicella |journal=NeoReviews |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=e681–e695 |doi=10.1542/neo.11-12-e681 |issn=1526-9906}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Cutar varicella ta haihuwa ta samo asali ne daga kwayar cuta Varicella zoster (VZV), kwayar cutar alpha herpes ta mutum. == Bambance-bambance na ƙwayoyin cuta daga wasu cututtuka == Mafi mahimmancin cututtukan haihuwa, waɗanda za a iya watsa su tsaye daga uwa zuwa tayin, sune cututtuken TORCH. Wadannan cututtukan suna da siffofi masu haɗuwa kuma saboda haka, dole ne a rarrabe su daga ciwon varicella na haihuwa: <ref name="pmid25677998">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neu N, Duchon J, Zachariah P |year=2015 |title=TORCH infections |url= |journal=Clin Perinatol |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=77–103, viii |doi=10.1016/j.clp.2014.11.001 |pmid=25677998}}</ref><ref name="pmid25654000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ajij M, Nangia S, Dubey BS |year=2014 |title=Congenital rubella syndrome with blueberry muffin lesions and extensive metaphysitis |url= |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=PD03–4 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/10271.5293 |pmc=4316306 |pmid=25654000}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" !Cutar haihuwa !Binciken Zuciya !Binciken fata !Binciken da aka samu !Hepatosplenomegaly !Hydrocephalus !Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ![[Intracranial calcifications|Calcifications na ciki]] !Rashin jin magana |- !Cutar kwayar cuta ta haihuwa | | - Ciwon fata na ciwo * Rashin rauni na fata * Rashin jinin fata | * [[Micropthalmus]] * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]] |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa | |- !Toxoplasmosis | | * Petechiae * Purpura * Rashin hanzari na maculopapular | * Chorioretinitis |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Rarrabawar [[Intracranial calcification|intracranial calcifications]] | |- ![[Tunjere|Syphilis]] na haihuwa | | * Petechiae * Purpura * Rashin hanzari na maculopapular | * Chorioretinitis * [[Glaucoma]] |Bayyanawa | | | | |- ![[Cutar rubella ta haihuwa|Rubella]] | * Patent ductus arteriosus * Stenosis na jijiyoyin huhu * Coarctation na aorta * Myocarditis | * Petechiae * Purpura | * Chorioretinitis * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]] * [[Glaucoma]] * Microphthalmia |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |- !Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |Bayyanawa | * Petechiae * Purpura | * Chorioretinitis |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |Calcifications na perventricular |Bayyanawa |- !Kwayar cutar Herpes simplex | * Myocarditis | * Petechiae * Purpura * [[Yanayin fata|Vesicles]] | * Chorioretinitis |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |- !Kwayar cutar B19 | * Myocarditis | * Petechiae * Rashin jinin da ke ƙarƙashin fata[[Kumburi|zubar da jini]] | * Chorioretinitis * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]] |Bayyanawa | | | | |} == Tarihin halitta, hangen nesa, da rikitarwa == === Tarihin halitta === Cutar VZV a lokacin daukar ciki tana haifar da haihuwar jariri na yau da kullun a cikin mafi yawan marasa lafiya, duk da haka, a cikin 'yan marasa lafiya yana iya haifar da ciwon varicella na haihuwa ko neonatal varicella ko zoster na asibiti a lokacin jariri, sakamakon ya dogara da shekarun ciki na tayin a lokacin kamuwa da cuta. Cutar farkon lokacin daukar ciki ta hanyar hanyar hanyar transplacental na iya haifar da ciwon varicella wanda ke haifar da zubar da ciki, zubar da ciki ko jariri tare da fasalulluka da ke shafar gaɓoɓin, idanu, tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, tsarin juyin halitta mai cin gashin kansa da kuma yanzu tare da fasalin kamar ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, scarring, hypoplasia na gaɓoƙi, microcephaly, cortical atrophy, chorioretinitis da cataracts.[1][2] === Hasashen da aka yi === Cutar da ke cikin tayin na iya haifar da [[zubar da ciki]]. [[Jariri|Jarirai]] da aka haifa tare da alamun cutar varicella na haihuwa suna da mummunan hangen nesa kuma suna mutuwa a cikin 'yan watanni na farko na rayuwa.<ref name="pmid11190597">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P |year=2000 |title=The congenital varicella syndrome. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/7200457 |journal=J Perinatol |volume=20 |issue=8 Pt 1 |pages=548–54 |doi=10.1038/sj.jp.7200457 |pmc= |pmid=11190597 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="pmid7802767">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Enders G, Miller E, Cradock-Watson J, Bolley I, Ridehalgh M |year=1994 |title=Consequences of varicella and herpes zoster in pregnancy: prospective study of 1739 cases. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7802767 |url-status=dead |journal=Lancet |volume=343 |issue=8912 |pages=1548–51 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=7802767 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520005819/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(94)92943-2 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> Jarirai da ke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullun na iya samun ci gaba na al'ada da kyakkyawar hangen nesa.<ref name="pmid6328456">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kotchmar GS, Grose C, Brunell PA |year=1984 |title=Complete spectrum of the varicella congenital defects syndrome in 5-year-old child. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6328456 |journal=Pediatr Infect Dis |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=142–5 |doi=10.1097/00006454-198403000-00015 |pmc= |pmid=6328456}}</ref><ref name="pmid11113846">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schulze A, Dietzsch HJ |year=2000 |title=The natural history of varicella embryopathy: a 25-year follow-up. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-3476(00)38207-5 |journal=J Pediatr |volume=137 |issue=6 |pages=871–4 |doi=10.1067/mpd.2000.109005 |pmc= |pmid=11113846 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Matsalolin === Cutar cututtukan cututtukani na haihuwa na iya haifar da matsaloli masu zuwa: <ref name="pmid4121940">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Savage MO, Moosa A, Gordon RR |year=1973 |title=Maternal varicella infection as a cause of fetal malformations. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(73)90134-7 |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7799 |pages=352–4 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(73)90134-7 |pmc= |pmid=4121940 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Mutuwar tayin * Ƙuntataccen girma a cikin mahaifa * Bayar da wuri * jinkirin ci gaba == Binciken ganewa == === Tarihi da alamun === '''Alamomin kamuwa da cuta ta farko a cikin uwa:''' * Cutar farko a cikin uwa tana gabatar da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], Rashin lafiya da rash na fata a farkon wanda ya zama [[Yanayin fata|vesicular]] da ɓawon burodi tare da warkarwa.<ref name="pmid8533407">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Katz VL, Kuller JA, McMahon MJ, Warren MA, Wells SR |year=1995 |title=Varicella during pregnancy. Maternal and fetal effects. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8533407 |journal=West J Med |volume=163 |issue=5 |pages=446–50 |doi= |pmc=1303168 |pmid=8533407}}</ref> === Binciken jiki === Binciken binciken jiki wanda ya nuna cewa cutar varicella ta haihuwa ta haɗa da: <ref name="pmid1733414">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Magliocco AM, Demetrick DJ, Sarnat HB, Hwang WS |year=1992 |title=Varicella embryopathy. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1733414 |journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=1733414}}</ref><ref name="pmid1336591">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendívil A, Mendívil MP, Cuartero V |year=1992 |title=Ocular manifestations of the congenital varicella-zoster syndrome. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1336591 |journal=Ophthalmologica |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=191–3 |doi=10.1159/000310340 |pmc= |pmid=1336591}}</ref> {| border="1" ! !'''Binciken gwajin jiki a cikin ciwon varicella na haihuwa''' |- !'''Fata''' | * Raunin rauni (Zig-Zag scarring a cikin rarrabawar fata) <ref name="pmid2322006">{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd KM |year=1990 |title=Skin lesions as the sole manifestation of the fetal varicella syndrome. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2322006 |url-status=dead |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=546–7 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=2322006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520063453/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/551684 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> * Rashin ƙarfi |- !'''Idanu''' | * Chorioretinitis<ref name="pmid411463">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Charles NC, Bennett TW, Margolis S |year=1977 |title=Ocular pathology of the congenital varicella syndrome. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=411463 |url-status=dead |journal=Arch Ophthalmol |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=2034–7 |doi=10.1001/archopht.1977.04450110128016 |pmc= |pmid=411463 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520044934/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/vol/95/pg/2034 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]]<ref name="pmid717518">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cotlier E |year=1978 |title=Congenital varicella cataract. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=717518 |url-status=dead |journal=Am J Ophthalmol |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=627–9 |doi=10.1016/0002-9394(78)90180-0 |pmc= |pmid=717518 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602000614/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-9394(78)90180-0 |archive-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref> * Micropthalmia * Rashin jituwa |- !'''Tsarin jijiyoyi na Tsakiya''' | * Cortical atrophy / porencephaly * Rashin ci gaba * Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta * Rashin kwanciyar hankali |- !'''Tsarin tsoka da kwarangwal''' | * Rashin lafiya na ƙwaƙwalwa * Rashin ƙarfi na tsoka |- !'''Bayyanawa na Tsarin''' | * Rashin ci gaban ciki |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kc4kepj6trxir832wwlesdf67fkx78e 856631 856630 2026-06-14T08:57:07Z Arabiyu 28508 856631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Delete}} Cutar cututtukan cututtuken cututtukani ce da ba a saba gani ba wanda ya haifar da kamuwa da [[varicella]]_Zoster_Virus" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Varicella Zoster Virus">Kwayar cutar Varicella Zoster (VZV) a lokacin daukar [[Juna biyu|ciki]]. Kwayar cuta a lokacin kamuwa da cuta ta farko na iya haifar da yaduwar kamuwa da cutar ga tayin da ke tasowa. Kimanin kashi 25% na [[Jariri|jarirai]] suna kamuwa da cutar varicella lokacin da mahaifiyar ke da cutar vari cella a lokacin daukar ciki, amma haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon varicella na haihuwa yana kusa da 2%; sabili da haka, yawancin sakamakon su jarirai ne na yau da kullun. Marasa lafiya da ke fama da kamuwa da cuta ta farko kafin makonni 20 na ciki suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da mummunar kamuwa da cutar, wanda ke shafar idanu, gaɓoɓin, [[fata]], da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Binciken yana buƙatar tarihin rubuce-rubuce na kamuwa da cuta na farko a cikin uwa da kuma jerin ultrasound da ke nuna alamun cutar varicella. Babu cikakkiyar magani; ana ba da shawarar dakatar da ciki a cikin tayin da ke da siffofi masu tsanani. [[Alluran rigakafi|Allurar rigakafi]] don hana kamuwa da cutar varicella ta uwa da kuma shawarwari masu kyau don kauce wa hulɗa da mutanen da suka kamu da Cutar cuta da mahimmanci ga zaɓuɓɓukan gudanarwa don rage abin da ya faru na cutar varicilla ta haihuwa. == Tarihin tarihi == * A shekara ta 1947, Lynch ya ba da rahoton cutar ta farko ta cututtukan varicella.<ref name="LaforetLynch1947">{{Cite journal |last=Laforet |first=Eugene G. |last2=Lynch |first2=Charles L. |year=1947 |title=Multiple Congenital Defects Following Maternal Varicella |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=236 |issue=15 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1056/NEJM194704102361504 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> * A shekara ta 1987, Alkalay ya kirkiro kalmar fetal varicella syndrome. == Rarraba == Babu rarrabuwa don ciwon varicella na haihuwa. == Ilimin jiki == === Halitta === * Da zarar [[Mace|mata]] mai [[Juna biyu|ciki]] tana da kamuwa da cutar [[Ƙaranbau|varicella]] ta farko, yaduwar kwayar cuta ta iya faruwa sakamakon kwayar cuta da ke shafar tayin a cikin mahaifa. Sakamakon bayyanar asibiti ya dogara da Shekarar ciki na tayin a lokacin kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="pmid4682642">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKendry JB, Bailey JD |year=1973 |title=Congenital varicella associated with multiple defects. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4682642 |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=66–8 |doi= |pmc=1941110 |pmid=4682642}}</ref> * Kimanin kashi 25% na jarirai suna kamuwa da cutar [[Ƙaranbau|varicella]] lokacin da mahaifiyar ke da kamuwa da cuta ta farko a lokacin daukar ciki, amma kasa da kashi 2% na jarirai ne kawai ke kamuwa da ciwon varicella.<ref name="ParyaniArvin1986">{{Cite journal |last=Paryani |first=Sharon G. |last2=Arvin |first2=Ann M. |year=1986 |title=Intrauterine Infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus after Maternal Varicella |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=314 |issue=24 |pages=1542–1546 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198606123142403 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref><ref name="pmid942245">{{Cite journal |last=Brice JE |year=1976 |title=Congenital varicella resulting from infection during second trimester of pregnancy. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=942245 |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=474–6 |doi=10.1136/adc.51.6.474 |pmc=1546018 |pmid=942245}}</ref> * Hadarin kamuwa da bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani yana da yawa lokacin da kamuwa da cuta ta faru kafin makonni 20 na ciki, wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin ciki lokacin da innervation na idanu da gaɓoɓin ke faruwa.<ref name="PastuszakLevy1994">{{Cite journal |last=Pastuszak |first=Anne L. |last2=Levy |first2=Maurice |last3=Schick |first3=Betsy |last4=Zuber |first4=Carol |last5=Feldkamp |first5=Marcia |last6=Gladstone |first6=Johnathan |last7=Bar-Levy |first7=Fanny |last8=Jackson |first8=Elaine |last9=Donnenfeld |first9=Alan |last10=Meschino |first10=Wendy |last11=Koren |first11=Gideon |year=1994 |title=Outcome after Maternal Varicella Infection in the First 20 Weeks of Pregnancy |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=330 |issue=13 |pages=901–905 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199403313301305 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> * Hadarin kamuwa da cutar varicella na haihuwa (ƙasa) 0.55% tsakanin makonni 0 da 12 kuma ya fi girma (1.4%) tsakanin makonni 13 da 20.<ref name="pmid15979274">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tan MP, Koren G |year=2006 |title=Chickenpox in pregnancy: revisited. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15979274 |url-status=dead |journal=Reprod Toxicol |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=410–20 |doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.04.011 |pmc= |pmid=15979274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520051959/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238(05)00114-0 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> * VZV kwayar cuta ce ta neurotrophic, kuma asalin bayyanar cututtuka iri-iri a cikin tayin ba a bayyane yake ba. An ba da shawarar cewa yana da alaƙa da sake kunna kwayar cutar a cikin tayin, saboda tayin ba zai iya samun amsawar rigakafi game da kamuwa da cuta ba.<ref name="pmid3027637">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Higa K, Dan K, Manabe H |year=1987 |title=Varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy: hypothesis concerning the mechanisms of congenital malformations. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3027637 |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=214–22 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=3027637}}</ref><ref name="pmid2560525">{{Cite journal |last=Grose C |year=1989 |title=Congenital varicella-zoster virus infection and the failure to establish virus-specific cell-mediated immunity. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2560525 |journal=Mol Biol Med |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=453–62 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=2560525}}</ref> * Kwayar cutar VZV tana cikin ganglia na ji na Tushen baya na kashin baya a lokacin da aka ɓoye, sake kunna kwayar cutar yana haifar da lalacewar ƙwayar jijiya wanda ke haifar da cututtukan fata na cututtukani, hypoplasia na jiki, lalacewar bututu, da Bulbar palsy.<ref name="pmid15655777">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nikkels AF, Delbecque K, Pierard GE, Wienkotter B, Schalasta G, Enders M |year=2005 |title=Distribution of varicella-zoster virus DNA and gene products in tissues of a first-trimester varicella-infected fetus. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15655777 |url-status=dead |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=191 |issue=4 |pages=540–5 |doi=10.1086/426942 |pmc= |pmid=15655777 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807191944/https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/191/4/540/937890 |archive-date=August 7, 2022}}</ref> * Kasancewar calcifications a cikin hanci, hanta, myocardium da [[kwakwalwa]] suna tallafawa hanyar yaduwar jini.<ref name="pmid9285750">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rigsby CK, Donnelly LF |year=1997 |title=Fetal varicella syndrome: association with multiple hepatic calcifications and intestinal atresia. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9285750 |url-status=dead |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=779 |doi=10.1007/s002470050229 |pmc= |pmid=9285750 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727033139/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002470050229 |archive-date=July 27, 2024}}</ref> == Epidemiology da yawan jama'a == Cutar cututtukan cututtukani ce mai ban mamaki tare da fiye da 100 da aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen.<ref name="SattiAli2010">{{Cite journal |last=Satti |first=Komal Fayyaz |last2=Ali |first2=Syed Asad |last3=Weitkamp |first3=Jörn-Hendrik |year=2010 |title=Congenital Infections, Part 2: Parvovirus, Listeria, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, and Varicella |journal=NeoReviews |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=e681–e695 |doi=10.1542/neo.11-12-e681 |issn=1526-9906}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Cutar varicella ta haihuwa ta samo asali ne daga kwayar cuta Varicella zoster (VZV), kwayar cutar alpha herpes ta mutum. == Bambance-bambance na ƙwayoyin cuta daga wasu cututtuka == Mafi mahimmancin cututtukan haihuwa, waɗanda za a iya watsa su tsaye daga uwa zuwa tayin, sune cututtuken TORCH. Wadannan cututtukan suna da siffofi masu haɗuwa kuma saboda haka, dole ne a rarrabe su daga ciwon varicella na haihuwa: <ref name="pmid25677998">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neu N, Duchon J, Zachariah P |year=2015 |title=TORCH infections |url= |journal=Clin Perinatol |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=77–103, viii |doi=10.1016/j.clp.2014.11.001 |pmid=25677998}}</ref><ref name="pmid25654000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ajij M, Nangia S, Dubey BS |year=2014 |title=Congenital rubella syndrome with blueberry muffin lesions and extensive metaphysitis |url= |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=PD03–4 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/10271.5293 |pmc=4316306 |pmid=25654000}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" !Cutar haihuwa !Binciken Zuciya !Binciken fata !Binciken da aka samu !Hepatosplenomegaly !Hydrocephalus !Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ![[Intracranial calcifications|Calcifications na ciki]] !Rashin jin magana |- !Cutar kwayar cuta ta haihuwa | | - Ciwon fata na ciwo * Rashin rauni na fata * Rashin jinin fata | * [[Micropthalmus]] * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]] |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa | |- !Toxoplasmosis | | * Petechiae * Purpura * Rashin hanzari na maculopapular | * Chorioretinitis |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Rarrabawar [[Intracranial calcification|intracranial calcifications]] | |- ![[Tunjere|Syphilis]] na haihuwa | | * Petechiae * Purpura * Rashin hanzari na maculopapular | * Chorioretinitis * [[Glaucoma]] |Bayyanawa | | | | |- ![[Cutar rubella ta haihuwa|Rubella]] | * Patent ductus arteriosus * Stenosis na jijiyoyin huhu * Coarctation na aorta * Myocarditis | * Petechiae * Purpura | * Chorioretinitis * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]] * [[Glaucoma]] * Microphthalmia |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |- !Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |Bayyanawa | * Petechiae * Purpura | * Chorioretinitis |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |Calcifications na perventricular |Bayyanawa |- !Kwayar cutar Herpes simplex | * Myocarditis | * Petechiae * Purpura * [[Yanayin fata|Vesicles]] | * Chorioretinitis |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa |Bayyanawa | |Bayyanawa |- !Kwayar cutar B19 | * Myocarditis | * Petechiae * Rashin jinin da ke ƙarƙashin fata[[Kumburi|zubar da jini]] | * Chorioretinitis * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]] |Bayyanawa | | | | |} == Tarihin halitta, hangen nesa, da rikitarwa == === Tarihin halitta === Cutar VZV a lokacin daukar ciki tana haifar da haihuwar jariri na yau da kullun a cikin mafi yawan marasa lafiya, duk da haka, a cikin 'yan marasa lafiya yana iya haifar da ciwon varicella na haihuwa ko neonatal varicella ko zoster na asibiti a lokacin jariri, sakamakon ya dogara da shekarun ciki na tayin a lokacin kamuwa da cuta. Cutar farkon lokacin daukar ciki ta hanyar hanyar hanyar transplacental na iya haifar da ciwon varicella wanda ke haifar da zubar da ciki, zubar da ciki ko jariri tare da fasalulluka da ke shafar gaɓoɓin, idanu, tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, tsarin juyin halitta mai cin gashin kansa da kuma yanzu tare da fasalin kamar ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, scarring, hypoplasia na gaɓoƙi, microcephaly, cortical atrophy, chorioretinitis da cataracts.[1][2] === Hasashen da aka yi === Cutar da ke cikin tayin na iya haifar da [[zubar da ciki]]. [[Jariri|Jarirai]] da aka haifa tare da alamun cutar varicella na haihuwa suna da mummunan hangen nesa kuma suna mutuwa a cikin 'yan watanni na farko na rayuwa.<ref name="pmid11190597">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P |year=2000 |title=The congenital varicella syndrome. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/7200457 |journal=J Perinatol |volume=20 |issue=8 Pt 1 |pages=548–54 |doi=10.1038/sj.jp.7200457 |pmc= |pmid=11190597 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="pmid7802767">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Enders G, Miller E, Cradock-Watson J, Bolley I, Ridehalgh M |year=1994 |title=Consequences of varicella and herpes zoster in pregnancy: prospective study of 1739 cases. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7802767 |url-status=dead |journal=Lancet |volume=343 |issue=8912 |pages=1548–51 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=7802767 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520005819/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(94)92943-2 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> Jarirai da ke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullun na iya samun ci gaba na al'ada da kyakkyawar hangen nesa.<ref name="pmid6328456">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kotchmar GS, Grose C, Brunell PA |year=1984 |title=Complete spectrum of the varicella congenital defects syndrome in 5-year-old child. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6328456 |journal=Pediatr Infect Dis |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=142–5 |doi=10.1097/00006454-198403000-00015 |pmc= |pmid=6328456}}</ref><ref name="pmid11113846">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schulze A, Dietzsch HJ |year=2000 |title=The natural history of varicella embryopathy: a 25-year follow-up. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-3476(00)38207-5 |journal=J Pediatr |volume=137 |issue=6 |pages=871–4 |doi=10.1067/mpd.2000.109005 |pmc= |pmid=11113846 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Matsalolin === Cutar cututtukan cututtukani na haihuwa na iya haifar da matsaloli masu zuwa: <ref name="pmid4121940">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Savage MO, Moosa A, Gordon RR |year=1973 |title=Maternal varicella infection as a cause of fetal malformations. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(73)90134-7 |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7799 |pages=352–4 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(73)90134-7 |pmc= |pmid=4121940 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Mutuwar tayin * Ƙuntataccen girma a cikin mahaifa * Bayar da wuri * jinkirin ci gaba == Binciken ganewa == === Tarihi da alamun === '''Alamomin kamuwa da cuta ta farko a cikin uwa:''' * Cutar farko a cikin uwa tana gabatar da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], Rashin lafiya da rash na fata a farkon wanda ya zama [[Yanayin fata|vesicular]] da ɓawon burodi tare da warkarwa.<ref name="pmid8533407">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Katz VL, Kuller JA, McMahon MJ, Warren MA, Wells SR |year=1995 |title=Varicella during pregnancy. Maternal and fetal effects. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8533407 |journal=West J Med |volume=163 |issue=5 |pages=446–50 |doi= |pmc=1303168 |pmid=8533407}}</ref> === Binciken jiki === Binciken binciken jiki wanda ya nuna cewa cutar varicella ta haihuwa ta haɗa da: <ref name="pmid1733414">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Magliocco AM, Demetrick DJ, Sarnat HB, Hwang WS |year=1992 |title=Varicella embryopathy. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1733414 |journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=1733414}}</ref><ref name="pmid1336591">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendívil A, Mendívil MP, Cuartero V |year=1992 |title=Ocular manifestations of the congenital varicella-zoster syndrome. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1336591 |journal=Ophthalmologica |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=191–3 |doi=10.1159/000310340 |pmc= |pmid=1336591}}</ref> {| border="1" ! !'''Binciken gwajin jiki a cikin ciwon varicella na haihuwa''' |- !'''Fata''' | * Raunin rauni (Zig-Zag scarring a cikin rarrabawar fata) <ref name="pmid2322006">{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd KM |year=1990 |title=Skin lesions as the sole manifestation of the fetal varicella syndrome. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2322006 |url-status=dead |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=546–7 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=2322006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520063453/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/551684 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> * Rashin ƙarfi |- !'''Idanu''' | * Chorioretinitis<ref name="pmid411463">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Charles NC, Bennett TW, Margolis S |year=1977 |title=Ocular pathology of the congenital varicella syndrome. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=411463 |url-status=dead |journal=Arch Ophthalmol |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=2034–7 |doi=10.1001/archopht.1977.04450110128016 |pmc= |pmid=411463 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520044934/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/vol/95/pg/2034 |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> * [[Cataract|Ruwan sama]]<ref name="pmid717518">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cotlier E |year=1978 |title=Congenital varicella cataract. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=717518 |url-status=dead |journal=Am J Ophthalmol |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=627–9 |doi=10.1016/0002-9394(78)90180-0 |pmc= |pmid=717518 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602000614/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-9394(78)90180-0 |archive-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref> * Micropthalmia * Rashin jituwa |- !'''Tsarin jijiyoyi na Tsakiya''' | * Cortical atrophy / porencephaly * Rashin ci gaba * Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta * Rashin kwanciyar hankali |- !'''Tsarin tsoka da kwarangwal''' | * Rashin lafiya na ƙwaƙwalwa * Rashin ƙarfi na tsoka |- !'''Bayyanawa na Tsarin''' | * Rashin ci gaban ciki |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0y5hkk7l6h15ubfc61mcilaq4xiyfag 0 157325 856601 2026-06-14T08:13:00Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325351578|Neonatal sepsis]]" 856601 wikitext text/x-wiki Neonatal sepsis wani nau'in kamuwa da cuta neonatal kuma musamman yana nufin kasancewar jariri na kamuwa da kwayar cuta (BSI) (kamar [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]], pneumonia, pyelonephritis, ko [[Gastroenteritis]]) a cikin yanayin zazzabi. Tsoffin litattafai na iya nufin sepsis na [[Jariri|jarirai]] a matsayin "sepsis neonatorum". Ka'idoji game da sulhu na haemodynamic ko gazawar numfashi ba su da amfani a asibiti saboda waɗannan alamun sau da yawa ba sa tasowa a cikin jarirai har sai mutuwa ta kusa kuma ba za a iya hana su ba. Neonatal sepsis an raba shi zuwa kashi biyu: farkon farawa sepsis (EOS) da ƙarshen farawa sepsis. EOS yana nufin sepsis da aka gabatar a cikin kwanaki 7 na farko na rayuwa (ko da yake wasu suna nufin EOS a cikin sa'o'i 72 na farko na rai), tare da LOS yana nufin gabatar da sepsis bayan kwanaki 7 (ko awanni 72, dangane da tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi). Neonatal sepsis shine mafi yawan dalilin mutuwar jarirai a asibiti da kuma al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa. Yana da wahala a cire cututtukan cututtukani a cikin jarirai da ba su kai kwanaki 90 ba waɗanda ke da zazzabi (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin zafin jiki > 38 ° C (100.4 ° F). Sai dai a cikin yanayin bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, aikin yanzu a cikin jarirai kasa da kwanaki 30 shine yin cikakken aiki ciki har da Cikakken ƙididdigar jini tare da bambanci, al'adun jini, urinalisis, al'adar fitsari, da Ruwan ƙwaƙwalwa (CSF) da al'adun CSF, shigar da jaririn zuwa asibiti, kuma magani don kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani na akalla sa'o'i 48 har sai an nuna al'adu ba su nuna ci gaba ba. An yi ƙoƙari don ganin ko yana yiwuwa a yi hadarin rarraba jarirai don yanke shawara idan za a iya sa ido kan jariri cikin aminci a gida ba tare da magani ba duk da cewa yana da zazzabi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ƙoƙari shine ka'idodin Rochester. == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamun sepsis ba takamaiman ba ne kuma sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ohlin A, Björkqvist M, Montgomery SM, Schollin J |date=November 2010 |title=Clinical signs and CRP values associated with blood culture results in neonates evaluated for suspected sepsis |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=1635–1640 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01913.x |pmid=20560896 |s2cid=7057599}}</ref> * Canjin zafin jiki * Matsalolin numfashi * Rashin ciki * Rashin sukari a cikin jini (hypoglycemia) * Rage motsi * Rage tsotsewa * Cutar * Bradycardia * Yankin ciki mai kumbura * Tashin jaraba * Fata mai launin rawaya da fari na idanu (jaundice). * zubar da jini Zuciya sama da 160 na iya zama alamar sepsis, wannan tachycardia na iya gabatar da har zuwa awanni 24 kafin farkon wasu alamu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Abubuwan haɗari == Binciken da aka yi a asibitin tunawa da Strong a Rochester, New York, ya nuna cewa jarirai ≤ kwanaki 60 da suka hadu da ka'idoji masu zuwa suna cikin haɗari kaɗan don samun mummunar cutar ƙwayoyin cuta: <ref name="pmid4067741">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dagan R, Powell KR, Hall CB, Menegus MA |date=December 1985 |title=Identification of infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infection although hospitalized for suspected sepsis |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=855–860 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80175-X |pmid=4067741}}</ref> * gabaɗaya yana da kyau * a baya lafiya cikakke lokaci (a ≥37 makonni ciki) babu maganin rigakafi perinatally babu hyperbilirubinemia da ba a bayyana ba wanda ke buƙatar magani babu maganin rigakawa tunda an fitar da shi babu asibiti babu rashin lafiya mai tsanani da aka fitar a lokaci guda ko kafin mahaifiyar ** cikakken lokaci (a ≥ makonni 37 na ciki) ** babu maganin rigakafi a lokacin haihuwa ** babu hyperbilirubinemia da ba a bayyana ba wanda ke buƙatar magani ** babu maganin rigakafi tun lokacin da aka fitar da shi ** babu kwantar da hankali a asibiti ** babu wata cuta mai tsanani ** an sallame shi a lokaci guda ko kafin mahaifiyar * babu wata shaida game da fata, nama mai laushi, ƙashi, haɗin gwiwa, ko kamuwa da kunne * White blood cells (WBCs) sun ƙidaya 5,000-15,000/mm³ * Cikakken ƙididdigar band ≤ 1,500/mm³ * fitsari WBC count ≤ 10 a kowace filin wutar lantarki mai girma (hpf) * ƙididdigar WBC ≤ 5 a kowace filin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi (hpf) ''kawai a cikin jarirai da ke fama da zawo'' Wadanda suka hadu da wadannan ka'idoji bazai buƙatar puncture na lumbar ba, kuma ana jin suna da aminci don fitarwa a gida ba tare da maganin rigakafi ba, ko kuma tare da kashi ɗaya na maganin rigakafin intramuscular, amma har yanzu zasu buƙaci bin diddigin waje. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ɗaya daga cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan streptococcal na rukuni na B (GBS) shine fashewar membranes. Binciken mata don GBS (ta hanyar sutura ta al'ada da na baya) da kuma kula da al'adun mata masu kyau tare da intrapartum chemoprophylaxis yana rage yawan sepsis na jarirai wanda GBS ya haifar. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Halayen bugun zuciya marasa kyau (HRC) na raguwa na ɗan lokaci da rage canjin canji a cikin bugun zuciya suna da haɗari ga sepsis na jarirai mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffin MP, Moorman JR |date=January 2001 |title=Toward the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and sepsis-like illness using novel heart rate analysis |journal=Pediatrics |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1542/peds.107.1.97 |pmid=11134441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kovatchev BP, Farhy LS, Cao H, Griffin MP, Lake DE, Moorman JR |date=December 2003 |title=Sample asymmetry analysis of heart rate characteristics with application to neonatal sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=892–898 |doi=10.1203/01.PDR.0000088074.97781.4F |pmid=12930915 |s2cid=1778610 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffin MP, O'Shea TM, Bissonette EA, Harrell FE, Lake DE, Moorman JR |date=June 2003 |title=Abnormal heart rate characteristics preceding neonatal sepsis and sepsis-like illness |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=920–926 |doi=10.1203/01.PDR.0000064904.05313.D2 |pmid=12646726 |s2cid=27932952 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffin MP, Lake DE, Moorman JR |date=April 2005 |title=Heart rate characteristics and laboratory tests in neonatal sepsis |journal=Pediatrics |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=937–941 |doi=10.1542/peds.2004-1393 |pmid=15805367 |s2cid=28800177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moorman JR, Lake DE, Griffin MP |date=January 2006 |title=Heart rate characteristics monitoring for neonatal sepsis |journal=IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=126–132 |doi=10.1109/TBME.2005.859810 |pmid=16402612 |s2cid=3158643}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffin MP, Lake DE, O'Shea TM, Moorman JR |date=February 2007 |title=Heart rate characteristics and clinical signs in neonatal sepsis |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=222–227 |doi=10.1203/01.pdr.0000252438.65759.af |pmid=17237726 |s2cid=8241108 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moorman JR, Delos JB, Flower AA, Cao H, Kovatchev BP, Richman JS, Lake DE |date=November 2011 |title=Cardiovascular oscillations at the bedside: early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis using heart rate characteristics monitoring |journal=Physiological Measurement |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1821–1832 |bibcode=2011PhyM...32.1821M |doi=10.1088/0967-3334/32/11/S08 |pmc=4898648 |pmid=22026974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fairchild KD |date=April 2013 |title=Predictive monitoring for early detection of sepsis in neonatal ICU patients |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–179 |doi=10.1097/mop.0b013e32835e8fe6 |pmc=10989716 |pmid=23407184 |s2cid=22352132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lake DE, Fairchild KD, Moorman JR |date=August 2014 |title=Complex signals bioinformatics: evaluation of heart rate characteristics monitoring as a novel risk marker for neonatal sepsis |journal=Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=329–339 |doi=10.1007/s10877-013-9530-x |pmc=4026344 |pmid=24248424}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hicks JH, Fairchild KD |date=December 2013 |title=Heart rate characteristics in the NICU: what nurses need to know |journal=Advances in Neonatal Care |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=396–401 |doi=10.1097/anc.0000000000000031 |pmc=11019728 |pmid=24300957 |s2cid=205462315}}</ref> [Maganar da yawa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (December 2020)">excessive citations</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Binciken ganewa == # DLC (ƙididdigar leukocyte daban-daban) yana nuna karuwar adadin polymorphs. # DLC: sel na band > 20%. # karuwar haptoglobins. # micro ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) titer > 15mm. # aspirate na ciki yana nuna > 5 polymorphs a kowace filin iko mai ƙarfi. # allon jariri na CSF (cerebrospinal fluid): yana nuna karuwar sel da sunadarai. # Tarihin da ke nunawa na chorioamnionitis, PROM (rugujewar membranes), da dai sauransu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kpy6l9oge1o0fy7y68phwn6mgibg1s2 856629 856601 2026-06-14T08:56:29Z Arabiyu 28508 856629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Neonatal sepsis wani nau'in kamuwa da cuta neonatal kuma musamman yana nufin kasancewar jariri na kamuwa da kwayar cuta (BSI) (kamar [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]], pneumonia, pyelonephritis, ko [[Gastroenteritis]]) a cikin yanayin zazzabi. Tsoffin litattafai na iya nufin sepsis na [[Jariri|jarirai]] a matsayin "sepsis neonatorum". Ka'idoji game da sulhu na haemodynamic ko gazawar numfashi ba su da amfani a asibiti saboda waɗannan alamun sau da yawa ba sa tasowa a cikin jarirai har sai mutuwa ta kusa kuma ba za a iya hana su ba. Neonatal sepsis an raba shi zuwa kashi biyu: farkon farawa sepsis (EOS) da ƙarshen farawa sepsis. EOS yana nufin sepsis da aka gabatar a cikin kwanaki 7 na farko na rayuwa (ko da yake wasu suna nufin EOS a cikin sa'o'i 72 na farko na rai), tare da LOS yana nufin gabatar da sepsis bayan kwanaki 7 (ko awanni 72, dangane da tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi). Neonatal sepsis shine mafi yawan dalilin mutuwar jarirai a asibiti da kuma al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa. Yana da wahala a cire cututtukan cututtukani a cikin jarirai da ba su kai kwanaki 90 ba waɗanda ke da zazzabi (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin zafin jiki > 38 ° C (100.4 ° F). Sai dai a cikin yanayin bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, aikin yanzu a cikin jarirai kasa da kwanaki 30 shine yin cikakken aiki ciki har da Cikakken ƙididdigar jini tare da bambanci, al'adun jini, urinalisis, al'adar fitsari, da Ruwan ƙwaƙwalwa (CSF) da al'adun CSF, shigar da jaririn zuwa asibiti, kuma magani don kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani na akalla sa'o'i 48 har sai an nuna al'adu ba su nuna ci gaba ba. An yi ƙoƙari don ganin ko yana yiwuwa a yi hadarin rarraba jarirai don yanke shawara idan za a iya sa ido kan jariri cikin aminci a gida ba tare da magani ba duk da cewa yana da zazzabi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ƙoƙari shine ka'idodin Rochester. == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamun sepsis ba takamaiman ba ne kuma sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ohlin A, Björkqvist M, Montgomery SM, Schollin J |date=November 2010 |title=Clinical signs and CRP values associated with blood culture results in neonates evaluated for suspected sepsis |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=1635–1640 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01913.x |pmid=20560896 |s2cid=7057599}}</ref> * Canjin zafin jiki * Matsalolin numfashi * Rashin ciki * Rashin sukari a cikin jini (hypoglycemia) * Rage motsi * Rage tsotsewa * Cutar * Bradycardia * Yankin ciki mai kumbura * Tashin jaraba * Fata mai launin rawaya da fari na idanu (jaundice). * zubar da jini Zuciya sama da 160 na iya zama alamar sepsis, wannan tachycardia na iya gabatar da har zuwa awanni 24 kafin farkon wasu alamu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Abubuwan haɗari == Binciken da aka yi a asibitin tunawa da Strong a Rochester, New York, ya nuna cewa jarirai ≤ kwanaki 60 da suka hadu da ka'idoji masu zuwa suna cikin haɗari kaɗan don samun mummunar cutar ƙwayoyin cuta: <ref name="pmid4067741">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dagan R, Powell KR, Hall CB, Menegus MA |date=December 1985 |title=Identification of infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infection although hospitalized for suspected sepsis |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=855–860 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80175-X |pmid=4067741}}</ref> * gabaɗaya yana da kyau * a baya lafiya cikakke lokaci (a ≥37 makonni ciki) babu maganin rigakafi perinatally babu hyperbilirubinemia da ba a bayyana ba wanda ke buƙatar magani babu maganin rigakawa tunda an fitar da shi babu asibiti babu rashin lafiya mai tsanani da aka fitar a lokaci guda ko kafin mahaifiyar ** cikakken lokaci (a ≥ makonni 37 na ciki) ** babu maganin rigakafi a lokacin haihuwa ** babu hyperbilirubinemia da ba a bayyana ba wanda ke buƙatar magani ** babu maganin rigakafi tun lokacin da aka fitar da shi ** babu kwantar da hankali a asibiti ** babu wata cuta mai tsanani ** an sallame shi a lokaci guda ko kafin mahaifiyar * babu wata shaida game da fata, nama mai laushi, ƙashi, haɗin gwiwa, ko kamuwa da kunne * White blood cells (WBCs) sun ƙidaya 5,000-15,000/mm³ * Cikakken ƙididdigar band ≤ 1,500/mm³ * fitsari WBC count ≤ 10 a kowace filin wutar lantarki mai girma (hpf) * ƙididdigar WBC ≤ 5 a kowace filin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi (hpf) ''kawai a cikin jarirai da ke fama da zawo'' Wadanda suka hadu da wadannan ka'idoji bazai buƙatar puncture na lumbar ba, kuma ana jin suna da aminci don fitarwa a gida ba tare da maganin rigakafi ba, ko kuma tare da kashi ɗaya na maganin rigakafin intramuscular, amma har yanzu zasu buƙaci bin diddigin waje. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ɗaya daga cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan streptococcal na rukuni na B (GBS) shine fashewar membranes. Binciken mata don GBS (ta hanyar sutura ta al'ada da na baya) da kuma kula da al'adun mata masu kyau tare da intrapartum chemoprophylaxis yana rage yawan sepsis na jarirai wanda GBS ya haifar. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Halayen bugun zuciya marasa kyau (HRC) na raguwa na ɗan lokaci da rage canjin canji a cikin bugun zuciya suna da haɗari ga sepsis na jarirai mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffin MP, Moorman JR |date=January 2001 |title=Toward the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and sepsis-like illness using novel heart rate analysis |journal=Pediatrics |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1542/peds.107.1.97 |pmid=11134441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kovatchev BP, Farhy LS, Cao H, Griffin MP, Lake DE, Moorman JR |date=December 2003 |title=Sample asymmetry analysis of heart rate characteristics with application to neonatal sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=892–898 |doi=10.1203/01.PDR.0000088074.97781.4F |pmid=12930915 |s2cid=1778610 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffin MP, O'Shea TM, Bissonette EA, Harrell FE, Lake DE, Moorman JR |date=June 2003 |title=Abnormal heart rate characteristics preceding neonatal sepsis and sepsis-like illness |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=920–926 |doi=10.1203/01.PDR.0000064904.05313.D2 |pmid=12646726 |s2cid=27932952 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffin MP, Lake DE, Moorman JR |date=April 2005 |title=Heart rate characteristics and laboratory tests in neonatal sepsis |journal=Pediatrics |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=937–941 |doi=10.1542/peds.2004-1393 |pmid=15805367 |s2cid=28800177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moorman JR, Lake DE, Griffin MP |date=January 2006 |title=Heart rate characteristics monitoring for neonatal sepsis |journal=IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=126–132 |doi=10.1109/TBME.2005.859810 |pmid=16402612 |s2cid=3158643}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffin MP, Lake DE, O'Shea TM, Moorman JR |date=February 2007 |title=Heart rate characteristics and clinical signs in neonatal sepsis |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=222–227 |doi=10.1203/01.pdr.0000252438.65759.af |pmid=17237726 |s2cid=8241108 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moorman JR, Delos JB, Flower AA, Cao H, Kovatchev BP, Richman JS, Lake DE |date=November 2011 |title=Cardiovascular oscillations at the bedside: early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis using heart rate characteristics monitoring |journal=Physiological Measurement |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1821–1832 |bibcode=2011PhyM...32.1821M |doi=10.1088/0967-3334/32/11/S08 |pmc=4898648 |pmid=22026974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fairchild KD |date=April 2013 |title=Predictive monitoring for early detection of sepsis in neonatal ICU patients |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–179 |doi=10.1097/mop.0b013e32835e8fe6 |pmc=10989716 |pmid=23407184 |s2cid=22352132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lake DE, Fairchild KD, Moorman JR |date=August 2014 |title=Complex signals bioinformatics: evaluation of heart rate characteristics monitoring as a novel risk marker for neonatal sepsis |journal=Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=329–339 |doi=10.1007/s10877-013-9530-x |pmc=4026344 |pmid=24248424}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hicks JH, Fairchild KD |date=December 2013 |title=Heart rate characteristics in the NICU: what nurses need to know |journal=Advances in Neonatal Care |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=396–401 |doi=10.1097/anc.0000000000000031 |pmc=11019728 |pmid=24300957 |s2cid=205462315}}</ref> [Maganar da yawa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (December 2020)">excessive citations</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Binciken ganewa == # DLC (ƙididdigar leukocyte daban-daban) yana nuna karuwar adadin polymorphs. # DLC: sel na band > 20%. # karuwar haptoglobins. # micro ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) titer > 15mm. # aspirate na ciki yana nuna > 5 polymorphs a kowace filin iko mai ƙarfi. # allon jariri na CSF (cerebrospinal fluid): yana nuna karuwar sel da sunadarai. # Tarihin da ke nunawa na chorioamnionitis, PROM (rugujewar membranes), da dai sauransu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2qd8b3w3q380f0fyv3yiqpc4zwekh3a 0 157326 856602 2026-06-14T08:13:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358397775|Diphtheria]]" 856602 wikitext text/x-wiki Diphtheria kamuwa da cuta ce da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|kwayar cuta]] ''[[Kwayar Cutar Corynebacterium diphtheriae|Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' ta haifar. Yawancin cututtukan ba su da alamun ko kuma suna da sauƙin asibiti, amma a wasu barkewar cutar, yawan mace-mace ya kusanci 10%.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Alamomi da alamomi na iya bambanta daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani, <ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> kuma yawanci suna farawa kwana biyu zuwa biyar bayan bayyanar. Alamomin sau da yawa suna tasowa sannu a hankali, suna farawa da ciwon makogwaro da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]].<ref name="WHO2006" /> A lokuta masu tsanani, wani launin toka ko fari yana tasowa a cikin makogwaro da ake kira pseudomembrane . <ref name="WHO2006" /><ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Wannan rigar, membrane mai fata sannu a hankali yana toshe hanyar iska. Farawa da tari mai tsinkaye, kama da wanda aka lura a cikin [[croup]], <ref name="WHO2006" /> wuyan na iya kumbura, a wani bangare saboda fadada ƙuƙwalwar lymph na fuska. <ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Pseudomembrane na iya girma don rufe wani yanki mai faɗi na makogwaro, wanda ke haifar da maƙurewa da mutuwa. Diphtheria kuma na iya haɗawa da fata, idanu, ko al'aura, kuma yana iya haifar da rikitarwa, <ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> gami da myocarditis (wanda a cikin kansa zai iya haifar da bugun zuciya mara kyau), kumburi na jijiyoyi (wanda zai iya haifar le paralysis), Matsalolin koda, da matsalolin zubar da jini saboda ƙananan matakan platelets.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Diphtheria yawanci yana yaduwa tsakanin mutane ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye, ta iska, ko ta hanyar hulɗar abubuwa masu gurbatawa. Hakanan yaduwar bayyanar cututtuka da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani suna yiwuwa.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Nau'o'i daban-daban na ''C. diphtheriae&nbsp;'' sune babban dalilin bambancin kisa.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Kisan kai da alamun kansu suna haifar da exotoxin da kwayar cuta ta samar.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Ana iya yin ganewar asali sau da yawa bisa ga bayyanar makogwaro, tare da tabbatarwa ta al'adun microbiological.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Cutar da ta gabata bazai kare kanta daga sake kamuwa da cuta ba.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf "Diphtheria vaccine"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Wkly Epidemiol Rec''. '''81''' (3): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>32. 20 January 2006. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16671240 16671240]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 June 2015.</cite></ref> [[Allurar rigakafin cutar sankara|Allurar rigakafin diphtheria]] tana da tasiri don rigakafi kuma tana samuwa a cikin tsari da yawa. Ana ba da shawarar allurai uku ko hudu, waɗanda aka ba su tare da [[Allurar rigakafin Tetanus|Allurar rigakafin tetanus]] da allurar cutar pertussis a lokacin ƙuruciya.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ana ba da shawarar ƙarin allurar rigakafin diphtheria-tetanus a kowace shekara goma.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ana iya tabbatar da kariya ta hanyar auna matakin antitoxin a cikin jini.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ana iya hana diphtheria a cikin waɗanda aka fallasa, da kuma kula da su tare da maganin rigakafi erythromycin ko benzylpenicillin.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> A lokuta masu tsanani ana iya buƙatar tracheotomy don buɗe hanyar iska.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> A cikin 2015, an bayar da rahoton shari'o'i 4,500 a hukumance a duk duniya, daga kusan 100,000 a cikin 1980. <ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2014 |title=Diphtheria |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/diphtheria/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121723/http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/diphtheria/en/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=who.int}}</ref> Kimanin mutane miliyan daya a shekara an yi imanin cewa sun faru ne kafin shekarun 1980.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Diphtheria a halin yanzu yana faruwa sau da yawa a yankin Sahara na Afirka, Kudancin Asiya, da Indonesia.<ref name="WHO2006" /> A cikin 2015, ya haifar da mutuwar 2,100, daga mutuwar 8,000 a cikin 1990. <ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal |vauthors=((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=((GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |date=17 December 2014 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442}}</ref> A yankunan da har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare, yara sun fi shafar su.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Yana da wuya a cikin kasashe masu tasowa saboda yaduwar [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], amma zai iya sake fitowa idan yawan allurar rigakawa ya ragu.<ref name="WHO2006" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al |first=A. E. Paniz-Mondolfi et |year=2019 |title=Resurgence of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Venezuela as a Regional Public Health Threat in the Americas – Volume 25, Number 4 – April 2019 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |language=en-US |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=625–632 |doi=10.3201/eid2504.181305 |pmc=6433037 |pmid=30698523}}</ref> A Amurka, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar 57 tsakanin 1980 da 2004.<ref name="CDC2012Pink">{{Cite book}}</ref> Mutuwa tana faruwa a cikin 5-10% na waɗanda aka gano.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> An fara bayyana cutar ne a karni na 5 BC ta hanyar Hippocrates.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Edwin Klebs ne ya gano kwayar cutar a 1882. == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:Diphtheria_bull_neck.5325_lores.jpg|thumb|Diphtheria na iya haifar da wuyan kumbura, wani lokacin ana kiranta ''wuyan bijimi''.]] [[Fayil:A_diphtheria_skin_lesion_on_the_leg._PHIL_1941_lores.jpg|thumb|Rashin rauni na fata a kafa]] Alamomin diphtheria yawanci suna farawa kwana biyu zuwa bakwai bayan kamuwa da cuta. Sun hada da zazzabi na 38 ° C (100.4 ° F) ko sama; sanyi; Gajiya; launin fata mai launin shudi (cyanosis); ciwon makogwaro; ƙishirwa; tari; ciwon kai; wahalar haɗiyewa; wahalar numfashi; saurin numfashi; ƙishiri da zubar da jini a hanci; da kuma lymphadenopathy.[1][2] A cikin kwanaki biyu zuwa uku, diphtheria na iya lalata ƙwayoyin lafiya a cikin tsarin numfashi. Matattu nama yana samar da wani m, launin toka, wanda aka sani da pseudomembrane, wanda zai iya gina a cikin makogwaro ko hanci. Zai iya rufe kyallen takarda a cikin hanci, tonsils, akwatin murya, da makogwaro, yana mai da wuya a numfashi da haɗiye.[3] Alamomin na iya haɗawa da bugun zuciya, myocarditis, da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙwaƙwalwa.[4] === Cutar da ke fama da cututtukan cututtuka === Laryngeal diphtheria na iya haifar da halayyar kumburi da makogwaro, ko "kogi na shanu". Makogwaro mai kumbura sau da yawa yana tare da mummunan yanayin numfashi, wanda ke nuna tari ko "barking", stridor, hoarseness, da wahalar numfashi; kuma a tarihi ana kiransa daban-daban a matsayin "diphtheritic [[croup]]", <ref name="loving">{{Cite journal |last=Loving |first=Starling |date=5 October 1895 |title=Something concerning the diagnosis and treatment of false croup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FQcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA567 |url-status=live |journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=XXV |issue=14 |pages=567–573 |doi=10.1001/jama.1895.02430400011001d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704192208/http://books.google.com/books?id=-FQcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA567 |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> "true croup", <ref name="cormack">{{Cite journal |last=Cormack |first=John Rose |date=8 May 1875 |title=Meaning of the Terms Diphtheria, Croup, and Faux Croup |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=1 |issue=749 |page=606 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.749.606 |pmc=2297755 |pmid=20747853}}</ref> <ref name="bennett">{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=James Risdon |date=8 May 1875 |title=True and False Croup |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=749 |pages=606–607 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.749.606-a |pmc=2297754 |pmid=20747854}}</ref> ko kuma wani lokacin kawai a matsayin "croup". Cutar diphtheria ba ta da yawa a cikin ƙasashe inda [[Allurar rigakafin cutar sankara|Allurar rigakafin diphtheria]] ta zama al'ada. A sakamakon haka, kalmar "croup" a zamanin yau galibi tana nufin cutar kwayar cuta da ba ta da alaƙa da ita wacce ke haifar da alamun numfashi masu kama amma masu sauƙi.<ref name="vanderpool">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderpool |first=Patricia |date=December 2012 |title=Recognizing croup and stridor in children |url=http://www.americannursetoday.com/article.aspx?id=9752&fid=9722 |url-status=dead |journal=American Nurse Today |volume=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174601/http://www.americannursetoday.com/article.aspx?id=9752&fid=9722 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tqmdm1r8wq2hfuq8rcc59so7454aplv 856628 856602 2026-06-14T08:56:11Z Arabiyu 28508 856628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Diphtheria kamuwa da cuta ce da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|kwayar cuta]] ''[[Kwayar Cutar Corynebacterium diphtheriae|Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' ta haifar. Yawancin cututtukan ba su da alamun ko kuma suna da sauƙin asibiti, amma a wasu barkewar cutar, yawan mace-mace ya kusanci 10%.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Alamomi da alamomi na iya bambanta daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani, <ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> kuma yawanci suna farawa kwana biyu zuwa biyar bayan bayyanar. Alamomin sau da yawa suna tasowa sannu a hankali, suna farawa da ciwon makogwaro da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]].<ref name="WHO2006" /> A lokuta masu tsanani, wani launin toka ko fari yana tasowa a cikin makogwaro da ake kira pseudomembrane . <ref name="WHO2006" /><ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Wannan rigar, membrane mai fata sannu a hankali yana toshe hanyar iska. Farawa da tari mai tsinkaye, kama da wanda aka lura a cikin [[croup]], <ref name="WHO2006" /> wuyan na iya kumbura, a wani bangare saboda fadada ƙuƙwalwar lymph na fuska. <ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Pseudomembrane na iya girma don rufe wani yanki mai faɗi na makogwaro, wanda ke haifar da maƙurewa da mutuwa. Diphtheria kuma na iya haɗawa da fata, idanu, ko al'aura, kuma yana iya haifar da rikitarwa, <ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> gami da myocarditis (wanda a cikin kansa zai iya haifar da bugun zuciya mara kyau), kumburi na jijiyoyi (wanda zai iya haifar le paralysis), Matsalolin koda, da matsalolin zubar da jini saboda ƙananan matakan platelets.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Diphtheria yawanci yana yaduwa tsakanin mutane ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye, ta iska, ko ta hanyar hulɗar abubuwa masu gurbatawa. Hakanan yaduwar bayyanar cututtuka da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani suna yiwuwa.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Nau'o'i daban-daban na ''C. diphtheriae&nbsp;'' sune babban dalilin bambancin kisa.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Kisan kai da alamun kansu suna haifar da exotoxin da kwayar cuta ta samar.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Ana iya yin ganewar asali sau da yawa bisa ga bayyanar makogwaro, tare da tabbatarwa ta al'adun microbiological.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Cutar da ta gabata bazai kare kanta daga sake kamuwa da cuta ba.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf "Diphtheria vaccine"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Wkly Epidemiol Rec''. '''81''' (3): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>32. 20 January 2006. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16671240 16671240]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 June 2015.</cite></ref> [[Allurar rigakafin cutar sankara|Allurar rigakafin diphtheria]] tana da tasiri don rigakafi kuma tana samuwa a cikin tsari da yawa. Ana ba da shawarar allurai uku ko hudu, waɗanda aka ba su tare da [[Allurar rigakafin Tetanus|Allurar rigakafin tetanus]] da allurar cutar pertussis a lokacin ƙuruciya.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ana ba da shawarar ƙarin allurar rigakafin diphtheria-tetanus a kowace shekara goma.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ana iya tabbatar da kariya ta hanyar auna matakin antitoxin a cikin jini.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ana iya hana diphtheria a cikin waɗanda aka fallasa, da kuma kula da su tare da maganin rigakafi erythromycin ko benzylpenicillin.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> A lokuta masu tsanani ana iya buƙatar tracheotomy don buɗe hanyar iska.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> A cikin 2015, an bayar da rahoton shari'o'i 4,500 a hukumance a duk duniya, daga kusan 100,000 a cikin 1980. <ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2014 |title=Diphtheria |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/diphtheria/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121723/http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/diphtheria/en/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=27 March 2015 |website=who.int}}</ref> Kimanin mutane miliyan daya a shekara an yi imanin cewa sun faru ne kafin shekarun 1980.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Diphtheria a halin yanzu yana faruwa sau da yawa a yankin Sahara na Afirka, Kudancin Asiya, da Indonesia.<ref name="WHO2006" /> A cikin 2015, ya haifar da mutuwar 2,100, daga mutuwar 8,000 a cikin 1990. <ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal |vauthors=((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=((GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |date=17 December 2014 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442}}</ref> A yankunan da har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare, yara sun fi shafar su.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal |date=20 January 2006 |title=Diphtheria vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |pmid=16671240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Yana da wuya a cikin kasashe masu tasowa saboda yaduwar [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], amma zai iya sake fitowa idan yawan allurar rigakawa ya ragu.<ref name="WHO2006" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al |first=A. E. Paniz-Mondolfi et |year=2019 |title=Resurgence of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Venezuela as a Regional Public Health Threat in the Americas – Volume 25, Number 4 – April 2019 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |language=en-US |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=625–632 |doi=10.3201/eid2504.181305 |pmc=6433037 |pmid=30698523}}</ref> A Amurka, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar 57 tsakanin 1980 da 2004.<ref name="CDC2012Pink">{{Cite book}}</ref> Mutuwa tana faruwa a cikin 5-10% na waɗanda aka gano.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> An fara bayyana cutar ne a karni na 5 BC ta hanyar Hippocrates.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Edwin Klebs ne ya gano kwayar cutar a 1882. == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:Diphtheria_bull_neck.5325_lores.jpg|thumb|Diphtheria na iya haifar da wuyan kumbura, wani lokacin ana kiranta ''wuyan bijimi''.]] [[Fayil:A_diphtheria_skin_lesion_on_the_leg._PHIL_1941_lores.jpg|thumb|Rashin rauni na fata a kafa]] Alamomin diphtheria yawanci suna farawa kwana biyu zuwa bakwai bayan kamuwa da cuta. Sun hada da zazzabi na 38 ° C (100.4 ° F) ko sama; sanyi; Gajiya; launin fata mai launin shudi (cyanosis); ciwon makogwaro; ƙishirwa; tari; ciwon kai; wahalar haɗiyewa; wahalar numfashi; saurin numfashi; ƙishiri da zubar da jini a hanci; da kuma lymphadenopathy.[1][2] A cikin kwanaki biyu zuwa uku, diphtheria na iya lalata ƙwayoyin lafiya a cikin tsarin numfashi. Matattu nama yana samar da wani m, launin toka, wanda aka sani da pseudomembrane, wanda zai iya gina a cikin makogwaro ko hanci. Zai iya rufe kyallen takarda a cikin hanci, tonsils, akwatin murya, da makogwaro, yana mai da wuya a numfashi da haɗiye.[3] Alamomin na iya haɗawa da bugun zuciya, myocarditis, da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙwaƙwalwa.[4] === Cutar da ke fama da cututtukan cututtuka === Laryngeal diphtheria na iya haifar da halayyar kumburi da makogwaro, ko "kogi na shanu". Makogwaro mai kumbura sau da yawa yana tare da mummunan yanayin numfashi, wanda ke nuna tari ko "barking", stridor, hoarseness, da wahalar numfashi; kuma a tarihi ana kiransa daban-daban a matsayin "diphtheritic [[croup]]", <ref name="loving">{{Cite journal |last=Loving |first=Starling |date=5 October 1895 |title=Something concerning the diagnosis and treatment of false croup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FQcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA567 |url-status=live |journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=XXV |issue=14 |pages=567–573 |doi=10.1001/jama.1895.02430400011001d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704192208/http://books.google.com/books?id=-FQcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA567 |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> "true croup", <ref name="cormack">{{Cite journal |last=Cormack |first=John Rose |date=8 May 1875 |title=Meaning of the Terms Diphtheria, Croup, and Faux Croup |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=1 |issue=749 |page=606 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.749.606 |pmc=2297755 |pmid=20747853}}</ref> <ref name="bennett">{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=James Risdon |date=8 May 1875 |title=True and False Croup |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=749 |pages=606–607 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.749.606-a |pmc=2297754 |pmid=20747854}}</ref> ko kuma wani lokacin kawai a matsayin "croup". Cutar diphtheria ba ta da yawa a cikin ƙasashe inda [[Allurar rigakafin cutar sankara|Allurar rigakafin diphtheria]] ta zama al'ada. A sakamakon haka, kalmar "croup" a zamanin yau galibi tana nufin cutar kwayar cuta da ba ta da alaƙa da ita wacce ke haifar da alamun numfashi masu kama amma masu sauƙi.<ref name="vanderpool">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderpool |first=Patricia |date=December 2012 |title=Recognizing croup and stridor in children |url=http://www.americannursetoday.com/article.aspx?id=9752&fid=9722 |url-status=dead |journal=American Nurse Today |volume=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174601/http://www.americannursetoday.com/article.aspx?id=9752&fid=9722 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kji7d6ovvk34gff2jrnf0wgxpr9or5a 0 157327 856603 2026-06-14T08:14:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353365724|Canine distemper]]" 856603 wikitext text/x-wiki Canine distemper (CDV) (wani lokacin ana kiransa "Cutar ƙafa") cuta ce ta kwayar cuta wacce ke shafar iyalai masu shayarwa iri-iri, [1] gami da nau'ikan karnuka na gida da na daji, coyotes, foxes, pandas, wolves, ferrets, skunks, raccoons, da felines, da kuma pinnipeds, wasu primates, da sauran nau'ikan. CDV ba ya shafar mutane. A cikin canines, CDV yana shafar tsarin jiki da yawa, gami da gastrointestinal da numfashi, kashin baya, da kwakwalwa. Alamomin da aka saba da su sun haɗa da zazzabi mai tsanani, kumburi na ido da fitar da hanci, numfashi mai wahala da tari, amai da zawo, asarar abinci da rashin jin daɗi, da kuma karfafa hanci da ƙafafun ƙafa. Cutar kwayar cuta na iya kasancewa tare da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu kuma a ƙarshe zai iya gabatar da alamun cututtukani masu tsanani. Canine distemper ya samo asali ne daga Kwayar cutar RNA guda ɗaya na dangin ''Paramyxoviridae'' (dangi ɗaya na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]] da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin mutane). Cutar tana yaduwa sosai ta hanyar numfashi.<ref name="Deemetal2000">{{Cite journal |last=Deem |first=Sharon L. |last2=Spelman |first2=Lucy H. |last3=Yates |first3=Rebecca A. |last4=Montali |first4=Richard J. |date=December 2000 |title=Canine Distemper in Terrestrial Carnivores: A Review |url=http://www.allthingscanid.org/caninedistemper.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0441:CDITCA]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=11428391 |s2cid=12596794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517020346/http://www.allthingscanid.org/caninedistemper.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-17 |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> Cututtuka da mutuwa na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin nau'ikan dabbobi, tare da har zuwa 100% mutuwa a cikin yawan mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba. A cikin karnuka na gida, yayin da nau'in cututtukan cututtukani yana da yawan mace-mace, tsawon lokacin cuta da tsananin ya dogara da shekarun dabba, matsayin rigakafi, da ƙarancin kwayar cutar.<ref name="Deemetal2000" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andreas |first=Beineke |last2=Baumgärtner |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Wohlsein |first3=Peter |date=13 September 2015 |title=Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus – an update |journal=One Health |volume=1 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.09.002 |pmc=5462633 |pmid=28616465}}</ref> Duk da rigakafin rigakafi a yankuna da yawa, ya kasance babbar cuta a cikin karnuka kuma shine babban dalilin mutuwar cututtukan cututtuka a cikin karnukan kafin allurar rigakafi ta zama samuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal Health |url=http://lbl.global/pdf/Animal_man_packs/Animal_health_an_man/AHAC8%20-%20Infectious%20diseases%20of%20dogs.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010341/http://lbl.global/pdf/Animal_man_packs/Animal_health_an_man/AHAC8%20-%20Infectious%20diseases%20of%20dogs.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> == Magana == Asalin kalmar distemper ya fito ne daga Middle English {{Lang|enm|distemperen}}, 'don tayar da ma'auni na ba'a', wanda ya fito ne da Tsohon Faransanci {{Lang|fro|destemprer}}, 'don damuwa', wanda ya kasance daga Vulgar Latin {{Lang|la|distemperare}}, 'don kada a haɗa shi yadda ya kamata'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=distemper (definition) |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/distemper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206213509/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/distemper |archive-date=2017-12-06 |access-date=2017-12-06 |website=Oxford Living Dictionaries – English |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=distemper (definition) |url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=distemper |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509140620/https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=distemper |archive-date=2018-05-09 |access-date=2017-12-06 |website=American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt}}</ref> == Tarihi == Magungunan rigakafi na farko na canine distemper an kirkireshi ne daga Italiyanci Vittorio Puntoni . <ref name="Tizzard 1999">{{Cite journal |last=Tizard |first=I |date=1999 |title=Grease, anthraxgate, and kennel cough: a revisionist history of early veterinary vaccines |journal=Advances in Veterinary Medicine |volume=41 |pages=7–24 |doi=10.1016/S0065-3519(99)80005-6 |isbn=9780120392421 |pmid=9890006}}</ref> A cikin 1923 da 1924, Puntoni ya buga labarai biyu inda ya kara formalin zuwa kwayar kwakwalwa daga karnuka masu kamuwa da cuta don ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafin da ta samu nasarar hana cutar a cikin karnuka masu lafiya.<ref name="Tizzard 1999" /> An kirkiro allurar rigakafin kasuwanci a cikin 1950, duk da haka saboda iyakantaccen amfani, kwayar cutar ta kasance mai yawa a cikin jama'a da yawa.<ref name="Pomeroy2008">{{Cite journal |last=Pomeroy |first=Laura W. |last2=Bjørnstad |first2=Ottar N |author-link2=Ottar Nordal Bjørnstad |last3=Holmes |first3=Edward C. |year=2008 |title=The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |bibcode=2008JMolE..66...98P |doi=10.1007/s00239-007-9040-x |pmc=3334863 |pmid=18217182}}</ref> Karnukan cikin gida sun fi alhakin gabatar da canine distemper ga dabbobin daji da ba a nuna su ba a baya kuma yanzu suna haifar da mummunar barazanar kiyayewa ga nau'ikan Masu cin nama da wasu nau'ikan marsupials. Kwayar cutar ta ba da gudummawa ga kusan halakawar furet mai baƙar fata. Hakanan yana iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawar da [[Thylacine]] (Tasmanian tiger) kuma yana haifar da mutuwa a tsakanin [[Karen daji na Afirka|Karnukan daji na Afirka]].<ref name="McCarthy2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCarthy AJ, Shaw MA, Goodman SJ |date=December 2007 |title=Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores |journal=Proc. Biol. Sci. |volume=274 |issue=1629 |pages=3165–3174 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0884 |pmc=2293938 |pmid=17956850}}</ref> A cikin 1993-1994, yawan zaki a cikin Serengeti, Tanzania, sun sami raguwar 20% sakamakon cutar.<ref name="Assessment2005">{{Cite journal |last=Weckworth |first=Julie K. |last2=Davis |first2=Brian W. |last3=Dubovi |first3=Edward |last4=Fountain-Jones |first4=Nicholas |last5=Packer |first5=Craig |last6=Cleaveland |first6=Sarah |last7=Craft |first7=Meggan E. |last8=Eblate |first8=Ernest |last9=Schwartz |first9=Michael |last10=Mills |first10=L. Scott |last11=Roelke-Parker |first11=Melody |date=November 2020 |title=Cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics of canine distemper virus during a spillover in African lions of Serengeti National Park |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.15449 |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=22 |pages=4308–4321 |bibcode=2020MolEc..29.4308W |doi=10.1111/mec.15449 |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=32306443 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roelke-Parker |first=Melody E. |last2=Munson |first2=Linda |last3=Packer |first3=Craig |last4=Kock |first4=Richard |last5=Cleaveland |first5=Sarah |last6=Carpenter |first6=Margaret |last7=O'Brien |first7=Stephen J. |last8=Pospischil |first8=Andreas |last9=Hofmann-Lehmann |first9=Regina |last10=Lutz |first10=Hans |last11=Mwamengele |first11=George L. M. |last12=Mgasa |first12=M. N. |last13=Machange |first13=G. A. |last14=Summers |first14=Brian A. |last15=Appel |first15=Max J. G. |date=February 1996 |title=A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo) |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=379 |issue=6564 |pages=441–445 |bibcode=1996Natur.379..441R |doi=10.1038/379441a0 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=7095363 |pmid=8559247}}</ref> A cikin 2026, 72 da aka kama da tigers sun mutu daga canine distemper a wuraren shakatawa biyu a Lardin Chiang Mai, [[Tailan|Thailand]] . Cutar ta kuma canza zuwa kwayar cutar phocine distemper, wanda ke shafar hatimi. == Alamun asibiti == A cikin karnuka, alamun CDV sun bambanta sosai, daga babu alamomi zuwa alamun numfashi masu sauƙi waɗanda ba za a iya rarrabe su ba daga [[Kwararrun dabbobi|tari na kennel]] zuwa ciwon huhu mai tsanani tare da amai, zubar da jini, da mutuwa. Alamun da aka fi lura da su sune hanci mai laushi, amai da zawo, rashin ruwa, fitar da ruwa mai yawa, tari da / ko numfashi mai wahala, asarar abinci, da asarar nauyi. Idan alamun jijiyoyin jiki sun taso, rashin ƙarfi na iya biyo baya. Alamun tsarin juyayi na tsakiya sun haɗa da girgizar tsokoki ko ƙungiyoyin tsokoki, fashewa tare da fitarwa, da motsi na jaw da aka saba bayyana a matsayin "suna gogewa," ko kuma mafi dacewa a matsayin "distemper myoclonus. " Yayin da yanayin ke ci gaba, fashewar ta kara muni kuma ta ci gaba zuwa babban mal, sannan mutuwar dabba. Dabbar na iya nuna alamun ƙwarewa ga haske, rashin daidaituwa, kewayawa, ƙaruwa da ƙwarewa game da motsa jiki kamar ciwo ko taɓawa, da lalacewar ikon motsi. Ba a saba gani ba, suna iya haifar da makanta da shanyayye. Tsawon cutar na tsarin zai iya zama ɗan gajeren kwanaki 10, ko kuma farkon alamun jijiyoyin jiki bazai faru ba har sai makonni ko watanni da yawa bayan haka. Wadanda suka tsira yawanci suna da karamin tic ko twitch na matakai daban-daban na tsanani. Tare da lokaci, wannan tic yawanci yana raguwa a cikin tsananin sa. <ref name="Jones1997" /><ref name="CreevyMerck">Kate E. Creevy, 2013, ''Overview of Canine Distemper'', in ''The Merck Veterinary Manual'' (online): "Veterinary Professionals: Generalized Conditions: Canine Distemper", see {{Cite web |title=Canine Distemper Overview – Generalized Conditions |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/canine_distemper/overview_of_canine_distemper.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223064911/http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/canine_distemper/overview_of_canine_distemper.html |archive-date=2014-12-23 |access-date=2014-12-15}}</ref> === Alamomi masu dorewa === Karnuka da suka tsira daga tashin hankali na iya samun matsaloli daga baya. Mafi yawan rikitarwa shine cututtukan hard pad, wanda fata a kan ƙafafun kafa da fata a ƙarshen hanci ya yi kauri. Wani alama mai dorewa wanda ya zama ruwan dare shine enamel hypoplasia. Kayan karewa na iya samun lalacewa ga enamel na hakora waɗanda ba a kafa su gaba ɗaya ba ko kuma ba su riga sun girma ta hanyar gums ba. Wannan ya haifar da kwayar cutar ta kashe sel da ke da alhakin kera enamel na hakora. Wadannan hakora da abin ya shafa suna lalacewa da sauri.<ref name="Insider2012">{{Cite web |date=2010-12-06 |title=Canine Distemper: What You Need To Know |url=http://www.veterinaryinsider.com/public/Canine-Distemper-What-You-Need-To-Know.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502040331/http://www.veterinaryinsider.com/public/Canine-Distemper-What-You-Need-To-Know.cfm |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2012-04-09 |website=Veterinary Insider}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c3ccno91wqn1xdid7sfxfj6rtxlq6cc 856627 856603 2026-06-14T08:55:54Z Arabiyu 28508 856627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Canine distemper (CDV) (wani lokacin ana kiransa "Cutar ƙafa") cuta ce ta kwayar cuta wacce ke shafar iyalai masu shayarwa iri-iri, [1] gami da nau'ikan karnuka na gida da na daji, coyotes, foxes, pandas, wolves, ferrets, skunks, raccoons, da felines, da kuma pinnipeds, wasu primates, da sauran nau'ikan. CDV ba ya shafar mutane. A cikin canines, CDV yana shafar tsarin jiki da yawa, gami da gastrointestinal da numfashi, kashin baya, da kwakwalwa. Alamomin da aka saba da su sun haɗa da zazzabi mai tsanani, kumburi na ido da fitar da hanci, numfashi mai wahala da tari, amai da zawo, asarar abinci da rashin jin daɗi, da kuma karfafa hanci da ƙafafun ƙafa. Cutar kwayar cuta na iya kasancewa tare da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu kuma a ƙarshe zai iya gabatar da alamun cututtukani masu tsanani. Canine distemper ya samo asali ne daga Kwayar cutar RNA guda ɗaya na dangin ''Paramyxoviridae'' (dangi ɗaya na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]] da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin mutane). Cutar tana yaduwa sosai ta hanyar numfashi.<ref name="Deemetal2000">{{Cite journal |last=Deem |first=Sharon L. |last2=Spelman |first2=Lucy H. |last3=Yates |first3=Rebecca A. |last4=Montali |first4=Richard J. |date=December 2000 |title=Canine Distemper in Terrestrial Carnivores: A Review |url=http://www.allthingscanid.org/caninedistemper.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0441:CDITCA]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=11428391 |s2cid=12596794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517020346/http://www.allthingscanid.org/caninedistemper.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-17 |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> Cututtuka da mutuwa na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin nau'ikan dabbobi, tare da har zuwa 100% mutuwa a cikin yawan mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba. A cikin karnuka na gida, yayin da nau'in cututtukan cututtukani yana da yawan mace-mace, tsawon lokacin cuta da tsananin ya dogara da shekarun dabba, matsayin rigakafi, da ƙarancin kwayar cutar.<ref name="Deemetal2000" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andreas |first=Beineke |last2=Baumgärtner |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Wohlsein |first3=Peter |date=13 September 2015 |title=Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus – an update |journal=One Health |volume=1 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.09.002 |pmc=5462633 |pmid=28616465}}</ref> Duk da rigakafin rigakafi a yankuna da yawa, ya kasance babbar cuta a cikin karnuka kuma shine babban dalilin mutuwar cututtukan cututtuka a cikin karnukan kafin allurar rigakafi ta zama samuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal Health |url=http://lbl.global/pdf/Animal_man_packs/Animal_health_an_man/AHAC8%20-%20Infectious%20diseases%20of%20dogs.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010341/http://lbl.global/pdf/Animal_man_packs/Animal_health_an_man/AHAC8%20-%20Infectious%20diseases%20of%20dogs.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> == Magana == Asalin kalmar distemper ya fito ne daga Middle English {{Lang|enm|distemperen}}, 'don tayar da ma'auni na ba'a', wanda ya fito ne da Tsohon Faransanci {{Lang|fro|destemprer}}, 'don damuwa', wanda ya kasance daga Vulgar Latin {{Lang|la|distemperare}}, 'don kada a haɗa shi yadda ya kamata'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=distemper (definition) |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/distemper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206213509/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/distemper |archive-date=2017-12-06 |access-date=2017-12-06 |website=Oxford Living Dictionaries – English |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=distemper (definition) |url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=distemper |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509140620/https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=distemper |archive-date=2018-05-09 |access-date=2017-12-06 |website=American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt}}</ref> == Tarihi == Magungunan rigakafi na farko na canine distemper an kirkireshi ne daga Italiyanci Vittorio Puntoni . <ref name="Tizzard 1999">{{Cite journal |last=Tizard |first=I |date=1999 |title=Grease, anthraxgate, and kennel cough: a revisionist history of early veterinary vaccines |journal=Advances in Veterinary Medicine |volume=41 |pages=7–24 |doi=10.1016/S0065-3519(99)80005-6 |isbn=9780120392421 |pmid=9890006}}</ref> A cikin 1923 da 1924, Puntoni ya buga labarai biyu inda ya kara formalin zuwa kwayar kwakwalwa daga karnuka masu kamuwa da cuta don ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafin da ta samu nasarar hana cutar a cikin karnuka masu lafiya.<ref name="Tizzard 1999" /> An kirkiro allurar rigakafin kasuwanci a cikin 1950, duk da haka saboda iyakantaccen amfani, kwayar cutar ta kasance mai yawa a cikin jama'a da yawa.<ref name="Pomeroy2008">{{Cite journal |last=Pomeroy |first=Laura W. |last2=Bjørnstad |first2=Ottar N |author-link2=Ottar Nordal Bjørnstad |last3=Holmes |first3=Edward C. |year=2008 |title=The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |bibcode=2008JMolE..66...98P |doi=10.1007/s00239-007-9040-x |pmc=3334863 |pmid=18217182}}</ref> Karnukan cikin gida sun fi alhakin gabatar da canine distemper ga dabbobin daji da ba a nuna su ba a baya kuma yanzu suna haifar da mummunar barazanar kiyayewa ga nau'ikan Masu cin nama da wasu nau'ikan marsupials. Kwayar cutar ta ba da gudummawa ga kusan halakawar furet mai baƙar fata. Hakanan yana iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawar da [[Thylacine]] (Tasmanian tiger) kuma yana haifar da mutuwa a tsakanin [[Karen daji na Afirka|Karnukan daji na Afirka]].<ref name="McCarthy2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCarthy AJ, Shaw MA, Goodman SJ |date=December 2007 |title=Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores |journal=Proc. Biol. Sci. |volume=274 |issue=1629 |pages=3165–3174 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0884 |pmc=2293938 |pmid=17956850}}</ref> A cikin 1993-1994, yawan zaki a cikin Serengeti, Tanzania, sun sami raguwar 20% sakamakon cutar.<ref name="Assessment2005">{{Cite journal |last=Weckworth |first=Julie K. |last2=Davis |first2=Brian W. |last3=Dubovi |first3=Edward |last4=Fountain-Jones |first4=Nicholas |last5=Packer |first5=Craig |last6=Cleaveland |first6=Sarah |last7=Craft |first7=Meggan E. |last8=Eblate |first8=Ernest |last9=Schwartz |first9=Michael |last10=Mills |first10=L. Scott |last11=Roelke-Parker |first11=Melody |date=November 2020 |title=Cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics of canine distemper virus during a spillover in African lions of Serengeti National Park |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.15449 |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=22 |pages=4308–4321 |bibcode=2020MolEc..29.4308W |doi=10.1111/mec.15449 |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=32306443 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roelke-Parker |first=Melody E. |last2=Munson |first2=Linda |last3=Packer |first3=Craig |last4=Kock |first4=Richard |last5=Cleaveland |first5=Sarah |last6=Carpenter |first6=Margaret |last7=O'Brien |first7=Stephen J. |last8=Pospischil |first8=Andreas |last9=Hofmann-Lehmann |first9=Regina |last10=Lutz |first10=Hans |last11=Mwamengele |first11=George L. M. |last12=Mgasa |first12=M. N. |last13=Machange |first13=G. A. |last14=Summers |first14=Brian A. |last15=Appel |first15=Max J. G. |date=February 1996 |title=A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo) |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=379 |issue=6564 |pages=441–445 |bibcode=1996Natur.379..441R |doi=10.1038/379441a0 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=7095363 |pmid=8559247}}</ref> A cikin 2026, 72 da aka kama da tigers sun mutu daga canine distemper a wuraren shakatawa biyu a Lardin Chiang Mai, [[Tailan|Thailand]] . Cutar ta kuma canza zuwa kwayar cutar phocine distemper, wanda ke shafar hatimi. == Alamun asibiti == A cikin karnuka, alamun CDV sun bambanta sosai, daga babu alamomi zuwa alamun numfashi masu sauƙi waɗanda ba za a iya rarrabe su ba daga [[Kwararrun dabbobi|tari na kennel]] zuwa ciwon huhu mai tsanani tare da amai, zubar da jini, da mutuwa. Alamun da aka fi lura da su sune hanci mai laushi, amai da zawo, rashin ruwa, fitar da ruwa mai yawa, tari da / ko numfashi mai wahala, asarar abinci, da asarar nauyi. Idan alamun jijiyoyin jiki sun taso, rashin ƙarfi na iya biyo baya. Alamun tsarin juyayi na tsakiya sun haɗa da girgizar tsokoki ko ƙungiyoyin tsokoki, fashewa tare da fitarwa, da motsi na jaw da aka saba bayyana a matsayin "suna gogewa," ko kuma mafi dacewa a matsayin "distemper myoclonus. " Yayin da yanayin ke ci gaba, fashewar ta kara muni kuma ta ci gaba zuwa babban mal, sannan mutuwar dabba. Dabbar na iya nuna alamun ƙwarewa ga haske, rashin daidaituwa, kewayawa, ƙaruwa da ƙwarewa game da motsa jiki kamar ciwo ko taɓawa, da lalacewar ikon motsi. Ba a saba gani ba, suna iya haifar da makanta da shanyayye. Tsawon cutar na tsarin zai iya zama ɗan gajeren kwanaki 10, ko kuma farkon alamun jijiyoyin jiki bazai faru ba har sai makonni ko watanni da yawa bayan haka. Wadanda suka tsira yawanci suna da karamin tic ko twitch na matakai daban-daban na tsanani. Tare da lokaci, wannan tic yawanci yana raguwa a cikin tsananin sa. <ref name="Jones1997" /><ref name="CreevyMerck">Kate E. Creevy, 2013, ''Overview of Canine Distemper'', in ''The Merck Veterinary Manual'' (online): "Veterinary Professionals: Generalized Conditions: Canine Distemper", see {{Cite web |title=Canine Distemper Overview – Generalized Conditions |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/canine_distemper/overview_of_canine_distemper.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223064911/http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/canine_distemper/overview_of_canine_distemper.html |archive-date=2014-12-23 |access-date=2014-12-15}}</ref> === Alamomi masu dorewa === Karnuka da suka tsira daga tashin hankali na iya samun matsaloli daga baya. Mafi yawan rikitarwa shine cututtukan hard pad, wanda fata a kan ƙafafun kafa da fata a ƙarshen hanci ya yi kauri. Wani alama mai dorewa wanda ya zama ruwan dare shine enamel hypoplasia. Kayan karewa na iya samun lalacewa ga enamel na hakora waɗanda ba a kafa su gaba ɗaya ba ko kuma ba su riga sun girma ta hanyar gums ba. Wannan ya haifar da kwayar cutar ta kashe sel da ke da alhakin kera enamel na hakora. Wadannan hakora da abin ya shafa suna lalacewa da sauri.<ref name="Insider2012">{{Cite web |date=2010-12-06 |title=Canine Distemper: What You Need To Know |url=http://www.veterinaryinsider.com/public/Canine-Distemper-What-You-Need-To-Know.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502040331/http://www.veterinaryinsider.com/public/Canine-Distemper-What-You-Need-To-Know.cfm |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2012-04-09 |website=Veterinary Insider}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mfu6jn1xc3funixigbqj8v5lymrwwge 0 157328 856604 2026-06-14T08:15:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301400447|Canine parvovirus]]" 856604 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Canine '''parvo'''''' (wanda ake kira '''CPV''', '''CPV2''', ko parvo) kwayar cuta ce mai yaduwa da ke shafar [[Kare|karnuka]] da kyarketai. CPV yana da yaduwa sosai kuma yana yaduwa daga kare zuwa kare ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice tare da datti. Allurar rigakafi na iya hana wannan kamuwa da cuta, amma mutuwa na iya kaiwa 91% a cikin wadanda ba a kula da su ba. Sau da yawa magani ya haɗa da asibiti na dabbobi. Canine parvovirus sau da yawa yana kamuwa da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa ciki har da foxes, [[Kyanwa|Cats]], da skunks.<ref name="Holmes">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Edward C. |last2=Parrish |first2=Colin R. |last3=Dubovi |first3=Edward J. |last4=Shearn-Bochsler |first4=Valerie I. |last5=Gerhold |first5=Richard W. |last6=Brown |first6=Justin D. |last7=Fox |first7=Karen A. |last8=Kohler |first8=Dennis J. |last9=Allison |first9=Andrew B. |date=2013-02-15 |title=Frequent Cross-Species Transmission of Parvoviruses among Diverse Carnivore Hosts |journal=Journal of Virology |language=en |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=2342–2347 |doi=10.1128/JVI.02428-12 |issn=0022-538X |pmc=3571474 |pmid=23221559}}</ref> Felines (kats) suma suna iya kamuwa da panleukopenia, wani nau'i daban na parvovirus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Katrin |last2=Steutzer |first2=Bianca |date=August 2014 |title=Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases |journal=Veterinary Journal |volume=201 |issue=2 |pages=150–155 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.027 |pmid=24923754}}</ref> == Alamomi == Karnuka da ke kamuwa da cutar suna nuna alamun cutar a cikin kwanaki uku zuwa goma. Alamun na iya haɗawa da barci, amai, zazzabi, da zawo (yawanci jini). Gabaɗaya, alamar farko ta CPV ita ce lethargy. Alamun na biyu sune asarar nauyi da abinci ko zawo sannan amai. Rashin ciki da amai yana haifar da rashin ruwa wanda ke lalata ma'aunin electrolyte kuma wannan na iya shafar kare sosai. Cututtukan cututtuka na biyu suna faruwa ne sakamakon rauni ga tsarin rigakafin. Saboda ma'aunin hanji na yau da kullun ya lalace, jini da furotin suna shiga cikin hanji, wanda ke haifar da [[rashin jini]] da asarar furotin, kuma endotoxins suna tserewa cikin jini, suna haifar da endotoxemia. Karnuka suna da ƙanshi na musamman a cikin matakan ƙarshe na kamuwa da cuta. Fararen ƙwayoyin jini ya faɗi, ya kara raunana kare. Kowane ko duk waɗannan abubuwan na iya haifar da [[Girgiza (hanzari)|firgici]] da mutuwa. Ƙananan dabbobi suna da mafi munin yawan rayuwa. == Binciken ganewa == [[Fayil:CPV_pozitif.jpg|thumb|Kayan gwaji na kare mai kyau na CPV]] Ana yin ganewar asali ta hanyar gano CPV2 a cikin najasa ta hanyar ELISA ko gwajin jini, ko ta hanyar microscopy na lantarki. PCR ya zama samuwa don gano CPV2, kuma za a iya amfani da shi daga baya a cikin cutar lokacin da yiwuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke zubar a cikin najasar da ƙila ELISA ba za ta iya ganowa ba.[1] A asibiti, nau'in ciwon hanji na iya rikicewa wani lokaci tare da coronavirus ko wasu nau'ikan enteritis. Parvovirus, duk da haka, ya fi tsanani kuma kasancewar zawo na jini, ƙananan ƙwayar jinin jini, da necrosis na rufin hanji kuma suna nuna ƙarin zuwa parvovirus, musamman ma a cikin kare mara lafiya. Siffar zuciya tana da sauƙin ganewa saboda alamun sun bambanta.[2] == Magani == Yawan rayuwa ya dogara da yadda ake gano CPV da sauri, shekarun kare, da kuma yadda maganin yake. Babu wani magani da aka amince da shi, kuma yanayin kulawa na yanzu shine kulawa ta tallafi, wanda ya haɗa da asibiti mai yawa, saboda mummunan rashin ruwa da yiwuwar lalacewar hanji da ƙashin ƙashi. Ya kamata a ba da gwajin CPV da wuri-wuri idan ana zargin CPV don fara magani da wuri da kuma kara yawan rayuwa idan an sami cutar. Kulawa mai kyau kuma ya ƙunshi ruwa na crystalloid IV da / ko colloids (misali, Hetastarch), allurar antinausea (antiemetics) kamar Maropant, metoclopramide, dolasetron, ondansetron da prochlorperazine, da allurar rigakafi mai yawa kamar cefazolin / enrofloxacin, ampicillin / enroflecin, metronidazole, timentin, ko enrofloxacin.<ref name="Macintire">{{Cite web |last=Macintire |first=Douglass K. |year=2008 |title=Treatment of Severe Parvoviral Enteritis |url=http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=567275 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102081604/http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=567275 |archive-date=2014-01-02 |access-date=2011-08-10 |website=Proceedings of the CVC Veterinary Conference, Kansas City}}</ref> Ana ba da Ruwa na IV kuma ana ba da allurar rigakafi da allurar maganin rigakafi ta hanyar subcutaneous, intramuscularly, ko intravenously. Ruwan yawanci cakuda ne na maras kyau, daidaitaccen maganin lantarki, tare da adadin da ya dace na bitamin B-complex, dextrose, da potassium chloride. Ana iya amfani da magungunan analgesic don magance matsalar hanji da ke haifar da yawan zazzabi; duk da haka, amfani da magunguna na opioid na iya haifar da ileus na biyu da raguwar motsi. Baya ga ruwan da aka bayar don cimma isasshen sake ruwa, a duk lokacin da jaririn ya zubar da ciki ko yana da zawo da yawa, ana ba da ruwa daidai ta hanyar intravenous. Ana ƙayyade bukatun ruwa na mai haƙuri ta nauyin jikin dabba, canje-canje na nauyi a tsawon lokaci, matakin rashin ruwa a gabatarwa, da kuma yankin farfajiyar. Ana amfani da ƙarin jini daga kare mai ba da gudummawa wanda ya riga ya tsira daga CPV a wasu lokuta don samar da rigakafi ga kare mara lafiya. Wasu likitocin dabbobi suna ajiye waɗannan karnuka a shafin, ko kuma suna da maganin daskarewa. Babu wani bincike mai sarrafawa game da wannan magani.[1] Bugu da ƙari, sabon plasma mai daskarewa da ƙarin jini na mutum na iya taimakawa wajen maye gurbin matsanancin asarar furotin da aka gani a lokuta masu tsanani kuma taimakawa wajen tabbatar da isasshen warkar da nama. Koyaya, wannan yana da rikice-rikice tare da kasancewar mafi aminci kamar Hetastarch, saboda zai kara matsin lamba na colloid osmotic ba tare da mummunar tasiri na ƙaddamar da wannan mai haƙuri na canine ga amsawar jini a nan gaba ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] si261big8w2hzz2jcd6huo6uzce0pwn 856626 856604 2026-06-14T08:55:35Z Arabiyu 28508 856626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Canine '''parvo'''''' (wanda ake kira '''CPV''', '''CPV2''', ko parvo) kwayar cuta ce mai yaduwa da ke shafar [[Kare|karnuka]] da kyarketai. CPV yana da yaduwa sosai kuma yana yaduwa daga kare zuwa kare ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice tare da datti. Allurar rigakafi na iya hana wannan kamuwa da cuta, amma mutuwa na iya kaiwa 91% a cikin wadanda ba a kula da su ba. Sau da yawa magani ya haɗa da asibiti na dabbobi. Canine parvovirus sau da yawa yana kamuwa da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa ciki har da foxes, [[Kyanwa|Cats]], da skunks.<ref name="Holmes">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Edward C. |last2=Parrish |first2=Colin R. |last3=Dubovi |first3=Edward J. |last4=Shearn-Bochsler |first4=Valerie I. |last5=Gerhold |first5=Richard W. |last6=Brown |first6=Justin D. |last7=Fox |first7=Karen A. |last8=Kohler |first8=Dennis J. |last9=Allison |first9=Andrew B. |date=2013-02-15 |title=Frequent Cross-Species Transmission of Parvoviruses among Diverse Carnivore Hosts |journal=Journal of Virology |language=en |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=2342–2347 |doi=10.1128/JVI.02428-12 |issn=0022-538X |pmc=3571474 |pmid=23221559}}</ref> Felines (kats) suma suna iya kamuwa da panleukopenia, wani nau'i daban na parvovirus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Katrin |last2=Steutzer |first2=Bianca |date=August 2014 |title=Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases |journal=Veterinary Journal |volume=201 |issue=2 |pages=150–155 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.027 |pmid=24923754}}</ref> == Alamomi == Karnuka da ke kamuwa da cutar suna nuna alamun cutar a cikin kwanaki uku zuwa goma. Alamun na iya haɗawa da barci, amai, zazzabi, da zawo (yawanci jini). Gabaɗaya, alamar farko ta CPV ita ce lethargy. Alamun na biyu sune asarar nauyi da abinci ko zawo sannan amai. Rashin ciki da amai yana haifar da rashin ruwa wanda ke lalata ma'aunin electrolyte kuma wannan na iya shafar kare sosai. Cututtukan cututtuka na biyu suna faruwa ne sakamakon rauni ga tsarin rigakafin. Saboda ma'aunin hanji na yau da kullun ya lalace, jini da furotin suna shiga cikin hanji, wanda ke haifar da [[rashin jini]] da asarar furotin, kuma endotoxins suna tserewa cikin jini, suna haifar da endotoxemia. Karnuka suna da ƙanshi na musamman a cikin matakan ƙarshe na kamuwa da cuta. Fararen ƙwayoyin jini ya faɗi, ya kara raunana kare. Kowane ko duk waɗannan abubuwan na iya haifar da [[Girgiza (hanzari)|firgici]] da mutuwa. Ƙananan dabbobi suna da mafi munin yawan rayuwa. == Binciken ganewa == [[Fayil:CPV_pozitif.jpg|thumb|Kayan gwaji na kare mai kyau na CPV]] Ana yin ganewar asali ta hanyar gano CPV2 a cikin najasa ta hanyar ELISA ko gwajin jini, ko ta hanyar microscopy na lantarki. PCR ya zama samuwa don gano CPV2, kuma za a iya amfani da shi daga baya a cikin cutar lokacin da yiwuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke zubar a cikin najasar da ƙila ELISA ba za ta iya ganowa ba.[1] A asibiti, nau'in ciwon hanji na iya rikicewa wani lokaci tare da coronavirus ko wasu nau'ikan enteritis. Parvovirus, duk da haka, ya fi tsanani kuma kasancewar zawo na jini, ƙananan ƙwayar jinin jini, da necrosis na rufin hanji kuma suna nuna ƙarin zuwa parvovirus, musamman ma a cikin kare mara lafiya. Siffar zuciya tana da sauƙin ganewa saboda alamun sun bambanta.[2] == Magani == Yawan rayuwa ya dogara da yadda ake gano CPV da sauri, shekarun kare, da kuma yadda maganin yake. Babu wani magani da aka amince da shi, kuma yanayin kulawa na yanzu shine kulawa ta tallafi, wanda ya haɗa da asibiti mai yawa, saboda mummunan rashin ruwa da yiwuwar lalacewar hanji da ƙashin ƙashi. Ya kamata a ba da gwajin CPV da wuri-wuri idan ana zargin CPV don fara magani da wuri da kuma kara yawan rayuwa idan an sami cutar. Kulawa mai kyau kuma ya ƙunshi ruwa na crystalloid IV da / ko colloids (misali, Hetastarch), allurar antinausea (antiemetics) kamar Maropant, metoclopramide, dolasetron, ondansetron da prochlorperazine, da allurar rigakafi mai yawa kamar cefazolin / enrofloxacin, ampicillin / enroflecin, metronidazole, timentin, ko enrofloxacin.<ref name="Macintire">{{Cite web |last=Macintire |first=Douglass K. |year=2008 |title=Treatment of Severe Parvoviral Enteritis |url=http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=567275 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102081604/http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=567275 |archive-date=2014-01-02 |access-date=2011-08-10 |website=Proceedings of the CVC Veterinary Conference, Kansas City}}</ref> Ana ba da Ruwa na IV kuma ana ba da allurar rigakafi da allurar maganin rigakafi ta hanyar subcutaneous, intramuscularly, ko intravenously. Ruwan yawanci cakuda ne na maras kyau, daidaitaccen maganin lantarki, tare da adadin da ya dace na bitamin B-complex, dextrose, da potassium chloride. Ana iya amfani da magungunan analgesic don magance matsalar hanji da ke haifar da yawan zazzabi; duk da haka, amfani da magunguna na opioid na iya haifar da ileus na biyu da raguwar motsi. Baya ga ruwan da aka bayar don cimma isasshen sake ruwa, a duk lokacin da jaririn ya zubar da ciki ko yana da zawo da yawa, ana ba da ruwa daidai ta hanyar intravenous. Ana ƙayyade bukatun ruwa na mai haƙuri ta nauyin jikin dabba, canje-canje na nauyi a tsawon lokaci, matakin rashin ruwa a gabatarwa, da kuma yankin farfajiyar. Ana amfani da ƙarin jini daga kare mai ba da gudummawa wanda ya riga ya tsira daga CPV a wasu lokuta don samar da rigakafi ga kare mara lafiya. Wasu likitocin dabbobi suna ajiye waɗannan karnuka a shafin, ko kuma suna da maganin daskarewa. Babu wani bincike mai sarrafawa game da wannan magani.[1] Bugu da ƙari, sabon plasma mai daskarewa da ƙarin jini na mutum na iya taimakawa wajen maye gurbin matsanancin asarar furotin da aka gani a lokuta masu tsanani kuma taimakawa wajen tabbatar da isasshen warkar da nama. Koyaya, wannan yana da rikice-rikice tare da kasancewar mafi aminci kamar Hetastarch, saboda zai kara matsin lamba na colloid osmotic ba tare da mummunar tasiri na ƙaddamar da wannan mai haƙuri na canine ga amsawar jini a nan gaba ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4rw62a4kr0ikrha2edoql7s243yvott 0 157329 856605 2026-06-14T08:16:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284640389|Feline calicivirus]]" 856605 wikitext text/x-wiki Feline calicivirus ('''FCV''') kwayar cuta ce ta dangin ''Caliciviridae'' wacce ke haifar da cuta a cikin [[Kyanwa|Cats]]. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman cututtukan cututtukani guda biyu na cututtukatattun numfashi a cikin cats, ɗayan kuma shine kwayar cutar herpesvirus. Ana iya ware FCV daga kusan 50% na cats da ke da cututtukan numfashi na sama. Cheetahs su ne sauran nau'ikan dangin Felidae da aka sani da kamuwa da cuta ta halitta.<ref name="Fenner_1993" /> == Tsarin kwayar cuta da pathogenesis == Nau'o'i daban-daban na FCV na iya bambanta a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta (matakin pathogenicity a cikin rukuni ko nau'in microorganisms ko ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙimar mutuwar da / ko ikon kwayar halitta don mamaye kyallen takarda na mai masaukin). Da yake Kwayar cutar RNA ce, FCV tana da babban sassauci na kwayar halitta, wanda ya sa ya fi dacewa da matsin muhalli. Wannan ba wai kawai ya sa ci gaban allurar rigakafi ya fi wuya ba, har ma yana ba da damar ci gaba da ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="Radford">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Radford A, Coyne K, Dawson S, Porter C, Gaskell R |year=2007 |title=Feline calicivirus |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00902847/file/hal-00902847.pdf |journal=Vet Res |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=319–35 |doi=10.1051/vetres:2006056 |pmid=17296159 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin cats da ke ci gaba da kamuwa da cuta, an nuna kwayar halitta don babban furotin na tsarin Capsid na kwayar cuta (farin furotin na waje na kwayar cutar da ta manyanta) ta samo asali ne ta hanyar zaɓin mai kyau na rigakafi, wanda ke ba da damar kwayar cute ta tsere wa ganowa ta [[Tsarin rigakafi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coyne K, Reed F, Porter C, Dawson S, Gaskell R, Radford A |year=2006 |title=Recombination of Feline calicivirus within an endemically infected cat colony |journal=J Gen Virol |volume=87 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=921–6 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.81537-0 |pmid=16528041 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gano wani nau'in FCV don haifar da mummunar cuta a cikin cats, mai kama da cutar haemorrhagic rabbit (wanda kuma ya haifar da kwayar cutar calicivirus). Wannan kwayar cutar an kira ta virulent systemic feline calicivirus (VS-FCV) ko FCV-associated virulent systemical disease (VSD). Cutar ta samo asali ne daga mamayewar kwayar cuta kai tsaye na epithelium da endothelium da kuma amsawar rigakafin mai karɓar bakuncin. Rashin VS-FCV da alama ya tashi da kansa daga juna tun lokacin da aka fara bayyana shi, ma'ana ba duk shari'ar VS-FCCV ba ne suka bazu daga shari'a ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ossiboff R, Sheh A, Shotton J, Pesavento P, Parker J |year=2007 |title=Feline caliciviruses (FCVs) isolated from cats with virulent systemic disease possess in vitro phenotypes distinct from those of other FCV isolates |journal=J Gen Virol |volume=88 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=506–17 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.82488-0 |pmid=17251569 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin barkewar VS-FCV an bayar da rahoton a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name="Radford">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Radford A, Coyne K, Dawson S, Porter C, Gaskell R |year=2007 |title=Feline calicivirus |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00902847/file/hal-00902847.pdf |journal=Vet Res |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=319–35 |doi=10.1051/vetres:2006056 |pmid=17296159 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An fara bayyana shi ne a shekarar 1998 a Arewacin [[California]].<ref name="DVM">{{Cite journal |date=February 2007 |title=CaliciVax updated to cover virulent systemic feline calicivirus |journal=DVM |pages=61}}</ref> yaduwa FCV ya bambanta dangane da mahalli. A cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu, FCV yana cikin kusan 10% na cats (ko dai a cikin aiki ko a cikin mai ɗaukar kaya), yayin da yaduwar a cikin mafaka ko catteries shine 25 zuwa 40%.<ref name="Radford">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Radford A, Coyne K, Dawson S, Porter C, Gaskell R |year=2007 |title=Feline calicivirus |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00902847/file/hal-00902847.pdf |journal=Vet Res |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=319–35 |doi=10.1051/vetres:2006056 |pmid=17296159 |doi-access=free}}</ref> FCV yana maimaitawa a cikin ƙwayoyin baki da na numfashi, kuma ana ɓoye shi a cikin [[Yawu|hawaye]], datti, [[fitsari]], da ɓoyayyun numfashi. Ana iya watsa shi ta hanyar iska, ta baki, da kuma a kan fomites. Cats masu kamuwa da cutar yawanci suna zubar da kwayar cutar na makonni biyu. Bayan wannan lokacin, cats masu kamuwa da cutar ba su sake zubar da kwayar cutar ba ko kuma su kamu da cutar kwanan nan kuma sun zubar da ƙwayoyin cuta a kai a kai ko a lokaci-lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coyne K, Dawson S, Radford A, Cripps P, Porter C, McCracken C, Gaskell R |year=2006 |title=Long-term analysis of feline calicivirus prevalence and viral shedding patterns in naturally infected colonies of domestic cats |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume=118 |issue=1–2 |pages=12–25 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.026 |pmc=7117452 |pmid=16911860}}</ref> [[Coinfection|Cutar tare]] da ko dai kwayar cutar herpesvirus ko kwayar cutar rigakafin feline yana haifar da mummunar cuta. == Alamun asibiti == [[Fayil:Katzenschnupfen_Calici.jpg|thumb|Cutar kwayar cutar Feline calicivirus a cikin cat, tana nuna ulceration a kan ƙarshen rostral na [[Harshe (gaɓa)|harshe]] da Gingeritis na biyu, faucitis da ptyalism. Lura cewa Rhinitis ma yana nan.]] Alamun asibiti a cikin cats da suka kamu da FCV na iya bunkasa cikin gaggawa, lokaci-lokaci, ko a'a. Cututtukan da ba a sani ba ko na asibiti sau da yawa sukan zama na asibiti lokacin da aka damu da cat, kamar a lokacin tallafi. Alamun gaggawa na FCV sun haɗa da zazzabi, conjunctivitis, fitar da hanci, sneezing, da ulceration na baki (stomatitis). Pneumonia na iya tasowa tare da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu. Baya ga stomatitis, wasu cats na iya kamuwa da polyarthritis, dukansu tabbas ana amfani da su ta hanyar rigakafin rigakafi. Stomatitis da polyarthritis na iya tasowa ba tare da alamun kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi ba, amma zazzabi da asarar abinci na iya faruwa. Ba a saba da shi ba, glomerulonephritis na iya tasowa a lokuta masu tsanani na biyu zuwa ƙaddamar da rikitarwa na rigakafi. Babban bambancin alamun asibiti a cikin lokuta na FCV yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin dangi na nau'ikan kwayar cuta daban-daban. VS-FCV na iya haifar da annobar gaggawa, tare da yawan mace-mace har zuwa 67% . Alamun asibiti na farko sun haɗa da fitarwa daga idanu da hanci, ulceration a baki, anorexia, da lethargy, kuma suna faruwa a cikin kwana ɗaya zuwa biyar.<ref name="forum">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenthal |first=Marie |date=February 2007 |title=VS-FCV may be more prevalent than previously thought |journal=Veterinary Forum |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=23}}</ref> Alamun baya sun haɗa da zazzabi, edema na gaɓoɓin da fuska, [[Shawara|jaundice]], da kuma ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da yawa. Binciken FCV yana da wahala ba tare da takamaiman gwaje-gwaje ba, saboda alamun suna kama da sauran cututtukan numfashi na feline, musamman Rhinotracheitis na kwayar cuta. Kasancewar stomatitis na iya nuna FCV. Takamaiman gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da al'adu ƙwayoyin cuta, polymerase chain reaction, da kuma immunohistochemical staining. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cqku0ol58h498j69ckmqx7ecog0408g 0 157330 856606 2026-06-14T08:16:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342264054|Carnivore protoparvovirus 1]]" 856606 wikitext text/x-wiki   Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 wani nau'in parvovirus ne wanda ke kamuwa ga dabbobi Masu cin nama. Yana haifar da cuta mai yaduwa sosai a cikin karnuka da cats daban. Cutar gabaɗaya ta kasu kashi biyu: ƙungiyar ƙwayoyin cuta na gargajiya ('''FPLV'''), da ƙungiyar ƙwayoyanar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta na 2 (CPV-2), wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarun 1970.<ref name="pmid30934948">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mira F, Canuti M, Purpari G, Cannella V, Di Bella S, Occhiogrosso L, Schirò G, Chiaramonte G, Barreca S, Pisano P, Lastra A, Decaro N, Guercio A |date=March 2019 |title=Molecular Characterization and Evolutionary Analyses of Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 NS1 Gene |journal=Viruses |volume=11 |issue=4 |page=308 |doi=10.3390/v11040308 |pmc=6520740 |pmid=30934948 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasancewa cikin iyalin Parvoviridae, FPLV suna da layi, DNA guda ɗaya (ssDNA) genomes. Wannan wakili yana daya daga cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na dabba, kusan 18 zuwa 20 nm a diamita. Kamar sauran kwayoyin halittar parvovirus, yana da tsarin gashi a bangarorin biyu na kwayar halittar sa: tsarin Y-type 3-genome da tsarin U-shaped 5-terminal, yana mai da ƙalubale don fadada cikakken kwayar halittun parvovvirus duk da ƙaramin girmansa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leal É, Liang R, Liu Q, Villanova F, Shi L, Liang L, Li J, Witkin SS, Cui S |date=16 January 2020 |title=Regional adaptations and parallel mutations in Feline panleukopenia virus strains from China revealed by nearly-full length genome analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=1 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1527705L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0227705 |pmc=6964837 |pmid=31945103 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin a cikin kwayar halitta yana nuna babban matakin kiyaye nucleotide a cikin kwafin halittar VP2 bayan sama da shekaru 90 tun lokacin da ya fito; lambobin kwayar halittar VV2 don furotin capsid VP2, babban furotin na tsari, wanda ke ƙayyade manyan maye gurbi yayin juyin halitta na CPV.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miranda C, Vieira MJ, Silva E, Carvalheira J, Parrish CR, Thompson G |date=August 2017 |title=Genetic Analysis of Feline Panleukopenia Virus Full-length VP2 Gene in Domestic Cats Between 2006-2008 and 2012-2014, Portugal |journal=Transboundary and Emerging Diseases |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1178–1183 |doi=10.1111/tbed.12483 |pmid=26924760 |s2cid=26070126 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp; FPLV is known to infect all wild and domestic members of the felid (cat) family worldwide.<ref name="MerckVetManual">{{Cite web |title=Overview of Feline Panleukopenia - Generalized Conditions |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/feline-panleukopenia/overview-of-feline-panleukopenia |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual}}</ref> It is a highly contagious, severe infection that causes gastrointestinal, immune system, and nervous system disease. Its primary effect is to decrease the number of white blood cells, causing the disease known as '''feline panleukopenia'''. Kodayake an taɓa tunanin cewa FPLV ne kawai ya haifar da panleukopenia a cikin cats, <ref name="ICTV">{{Cite web |title=ICTV Taxonomy history: ''Carnivore protoparvovirus 1'' |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=20184273 |access-date=8 January 2019 |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)}}</ref> an tabbatar da cewa CPV 2a, 2b, da 2c na iya haifar da cutar panleukupenia.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ikeda Y, Nakamura K, Miyazawa T, Takahashi E, Mochizuki M |date=April 2002 |title=Feline host range of canine parvovirus: Recent emergence of new antigenic types in cats |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=341–346 |doi=10.3201/eid0804.010228 |pmc=2730235 |pmid=11971764}}</ref> Ana kiran FPLV kamar haka: * kwayar cutar enteritis mai yaduwa (FIE) <ref name="MerckVetManual">{{Cite web |title=Overview of Feline Panleukopenia - Generalized Conditions |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/feline-panleukopenia/overview-of-feline-panleukopenia |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual}}</ref> * feline parvovirus (FPV ko FP ko "feline parvo") <ref>{{Cite web |title=Feline panleukopenia |url=https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/pages/Feline-Panleukopenia.aspx |website=AVMA.org |publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association}}</ref> * feline parvoviral enteritis <ref name="MerckVetManual" /> Wani lokaci ana kiransa " annoba ta cat" da kuma "feline distemper". Baya ga membobin dangin felid, yana iya shafar wasu masu cin nama (misali raccoon, mink). <ref name="MerckVetManual">{{Cite web |title=Overview of Feline Panleukopenia - Generalized Conditions |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/feline-panleukopenia/overview-of-feline-panleukopenia |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual}}</ref> == Rarraba == Ana ɗaukar kwayar cutar panleukopenia ta feline a ko'ina, ma'ana a kusan kowane wuri ne wanda ba a kashe shi akai-akai ba. Cutar tana da yaduwa sosai a tsakanin cats da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba.<ref name="Brooks_2017">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2017 |title=Distemper (Panleukopenia) in Cats |url=https://www.vin.com/apputil/project/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=17256&SAId=1&catId=93555&id=4952250&ind=575&objTypeID=1007 |website=Veterinary Partner |publisher=Veterinary Information Network}}</ref> Antibodies akan FPLV, wanda tsarin rigakafin rigakafi ya samar, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin martani na feline ga kwayar cutar. Magungunan rigakafi da aka samo daga uwa (MDA) da kyau suna kare kittens daga mummunar kamuwa. Wannan rigakafin da aka samu daga baya an maye gurbinsa da amsawar rigakafin rigakafin ta hanyar allurar rigakafi ko kuma sakamakon kamuwa da cuta ta halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Feline panleukopenia |url=http://www.abcdcatsvets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ABCD_FPV_V3_2015_for-web_final_170915.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731090117/http://www.abcdcatsvets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ABCD_FPV_V3_2015_for-web_final_170915.pdf |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |access-date=March 13, 2019 |website=ABCDCatsVets.org |publisher=European Advisory Board for Cat Diseases}}</ref> A cikin kittens, lokacin mafi yawan kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta shine lokacin da magungunan rigakafin uwa ba su nan, ko raguwa, kuma rigakafin rigakafin da aka haifar bai riga ya bunkasa ba.<ref name="Brower_2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brower AI, Radi C, Krueger D, Toohey-Kurth K |date=1 August 2004 |title=Feline panleukopenia: A diagnostic laboratory's perspective |url=https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/feline-panleukopenia-a-diagnostic-laboratorys-perspective |journal=Veterinary Medicine |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=714–721}}</ref> Ana zaton cats masu yawo kyauta suna fuskantar kwayar cutar a cikin shekara ta farko ta rayuwarsu. Wadanda suka kamu da kamuwa da cuta ko kuma suka tsira daga mummunar cuta suna da ƙarfi, na dogon lokaci, amsawar rigakafi mai kariya.<ref name="MerckVetManual">{{Cite web |title=Overview of Feline Panleukopenia - Generalized Conditions |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/feline-panleukopenia/overview-of-feline-panleukopenia |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual}}</ref> Wani cat mai kamuwa da cutar yana zubar da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa a cikin dukkan ɓoyayyun jiki ciki har da datti, amai, fitsari, hawaye, da mucus a lokacin gagarumin rashin lafiya. Zai iya ci gaba da zubar da kwayar cutar har tsawon makonni shida bayan warkewa.<ref name="MerckVetManual">{{Cite web |title=Overview of Feline Panleukopenia - Generalized Conditions |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/feline-panleukopenia/overview-of-feline-panleukopenia |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual}}</ref> Cats marasa lafiya na asibiti na iya zubar da kwayar cutar a cikin ɓoyayyun jiki. Ana iya ɗaukar kwayar cutar ko canja wurin ta a kan wani abu mai kamuwa da cuta (kamar gado, jita-jita na abinci, gashi) ko kuma wasu dabbobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, da mutane (duba: fomites). Yana ci gaba da daɗewa bayan shaidar asalin asalin jikin ya ɓace, kuma ana iya jigilar shi nesa. Kamar duk parvoviruses, FPLV yana da tsayayya sosai ga rashin aiki kuma yana iya rayuwa fiye da shekara guda a cikin yanayin da ya dace.<ref name="Merck">{{Cite web |title=Feline Panleukopenia: Introduction |url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/57100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016093400/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F57100.htm |archive-date=October 16, 2006 |access-date=26 May 2011 |publisher=Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co.}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton mutuwar kittens a cikin gidajen da aka yi wa kittens allurar rigakafi, watakila saboda fallasawa ga yawan kwayar cuta a cikin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Addie DD, Toth S, Thompson H, Greenwood N, Jarrett JO |date=April 1998 |title=Detection of feline parvovirus in dying pedigree kittens |journal=The Veterinary Record |volume=142 |issue=14 |pages=353–356 |doi=10.1136/vr.142.14.353 |pmid=9587196 |s2cid=44269570}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, an gano martani na microRNA ga kamuwa da cutar FPLV a cikin ƙwayoyin koda na feline ta hanyar tsarawa, yana ba da yiwuwar haɗi tsakanin furcin miRNA da pathogenesis na kamuwa da FPV.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang L, Liang R, Zhang G, Zhai Z, Deng Y, Li J, Cui S |date=November 2019 |title=Analysis of the microRNA expression profiles in feline kidney cell line infected with feline panleukopenia virus |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=75 |bibcode=2019InfGE..7503945Z |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103945 |pmid=31265913 |s2cid=195788346}}</ref> == Alamun asibiti == Bayanan asibiti na FPLV suna da bambanci dangane da kashi na kwayar cutar, shekarun cat, yiwuwar haɗarin jinsi, da rigakafin rigakafin uwa, bayyanar da ta gabata, ko rigakafi.[1] Yawancin cututtukan suna da alaƙa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da babban seroprevalence na anti-FPV antibodies tsakanin wasu al'ummomin da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba, cats masu lafiya. Cats da ke fama da rashin lafiya yawanci ba su kai shekara guda ba, amma tsofaffin cats ma suna cikin haɗari.[2] Akwai babban mutuwa a cikin kittens da ke fama da cutar, kuma mutuwar kwatsam na iya faruwa.[1] Alamun asibiti yawanci suna tasowa a cikin kwanaki 4-6 bayan fallasa, amma suna iya nunawa a cikin kwanaki 2-14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2015 |title=Canine Parvo & Feline Panleuk: New ideas for prevention, treatment & risk assessment |url=https://www.uwsheltermedicine.com/library/resources/2015-cvc-washington-dc-conference-powerpoint-slides-for-dr-cynthia-karsten-s-presentations}}</ref> Kwayar cutar tana kamuwa da cuta kuma tana lalata ƙwayoyin halitta masu rarraba a cikin ƙwayar ƙashi, ƙwayoyin lymphoid, ƙwayoyen hanji, kuma - a cikin ƙananan dabbobi - a cikin cerebellum da retina.<ref name="MerckVetManual">{{Cite web |title=Overview of Feline Panleukopenia - Generalized Conditions |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/feline-panleukopenia/overview-of-feline-panleukopenia |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual}}</ref> Kwayar cutar da farko ta kai farmaki ga lining na gastrointestinal tract, yana haifar da ulceration na ciki kuma, a ƙarshe, cikakkiyar sloughing na epithelium na hanji. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7xjzb44shchi8yy0zksr5gkzh2gehhw 0 157331 856607 2026-06-14T08:16:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356304102|Tetanus]]" 856607 wikitext text/x-wiki Tetanus (daga Tsohon Girkanci τέτανος 'tsananin', 'tsananne', 'tsayayyen'), wanda aka fi sani da lockjaw, kamuwa ne na ƙwayoyin cuta wanda Clostridium tetani ya haifar kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar spasms na tsoka. A cikin nau'in da aka fi sani, spasms suna farawa a cikin jaw sannan su ci gaba zuwa sauran jiki. Kowane spasm yawanci yana da 'yan mintoci kaɗan. Spasms yana faruwa akai-akai na makonni uku zuwa hudu.[1][2] Wasu spasms na iya zama masu tsanani don karye ƙasusuwa.[3] Sauran alamun tetanus na iya haɗawa da zazzabi, gumi, ciwon kai, matsala ta haɗiyewa, hawan jini mai yawa, da saurin bugun zuciya. Farawar alamun yawanci kwanaki 3 zuwa 21 bayan kamuwa da cuta. Warkewa na iya ɗaukar watanni; kusan 10% na shari'o'in sun zama Mai kisa.[1] Ana samun ''C. tetani'' a cikin ƙasa, hawaye, ƙura, da tururi. Kwayoyin cuta gabaɗaya suna shiga ta hanyar raguwa a cikin fata, kamar yankewa ko rauni wanda wani abu mai gurbata ya haifar.<ref name="CDC2013C">{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2013 |title=Tetanus Causes and Transmission |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/causes-transmission.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212223308/http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/causes-transmission.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Suna samar da guba wanda ke tsoma baki tare da raguwar tsoka na yau da kullun.<ref name="CDC2013Doc">{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2013 |title=Tetanus For Clinicians |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/clinicians.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212224705/http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/clinicians.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Binciken ya dogara ne akan alamun nunawa da alamomi. Cutar ba ta yadu tsakanin mutane.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ana iya hana Tetanus ta hanyar [[Yin allurar rigakafi|rigakafi]] tare da [[Allurar rigakafin Tetanus|Allurar rigakafin tetanus]]. A cikin waɗanda ke da mummunan rauni kuma waɗanda ke da ƙasa da allurai uku na allurar rigakafi, ana ba da shawarar allurar rigakawa da globulin na rigakafin tetanus. Ya kamata a tsabtace raunin, kuma a cire duk wani abu da ya mutu. A cikin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar, ana amfani da globulin na rigakafin tetanus, ko, idan ba a samuwa ba, ana amfani dashi da immunoglobulin na intravenous (IVIG). Ana iya amfani da kayan kwantar da hankali na tsoka don sarrafa spasms. Ana iya buƙatar iska ta inji idan numfashi na mutum ya shafi.<ref name="CDC2013Doc">{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2013 |title=Tetanus For Clinicians |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/clinicians.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212224705/http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/clinicians.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Tetanus yana faruwa a duk sassan duniya amma ya fi yawa a yanayin zafi da rigar inda ƙasa ke da babban abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta. A cikin shekara ta 2015, akwai kimanin mutane 209,000 da suka kamu da cuta kuma kimanin mutane 59,000 suka mutu a duniya.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=The Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |pmc=5055577 |pmid=27733282}}</ref><ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=The Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}</ref> Wannan ya sauka daga mutuwar 356,000 a cikin 1990.<ref name="GBD2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal |date=January 2015 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=The Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442}}</ref> A Amurka, tun daga shekara ta 2010, an samu karancin mutane 40 da aka ruwaito a kowace shekara, kusan dukansu suna cikin mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetanus Surveillance and Trends |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/php/surveillance/index.html |access-date=21 May 2026 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Hippocrates ne ya fara bayyana cutar a karni na 5 BC. [[Antonio Carle]] da [[Giorgio Rattone]] a Jami'ar Turin ne suka tantance dalilin cutar a 1884, kuma an kirkiro allurar rigakafi a 1924.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == Tetanus sau da yawa yana farawa tare da spasms mai sauƙi a cikin tsokoki na jaw - wanda aka fi sani da lockjaw. Irin wannan spasms na iya zama fasalin trismus.<ref name="OCF">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2016 |title=Trismus – The Oral Cancer Foundation |url=https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/trismus/ |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Har ila yau, spasms na iya shafar tsokoki na fuska, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar da ake kira ''risus sardonicus''. Zuciya, wuyan, baya, tsokoki na ciki, da ƙafar hannu na iya shafar. Rashin tsoka na baya sau da yawa yana haifar da arching, wanda ake kira opisthotonus. Wani lokaci, spasms yana shafar tsokoki da aka yi amfani da su yayin numfashi da numfashi, wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin numfashi.<ref name="CDC2020Pink">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-10 |title=Tetanus - Epidemiology of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/tetanus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510154018/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/tetanus.html |archive-date=2020-05-10 |access-date=2020-05-18 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |quote=Laryngospasm (spasm of the vocal cords) and/or spasm of the muscles of respiration leads to interference with breathing.}}</ref> Ayyukan tsoka masu tsawo suna haifar da raguwa na kwatsam, mai ƙarfi, da raɗaɗi na ƙungiyoyin tsoka, wanda ake kira tetany. Wadannan abubuwan na iya haifar da karyewa da hawaye. Sauran alamun sun haɗa da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], [[ciwon kai]], rashin kwanciyar hankali, fushi, matsalolin ciyarwa, Matsalolin numfashi, jin ƙonewa yayin fitsari, riƙe fitsari, da asarar sarrafa turare. Ko da tare da magani, kusan 10% na mutanen da suka kamu da cutar tetanus sun mutu. Yawan mace-mace ya fi girma a cikin mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba, da kuma mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 60.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> === Lokacin shayarwa === [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|Lokacin shayarwa]] na tetanus na iya zama har zuwa watanni da yawa, amma yawanci kusan kwanaki goma ne.<ref name="pmid12850356">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vandelaer J, Birmingham M, Gasse F, Kurian M, Shaw C, Garnier S |date=July 2003 |title=Tetanus in developing countries: an update on the Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination Initiative |journal=Vaccine |volume=21 |issue=24 |pages=3442–5 |doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00347-5 |pmid=12850356}}</ref><ref name="pmid12122532">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brauner JS, Vieira SR, Bleck TP |date=July 2002 |title=Changes in severe accidental tetanus mortality in the ICU during two decades in Brazil |journal=Intensive Care Medicine |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=930–5 |doi=10.1007/s00134-002-1332-4 |pmid=12122532 |s2cid=21772357 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, mafi nisa wurin raunin ya kasance daga tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, tsawon lokacin incubation. Ƙananan lokutan shayarwa za su sami alamun bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani.<ref name="Farrar">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farrar JJ, Yen LM, Cook T, Fairweather N, Binh N, Parry J, Parry CM |date=September 2000 |title=Tetanus |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=292–301 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.69.3.292 |pmc=1737078 |pmid=10945801}}</ref> A cikin ''trismus nascentium'' (watau, neonatal tetanus), alamun yawanci suna bayyana daga kwanaki 4 zuwa 14 bayan haihuwa, matsakaicin kimanin kwanaki 7. Dangane da binciken asibiti, an bayyana nau'ikan tetanus daban-daban guda huɗu. === Tetanus na gaba ɗaya === Generalized tetanus shine mafi yawan nau'in, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 80% na shari'o'in. Tsarin gabaɗaya yawanci yana gabatar da tsari mai saukowa. Alamar farko ita ce trismus ko lockjaw, sannan spasms na fuska (wanda ake kira ''risus sardonicus),'' sannan ta biyo bayan tsananin wuyan, wahalar haɗiyewa, da tsananin tsokoki na kirji da na maraƙin. Sauran alamun sun hada da zafin jiki mai girma, gumi, Hawan jini mai girma, da saurin bugun zuciya. Spasms na iya faruwa akai-akai kuma ya kasance na mintuna da yawa, tare da jiki ya zama siffar da ake kira opisthotonos. Spasms yana ci gaba har zuwa makonni huɗu, kuma cikakkiyar warkewa na iya ɗaukar watanni. === Tetanus na jarirai === === Tetanus na cikin gida === Tetanus na cikin gida wani nau'i ne mai ban mamaki na cutar, wanda mutane ke da ci gaba da raguwar tsoka a cikin wannan yanki na jikin mutum kamar raunin. Rashin raguwa na iya ci gaba na makonni da yawa kafin ya ragu a hankali. Tetanus na cikin gida yana da sauƙi; kusan kashi 1% ne kawai na shari'o'in suna da haɗari, amma yana iya riga ya farawar tetanus na gaba ɗaya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 136u1q8byagy0ncphph438mgerfs79l 0 157332 856608 2026-06-14T08:17:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356108648|Haemophilus influenzae]]" 856608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haemophilus influenzae''''' (wanda ake kira Pfeiffer's bacillus ko Bacillus influenzae) Gram-negative ne, ba-motile, coccobacillary, zaɓi anaerobic, Capnophilic pathogenic bacterium na iyalin Pasteurellaceae. Kwayoyin suna da mesophilic kuma suna girma mafi kyau a yanayin zafi tsakanin 35 da 37 ° C.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2000-01-01 |title=Meningitis, Hib and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines |journal=AAP Grand Rounds |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1542/gr.3-1-3-a |issn=1099-6605}}</ref>&nbsp; Wannan nau'in shine kwayar halitta ta farko da aka tsara dukkan kwayoyin halittarta.<ref name="Fleischmann">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM |date=July 1995 |title=Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5223 |pages=496–512 |bibcode=1995Sci...269..496F |doi=10.1126/science.7542800 |pmid=7542800 |s2cid=10423613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About J. Craig Venter Institute |url=https://www.jcvi.org/about/overview |website=J. Craig Venter Institute}}</ref> == Ilimin jiki da metabolism == === Tsarinsa === H. influenzae ƙaramin Kwayar cuta ce mai cutar Gram-negative, kusan 0.3 micrometer zuwa 1 micrometer. Kamar sauran kwayoyin Gram-negative, H. influenzae yana da wani nau'i mai laushi na peptidoglycan wanda ke kewaye da membrane na waje wanda ke dauke da lipopolysaccharide.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S |date=May 2010 |title=The bacterial cell envelope |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=2 |issue=5 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000414 |pmc=2857177 |pmid=20452953}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan H. influenzae suna dauke da kwayar polysaccharide a kusa da membrane na waje don taimakawa wajen kariya da mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sukupolvi-Petty S, Grass S, St Geme JW |date=June 2006 |title=The Haemophilus influenzae Type b hcsA and hcsB gene products facilitate transport of capsular polysaccharide across the outer membrane and are essential for virulence |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=188 |issue=11 |pages=3870–3877 |doi=10.1128/JB.01968-05 |pmc=1482897 |pmid=16707679}}</ref> Kwayoyin cuta suna pleomorphic, ma'ana siffar kwayar cuta tana da bambanci, duk da haka yawanci coccobacillus ne ko siffar sandar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Meningitis Lab Manual: ID and Characterization of Hib |url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt09-id-characterization-hi.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |publisher=CDC}}</ref> H. Influenzae ya ƙunshi pili, waɗanda suka ƙware don manne wa nasopharynx na ɗan adam. H. Influenzae pili, ba kamar na E. coli ba, yana tsayayya da warwarewa, yana ba da damar mannewa mai ƙarfi don tsayayya le fitarwa yayin tari ko tari.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mu XQ, Egelman EH, Bullitt E |date=September 2002 |title=Structure and function of Hib pili from Haemophilus influenzae type b |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=184 |issue=17 |pages=4868–4874 |doi=10.1128/JB.184.17.4868-4874.2002 |pmc=135281 |pmid=12169612}}</ref> Ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ba a iya buga su ba, ko kuma ba a iya haɗa su ba, H. influenzae suna amfani da dabarun haɗe-haɗe iri-iri, kamar pili, adhesins, ko sunadarai na Hia da Hap.<ref name="Haemophilus influenzae and the lung">{{Cite journal |vauthors=King P |date=June 2012 |title=Haemophilus influenzae and the lung (Haemophilus and the lung) |journal=Clinical and Translational Medicine |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/2001-1326-1-10 |pmc=3567431 |pmid=23369277 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake ƙwayoyin cuta suna da pili, ba a amfani da su don motsi na gargajiya ko motsi, kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ba su da motsi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=Jason W. |date=August 2010 |title=Laboratory growth and maintenance of Haemophilus influenzae |journal=Current Protocols in Microbiology |volume=Chapter 6 |pages=Unit 6D.1 |doi=10.1002/9780471729259.mc06d01s18 |issn=1934-8533 |pmid=20812218 |s2cid=37003711}}</ref> Ganuwar tantanin halitta na kwayar cuta ta H. influenzae ta ƙunshi sunadarai daban-daban, waɗanda ake kira autotransporters, don mannewa da kafa mulkin mallaka. H. influenzae ya fi son ɗaurewa zuwa linings na mucus ko ƙwayoyin epithelial marasa sulhu, wanda aka sauƙaƙe ta hanyar Haps autotransporters a cikin bangon tantanin halitta ɗaurewa tare da masu karɓar da ba a sani ba a cikin epithelium.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Spahich |first=Nicole |last2=St. Geme |first2=III, Joseph |date=2011 |title=Structure and function of the Haemophilus influenzae autotransporters |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=1 |page=5 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2011.00005 |issn=2235-2988 |pmc=3417375 |pmid=22919571 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Haps autotransporters kuma suna sauƙaƙa samar da microcolonies na ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan microcolonies suna da alhakin samar da Biofilms daban-daban a cikin jiki, kamar wadanda ke da alhaki na kunne na tsakiya ko cututtukan huhu.<ref name=":1" /> === Protein ɗin ɗaure penicillin === Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) suna haɓaka matakai a cikin metabolism na peptidoglycan. Suna aiwatar da matakai masu mahimmanci da ake buƙata don gina da canza bangon tantanin halitta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parsons JF, Lim K, Tempczyk A, Krajewski W, Eisenstein E, Herzberg O |date=March 2002 |title=From structure to function: YrbI from Haemophilus influenzae (HI1679) is a phosphatase |journal=Proteins |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=393–404 |doi=10.1002/prot.10057 |pmc=3762886 |pmid=11835514}}</ref> Wadannan sunadarai sune manufofi da aka toshe ta hanyar penicillin da sauran maganin rigakafi na beta-lactam waɗanda ke ɗaure zuwa PBPs, saboda haka sunansu.<ref name="pmid2327782">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Malouin F, Parr TR, Bryan LE |date=February 1990 |title=Identification of a group of Haemophilus influenzae penicillin-binding proteins that may have complementary physiological roles |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=363–365 |doi=10.1128/AAC.34.2.363 |pmc=171589 |pmid=2327782}}</ref> Wasu magungunan rigakafi masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafi na H. Influenzae suna dauke da PBPs da aka gyara waɗanda ke tsayayya le aikin beta-lactam ta hanyar samar da beta-lackamases don lalata waɗannan maganin rigakafin. Wannan juriya mai yiwuwa ne saboda maye gurbin N526K, ko maye gurbin R517H tare da wani maye gurbin da ba a sani ba. Canjin R517H kadai ba shi da ƙananan alaƙa da penicillin, sabili da haka ba zai iya haifar da juriya kadai ba.<ref name=":4" /> Fitowar Beta-lactamase a cikin shekarun 1970s ya haifar da maganin ga masu tsanani na H. influenzae da za a canza daga ampicillin zuwa cephalosporins, duk da haka ƙarin juriya ga cephalos porins ya faru ne saboda canje-canje a cikin yankin transpeptidase na furotin mai ɗaure penicillin 3 (PBP3). <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Skaare D, Anthonisen IL, Kahlmeter G, Matuschek E, Natås OB, Steinbakk M, Sundsfjord A, Kristiansen BE |date=December 2014 |title=Emergence of clonally related multidrug resistant Haemophilus influenzae with penicillin-binding protein 3-mediated resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, Norway, 2006 to 2013 |journal=Euro Surveillance |volume=19 |issue=49 |doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.49.20986 |pmid=25523969 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Siffofin Serotypes === H. influenzae isolates da farko an nuna su a matsayin ko dai encapsulated (suna da wani extracellular polysaccharide layer, Kwayar cuta) ko unencapsulated. An ci gaba da rarraba nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta bisa ga amsawar rigakafi ga nau'in polysaccharides a cikin capsule. Hanyoyin H. influenzae guda shida da aka sani sune: a, b, c, d, e, da f.[1] H. Influenzae type b, wanda aka fi sani da Hib, shine mafi yawan nau'in, wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyar kwayar cutar polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP), kuma ana samun shi galibi a cikin yara.[2] An ware nau'ikan a, e, da f sau da yawa, yayin da nau'ikan d da c ba a ware su ba. Kwayoyin da ba a rufe su ba sun fi bambancin kwayoyin halitta fiye da ƙungiyar da ba a haɗa su ba.[3] Ana kiran nau'ikan da ba a rufe su ba nontypable (NTHi) saboda ba su da nau'ikan capsular; duk da haka, duk abubuwan da aka ware na H. influenzae yanzu ana iya rarraba su ta hanyar rubutun jerin abubuwa da sauran hanyoyin kwayoyin. Yawancin nau'ikan NTHi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsire-tsire na ɗan adam na yau da kullun a cikin hanyar numfashi ta sama da ƙasa, al'aura, da conjunctivae (membrane na ido). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gca6db85it40f25fsop9leovo1f4tit 856625 856608 2026-06-14T08:55:04Z Arabiyu 28508 856625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Haemophilus influenzae''''' (wanda ake kira Pfeiffer's bacillus ko Bacillus influenzae) Gram-negative ne, ba-motile, coccobacillary, zaɓi anaerobic, Capnophilic pathogenic bacterium na iyalin Pasteurellaceae. Kwayoyin suna da mesophilic kuma suna girma mafi kyau a yanayin zafi tsakanin 35 da 37 ° C.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2000-01-01 |title=Meningitis, Hib and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines |journal=AAP Grand Rounds |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1542/gr.3-1-3-a |issn=1099-6605}}</ref>&nbsp; Wannan nau'in shine kwayar halitta ta farko da aka tsara dukkan kwayoyin halittarta.<ref name="Fleischmann">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM |date=July 1995 |title=Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5223 |pages=496–512 |bibcode=1995Sci...269..496F |doi=10.1126/science.7542800 |pmid=7542800 |s2cid=10423613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About J. Craig Venter Institute |url=https://www.jcvi.org/about/overview |website=J. Craig Venter Institute}}</ref> == Ilimin jiki da metabolism == === Tsarinsa === H. influenzae ƙaramin Kwayar cuta ce mai cutar Gram-negative, kusan 0.3 micrometer zuwa 1 micrometer. Kamar sauran kwayoyin Gram-negative, H. influenzae yana da wani nau'i mai laushi na peptidoglycan wanda ke kewaye da membrane na waje wanda ke dauke da lipopolysaccharide.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S |date=May 2010 |title=The bacterial cell envelope |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=2 |issue=5 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000414 |pmc=2857177 |pmid=20452953}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan H. influenzae suna dauke da kwayar polysaccharide a kusa da membrane na waje don taimakawa wajen kariya da mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sukupolvi-Petty S, Grass S, St Geme JW |date=June 2006 |title=The Haemophilus influenzae Type b hcsA and hcsB gene products facilitate transport of capsular polysaccharide across the outer membrane and are essential for virulence |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=188 |issue=11 |pages=3870–3877 |doi=10.1128/JB.01968-05 |pmc=1482897 |pmid=16707679}}</ref> Kwayoyin cuta suna pleomorphic, ma'ana siffar kwayar cuta tana da bambanci, duk da haka yawanci coccobacillus ne ko siffar sandar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Meningitis Lab Manual: ID and Characterization of Hib |url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt09-id-characterization-hi.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |publisher=CDC}}</ref> H. Influenzae ya ƙunshi pili, waɗanda suka ƙware don manne wa nasopharynx na ɗan adam. H. Influenzae pili, ba kamar na E. coli ba, yana tsayayya da warwarewa, yana ba da damar mannewa mai ƙarfi don tsayayya le fitarwa yayin tari ko tari.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mu XQ, Egelman EH, Bullitt E |date=September 2002 |title=Structure and function of Hib pili from Haemophilus influenzae type b |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=184 |issue=17 |pages=4868–4874 |doi=10.1128/JB.184.17.4868-4874.2002 |pmc=135281 |pmid=12169612}}</ref> Ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ba a iya buga su ba, ko kuma ba a iya haɗa su ba, H. influenzae suna amfani da dabarun haɗe-haɗe iri-iri, kamar pili, adhesins, ko sunadarai na Hia da Hap.<ref name="Haemophilus influenzae and the lung">{{Cite journal |vauthors=King P |date=June 2012 |title=Haemophilus influenzae and the lung (Haemophilus and the lung) |journal=Clinical and Translational Medicine |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/2001-1326-1-10 |pmc=3567431 |pmid=23369277 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake ƙwayoyin cuta suna da pili, ba a amfani da su don motsi na gargajiya ko motsi, kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ba su da motsi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=Jason W. |date=August 2010 |title=Laboratory growth and maintenance of Haemophilus influenzae |journal=Current Protocols in Microbiology |volume=Chapter 6 |pages=Unit 6D.1 |doi=10.1002/9780471729259.mc06d01s18 |issn=1934-8533 |pmid=20812218 |s2cid=37003711}}</ref> Ganuwar tantanin halitta na kwayar cuta ta H. influenzae ta ƙunshi sunadarai daban-daban, waɗanda ake kira autotransporters, don mannewa da kafa mulkin mallaka. H. influenzae ya fi son ɗaurewa zuwa linings na mucus ko ƙwayoyin epithelial marasa sulhu, wanda aka sauƙaƙe ta hanyar Haps autotransporters a cikin bangon tantanin halitta ɗaurewa tare da masu karɓar da ba a sani ba a cikin epithelium.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Spahich |first=Nicole |last2=St. Geme |first2=III, Joseph |date=2011 |title=Structure and function of the Haemophilus influenzae autotransporters |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=1 |page=5 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2011.00005 |issn=2235-2988 |pmc=3417375 |pmid=22919571 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Haps autotransporters kuma suna sauƙaƙa samar da microcolonies na ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan microcolonies suna da alhakin samar da Biofilms daban-daban a cikin jiki, kamar wadanda ke da alhaki na kunne na tsakiya ko cututtukan huhu.<ref name=":1" /> === Protein ɗin ɗaure penicillin === Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) suna haɓaka matakai a cikin metabolism na peptidoglycan. Suna aiwatar da matakai masu mahimmanci da ake buƙata don gina da canza bangon tantanin halitta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parsons JF, Lim K, Tempczyk A, Krajewski W, Eisenstein E, Herzberg O |date=March 2002 |title=From structure to function: YrbI from Haemophilus influenzae (HI1679) is a phosphatase |journal=Proteins |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=393–404 |doi=10.1002/prot.10057 |pmc=3762886 |pmid=11835514}}</ref> Wadannan sunadarai sune manufofi da aka toshe ta hanyar penicillin da sauran maganin rigakafi na beta-lactam waɗanda ke ɗaure zuwa PBPs, saboda haka sunansu.<ref name="pmid2327782">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Malouin F, Parr TR, Bryan LE |date=February 1990 |title=Identification of a group of Haemophilus influenzae penicillin-binding proteins that may have complementary physiological roles |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=363–365 |doi=10.1128/AAC.34.2.363 |pmc=171589 |pmid=2327782}}</ref> Wasu magungunan rigakafi masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafi na H. Influenzae suna dauke da PBPs da aka gyara waɗanda ke tsayayya le aikin beta-lactam ta hanyar samar da beta-lackamases don lalata waɗannan maganin rigakafin. Wannan juriya mai yiwuwa ne saboda maye gurbin N526K, ko maye gurbin R517H tare da wani maye gurbin da ba a sani ba. Canjin R517H kadai ba shi da ƙananan alaƙa da penicillin, sabili da haka ba zai iya haifar da juriya kadai ba.<ref name=":4" /> Fitowar Beta-lactamase a cikin shekarun 1970s ya haifar da maganin ga masu tsanani na H. influenzae da za a canza daga ampicillin zuwa cephalosporins, duk da haka ƙarin juriya ga cephalos porins ya faru ne saboda canje-canje a cikin yankin transpeptidase na furotin mai ɗaure penicillin 3 (PBP3). <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Skaare D, Anthonisen IL, Kahlmeter G, Matuschek E, Natås OB, Steinbakk M, Sundsfjord A, Kristiansen BE |date=December 2014 |title=Emergence of clonally related multidrug resistant Haemophilus influenzae with penicillin-binding protein 3-mediated resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, Norway, 2006 to 2013 |journal=Euro Surveillance |volume=19 |issue=49 |doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.49.20986 |pmid=25523969 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Siffofin Serotypes === H. influenzae isolates da farko an nuna su a matsayin ko dai encapsulated (suna da wani extracellular polysaccharide layer, Kwayar cuta) ko unencapsulated. An ci gaba da rarraba nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta bisa ga amsawar rigakafi ga nau'in polysaccharides a cikin capsule. Hanyoyin H. influenzae guda shida da aka sani sune: a, b, c, d, e, da f.[1] H. Influenzae type b, wanda aka fi sani da Hib, shine mafi yawan nau'in, wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyar kwayar cutar polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP), kuma ana samun shi galibi a cikin yara.[2] An ware nau'ikan a, e, da f sau da yawa, yayin da nau'ikan d da c ba a ware su ba. Kwayoyin da ba a rufe su ba sun fi bambancin kwayoyin halitta fiye da ƙungiyar da ba a haɗa su ba.[3] Ana kiran nau'ikan da ba a rufe su ba nontypable (NTHi) saboda ba su da nau'ikan capsular; duk da haka, duk abubuwan da aka ware na H. influenzae yanzu ana iya rarraba su ta hanyar rubutun jerin abubuwa da sauran hanyoyin kwayoyin. Yawancin nau'ikan NTHi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsire-tsire na ɗan adam na yau da kullun a cikin hanyar numfashi ta sama da ƙasa, al'aura, da conjunctivae (membrane na ido). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 636vxlwmutnld3avlcjp922gy1wbcj3 0 157333 856611 2026-06-14T08:21:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353355779|Mumps]]" 856611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mumps''' cuta ce mai yaduwa sosai, cutar [[Cutar da za a iya hanawa|rigakafin rigakafi]] da kwayar cutar ta haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumps |url=https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/mumps |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Alamomin farko na mumps ba takamaiman ba ne kuma sun haɗa da zazzabi, ciwon kai, rashin lafiya, ciwon tsoka, da rashin abinci. Wadannan alamun galibi suna biye da [[kumburi]] mai zafi a gefen fuska (glandin parotid, wanda ake kira parotitis), wanda shine alamar da aka fi sani da kamuwa da cututtukan cututtuka. Alamomin yawanci suna faruwa kwanaki 16 zuwa 18 bayan bayyanar kwayar cutar. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutanen da ke fama da kamuwa da kwayar cuta ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka (marasa alamun). Matsalolin ba su da yawa amma sun haɗa da [[Kurãme|kurma]] da kuma yanayin kumburi mai yawa, wanda kumburi na testes, nono, ovaries, pancreas, meninges, da [[kwakwalwa]] sune mafi yawanci. Cutar meningitis na iya faruwa a cikin 1/4 na mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=Mumps - Complications |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/complications/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Rashin kumburi na testicular na iya haifar da raguwar haihuwa kuma, da wuya, rashin haihuwa. Mutane ne kawai mahaukaci na halitta na kwayar cutar mumps. Kwayar cutar mumps Kwayar cutar RNA ce a cikin dangin ''Paramyxoviridae'' . Ana yadu da kwayar cutar ne ta hanyar numfashi kamar droplets da saliva, da kuma ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da mutumin da ya kamu da cutar. Mumps yana da yaduwa sosai kuma yana yaduwa cikin sauƙi a cikin yanayin da ke da yawan jama'a. Cutar na iya faruwa daga mako guda kafin farawar alamomi zuwa kwanaki takwas bayan haka. A lokacin kamuwa da cuta, kwayar cutar ta fara kamuwa da hanyar numfashi ta sama. Daga can, yana yaduwa zuwa glandun salivary da lymph nodes. Cutar cututtukan lymph tana haifar da kasancewar kwayar cutar a cikin jini, wanda ke yada kwayar cutar duk jikin mutum. A wuraren da cututtukan cututtuka suka zama ruwan dare, ana iya gano shi bisa ga gabatarwar asibiti. A wuraren da ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da yawa, duk da haka, ana iya buƙatar binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar gwajin rigakafi, al'adun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, ko sauyawar sauyawar polymerase na ainihi. Babu takamaiman magani ga mumps, don haka magani yana tallafawa kuma ya haɗa da hutawa da sauƙaƙe zafi. Cutar Mumps yawanci tana iyakance kanta, tana zuwa ƙarshe yayin da tsarin rigakafi ya share kamu da cutar. Ana iya hana kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar allurar rigakafi. Allurar rigakafin MMR amintacce ce kuma mai tasiri don hana kamuwa da cututtukan cututtukani kuma ana amfani da ita a ko'ina cikin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2021-03-08 |title=Mumps {{!}} Vaccination {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Allurar rigakafin MMR tana kuma karewa daga [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]] da rubella. Hakanan ana iya hana yaduwar cutar ta hanyar ware mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. Mumps a tarihi ya kasance cuta ce mai yaduwa sosai, yawanci tana faruwa a cikin barkewar cututtuka a wurare masu yawa. Idan babu allurar rigakafi, kamuwa da cuta yawanci yakan faru ne a lokacin ƙuruciya, galibi a cikin shekaru 5-9. Alamomi da rikitarwa sun fi yawa a cikin maza kuma sun fi tsanani a cikin matasa da manya. Cutar ta fi yawa a cikin hunturu da bazara a yanayin yanayi, yayin da ba a lura da yanayi a yankuna masu zafi ba. Rubutun rubuce-rubuce na mumps sun wanzu tun zamanin d ̄ a, kuma an gano dalilin mumps, kwayar cutar mumps, a 1934. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an kirkiro allurar rigakafi don karewa daga kamuwa da cuta, kuma ƙasashen da suka karɓi allurar rigakawa sun ga kusan kawar da cutar. A cikin karni na 21, duk da haka, an sake dawo da yawan shari'o'in a kasashe da yawa da ke yin allurar rigakafi, da farko tsakanin matasa da matasa, saboda dalilai da yawa kamar rage rigakafin rigakafi da adawa da allurar rigakafi.[1] == Magana == Kalmar "mumps" an fara tabbatar da ita a kusa da 1600 kuma ita ce nau'in jam'i na "mump", ma'ana "grimace", asalin aikatau ne wanda ke nufin "don yin kuka ko murmushi kamar bara". Wataƙila ana kiran cutar mumps saboda kumburi da ke haifar da parotitis, yana nuna tasirinsa akan fuska da kuma ciwo, wahalar haɗiyewa da yake haifar. An kuma yi amfani da "Mumps" tun daga karni na 17 don nufin "haɗin baƙin ciki, ƙanƙanta, rashin jin daɗi". <ref name="davis">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davis NF, McGuire BB, Mahon JA, Smyth AE, O'Malley KJ, Fitzpatrick JM |date=April 2010 |title=The increasing incidence of mumps orchitis: a comprehensive review |journal=BJU Int |volume=105 |issue=8 |pages=1060–1065 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.09148.x |pmid=20070300 |s2cid=20761646 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="etymology">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=mumps (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/mumps#etymonline_v_19269 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Etymonline |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> Mumps wani lokacin ana kiransa "epidemic parotitis".<ref name="kutty">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kutty PK, Kyaw MH, Dayan GH, Brady MT, Bocchini JA, Reef SE, Bellini WJ, Seward JF |date=15 June 2010 |title=Guidance for isolation precautions for mumps in the United States: a review of the scientific basis for policy change |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=1619–1628 |doi=10.1086/652770 |pmid=20455692 |s2cid=15656133 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="pmh">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=14 May 2014 |title=Mumps |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002524/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017215609/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002524/ |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information |publisher=A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name="shu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shu M, Zhang YQ, Li Z, Liu GJ, Wan C, Wen Y |date=18 April 2015 |title=Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008578.pub3 |pmc=7198052 |pmid=25887348}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cewar wallafe-wallafen likitancin kasar Sin, an rubuta ''Cututtukan cututtuka'' tun daga 640 BC.<ref name="shu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shu M, Zhang YQ, Li Z, Liu GJ, Wan C, Wen Y |date=18 April 2015 |title=Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008578.pub3 |pmc=7198052 |pmid=25887348}}</ref> Likitan Girka Hippocrates ya rubuta barkewar cutar a tsibirin Thasos a cikin kimanin 410 BC kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani game da cutar a cikin littafin farko na Epidemics a cikin Corpus Hippocraticum.<ref name="rubin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rubin S, Eckhaus M, Rennick LJ, Bamford CG, Duprex WP |date=January 2015 |title=Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus |journal=J Pathol |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=242–252 |doi=10.1002/path.4445 |pmc=4268314 |pmid=25229387}}</ref><ref name="history">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=25 April 2018 |title=Tracing the story of mumps: a timeline |url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/tracing-story-mumps-timeline/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Pharmaceutical Technology |publisher=Pharamaceutical Technology}}</ref> A zamanin yau, likitan Burtaniya Robert Hamilton ne ya fara bayyana cutar ta hanyar kimiyya a cikin 1790 a cikin Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hamilton R |date=1790 |title=IX. ''An'' Account of a Distemper, ''by the common People in England vulgarly called the MUMPS'' |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300027280 |pmc=5550187 |pmid=29139995}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], cututtukan mumps na ɗaya daga cikin cututtukani da suka fi raunanawa tsakanin sojoji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diseases in World War I |url=https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/diseases-in-world-war-i.html |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=The United States World War I Centennial Commission |publisher=United States Foundation for the Commemoration of the World Wars}}</ref> A cikin 1934, Claude D. Johnson da Ernest William Goodpasture ne suka gano asalin cutar, kwayar cutar mumps. Sun gano cewa Rhesus macaques da aka fallasa ga hawaye da aka karɓa daga mutane a farkon matakan cutar sun kamu da cututtukan cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, sun nuna cewa ana iya canja wurin mumps ga yara ta hanyar tacewa da kuma sterilized, shirye-shiryen da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwayar cuta, yana nuna cewa cutar kwayar cutaa ce.<ref name="rubin" /><ref name="history" /> A shekara ta 1945, an gano kwayar cutar mumps a karon farko. Bayan 'yan shekaru, a cikin 1948, an kirkiro allurar rigakafin da ba a aiki ba amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka kashe. Wannan allurar rigakafin ta ba da rigakafi na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma daga baya aka dakatar da ita. An maye gurbinsa a cikin shekarun 1970s tare da allurar rigakafin da ke da rayayyun ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda suka fi tasiri wajen samar da rigakafin rigakafi na dogon lokaci fiye da allurar allurar rigakawa. Na farko daga cikin wadannan allurar rigakafi shine Mumpsvax, wanda aka ba da lasisi a ranar 30 ga Maris 1967, wanda ya yi amfani da nau'in Jeryl Lynn. Maurice Hilleman ya kirkiro wannan allurar rigakafin ta amfani da kwayar da aka karɓa daga 'yarsa mai shekaru biyar, Jeryl Lynn. An ba da shawarar Mumpsvax don amfani a cikin 1977, kuma ana ci gaba da amfani da nau'in Jeryl Lynn.<ref name="ramanathan">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramanathan R, Voigt EA, Kennedy RB, Poland GA |date=18 June 2018 |title=Knowledge gaps persist and hinder progress in eliminating mumps |journal=Vaccine |volume=36 |issue=26 |pages=3721–3726 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.067 |pmc=6031229 |pmid=29784466}}</ref><ref name="history">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=25 April 2018 |title=Tracing the story of mumps: a timeline |url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/tracing-story-mumps-timeline/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Pharmaceutical Technology |publisher=Pharamaceutical Technology}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pi91k7bl5yium4tuo8a3kwqmriii1sj 856624 856611 2026-06-14T08:54:43Z Arabiyu 28508 856624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mumps''' cuta ce mai yaduwa sosai, cutar [[Cutar da za a iya hanawa|rigakafin rigakafi]] da kwayar cutar ta haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumps |url=https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/mumps |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Alamomin farko na mumps ba takamaiman ba ne kuma sun haɗa da zazzabi, ciwon kai, rashin lafiya, ciwon tsoka, da rashin abinci. Wadannan alamun galibi suna biye da [[kumburi]] mai zafi a gefen fuska (glandin parotid, wanda ake kira parotitis), wanda shine alamar da aka fi sani da kamuwa da cututtukan cututtuka. Alamomin yawanci suna faruwa kwanaki 16 zuwa 18 bayan bayyanar kwayar cutar. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutanen da ke fama da kamuwa da kwayar cuta ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka (marasa alamun). Matsalolin ba su da yawa amma sun haɗa da [[Kurãme|kurma]] da kuma yanayin kumburi mai yawa, wanda kumburi na testes, nono, ovaries, pancreas, meninges, da [[kwakwalwa]] sune mafi yawanci. Cutar meningitis na iya faruwa a cikin 1/4 na mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=Mumps - Complications |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/complications/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Rashin kumburi na testicular na iya haifar da raguwar haihuwa kuma, da wuya, rashin haihuwa. Mutane ne kawai mahaukaci na halitta na kwayar cutar mumps. Kwayar cutar mumps Kwayar cutar RNA ce a cikin dangin ''Paramyxoviridae'' . Ana yadu da kwayar cutar ne ta hanyar numfashi kamar droplets da saliva, da kuma ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da mutumin da ya kamu da cutar. Mumps yana da yaduwa sosai kuma yana yaduwa cikin sauƙi a cikin yanayin da ke da yawan jama'a. Cutar na iya faruwa daga mako guda kafin farawar alamomi zuwa kwanaki takwas bayan haka. A lokacin kamuwa da cuta, kwayar cutar ta fara kamuwa da hanyar numfashi ta sama. Daga can, yana yaduwa zuwa glandun salivary da lymph nodes. Cutar cututtukan lymph tana haifar da kasancewar kwayar cutar a cikin jini, wanda ke yada kwayar cutar duk jikin mutum. A wuraren da cututtukan cututtuka suka zama ruwan dare, ana iya gano shi bisa ga gabatarwar asibiti. A wuraren da ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da yawa, duk da haka, ana iya buƙatar binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar gwajin rigakafi, al'adun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, ko sauyawar sauyawar polymerase na ainihi. Babu takamaiman magani ga mumps, don haka magani yana tallafawa kuma ya haɗa da hutawa da sauƙaƙe zafi. Cutar Mumps yawanci tana iyakance kanta, tana zuwa ƙarshe yayin da tsarin rigakafi ya share kamu da cutar. Ana iya hana kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar allurar rigakafi. Allurar rigakafin MMR amintacce ce kuma mai tasiri don hana kamuwa da cututtukan cututtukani kuma ana amfani da ita a ko'ina cikin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2021-03-08 |title=Mumps {{!}} Vaccination {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Allurar rigakafin MMR tana kuma karewa daga [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]] da rubella. Hakanan ana iya hana yaduwar cutar ta hanyar ware mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. Mumps a tarihi ya kasance cuta ce mai yaduwa sosai, yawanci tana faruwa a cikin barkewar cututtuka a wurare masu yawa. Idan babu allurar rigakafi, kamuwa da cuta yawanci yakan faru ne a lokacin ƙuruciya, galibi a cikin shekaru 5-9. Alamomi da rikitarwa sun fi yawa a cikin maza kuma sun fi tsanani a cikin matasa da manya. Cutar ta fi yawa a cikin hunturu da bazara a yanayin yanayi, yayin da ba a lura da yanayi a yankuna masu zafi ba. Rubutun rubuce-rubuce na mumps sun wanzu tun zamanin d ̄ a, kuma an gano dalilin mumps, kwayar cutar mumps, a 1934. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an kirkiro allurar rigakafi don karewa daga kamuwa da cuta, kuma ƙasashen da suka karɓi allurar rigakawa sun ga kusan kawar da cutar. A cikin karni na 21, duk da haka, an sake dawo da yawan shari'o'in a kasashe da yawa da ke yin allurar rigakafi, da farko tsakanin matasa da matasa, saboda dalilai da yawa kamar rage rigakafin rigakafi da adawa da allurar rigakafi.[1] == Magana == Kalmar "mumps" an fara tabbatar da ita a kusa da 1600 kuma ita ce nau'in jam'i na "mump", ma'ana "grimace", asalin aikatau ne wanda ke nufin "don yin kuka ko murmushi kamar bara". Wataƙila ana kiran cutar mumps saboda kumburi da ke haifar da parotitis, yana nuna tasirinsa akan fuska da kuma ciwo, wahalar haɗiyewa da yake haifar. An kuma yi amfani da "Mumps" tun daga karni na 17 don nufin "haɗin baƙin ciki, ƙanƙanta, rashin jin daɗi". <ref name="davis">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davis NF, McGuire BB, Mahon JA, Smyth AE, O'Malley KJ, Fitzpatrick JM |date=April 2010 |title=The increasing incidence of mumps orchitis: a comprehensive review |journal=BJU Int |volume=105 |issue=8 |pages=1060–1065 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.09148.x |pmid=20070300 |s2cid=20761646 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="etymology">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=mumps (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/mumps#etymonline_v_19269 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Etymonline |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> Mumps wani lokacin ana kiransa "epidemic parotitis".<ref name="kutty">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kutty PK, Kyaw MH, Dayan GH, Brady MT, Bocchini JA, Reef SE, Bellini WJ, Seward JF |date=15 June 2010 |title=Guidance for isolation precautions for mumps in the United States: a review of the scientific basis for policy change |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=1619–1628 |doi=10.1086/652770 |pmid=20455692 |s2cid=15656133 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="pmh">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=14 May 2014 |title=Mumps |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002524/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017215609/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002524/ |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information |publisher=A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name="shu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shu M, Zhang YQ, Li Z, Liu GJ, Wan C, Wen Y |date=18 April 2015 |title=Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008578.pub3 |pmc=7198052 |pmid=25887348}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cewar wallafe-wallafen likitancin kasar Sin, an rubuta ''Cututtukan cututtuka'' tun daga 640 BC.<ref name="shu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shu M, Zhang YQ, Li Z, Liu GJ, Wan C, Wen Y |date=18 April 2015 |title=Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008578.pub3 |pmc=7198052 |pmid=25887348}}</ref> Likitan Girka Hippocrates ya rubuta barkewar cutar a tsibirin Thasos a cikin kimanin 410 BC kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani game da cutar a cikin littafin farko na Epidemics a cikin Corpus Hippocraticum.<ref name="rubin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rubin S, Eckhaus M, Rennick LJ, Bamford CG, Duprex WP |date=January 2015 |title=Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus |journal=J Pathol |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=242–252 |doi=10.1002/path.4445 |pmc=4268314 |pmid=25229387}}</ref><ref name="history">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=25 April 2018 |title=Tracing the story of mumps: a timeline |url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/tracing-story-mumps-timeline/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Pharmaceutical Technology |publisher=Pharamaceutical Technology}}</ref> A zamanin yau, likitan Burtaniya Robert Hamilton ne ya fara bayyana cutar ta hanyar kimiyya a cikin 1790 a cikin Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hamilton R |date=1790 |title=IX. ''An'' Account of a Distemper, ''by the common People in England vulgarly called the MUMPS'' |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300027280 |pmc=5550187 |pmid=29139995}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], cututtukan mumps na ɗaya daga cikin cututtukani da suka fi raunanawa tsakanin sojoji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diseases in World War I |url=https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/diseases-in-world-war-i.html |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=The United States World War I Centennial Commission |publisher=United States Foundation for the Commemoration of the World Wars}}</ref> A cikin 1934, Claude D. Johnson da Ernest William Goodpasture ne suka gano asalin cutar, kwayar cutar mumps. Sun gano cewa Rhesus macaques da aka fallasa ga hawaye da aka karɓa daga mutane a farkon matakan cutar sun kamu da cututtukan cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, sun nuna cewa ana iya canja wurin mumps ga yara ta hanyar tacewa da kuma sterilized, shirye-shiryen da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwayar cuta, yana nuna cewa cutar kwayar cutaa ce.<ref name="rubin" /><ref name="history" /> A shekara ta 1945, an gano kwayar cutar mumps a karon farko. Bayan 'yan shekaru, a cikin 1948, an kirkiro allurar rigakafin da ba a aiki ba amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka kashe. Wannan allurar rigakafin ta ba da rigakafi na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma daga baya aka dakatar da ita. An maye gurbinsa a cikin shekarun 1970s tare da allurar rigakafin da ke da rayayyun ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda suka fi tasiri wajen samar da rigakafin rigakafi na dogon lokaci fiye da allurar allurar rigakawa. Na farko daga cikin wadannan allurar rigakafi shine Mumpsvax, wanda aka ba da lasisi a ranar 30 ga Maris 1967, wanda ya yi amfani da nau'in Jeryl Lynn. Maurice Hilleman ya kirkiro wannan allurar rigakafin ta amfani da kwayar da aka karɓa daga 'yarsa mai shekaru biyar, Jeryl Lynn. An ba da shawarar Mumpsvax don amfani a cikin 1977, kuma ana ci gaba da amfani da nau'in Jeryl Lynn.<ref name="ramanathan">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramanathan R, Voigt EA, Kennedy RB, Poland GA |date=18 June 2018 |title=Knowledge gaps persist and hinder progress in eliminating mumps |journal=Vaccine |volume=36 |issue=26 |pages=3721–3726 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.067 |pmc=6031229 |pmid=29784466}}</ref><ref name="history">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=25 April 2018 |title=Tracing the story of mumps: a timeline |url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/tracing-story-mumps-timeline/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Pharmaceutical Technology |publisher=Pharamaceutical Technology}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gvvtjhedcspiwbe4xc0eyf3kyb7m7z8 0 157334 856613 2026-06-14T08:22:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359067486|Leptospirosis]]" 856613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leptospirosis''' kamuwa da cuta ce ta jini da ke haifar da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] na jinsin ''Leptospira'' <ref name="Lane 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lane AB, Dore MM |year=2016 |title=Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence-based diagnosis, treatment and prevention |journal=World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=61 |doi=10.5495/wjcid.v6.i4.61 |issn=2220-3176 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda zai iya kamuwa da mutane, karnuka, da kuma sauran dabbobi masu yawa na daji da na gida. Alamomi da alamomi na iya kasancewa daga babu zuwa mai sauƙi ([[ciwon kai]], Ciwon tsoka, da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]]) zuwa mai tsanani (zagi a cikin huhu ko [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]]). <ref name="Zoey2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soo ZM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R |date=January 2020 |title=Leptospirosis: Increasing importance in developing countries |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=201 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105183 |pmid=31542372 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Cutar Weil''' (/ˈvaɪlz/ VILES), mai tsanani, nau'in leptospirosis, yana sa mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ya zama [[Shawara|jaundized]] (fatar da idanu sun zama rawaya), ci gaban gazawar koda, da zubar da jini. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title=Rats / RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/rats |website=www.rhs.org.uk}}</ref> Zubar da jini daga huhu da ke da alaƙa da leptospirosis an san shi da ciwon haemorrhage na huhu mai tsanani.<ref name="Zoey2020" /> Fiye da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta 10 na ''Leptospira'' suna haifar da cuta a cikin mutane.<ref name="Picardeau2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Picardeau M |date=May 2017 |title=Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita? |journal=[[Nature Reviews Microbiology|Nature Reviews. Microbiology]] |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=297–307 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.5 |pmid=28260786 |s2cid=11626842}}</ref> Dukkanin dabbobi na daji da na gida zasu iya yada cutar, galibi dabbobi.<ref name="Lane 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lane AB, Dore MM |year=2016 |title=Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence-based diagnosis, treatment and prevention |journal=World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=61 |doi=10.5495/wjcid.v6.i4.61 |issn=2220-3176 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta ga mutane ta hanyar [[Bawali|fitsarin dabba]] ko datti, ko ruwa ko ƙasa da aka gurɓata da fitsarin dabbobi da datti, suna shiga cikin hulɗa da idanu, baki, ko hanci, ko raguwa a cikin fata.<ref name="Lane 2016" /> A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, cutar ta fi faruwa a cikin kula da kwari, manoma, da mutanen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan da ba su dace da tsabta.<ref name="Zoey2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soo ZM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R |date=January 2020 |title=Leptospirosis: Increasing importance in developing countries |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=201 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105183 |pmid=31542372 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, yana faruwa a lokacin ruwan sama mai tsanani kuma yana da haɗari ga masu kula da kwari, ma'aikatan datti, da waɗanda ke da hannu a ayyukan waje a wurare masu dumi da rigar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=O. Y. |last2=Chia |first2=S. E. |last3=Nadarajah |first3=N. |last4=Sng |first4=E. H. |date=16 October 1987 |title=Leptospirosis Risk in Public Cleansing and Sewer Workers |journal=Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=586–90 |pmid=3446001}}</ref><ref name="Zoey2020" /> Binciken yawanci ana yin shi ta hanyar gwaji don maganin rigakafi akan ƙwayoyin cuta ko gano DNA na ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin jini.<ref name="Zoey2020" /> Kokarin hana cutar ya haɗa da kayan kariya don toshe hulɗa yayin aiki tare da dabbobi masu iya kamuwa da cuta, wankewa bayan hulɗa, da rage ƙwayoyin cuta a wuraren da mutane ke zaune da aiki.<ref name="Karpagm2020" /> Magungunan rigakafi [[doxycycline]] suna da tasiri wajen hana kamuwa da cutar leptospirosis.<ref name="Karpagm2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Karpagam KB, Ganesh B |date=January 2020 |title=Leptospirosis: a neglected tropical zoonotic infection of public health importance-an updated review |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=835–846 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03797-4 |pmid=31898795 |s2cid=209669669}}</ref> Allurar rigakafin mutane tana da iyakacin amfani; allurar rigakafi ga wasu dabbobi sun fi samuwa.<ref name="Teixeira2019">{{Cite journal |last=Teixeira AF |last2=Fernandes LG |last3=Cavenague MF |display-authors=et al |date=2019 |title=Adjuvanted leptospiral vaccines: Challenges and future development of new leptospirosis vaccines |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=30 |pages=3961–73 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.087 |pmid=31186193 |s2cid=186204949}}</ref> Magani lokacin da ya kamu da cutar shine da maganin rigakafi kamar su doxycycline, penicillin, ko Ceftriaxone.<ref name="Lane 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lane AB, Dore MM |year=2016 |title=Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence-based diagnosis, treatment and prevention |journal=World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=61 |doi=10.5495/wjcid.v6.i4.61 |issn=2220-3176 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hadarin mutuwa gabaɗaya shine 5-10%, amma lokacin da huhu ke ciki, haɗarin mutuwa yana ƙaruwa zuwa kewayon 50-70% . <ref name="Evangelista2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evangelista KV, Coburn J |date=September 2010 |title=Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses |journal=Future Microbiology |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=1413–25 |doi=10.2217/fmb.10.102 |pmc=3037011 |pmid=20860485}}</ref><ref name="Lane 2016" /> == Muhalli da Lafiya guda ɗaya == Leptospirosis sanannen batun Lafiya ne saboda yaduwarsa ta haɗa da hulɗa mai rikitarwa tsakanin mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2026-02-10 |title=About Leptospirosis |url=https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/about/index.html |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Leptospirosis |language=en-us}}</ref> Ana yaduwa ta hanyar ruwa lokacin da aka gurɓata shi da fitsari daga dabbobi masu kamuwa da cuta kamar dabbobi da dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Détail |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan muhalli kamar ruwan sama mai yawa, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], da rashin tsabtace muhalli sun kara haɗarin yaduwar leptospirosis ta hanyar ba da izinin yaduwar ruwan da aka gurbata. Bugu da ƙari, birni da rashin isasshen kula da sharar gida suna inganta ci gaban yawan dabbobi, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin tafkuna na farko don ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Détail |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Canjin yanayi yana da alaƙa da mafi girman abin da ya faru na leptospirosis saboda abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi suna haifar da yanayin da ya dace don barkewar cutar. Hanyar One Health tana nuna muhimmancin hadin gwiwa tsakanin lafiyar ɗan adam, lafiyar dabbobi, da lafiyar muhalli, da bangarorin kula da muhalli don hanawa da sarrafa cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Détail |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Leptospirosis yana shafar yawan jama'a a cikin mahalli inda ba za a iya gujewa ba, musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwa, rashin tsabta, da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leptospirosis |url=https://www.paho.org/en/topics/leptospirosis |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=PAHO/WHO}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan mahalli, mutane suna fuskantar gurbataccen ƙasa da ruwa, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Wadannan alamu suna jaddada rawar da yanayin muhalli da rashin daidaito na tsari ke takawa wajen rarraba cututtuka. Baya ga watsa kai tsaye daga tafkunan dabbobi, shaidar da ke ƙaruwa ta nuna cewa Leptospira na iya ci gaba a cikin tafkunan muhalli kamar ƙasa da tsarin ruwa mai laushi, don haka fadada taga na fallasa fiye da abubuwan gurɓataccen matsakaici. Nazarin ya nuna cewa kwayar halitta tana rayuwa na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayin zafi, tare da dalilai kamar zafin jiki, pH, da wadatar abinci mai gina jiki da ke shafar iyawarsa.[1] Wannan juriya yana rikitar da tsarin watsawa na gargajiya ta hanyar ba da damar hanyoyin bayyanar kai tsaye waɗanda ba sa buƙatar hulɗar dabbobi na baya-bayan nan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5z7xs398qjbpq1nnl8h8x0a9n2v2lky 856614 856613 2026-06-14T08:23:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leptospirosis''' kamuwa da cuta ce ta jini da ke haifar da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] na jinsin ''Leptospira'' <ref name="Lane 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lane AB, Dore MM |year=2016 |title=Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence-based diagnosis, treatment and prevention |journal=World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=61 |doi=10.5495/wjcid.v6.i4.61 |issn=2220-3176 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda zai iya kamuwa da mutane, karnuka, da kuma sauran dabbobi masu yawa na daji da na gida. Alamomi da alamomi na iya kasancewa daga babu zuwa mai sauƙi ([[ciwon kai]], Ciwon tsoka, da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]]) zuwa mai tsanani (zagi a cikin huhu ko [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]]). <ref name="Zoey2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soo ZM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R |date=January 2020 |title=Leptospirosis: Increasing importance in developing countries |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=201 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105183 |pmid=31542372 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Cutar Weil''' (/ˈvaɪlz/ VILES), mai tsanani, nau'in leptospirosis, yana sa mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ya zama [[Shawara|jaundized]] (fatar da idanu sun zama rawaya), ci gaban gazawar koda, da zubar da jini. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title=Rats / RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/rats |website=www.rhs.org.uk}}</ref> Zubar da jini daga huhu da ke da alaƙa da leptospirosis an san shi da ciwon haemorrhage na huhu mai tsanani.<ref name="Zoey2020" /> Fiye da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta 10 na ''Leptospira'' suna haifar da cuta a cikin mutane.<ref name="Picardeau2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Picardeau M |date=May 2017 |title=Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita? |journal=[[Nature Reviews Microbiology|Nature Reviews. Microbiology]] |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=297–307 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.5 |pmid=28260786 |s2cid=11626842}}</ref> Dukkanin dabbobi na daji da na gida zasu iya yada cutar, galibi dabbobi.<ref name="Lane 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lane AB, Dore MM |year=2016 |title=Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence-based diagnosis, treatment and prevention |journal=World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=61 |doi=10.5495/wjcid.v6.i4.61 |issn=2220-3176 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta ga mutane ta hanyar [[Bawali|fitsarin dabba]] ko datti, ko ruwa ko ƙasa da aka gurɓata da fitsarin dabbobi da datti, suna shiga cikin hulɗa da idanu, baki, ko hanci, ko raguwa a cikin fata.<ref name="Lane 2016" /> A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, cutar ta fi faruwa a cikin kula da kwari, manoma, da mutanen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan da ba su dace da tsabta.<ref name="Zoey2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soo ZM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R |date=January 2020 |title=Leptospirosis: Increasing importance in developing countries |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=201 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105183 |pmid=31542372 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, yana faruwa a lokacin ruwan sama mai tsanani kuma yana da haɗari ga masu kula da kwari, ma'aikatan datti, da waɗanda ke da hannu a ayyukan waje a wurare masu dumi da rigar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=O. Y. |last2=Chia |first2=S. E. |last3=Nadarajah |first3=N. |last4=Sng |first4=E. H. |date=16 October 1987 |title=Leptospirosis Risk in Public Cleansing and Sewer Workers |journal=Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=586–90 |pmid=3446001}}</ref><ref name="Zoey2020" /> Binciken yawanci ana yin shi ta hanyar gwaji don maganin rigakafi akan ƙwayoyin cuta ko gano DNA na ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin jini.<ref name="Zoey2020" /> Kokarin hana cutar ya haɗa da kayan kariya don toshe hulɗa yayin aiki tare da dabbobi masu iya kamuwa da cuta, wankewa bayan hulɗa, da rage ƙwayoyin cuta a wuraren da mutane ke zaune da aiki.<ref name="Karpagm2020" /> Magungunan rigakafi [[doxycycline]] suna da tasiri wajen hana kamuwa da cutar leptospirosis.<ref name="Karpagm2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Karpagam KB, Ganesh B |date=January 2020 |title=Leptospirosis: a neglected tropical zoonotic infection of public health importance-an updated review |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=835–846 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03797-4 |pmid=31898795 |s2cid=209669669}}</ref> Allurar rigakafin mutane tana da iyakacin amfani; allurar rigakafi ga wasu dabbobi sun fi samuwa.<ref name="Teixeira2019">{{Cite journal |last=Teixeira AF |last2=Fernandes LG |last3=Cavenague MF |display-authors=et al |date=2019 |title=Adjuvanted leptospiral vaccines: Challenges and future development of new leptospirosis vaccines |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=30 |pages=3961–73 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.087 |pmid=31186193 |s2cid=186204949}}</ref> Magani lokacin da ya kamu da cutar shine da maganin rigakafi kamar su doxycycline, penicillin, ko Ceftriaxone.<ref name="Lane 2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lane AB, Dore MM |year=2016 |title=Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence-based diagnosis, treatment and prevention |journal=World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=61 |doi=10.5495/wjcid.v6.i4.61 |issn=2220-3176 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hadarin mutuwa gabaɗaya shine 5-10%, amma lokacin da huhu ke ciki, haɗarin mutuwa yana ƙaruwa zuwa kewayon 50-70% . <ref name="Evangelista2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evangelista KV, Coburn J |date=September 2010 |title=Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses |journal=Future Microbiology |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=1413–25 |doi=10.2217/fmb.10.102 |pmc=3037011 |pmid=20860485}}</ref><ref name="Lane 2016" /> == Muhalli da Lafiya guda ɗaya == Leptospirosis sanannen batun Lafiya ne saboda yaduwarsa ta haɗa da hulɗa mai rikitarwa tsakanin mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2026-02-10 |title=About Leptospirosis |url=https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/about/index.html |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Leptospirosis |language=en-us}}</ref> Ana yaduwa ta hanyar ruwa lokacin da aka gurɓata shi da fitsari daga dabbobi masu kamuwa da cuta kamar dabbobi da dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Détail |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan muhalli kamar ruwan sama mai yawa, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], da rashin tsabtace muhalli sun kara haɗarin yaduwar leptospirosis ta hanyar ba da izinin yaduwar ruwan da aka gurbata. Bugu da ƙari, birni da rashin isasshen kula da sharar gida suna inganta ci gaban yawan dabbobi, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin tafkuna na farko don ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Détail |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Canjin yanayi yana da alaƙa da mafi girman abin da ya faru na leptospirosis saboda abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi suna haifar da yanayin da ya dace don barkewar cutar. Hanyar One Health tana nuna muhimmancin hadin gwiwa tsakanin lafiyar ɗan adam, lafiyar dabbobi, da lafiyar muhalli, da bangarorin kula da muhalli don hanawa da sarrafa cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Détail |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Leptospirosis yana shafar yawan jama'a a cikin mahalli inda ba za a iya gujewa ba, musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwa, rashin tsabta, da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leptospirosis |url=https://www.paho.org/en/topics/leptospirosis |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=PAHO/WHO}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan mahalli, mutane suna fuskantar gurbataccen ƙasa da ruwa, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Wadannan alamu suna jaddada rawar da yanayin muhalli da rashin daidaito na tsari ke takawa wajen rarraba cututtuka. Baya ga watsa kai tsaye daga tafkunan dabbobi, shaidar da ke ƙaruwa ta nuna cewa Leptospira na iya ci gaba a cikin tafkunan muhalli kamar ƙasa da tsarin ruwa mai laushi, don haka fadada taga na fallasa fiye da abubuwan gurɓataccen matsakaici. Nazarin ya nuna cewa kwayar halitta tana rayuwa na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayin zafi, tare da dalilai kamar zafin jiki, pH, da wadatar abinci mai gina jiki da ke shafar iyawarsa.[1] Wannan juriya yana rikitar da tsarin watsawa na gargajiya ta hanyar ba da damar hanyoyin bayyanar kai tsaye waɗanda ba sa buƙatar hulɗar dabbobi na baya-bayan nan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7mt5cd2d2mmdupkn5f05wl5an4el2tg 0 157335 856616 2026-06-14T08:45:24Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342405725|Donguila]]" 856616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donguila''' (kuma '''Dongila'''; ko '''Douglas''' ) ƙauye ne na bakin teku a lardin Estuaire a arewa maso yammacin [[Gabon]] . Yana kwance a kan hanyar L106 (hanyar Nzamlique-Donguila), kilomita 16 ta hanyar hanyar kudu da Nzamaligué . Donguila an fi saninsa da aikin Katolika na St. Paul wanda aka kafa a 1878, a gaban Pointe Denis . Yawan jama'a suna magana da bambancin Mekeh na harshen Fanghish. Kodayake an samo su a kasashe makwabta da yawa, babban nau'in yankin na dabbar, Peters's Hybomys, shine Donguila. == Tarihi == Ilimi wani bangare ne na ayyukan zamantakewa na masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje. A Donguila, akwai makarantar yara maza, wata ta 'yan mata, da kuma makarantar sana'a don "masu koyo". An ba da yara maza koyarwar ɗabi'a da addini; na biyu sun koyi karatu da rubutu Faransanci. An ba 'yan mata gabatarwa ga aikin gida, sutura da zane-zane. [[Léon M'ba]] ya samo asali ne daga dangin Fang waɗanda suka halarci makarantun mishan na Donguila na [[Libreville]] . Babban bishop na Roman Katolika na Faransa, Marcel Lefebvre, ya yi aiki a tashar mishan daga 1940-1943. A yau, Ofishin Jakadancin St. Paul da makarantar firamare suna ci gaba da karɓar matasa Gabonese. Yayinda take binciken Gabon, an san marubuciyar Ingilishi kuma mai bincike Mary Kingsley, da kafa jirginta a Donguila. A farkon shekarun 1970s, [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] ya shawo kan wanda yake karewa, [[Omar Bongo]], ya ba da gonar Donguila (tsire) ga Bob Denard. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Donguila da wasu ƙauyuka uku masu nisa tare da yawan mutane 1000-1500, Bougandji, Nyali, da Bolossoville, an zaba su a matsayin wuraren gwajin hasken rana, kowannensu yana karɓar tsarin sabis na jama'a mai amfani da PV. Jean Obame shi ne shugaban ƙauyen a cikin 2000s. == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == [[Fayil:Fleuve_Komo_du_Gabon_vu_de_Donguila_à_Ntoum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kogin Komo]] a Donguila]] Ƙauyen Donguila yana kan gefen dama na [[Kogin Komo]] . Kogin arewa, daga [[Ikoi River|Kogin Ikoi]] zuwa Dongila yana fuskantar manyan bankunan yashi, duwatsu, da laka, yayin da ƙasar ta ɗaga, kuma an rufe ta da itatuwa da ciyayi. Ƙauyen yana da nisan kilomita 12 (19 zuwa gabas na tsibirin, Île Coniquet, da kilomita 67.4 (41.9 ta hanyar kudu maso gabashin Libreville . Yana cikin yankunan karkara na [[Gabon Estuary]] . Dutsen mamaki yana tsakiyar ƙofar Kogin , kimanin kilomita 2.5 (4.0) daga Dongila. Dausayin Mangrove yana samar da wani muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin da ke kewaye da shi. Donguila ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙauyuka da yawa, mafi mahimmanci sune Nyantobe, Mbol Ezok, Saint Henri Le Four à Chaud (Aufourachaud), Mekome, da Edzoung Alenga. Kimanin {{Convert|6000|sqft}} girmansa, Shuka Donguila wani ɓangare ne na Ofishin Jakadancin Katolika Donguila; kuma yana gefen dama na bakin teku a ƙofar Kogin Komo. Yanayin yanayi ne na equatorial, mai zafi da zafi wanda ke nuna sauyawa na yanayi huɗu: gajeren lokacin ruwan sama (tsakiyar Satumba, tsakiyar Disamba) gajeren lokacin bushewa (tsaki na Disamba, ƙarshen Janairu), dogon lokacin ruwan sama-tsakiyar Mayu), da kuma dogon lokacin bushewa. == Shahararrun mutane == * [[Léon M'ba]] (1902-1967), Firayim Minista na farko (1959-1961) da Shugaban kasa (1961-1967) na Gabon * Paul Biyoghé Mba (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), Firayim Minista na Gabon (2009-2012) * [[Simone Saint-Dénis]] (1930-2008), shugaban kungiyar kwadago ya koyar a Makarantar Katolika a cikin shekarun 1950. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 0yz9vmzu1o6dn6afilu07vxra8ucw0v 856617 856616 2026-06-14T08:45:41Z Arabiyu 28508 856617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Donguila''' (kuma '''Dongila'''; ko '''Douglas''' ) ƙauye ne na bakin teku a lardin Estuaire a arewa maso yammacin [[Gabon]] . Yana kwance a kan hanyar L106 (hanyar Nzamlique-Donguila), kilomita 16 ta hanyar hanyar kudu da Nzamaligué . Donguila an fi saninsa da aikin Katolika na St. Paul wanda aka kafa a 1878, a gaban Pointe Denis . Yawan jama'a suna magana da bambancin Mekeh na harshen Fanghish. Kodayake an samo su a kasashe makwabta da yawa, babban nau'in yankin na dabbar, Peters's Hybomys, shine Donguila. == Tarihi == Ilimi wani bangare ne na ayyukan zamantakewa na masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje. A Donguila, akwai makarantar yara maza, wata ta 'yan mata, da kuma makarantar sana'a don "masu koyo". An ba da yara maza koyarwar ɗabi'a da addini; na biyu sun koyi karatu da rubutu Faransanci. An ba 'yan mata gabatarwa ga aikin gida, sutura da zane-zane. [[Léon M'ba]] ya samo asali ne daga dangin Fang waɗanda suka halarci makarantun mishan na Donguila na [[Libreville]] . Babban bishop na Roman Katolika na Faransa, Marcel Lefebvre, ya yi aiki a tashar mishan daga 1940-1943. A yau, Ofishin Jakadancin St. Paul da makarantar firamare suna ci gaba da karɓar matasa Gabonese. Yayinda take binciken Gabon, an san marubuciyar Ingilishi kuma mai bincike Mary Kingsley, da kafa jirginta a Donguila. A farkon shekarun 1970s, [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] ya shawo kan wanda yake karewa, [[Omar Bongo]], ya ba da gonar Donguila (tsire) ga Bob Denard. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Donguila da wasu ƙauyuka uku masu nisa tare da yawan mutane 1000-1500, Bougandji, Nyali, da Bolossoville, an zaba su a matsayin wuraren gwajin hasken rana, kowannensu yana karɓar tsarin sabis na jama'a mai amfani da PV. Jean Obame shi ne shugaban ƙauyen a cikin 2000s. == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == [[Fayil:Fleuve_Komo_du_Gabon_vu_de_Donguila_à_Ntoum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kogin Komo]] a Donguila]] Ƙauyen Donguila yana kan gefen dama na [[Kogin Komo]] . Kogin arewa, daga [[Ikoi River|Kogin Ikoi]] zuwa Dongila yana fuskantar manyan bankunan yashi, duwatsu, da laka, yayin da ƙasar ta ɗaga, kuma an rufe ta da itatuwa da ciyayi. Ƙauyen yana da nisan kilomita 12 (19 zuwa gabas na tsibirin, Île Coniquet, da kilomita 67.4 (41.9 ta hanyar kudu maso gabashin Libreville . Yana cikin yankunan karkara na [[Gabon Estuary]] . Dutsen mamaki yana tsakiyar ƙofar Kogin , kimanin kilomita 2.5 (4.0) daga Dongila. Dausayin Mangrove yana samar da wani muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin da ke kewaye da shi. Donguila ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙauyuka da yawa, mafi mahimmanci sune Nyantobe, Mbol Ezok, Saint Henri Le Four à Chaud (Aufourachaud), Mekome, da Edzoung Alenga. Kimanin {{Convert|6000|sqft}} girmansa, Shuka Donguila wani ɓangare ne na Ofishin Jakadancin Katolika Donguila; kuma yana gefen dama na bakin teku a ƙofar Kogin Komo. Yanayin yanayi ne na equatorial, mai zafi da zafi wanda ke nuna sauyawa na yanayi huɗu: gajeren lokacin ruwan sama (tsakiyar Satumba, tsakiyar Disamba) gajeren lokacin bushewa (tsaki na Disamba, ƙarshen Janairu), dogon lokacin ruwan sama-tsakiyar Mayu), da kuma dogon lokacin bushewa. == Shahararrun mutane == * [[Léon M'ba]] (1902-1967), Firayim Minista na farko (1959-1961) da Shugaban kasa (1961-1967) na Gabon * Paul Biyoghé Mba (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), Firayim Minista na Gabon (2009-2012) * [[Simone Saint-Dénis]] (1930-2008), shugaban kungiyar kwadago ya koyar a Makarantar Katolika a cikin shekarun 1950. == Bayanan da aka ambata == seufwiaon9yav1l6pvdyssqvc6dqp2f 0 157336 856622 2026-06-14T08:54:05Z Arabiyu 28508 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346574597|Jean-Kasongo Banza]]" 856622 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Kasongo Banza''' (26 Yuni 1974 - 7 Yuni 2024) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na DR Congo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Banza, Jean-Kasongo |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/vereine/2-bundesliga/2009-10/msv-duisburg-1/22812/spieler_jean-kasongo-banza.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010201549/http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/vereine/2-bundesliga/2009-10/msv-duisburg-1/22812/spieler_jean-kasongo-banza.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=4 April 2010 |publisher=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=German}}</ref> wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a DR Congo don AS Vita Club, a Turkiyya don Gençlerbirliği, a Koriya ta Kudu don Chunnam Dragons da [[Seongnam FC]]">Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma (a halin yanzu Seongnam FC), a Tunisia don CS Sfaxien da Olympique Béja, kuma a Jamus don VfL Wolfsburg da MSV Duisburg . A matakin kasa da kasa, ya wakilci tawagar DR Congo ta kasa. Banza ya mutu a Kinshasa a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, yana da shekaru 49. == Daraja == '''DR Congo''' * [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka]]: matsayi na uku, 1998 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Cup of Nations 1998-DR Squad |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/98a-det.html |access-date=31 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] kccc5oz9swu6w9nzjqrhu6uicplr2ic 856623 856622 2026-06-14T08:54:20Z Arabiyu 28508 856623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jean-Kasongo Banza''' (26 Yuni 1974 - 7 Yuni 2024) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na DR Congo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Banza, Jean-Kasongo |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/vereine/2-bundesliga/2009-10/msv-duisburg-1/22812/spieler_jean-kasongo-banza.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010201549/http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/vereine/2-bundesliga/2009-10/msv-duisburg-1/22812/spieler_jean-kasongo-banza.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=4 April 2010 |publisher=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=German}}</ref> wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a DR Congo don AS Vita Club, a Turkiyya don Gençlerbirliği, a Koriya ta Kudu don Chunnam Dragons da [[Seongnam FC]]">Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma (a halin yanzu Seongnam FC), a Tunisia don CS Sfaxien da Olympique Béja, kuma a Jamus don VfL Wolfsburg da MSV Duisburg . A matakin kasa da kasa, ya wakilci tawagar DR Congo ta kasa. Banza ya mutu a Kinshasa a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, yana da shekaru 49. == Daraja == '''DR Congo''' * [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka]]: matsayi na uku, 1998 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Cup of Nations 1998-DR Squad |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/98a-det.html |access-date=31 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] mz0pypyrgngl7h1mr4pk84e0kmyw5j0 0 157337 856652 2026-06-14T09:09:04Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320741504|Critical incident stress management]]" 856652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gudanar da Damuwa Mai Muhimmanci''' ( '''CISM''' ) tsari ne na tallafi ga daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka fuskanci rauni. Wani nau'i ne na [[Taimako na farko na tunani|taimakon farko na tunani]] . Ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kafin aukuwa da kuma kula da gaggawa ta hanyar bin diddigin bayan rikici. Manufar CISM ita ce rage tsananin alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] da ke tasowa bayan rikici . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical Incident Stress Management: Purpose |url=http://www.vbgov.com/file_source/dept/ems/Document/103.01.01.Critical_Incident_Stress_Mgt_Policy.pdf |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Virginia Beach Department of Emergency Medical Services}}</ref> == Manufa == An tsara CISM ne don taimaka wa mutane su magance raunin da suka samu a lokaci guda, ta hanyar ba su damar yin magana game da lamarin ba tare da an yanke musu hukunci ko suka ba. Shirin yana gudana ne ta hanyar mutanen da suka kammala azuzuwa ɗaya ko fiye da suka shafi batun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICISF |url=https://icisf.org/education-training/course-descriptions/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=icisf.org}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Education & Training - ICISF |url=https://icisf.org/education-training/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=icisf.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Masu karɓa == Mummunan lamari lamari ne mai tayar da hankali wanda ke iya haifar da martani mai ƙarfi ga mutanen da suka fuskanci waɗannan abubuwan. Mafi yawan damuwa daga cikinsu galibi ana ganin su a matsayin mutuwar aiki, [[kisan kai]] na abokin aiki, abubuwan da suka faru da yawa, jinkirin shiga tsakani da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da yawa. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}</ref> Kowace sana'a za ta iya lissafa mafi munin yanayi da za a iya rarraba su a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru masu mahimmanci. Ƙungiyoyin agajin gaggawa, misali, galibi suna lissafa ''Mummunan Goma'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stress Management |url=http://www.sgsp.edu.pl/sos/mitchel/wyklady/stress.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625160837/http://www.sgsp.edu.pl/sos/mitchel/wyklady/stress.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej}}</ref> Su ne: # Layin mutuwar aiki # Kashe kai na abokin aiki # Raunin da ya shafi aiki mai tsanani # Lamarin da ya shafi asarar rayuka da dama / bala'i / ta'addanci # Abubuwan da ke haifar da babban barazana ga ma'aikata # Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru ga yara # Abubuwan da ma'aikata suka san wanda aka kashe # Abubuwan da suka shafi kafofin watsa labarai fiye da kima # Abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda suka tsawaita kuma suka ƙare da mummunan sakamako # Duk wani lamari mai matuƙar ƙarfi, mai cike da damuwa Duk da cewa kowane mutum zai iya fuskantar mummunan lamari, hikimar gargajiya ta ce membobin jami'an tsaro, sassan kashe gobara, da kuma ayyukan gaggawa na cikin babban haɗarin fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru masu tayar da hankali. == Nau'ikan shiga tsakani == Nau'in shiga tsakani da aka yi amfani da shi ya dogara ne da yanayin, adadin mutanen da abin ya shafa, da kuma kusancinsu da abin da ya faru. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan shiga tsakani shine hanya mai matakai uku, yayin da hanyoyi daban-daban suka haɗa da matakai har biyar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da haka, ainihin adadin matakai ba shine abin da ke da mahimmanci ga nasarar shiga tsakani ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Manufar shiga tsakani ita ce magance raunin da ke tattare da ci gaban gabaɗaya: rage damuwa, yin bayani, da kuma bin diddigin lamarin. === Rufewa === Ana yin gyaran fuska a ranar da abin ya faru kafin mutumin/mutanen su sami damar yin barci. An tsara gyaran fuska ne don tabbatar wa mutumin ko mutanen da abin ya shafa cewa yadda suke ji a jikinsu abu ne na yau da kullun, don gaya musu alamun da za su lura da su a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, da kuma ba su tallafi, yawanci ta hanyar tuntuɓar wani mai [[Taimako na tsara|tallafawa takwarorinsu]] daga ƙungiyarsu. Ana amfani da gyaran fuska don tallafawa ƙungiyoyi, ba mutane ba, waɗanda suka taɓa samun irin wannan mummunan yanayi. Ba a taɓa yin gyaran fuska a wurin da abin ya faru ba domin wannan zai karya ƙa'idar CISM na rashin tsoma baki a cikin ayyuka. Manufar gyaran fuska ita ce taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi wajen jurewa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, magance buƙatu masu tsanani, sauƙaƙe daidaita duk wata alama da ta taso, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da albarkatun da ake da su idan aka fuskanci matsaloli. === Tattaunawa Kan Matsalolin da Suka Faru A Lokacin Da Ya Faru === ICISF ta ƙayyade cewa warwarewa da yin bayani an yi su ne kawai don amfani da ƙungiyoyi. [1] Dabarar shiga tsakani da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin CISM sigar taimakon farko ce ta tunanin mutum. [2] Wani bita na wallafe-wallafe ya kammala da cewa babban lahani a cikin sukar CISM shine "rashin daidaitattun kalmomi," wanda ya sa masu bincike suka kimanta hanyoyin shiga tsakani daban-daban kamar dai iri ɗaya ne, da kuma amfani da matakan sakamako masu canzawa, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi wuya a kwatanta sakamako a cikin bincike daban-daban. Marubutan bita sun kammala da cewa "ya kamata a ci gaba da bayar da CISM ga waɗanda suka ji rauni na biyu." [3] Ga ƙungiyoyi, ana ba da shawarar yin tattaunawa ta rukuni awanni 48-72 bayan wani lamari mai mahimmanci, wanda zai ba ƙungiyar damar tallafawa juna ta hanyar magana game da abin da ya faru da su, yadda ya shafe su, yin tunani kan hanyoyin magance su, gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma sanar da mutum ko ƙungiya game da ayyukan da ake da su a cikin al'ummarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/253-2-gl-eng.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927081324/http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/253-2-gl-eng.shtml |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Corrective Service of Canada}}</ref> Mataki na ƙarshe shine a ci gaba da tattaunawa da su washegari bayan tattaunawar don tabbatar da cewa suna cikin aminci kuma suna jurewa da kyau ko kuma a tura mutumin don ba da shawara ta ƙwararru. Ka'idojin CISM sun bayyana a sarari cewa kada a taɓa matsa wa kowa ko tilasta masa yin magana, sabanin wasu suka da aka bayar (misali, labarin wani mai kashe gobara game da CISM da aka bayar yadda ya kamata <ref>{{Cite web |title=CISM and Peer Support: My Thoughts - ICISF |url=https://icisf.org/cism-and-peer-support-my-thoughts/}}</ref> ). Duk da cewa da yawa sun haɗa kai wajen yin bayani game da wasu ƙungiyoyi, babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a fannin CISM shi ne tallafawa ma'aikatan ƙungiyoyi ko membobin al'ummomin da suka fuskanci wani mummunan lamari. Tsarin yin bayani (wanda Gidauniyar Kula da Damuwa ta Duniya [ICISF] ta ayyana) yana da matakai bakwai: gabatar da mai shiga tsakani da kuma kafa jagororin kuma yana gayyatar mahalarta su gabatar da kansu (yayin da halartar tattaunawa na iya zama dole, shiga ba dole ba ne); cikakkun bayanai game da taron da aka bayar daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban; martanin motsin rai da aka bayar ta hanyar tunani; martanin mutum da ayyuka; sannan kuma tattaunawa kan alamomin da aka nuna tun bayan taron; matakin koyarwa inda ƙungiyar ta tattauna alamomin kuma ta tabbatar wa mahalarta cewa duk wata alama (idan suna da wata alama) martani ne na al'ada ga wani lamari mara kyau kuma "gabaɗaya" waɗannan alamomin za su ragu tare da lokaci da [[kula da kai]] ; bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na tattaunawa ta yau da kullun (galibi akan abin sha da magani) komawa bakin aiki inda mutane ke komawa ga ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Mai shiga tsakani koyaushe yana lura da mutanen da ba sa jurewa da kyau kuma ana ba da ƙarin taimako a ƙarshen aikin. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPulley2005">Pulley SA (March 21, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm "Critical Incident Stress Management"]. [[eMedicine]]. Archived from [http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm the original] on August 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> === Mai bibiya === Mataki na ƙarshe shine a ci gaba da yin bincike da kuma tura bayanai inda aka nuna. Yawanci ana yin hakan cikin kwana ɗaya, kuma ana sake yin sati ɗaya bayan an yi bayani, ta hanyar membobin ƙungiyar a matsayin rajista. Wannan matakin yana gano alamun da ka iya tasowa ko suka ta'azzara a tsawon lokaci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l35o16h18vy13j15bob6t3yqd7c0roe 0 157338 856653 2026-06-14T09:12:06Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320741504|Critical incident stress management]]" 856653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gudanar da Damuwa Mai Muhimmanci''' ( '''CISM''' ) tsari ne na tallafi ga daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka fuskanci rauni. Wani nau'i ne na [[Taimako na farko na tunani|taimakon farko na tunani]] . Ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kafin aukuwa da kuma kula da gaggawa ta hanyar bin diddigin bayan rikici. Manufar CISM ita ce rage tsananin alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] da ke tasowa bayan rikici . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical Incident Stress Management: Purpose |url=http://www.vbgov.com/file_source/dept/ems/Document/103.01.01.Critical_Incident_Stress_Mgt_Policy.pdf |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Virginia Beach Department of Emergency Medical Services}}</ref> == Manufa == An tsara CISM ne don taimaka wa mutane su magance raunin da suka samu a lokaci guda, ta hanyar ba su damar yin magana game da lamarin ba tare da an yanke musu hukunci ko suka ba. Shirin yana gudana ne ta hanyar mutanen da suka kammala azuzuwa ɗaya ko fiye da suka shafi batun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICISF |url=https://icisf.org/education-training/course-descriptions/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=icisf.org}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Education & Training - ICISF |url=https://icisf.org/education-training/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=icisf.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Masu karɓa == Mummunan lamari lamari ne mai tayar da hankali wanda ke iya haifar da martani mai ƙarfi ga mutanen da suka fuskanci waɗannan abubuwan. Mafi yawan damuwa daga cikinsu galibi ana ganin su a matsayin mutuwar aiki, [[kisan kai]] na abokin aiki, abubuwan da suka faru da yawa, jinkirin shiga tsakani da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da yawa. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}</ref> Kowace sana'a za ta iya lissafa mafi munin yanayi da za a iya rarraba su a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru masu mahimmanci. Ƙungiyoyin agajin gaggawa, misali, galibi suna lissafa ''Mummunan Goma'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stress Management |url=http://www.sgsp.edu.pl/sos/mitchel/wyklady/stress.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625160837/http://www.sgsp.edu.pl/sos/mitchel/wyklady/stress.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej}}</ref> Su ne: # Layin mutuwar aiki # Kashe kai na abokin aiki # Raunin da ya shafi aiki mai tsanani # Lamarin da ya shafi asarar rayuka da dama / bala'i / ta'addanci # Abubuwan da ke haifar da babban barazana ga ma'aikata # Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru ga yara # Abubuwan da ma'aikata suka san wanda aka kashe # Abubuwan da suka shafi kafofin watsa labarai fiye da kima # Abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda suka tsawaita kuma suka ƙare da mummunan sakamako # Duk wani lamari mai matuƙar ƙarfi, mai cike da damuwa Duk da cewa kowane mutum zai iya fuskantar mummunan lamari, hikimar gargajiya ta ce membobin jami'an tsaro, sassan kashe gobara, da kuma ayyukan gaggawa na cikin babban haɗarin fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru masu tayar da hankali. == Nau'ikan shiga tsakani == Nau'in shiga tsakani da aka yi amfani da shi ya dogara ne da yanayin, adadin mutanen da abin ya shafa, da kuma kusancinsu da abin da ya faru. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan shiga tsakani shine hanya mai matakai uku, yayin da hanyoyi daban-daban suka haɗa da matakai har biyar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da haka, ainihin adadin matakai ba shine abin da ke da mahimmanci ga nasarar shiga tsakani ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Manufar shiga tsakani ita ce magance raunin da ke tattare da ci gaban gabaɗaya: rage damuwa, yin bayani, da kuma bin diddigin lamarin. === Rufewa === Ana yin gyaran fuska a ranar da abin ya faru kafin mutumin/mutanen su sami damar yin barci. An tsara gyaran fuska ne don tabbatar wa mutumin ko mutanen da abin ya shafa cewa yadda suke ji a jikinsu abu ne na yau da kullun, don gaya musu alamun da za su lura da su a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, da kuma ba su tallafi, yawanci ta hanyar tuntuɓar wani mai [[Taimako na tsara|tallafawa takwarorinsu]] daga ƙungiyarsu. Ana amfani da gyaran fuska don tallafawa ƙungiyoyi, ba mutane ba, waɗanda suka taɓa samun irin wannan mummunan yanayi. Ba a taɓa yin gyaran fuska a wurin da abin ya faru ba domin wannan zai karya ƙa'idar CISM na rashin tsoma baki a cikin ayyuka. Manufar gyaran fuska ita ce taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi wajen jurewa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, magance buƙatu masu tsanani, sauƙaƙe daidaita duk wata alama da ta taso, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da albarkatun da ake da su idan aka fuskanci matsaloli. === Tattaunawa Kan Matsalolin da Suka Faru A Lokacin Da Ya Faru === ICISF ta ƙayyade cewa warwarewa da yin bayani an yi su ne kawai don amfani da ƙungiyoyi. [1] Dabarar shiga tsakani da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin CISM sigar taimakon farko ce ta tunanin mutum. [2] Wani bita na wallafe-wallafe ya kammala da cewa babban lahani a cikin sukar CISM shine "rashin daidaitattun kalmomi," wanda ya sa masu bincike suka kimanta hanyoyin shiga tsakani daban-daban kamar dai iri ɗaya ne, da kuma amfani da matakan sakamako masu canzawa, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi wuya a kwatanta sakamako a cikin bincike daban-daban. Marubutan bita sun kammala da cewa "ya kamata a ci gaba da bayar da CISM ga waɗanda suka ji rauni na biyu." [3] Ga ƙungiyoyi, ana ba da shawarar yin tattaunawa ta rukuni awanni 48-72 bayan wani lamari mai mahimmanci, wanda zai ba ƙungiyar damar tallafawa juna ta hanyar magana game da abin da ya faru da su, yadda ya shafe su, yin tunani kan hanyoyin magance su, gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma sanar da mutum ko ƙungiya game da ayyukan da ake da su a cikin al'ummarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/253-2-gl-eng.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927081324/http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/253-2-gl-eng.shtml |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Corrective Service of Canada}}</ref> Mataki na ƙarshe shine a ci gaba da tattaunawa da su washegari bayan tattaunawar don tabbatar da cewa suna cikin aminci kuma suna jurewa da kyau ko kuma a tura mutumin don ba da shawara ta ƙwararru. Ka'idojin CISM sun bayyana a sarari cewa kada a taɓa matsa wa kowa ko tilasta masa yin magana, sabanin wasu suka da aka bayar (misali, labarin wani mai kashe gobara game da CISM da aka bayar yadda ya kamata <ref>{{Cite web |title=CISM and Peer Support: My Thoughts - ICISF |url=https://icisf.org/cism-and-peer-support-my-thoughts/}}</ref> ). Duk da cewa da yawa sun haɗa kai wajen yin bayani game da wasu ƙungiyoyi, babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a fannin CISM shi ne tallafawa ma'aikatan ƙungiyoyi ko membobin al'ummomin da suka fuskanci wani mummunan lamari. Tsarin yin bayani (wanda Gidauniyar Kula da Damuwa ta Duniya [ICISF] ta ayyana) yana da matakai bakwai: gabatar da mai shiga tsakani da kuma kafa jagororin kuma yana gayyatar mahalarta su gabatar da kansu (yayin da halartar tattaunawa na iya zama dole, shiga ba dole ba ne); cikakkun bayanai game da taron da aka bayar daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban; martanin motsin rai da aka bayar ta hanyar tunani; martanin mutum da ayyuka; sannan kuma tattaunawa kan alamomin da aka nuna tun bayan taron; matakin koyarwa inda ƙungiyar ta tattauna alamomin kuma ta tabbatar wa mahalarta cewa duk wata alama (idan suna da wata alama) martani ne na al'ada ga wani lamari mara kyau kuma "gabaɗaya" waɗannan alamomin za su ragu tare da lokaci da [[kula da kai]] ; bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na tattaunawa ta yau da kullun (galibi akan abin sha da magani) komawa bakin aiki inda mutane ke komawa ga ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Mai shiga tsakani koyaushe yana lura da mutanen da ba sa jurewa da kyau kuma ana ba da ƙarin taimako a ƙarshen aikin. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPulley2005">Pulley SA (March 21, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm "Critical Incident Stress Management"]. [[eMedicine]]. Archived from [http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm the original] on August 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> === Mai bibiya === Mataki na ƙarshe shine a ci gaba da yin bincike da kuma tura bayanai inda aka nuna. Yawanci ana yin hakan cikin kwana ɗaya, kuma ana sake yin sati ɗaya bayan an yi bayani, ta hanyar membobin ƙungiyar a matsayin rajista. Wannan matakin yana gano alamun da ka iya tasowa ko suka ta'azzara a tsawon lokaci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l35o16h18vy13j15bob6t3yqd7c0roe 0 157339 856654 2026-06-14T09:12:58Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320741504|Critical incident stress management]]" 856654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gudanar da Damuwa Mai Muhimmanci''' ( '''CISM''' ) tsari ne na tallafi ga daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka fuskanci rauni. Wani nau'i ne na [[Taimako na farko na tunani|taimakon farko na tunani]] . Ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kafin aukuwa da kuma kula da gaggawa ta hanyar bin diddigin bayan rikici. Manufar CISM ita ce rage tsananin alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] da ke tasowa bayan rikici . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical Incident Stress Management: Purpose |url=http://www.vbgov.com/file_source/dept/ems/Document/103.01.01.Critical_Incident_Stress_Mgt_Policy.pdf |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Virginia Beach Department of Emergency Medical Services}}</ref> == Manufa == An tsara CISM ne don taimaka wa mutane su magance raunin da suka samu a lokaci guda, ta hanyar ba su damar yin magana game da lamarin ba tare da an yanke musu hukunci ko suka ba. Shirin yana gudana ne ta hanyar mutanen da suka kammala azuzuwa ɗaya ko fiye da suka shafi batun. [1] [2] == Masu karɓa == Mummunan lamari lamari ne mai tayar da hankali wanda ke iya haifar da martani mai ƙarfi ga mutanen da suka fuskanci waɗannan abubuwan. Mafi yawan damuwa daga cikinsu galibi ana ganin su a matsayin mutuwar aiki, [[kisan kai]] na abokin aiki, abubuwan da suka faru da yawa, jinkirin shiga tsakani da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da yawa. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}</ref> Kowace sana'a za ta iya lissafa mafi munin yanayi da za a iya rarraba su a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru masu mahimmanci. Ƙungiyoyin agajin gaggawa, misali, galibi suna lissafa ''Mummunan Goma'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stress Management |url=http://www.sgsp.edu.pl/sos/mitchel/wyklady/stress.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625160837/http://www.sgsp.edu.pl/sos/mitchel/wyklady/stress.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej}}</ref> Su ne: # Layin mutuwar aiki # Kashe kai na abokin aiki # Raunin da ya shafi aiki mai tsanani # Lamarin da ya shafi asarar rayuka da dama / bala'i / ta'addanci # Abubuwan da ke haifar da babban barazana ga ma'aikata # Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru ga yara # Abubuwan da ma'aikata suka san wanda aka kashe # Abubuwan da suka shafi kafofin watsa labarai fiye da kima # Abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda suka tsawaita kuma suka ƙare da mummunan sakamako # Duk wani lamari mai matuƙar ƙarfi, mai cike da damuwa Duk da cewa kowane mutum zai iya fuskantar mummunan lamari, hikimar gargajiya ta ce membobin jami'an tsaro, sassan kashe gobara, da kuma ayyukan gaggawa na cikin babban haɗarin fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru masu tayar da hankali. == Nau'ikan shiga tsakani == Nau'in shiga tsakani da aka yi amfani da shi ya dogara ne da yanayin, adadin mutanen da abin ya shafa, da kuma kusancinsu da abin da ya faru. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan shiga tsakani shine hanya mai matakai uku, yayin da hanyoyi daban-daban suka haɗa da matakai har biyar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da haka, ainihin adadin matakai ba shine abin da ke da mahimmanci ga nasarar shiga tsakani ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Manufar shiga tsakani ita ce magance raunin da ke tattare da ci gaban gabaɗaya: rage damuwa, yin bayani, da kuma bin diddigin lamarin. === Rufewa === Ana yin gyaran fuska a ranar da abin ya faru kafin mutumin/mutanen su sami damar yin barci. An tsara gyaran fuska ne don tabbatar wa mutumin ko mutanen da abin ya shafa cewa yadda suke ji a jikinsu abu ne na yau da kullun, don gaya musu alamun da za su lura da su a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, da kuma ba su tallafi, yawanci ta hanyar tuntuɓar wani mai [[Taimako na tsara|tallafawa takwarorinsu]] daga ƙungiyarsu. Ana amfani da gyaran fuska don tallafawa ƙungiyoyi, ba mutane ba, waɗanda suka taɓa samun irin wannan mummunan yanayi. Ba a taɓa yin gyaran fuska a wurin da abin ya faru ba domin wannan zai karya ƙa'idar CISM na rashin tsoma baki a cikin ayyuka. Manufar gyaran fuska ita ce taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi wajen jurewa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, magance buƙatu masu tsanani, sauƙaƙe daidaita duk wata alama da ta taso, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da albarkatun da ake da su idan aka fuskanci matsaloli. === Tattaunawa Kan Matsalolin da Suka Faru A Lokacin Da Ya Faru === ICISF ta ƙayyade cewa warwarewa da yin bayani an yi su ne kawai don amfani da ƙungiyoyi. [1] Dabarar shiga tsakani da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin CISM sigar taimakon farko ce ta tunanin mutum. [2] Wani bita na wallafe-wallafe ya kammala da cewa babban lahani a cikin sukar CISM shine "rashin daidaitattun kalmomi," wanda ya sa masu bincike suka kimanta hanyoyin shiga tsakani daban-daban kamar dai iri ɗaya ne, da kuma amfani da matakan sakamako masu canzawa, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi wuya a kwatanta sakamako a cikin bincike daban-daban. Marubutan bita sun kammala da cewa "ya kamata a ci gaba da bayar da CISM ga waɗanda suka ji rauni na biyu." [3] Ga ƙungiyoyi, ana ba da shawarar yin tattaunawa ta rukuni awanni 48-72 bayan wani lamari mai mahimmanci, wanda zai ba ƙungiyar damar tallafawa juna ta hanyar magana game da abin da ya faru da su, yadda ya shafe su, yin tunani kan hanyoyin magance su, gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma sanar da mutum ko ƙungiya game da ayyukan da ake da su a cikin al'ummarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/253-2-gl-eng.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927081324/http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/253-2-gl-eng.shtml |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Corrective Service of Canada}}</ref> Mataki na ƙarshe shine a ci gaba da tattaunawa da su washegari bayan tattaunawar don tabbatar da cewa suna cikin aminci kuma suna jurewa da kyau ko kuma a tura mutumin don ba da shawara ta ƙwararru. Ka'idojin CISM sun bayyana a sarari cewa kada a taɓa matsa wa kowa ko tilasta masa yin magana, sabanin wasu suka da aka bayar (misali, labarin wani mai kashe gobara game da CISM da aka bayar yadda ya kamata <ref>{{Cite web |title=CISM and Peer Support: My Thoughts - ICISF |url=https://icisf.org/cism-and-peer-support-my-thoughts/}}</ref> ). Duk da cewa da yawa sun haɗa kai wajen yin bayani game da wasu ƙungiyoyi, babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a fannin CISM shi ne tallafawa ma'aikatan ƙungiyoyi ko membobin al'ummomin da suka fuskanci wani mummunan lamari. Tsarin yin bayani (wanda Gidauniyar Kula da Damuwa ta Duniya [ICISF] ta ayyana) yana da matakai bakwai: gabatar da mai shiga tsakani da kuma kafa jagororin kuma yana gayyatar mahalarta su gabatar da kansu (yayin da halartar tattaunawa na iya zama dole, shiga ba dole ba ne); cikakkun bayanai game da taron da aka bayar daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban; martanin motsin rai da aka bayar ta hanyar tunani; martanin mutum da ayyuka; sannan kuma tattaunawa kan alamomin da aka nuna tun bayan taron; matakin koyarwa inda ƙungiyar ta tattauna alamomin kuma ta tabbatar wa mahalarta cewa duk wata alama (idan suna da wata alama) martani ne na al'ada ga wani lamari mara kyau kuma "gabaɗaya" waɗannan alamomin za su ragu tare da lokaci da [[kula da kai]] ; bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na tattaunawa ta yau da kullun (galibi akan abin sha da magani) komawa bakin aiki inda mutane ke komawa ga ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Mai shiga tsakani koyaushe yana lura da mutanen da ba sa jurewa da kyau kuma ana ba da ƙarin taimako a ƙarshen aikin. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPulley2005">Pulley SA (March 21, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm "Critical Incident Stress Management"]. [[eMedicine]]. Archived from [http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm the original] on August 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> === Mai bibiya === Mataki na ƙarshe shine a ci gaba da yin bincike da kuma tura bayanai inda aka nuna. Yawanci ana yin hakan cikin kwana ɗaya, kuma ana sake yin sati ɗaya bayan an yi bayani, ta hanyar membobin ƙungiyar a matsayin rajista. Wannan matakin yana gano alamun da ka iya tasowa ko suka ta'azzara a tsawon lokaci. == Manazarta == 47ymgg19ub4mt7npcxvr9w2eqkc64fz 856655 856654 2026-06-14T09:13:19Z Sardeeq 39275 856655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gudanar da Damuwa Mai Muhimmanci''' ( '''CISM''' ) tsari ne na tallafi ga daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka fuskanci rauni. Wani nau'i ne na [[Taimako na farko na tunani|taimakon farko na tunani]] . Ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kafin aukuwa da kuma kula da gaggawa ta hanyar bin diddigin bayan rikici. Manufar CISM ita ce rage tsananin alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] da ke tasowa bayan rikici . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical Incident Stress Management: Purpose |url=http://www.vbgov.com/file_source/dept/ems/Document/103.01.01.Critical_Incident_Stress_Mgt_Policy.pdf |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Virginia Beach Department of Emergency Medical Services}}</ref> == Manufa == An tsara CISM ne don taimaka wa mutane su magance raunin da suka samu a lokaci guda, ta hanyar ba su damar yin magana game da lamarin ba tare da an yanke musu hukunci ko suka ba. Shirin yana gudana ne ta hanyar mutanen da suka kammala azuzuwa ɗaya ko fiye da suka shafi batun. [1] [2] == Masu karɓa == Mummunan lamari lamari ne mai tayar da hankali wanda ke iya haifar da martani mai ƙarfi ga mutanen da suka fuskanci waɗannan abubuwan. Mafi yawan damuwa daga cikinsu galibi ana ganin su a matsayin mutuwar aiki, [[kisan kai]] na abokin aiki, abubuwan da suka faru da yawa, jinkirin shiga tsakani da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da yawa. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}</ref> Kowace sana'a za ta iya lissafa mafi munin yanayi da za a iya rarraba su a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru masu mahimmanci. Ƙungiyoyin agajin gaggawa, misali, galibi suna lissafa ''Mummunan Goma'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stress Management |url=http://www.sgsp.edu.pl/sos/mitchel/wyklady/stress.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625160837/http://www.sgsp.edu.pl/sos/mitchel/wyklady/stress.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej}}</ref> Su ne: # Layin mutuwar aiki # Kashe kai na abokin aiki # Raunin da ya shafi aiki mai tsanani # Lamarin da ya shafi asarar rayuka da dama / bala'i / ta'addanci # Abubuwan da ke haifar da babban barazana ga ma'aikata # Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru ga yara # Abubuwan da ma'aikata suka san wanda aka kashe # Abubuwan da suka shafi kafofin watsa labarai fiye da kima # Abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda suka tsawaita kuma suka ƙare da mummunan sakamako # Duk wani lamari mai matuƙar ƙarfi, mai cike da damuwa Duk da cewa kowane mutum zai iya fuskantar mummunan lamari, hikimar gargajiya ta ce membobin jami'an tsaro, sassan kashe gobara, da kuma ayyukan gaggawa na cikin babban haɗarin fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru masu tayar da hankali. == Nau'ikan shiga tsakani == Nau'in shiga tsakani da aka yi amfani da shi ya dogara ne da yanayin, adadin mutanen da abin ya shafa, da kuma kusancinsu da abin da ya faru. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan shiga tsakani shine hanya mai matakai uku, yayin da hanyoyi daban-daban suka haɗa da matakai har biyar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da haka, ainihin adadin matakai ba shine abin da ke da mahimmanci ga nasarar shiga tsakani ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Manufar shiga tsakani ita ce magance raunin da ke tattare da ci gaban gabaɗaya: rage damuwa, yin bayani, da kuma bin diddigin lamarin. === Rufewa === Ana yin gyaran fuska a ranar da abin ya faru kafin mutumin/mutanen su sami damar yin barci. An tsara gyaran fuska ne don tabbatar wa mutumin ko mutanen da abin ya shafa cewa yadda suke ji a jikinsu abu ne na yau da kullun, don gaya musu alamun da za su lura da su a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, da kuma ba su tallafi, yawanci ta hanyar tuntuɓar wani mai [[Taimako na tsara|tallafawa takwarorinsu]] daga ƙungiyarsu. Ana amfani da gyaran fuska don tallafawa ƙungiyoyi, ba mutane ba, waɗanda suka taɓa samun irin wannan mummunan yanayi. Ba a taɓa yin gyaran fuska a wurin da abin ya faru ba domin wannan zai karya ƙa'idar CISM na rashin tsoma baki a cikin ayyuka. Manufar gyaran fuska ita ce taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi wajen jurewa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, magance buƙatu masu tsanani, sauƙaƙe daidaita duk wata alama da ta taso, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da albarkatun da ake da su idan aka fuskanci matsaloli. === Tattaunawa Kan Matsalolin da Suka Faru A Lokacin Da Ya Faru === ICISF ta ƙayyade cewa warwarewa da yin bayani an yi su ne kawai don amfani da ƙungiyoyi. [1] Dabarar shiga tsakani da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin CISM sigar taimakon farko ce ta tunanin mutum. [2] Wani bita na wallafe-wallafe ya kammala da cewa babban lahani a cikin sukar CISM shine "rashin daidaitattun kalmomi," wanda ya sa masu bincike suka kimanta hanyoyin shiga tsakani daban-daban kamar dai iri ɗaya ne, da kuma amfani da matakan sakamako masu canzawa, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi wuya a kwatanta sakamako a cikin bincike daban-daban. Marubutan bita sun kammala da cewa "ya kamata a ci gaba da bayar da CISM ga waɗanda suka ji rauni na biyu." [3] Ga ƙungiyoyi, ana ba da shawarar yin tattaunawa ta rukuni awanni 48-72 bayan wani lamari mai mahimmanci, wanda zai ba ƙungiyar damar tallafawa juna ta hanyar magana game da abin da ya faru da su, yadda ya shafe su, yin tunani kan hanyoyin magance su, gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma sanar da mutum ko ƙungiya game da ayyukan da ake da su a cikin al'ummarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/253-2-gl-eng.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927081324/http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/253-2-gl-eng.shtml |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=Corrective Service of Canada}}</ref> Mataki na ƙarshe shine a ci gaba da tattaunawa da su washegari bayan tattaunawar don tabbatar da cewa suna cikin aminci kuma suna jurewa da kyau ko kuma a tura mutumin don ba da shawara ta ƙwararru. Ka'idojin CISM sun bayyana a sarari cewa kada a taɓa matsa wa kowa ko tilasta masa yin magana, sabanin wasu suka da aka bayar (misali, labarin wani mai kashe gobara game da CISM da aka bayar yadda ya kamata <ref>{{Cite web |title=CISM and Peer Support: My Thoughts - ICISF |url=https://icisf.org/cism-and-peer-support-my-thoughts/}}</ref> ). Duk da cewa da yawa sun haɗa kai wajen yin bayani game da wasu ƙungiyoyi, babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a fannin CISM shi ne tallafawa ma'aikatan ƙungiyoyi ko membobin al'ummomin da suka fuskanci wani mummunan lamari. Tsarin yin bayani (wanda Gidauniyar Kula da Damuwa ta Duniya [ICISF] ta ayyana) yana da matakai bakwai: gabatar da mai shiga tsakani da kuma kafa jagororin kuma yana gayyatar mahalarta su gabatar da kansu (yayin da halartar tattaunawa na iya zama dole, shiga ba dole ba ne); cikakkun bayanai game da taron da aka bayar daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban; martanin motsin rai da aka bayar ta hanyar tunani; martanin mutum da ayyuka; sannan kuma tattaunawa kan alamomin da aka nuna tun bayan taron; matakin koyarwa inda ƙungiyar ta tattauna alamomin kuma ta tabbatar wa mahalarta cewa duk wata alama (idan suna da wata alama) martani ne na al'ada ga wani lamari mara kyau kuma "gabaɗaya" waɗannan alamomin za su ragu tare da lokaci da [[kula da kai]] ; bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na tattaunawa ta yau da kullun (galibi akan abin sha da magani) komawa bakin aiki inda mutane ke komawa ga ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Mai shiga tsakani koyaushe yana lura da mutanen da ba sa jurewa da kyau kuma ana ba da ƙarin taimako a ƙarshen aikin. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPulley2005">Pulley SA (March 21, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm "Critical Incident Stress Management"]. [[eMedicine]]. Archived from [http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm the original] on August 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> === Mai bibiya === Mataki na ƙarshe shine a ci gaba da yin bincike da kuma tura bayanai inda aka nuna. Yawanci ana yin hakan cikin kwana ɗaya, kuma ana sake yin sati ɗaya bayan an yi bayani, ta hanyar membobin ƙungiyar a matsayin rajista. Wannan matakin yana gano alamun da ka iya tasowa ko suka ta'azzara a tsawon lokaci. == Manazarta == atd5uqs449oteczn9idtt5p9mo7yv16 0 157340 856656 2026-06-14T09:15:18Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354833074|A235 highway (Nigeria)]]" 856656 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Babbar hanya ta A2''' hanya ce a [[Najeriya]]. Yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin ''gabas da yamma'' da ke haɗa manyan hanyoyin kudu da arewa. (An sanya masa suna ne bayan manyan hanyoyi biyu da yake haɗa su). Yana gudana daga babbar hanyar A2 a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] zuwa babbar Hanyar A3 a kudancin [[Jos]], babban birnin Jihar Plateau. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Nigeriahighways}} jtx4xvyuzj6jowjridzjo4e4is7jci1 0 157341 856657 2026-06-14T09:20:15Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337834054|Critical incident stress debriefing]]" 856657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bayanin Damuwa Mai Muhimmanci (CISD)''' wani nau'i ne na bayanin tunani wanda ke da takamaiman tsari da tsari, wanda aka ƙera don magance damuwar gaggawa da ma'aikatan agajin gaggawa ke fuskanta. Jeffrey Mitchell ne ya ƙirƙiro shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda aka fi amfani da shi a yau. <ref name=":2" /> Duk da yawan amfani da shi, manyan ƙungiyoyi kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychological debriefing in people exposed to a recent traumatic event |url=https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/treatment-care/mental-health-gap-action-programme/evidence-centre/other-significant-emotional-and-medical-unexplained-somatic-complaints/psychological-debriefing-in-people-exposed-to-a-recent-traumatic-event |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> NICE <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder: Evidence-based recommendations (NICE guideline No. 116) |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116}}</ref> da Phoenix Australia <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Phoenix Australia |title=Australian PTSD Guidelines |url=https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/australian-guidelines-for-ptsd/}}</ref> sun ba da shawarar a guji amfani da shi bisa ga haɗa shaidun da ake da su - babu wata shaida mai inganci da ke taimakawa wajen rage alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] da wasu nazarin da ke ba da rahoton ƙara ta'azzara yanayin alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] saboda CISD. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun ba da shawarar [[Taimako na farko na tunani|taimakon gaggawa na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a matsayin madadin da ke da tushe da shaida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Sassan == CISD wani ɓangare ne na babban tsarin Gudanar da Damuwa Mai Muhimmanci (CISM). Tsarin CISM yana da sassa uku: ayyukan kafin faruwar lamarin, ayyukan tallafi a wurin, da kuma ayyukan bayan faruwar lamarin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Adler |first=Amy B. |last2=Castro |first2=Carl Andrew |last3=McGurk |first3=Dennis |date=January 2009 |title=Time-Driven Battlemind Psychological Debriefing: A Group-Level Early Intervention in Combat |journal=Military Medicine |language=en |volume=174 |issue=1 |pages=021–028 |doi=10.7205/MILMED-D-00-2208 |issn=0026-4075 |pmid=19216294 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Ayyukan kafin faruwar lamarin'' suna nufin hanyoyin ilimi da magance matsalolin da aka koya wa waɗanda suka fi fuskantar rauni kafin su shiga yaƙi. ''Ayyukan tallafi a wurin'' sun haɗa da taƙaitaccen tattaunawa da zaman jiyya mara tsari wanda ke faruwa cikin 'yan awanni kaɗan bayan faruwar lamarin wanda zai iya haifar da martani mai tsanani ga sojoji. A ƙarshe, ''tsoma baki bayan faruwar lamarin'' yawanci yana faruwa aƙalla awanni 24 bayan faruwar lamarin don ba wa sojoji ƙarin lokaci don su huta daga martanin damuwa mai tsanani ga wannan lamari. Ɗaya daga cikin tsoma baki bayan faruwar lamarin da CISM ta ba da shawara shine CISD. CISD (kamar yadda Gidauniyar Kula da Matsalolin Matsalolin da suka Shafi Muhalli ta Duniya [ICISF] ta bayyana) tana da matakai bakwai: gabatar da mai shiga tsakani da kuma kafa jagororin kuma tana gayyatar mahalarta su gabatar da kansu (yayin da halartar wani taro na iya zama dole, shiga ba dole ba ne); cikakkun bayanai game da taron da aka bayar daga ra'ayoyin mutum ɗaya; martanin motsin rai da aka bayar ta hanyar tunani; martanin mutum da ayyukansa; sannan kuma tattaunawa kan alamomin da aka nuna tun bayan taron; matakin koyarwa inda ƙungiyar ta tattauna alamomin kuma ta tabbatar wa mahalarta cewa duk wata alama (idan suna da wata alama) martani ne na al'ada ga wani lamari mara kyau kuma "gabaɗaya" waɗannan alamomin za su ragu tare da lokaci da [[kula da kai]] ; bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na tattaunawa ta yau da kullun (galibi akan abin sha da magani) komawa bakin aiki inda mutane ke komawa ga ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Mai shiga tsakani koyaushe yana lura da mutanen da ba sa jurewa da kyau kuma ana ba da ƙarin taimako a ƙarshen aikin. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}</ref> == Tsarin da lokaci == ICISF ta ƙayyade cewa CISD an yi shi ne kawai don amfani da ƙungiyoyi. [1] An ba da shawarar a yi amfani da CISD awanni 48-72 bayan wani lamari mai mahimmanci. Ka'idojin CISM sun bayyana a sarari cewa kada a taɓa matsa wa kowa ko a tilasta masa yin magana, sabanin wasu suka da aka bayar (misali, labarin wani mai kashe gobara game da CISM da aka bayar yadda ya kamata [2] ). Kodayake da yawa sun zaɓi amfani da CISD a wasu wurare, Mitchell ne ya ƙirƙira shi da farko don ƙungiyoyin masu kashe gobara da sauran masu amsawa na farko. == Takaddama game da shaidarsa == <ref name="crit4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Emmerik AA, Kamphuis JH, Hulsbosch AM, Emmelkamp PM |date=September 2002 |title=Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9335 |pages=766–771 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09897-5 |pmid=12241834 |s2cid=8177617}}</ref> <ref name="crit6">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlier IV, Lamberts RD, van Ulchelen AJ, Gersons BP |year=1998 |title=Disaster-related post-traumatic stress in police officers: A field study of the impact of debriefing |journal=Stress Medicine |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=143–148 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199807)14:3<143::aid-smi770>3.3.co;2-j}}</ref> <ref name="crit7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rose S, Brewin CR, Andrews B, Kirk M |date=July 1999 |title=A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=793–799 |doi=10.1017/s0033291799008624 |pmid=10473306 |s2cid=35346492}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McNally |first=Richard J. |last2=Bryant |first2=Richard A. |last3=Ehlers |first3=Anke |date=November 2003 |title=Does Early Psychological Intervention Promote Recovery From Posttraumatic Stress? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1529-1006.01421 |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=45–79 |doi=10.1111/1529-1006.01421 |issn=1529-1006 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="crit5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlier IV, Voerman AE, Gersons BP |date=March 2000 |title=The influence of occupational debriefing on post-traumatic stress symptomatology in traumatized police officers |journal=The British Journal of Medical Psychology |volume=73 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=87–98 |doi=10.1348/000711200160327 |pmid=10759053}}</ref>​ <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Primer on Critical Incident Stress Management (Cism) |url=https://icisf.org/a-primer-on-critical-incident-stress-management-cism/ |website=Icisf}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7tyso0qs131b2dz2caahpq3cuvay496 856658 856657 2026-06-14T09:20:33Z Sardeeq 39275 856658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bayanin Damuwa Mai Muhimmanci (CISD)''' wani nau'i ne na bayanin tunani wanda ke da takamaiman tsari da tsari, wanda aka ƙera don magance damuwar gaggawa da ma'aikatan agajin gaggawa ke fuskanta. Jeffrey Mitchell ne ya ƙirƙiro shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda aka fi amfani da shi a yau. <ref name=":2" /> Duk da yawan amfani da shi, manyan ƙungiyoyi kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychological debriefing in people exposed to a recent traumatic event |url=https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/treatment-care/mental-health-gap-action-programme/evidence-centre/other-significant-emotional-and-medical-unexplained-somatic-complaints/psychological-debriefing-in-people-exposed-to-a-recent-traumatic-event |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> NICE <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder: Evidence-based recommendations (NICE guideline No. 116) |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116}}</ref> da Phoenix Australia <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Phoenix Australia |title=Australian PTSD Guidelines |url=https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/australian-guidelines-for-ptsd/}}</ref> sun ba da shawarar a guji amfani da shi bisa ga haɗa shaidun da ake da su - babu wata shaida mai inganci da ke taimakawa wajen rage alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] da wasu nazarin da ke ba da rahoton ƙara ta'azzara yanayin alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] saboda CISD. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun ba da shawarar [[Taimako na farko na tunani|taimakon gaggawa na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a matsayin madadin da ke da tushe da shaida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Sassan == CISD wani ɓangare ne na babban tsarin Gudanar da Damuwa Mai Muhimmanci (CISM). Tsarin CISM yana da sassa uku: ayyukan kafin faruwar lamarin, ayyukan tallafi a wurin, da kuma ayyukan bayan faruwar lamarin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Adler |first=Amy B. |last2=Castro |first2=Carl Andrew |last3=McGurk |first3=Dennis |date=January 2009 |title=Time-Driven Battlemind Psychological Debriefing: A Group-Level Early Intervention in Combat |journal=Military Medicine |language=en |volume=174 |issue=1 |pages=021–028 |doi=10.7205/MILMED-D-00-2208 |issn=0026-4075 |pmid=19216294 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Ayyukan kafin faruwar lamarin'' suna nufin hanyoyin ilimi da magance matsalolin da aka koya wa waɗanda suka fi fuskantar rauni kafin su shiga yaƙi. ''Ayyukan tallafi a wurin'' sun haɗa da taƙaitaccen tattaunawa da zaman jiyya mara tsari wanda ke faruwa cikin 'yan awanni kaɗan bayan faruwar lamarin wanda zai iya haifar da martani mai tsanani ga sojoji. A ƙarshe, ''tsoma baki bayan faruwar lamarin'' yawanci yana faruwa aƙalla awanni 24 bayan faruwar lamarin don ba wa sojoji ƙarin lokaci don su huta daga martanin damuwa mai tsanani ga wannan lamari. Ɗaya daga cikin tsoma baki bayan faruwar lamarin da CISM ta ba da shawara shine CISD. CISD (kamar yadda Gidauniyar Kula da Matsalolin Matsalolin da suka Shafi Muhalli ta Duniya [ICISF] ta bayyana) tana da matakai bakwai: gabatar da mai shiga tsakani da kuma kafa jagororin kuma tana gayyatar mahalarta su gabatar da kansu (yayin da halartar wani taro na iya zama dole, shiga ba dole ba ne); cikakkun bayanai game da taron da aka bayar daga ra'ayoyin mutum ɗaya; martanin motsin rai da aka bayar ta hanyar tunani; martanin mutum da ayyukansa; sannan kuma tattaunawa kan alamomin da aka nuna tun bayan taron; matakin koyarwa inda ƙungiyar ta tattauna alamomin kuma ta tabbatar wa mahalarta cewa duk wata alama (idan suna da wata alama) martani ne na al'ada ga wani lamari mara kyau kuma "gabaɗaya" waɗannan alamomin za su ragu tare da lokaci da [[kula da kai]] ; bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na tattaunawa ta yau da kullun (galibi akan abin sha da magani) komawa bakin aiki inda mutane ke komawa ga ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Mai shiga tsakani koyaushe yana lura da mutanen da ba sa jurewa da kyau kuma ana ba da ƙarin taimako a ƙarshen aikin. <ref name="eMedicine">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Critical Incident Stress Management |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811232118/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic826.htm |archive-date=August 11, 2006 |access-date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=[[eMedicine]]}}</ref> == Tsarin da lokaci == ICISF ta ƙayyade cewa CISD an yi shi ne kawai don amfani da ƙungiyoyi. [1] An ba da shawarar a yi amfani da CISD awanni 48-72 bayan wani lamari mai mahimmanci. Ka'idojin CISM sun bayyana a sarari cewa kada a taɓa matsa wa kowa ko a tilasta masa yin magana, sabanin wasu suka da aka bayar (misali, labarin wani mai kashe gobara game da CISM da aka bayar yadda ya kamata [2] ). Kodayake da yawa sun zaɓi amfani da CISD a wasu wurare, Mitchell ne ya ƙirƙira shi da farko don ƙungiyoyin masu kashe gobara da sauran masu amsawa na farko. == Takaddama game da shaidarsa == <ref name="crit4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Emmerik AA, Kamphuis JH, Hulsbosch AM, Emmelkamp PM |date=September 2002 |title=Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9335 |pages=766–771 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09897-5 |pmid=12241834 |s2cid=8177617}}</ref> <ref name="crit6">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlier IV, Lamberts RD, van Ulchelen AJ, Gersons BP |year=1998 |title=Disaster-related post-traumatic stress in police officers: A field study of the impact of debriefing |journal=Stress Medicine |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=143–148 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199807)14:3<143::aid-smi770>3.3.co;2-j}}</ref> <ref name="crit7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rose S, Brewin CR, Andrews B, Kirk M |date=July 1999 |title=A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=793–799 |doi=10.1017/s0033291799008624 |pmid=10473306 |s2cid=35346492}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McNally |first=Richard J. |last2=Bryant |first2=Richard A. |last3=Ehlers |first3=Anke |date=November 2003 |title=Does Early Psychological Intervention Promote Recovery From Posttraumatic Stress? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1529-1006.01421 |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=45–79 |doi=10.1111/1529-1006.01421 |issn=1529-1006 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="crit5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlier IV, Voerman AE, Gersons BP |date=March 2000 |title=The influence of occupational debriefing on post-traumatic stress symptomatology in traumatized police officers |journal=The British Journal of Medical Psychology |volume=73 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=87–98 |doi=10.1348/000711200160327 |pmid=10759053}}</ref>​ <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Primer on Critical Incident Stress Management (Cism) |url=https://icisf.org/a-primer-on-critical-incident-stress-management-cism/ |website=Icisf}}</ref> == Manazarta == a9ri8oab8q4j8i2365lnqbodjoog475 0 157342 856659 2026-06-14T09:21:10Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300405159|Counting method]]" 856659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanyar ƙirgawa''' ( '''CM''' ), wadda aka fi sani da '''hanyar ƙirgawa ta Ochberg''', magani ne na warkewa wanda aka tsara don taimakawa wajen rage alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|cutar damuwa bayan rauni]] (PTSD). <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=The Counting Method: Brief Treatment for PTSD |url=http://www.countingmethod.com/ |website=www.countingmethod.com}}</ref> Likitan tabin hankali Frank Ochberg ne ya tsara wannan hanyar a farkon shekarun 1990. Ochberg, wanda a baya ya taimaka wajen fayyace da kuma bayyana cutar damuwa bayan rauni, ya fara amfani da CM a cikin aikinsa na sirri a matsayin hanyar magance alamun PTSD. <ref name="auto" /> == Hanyar == A lokacin CM, likitan ya roƙi abokin hulɗar PTSD ya tuna wani tunanin da ya ɓata masa rai yayin da likitan ya ƙirga da babbar murya zuwa 100. Bayan ƙirgawa, ana buƙatar abokin hulɗa ya tattauna tunaninsa. Daga baya, likita da abokin ciniki suna aiki don sake tsara tunanin da ya ɓata masa rai da kuma rage ko kawar da rashin jin daɗin da ke tattare da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Gift From Within - Article: "The Counting Method for Ameliorating Traumatic Memories" |url=http://www.giftfromwithin.org/html/counting.html |website=www.giftfromwithin.org}}</ref> == Sakamako == Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya nemi a kwatanta CM da sauran nau'ikan maganin PTSD da ake da su. Binciken ya raba mata 38 tsakanin nau'ikan maganin PTSD guda uku, ciki har da CM. Duk magunguna uku sun yi aiki sosai wajen rage alamun PTSD; bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa CM na iya yin tasiri kamar sauran dabarun da aka riga aka kafa wajen magance PTSD. [1] == Duba kuma == * Ƙidaya mai ci gaba (PC) == Manazarta == ltkypdpsjjza9l99qykycvy5b6dfyst 856660 856659 2026-06-14T09:21:28Z Sardeeq 39275 856660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hanyar ƙirgawa''' ( '''CM''' ), wadda aka fi sani da '''hanyar ƙirgawa ta Ochberg''', magani ne na warkewa wanda aka tsara don taimakawa wajen rage alamun [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|cutar damuwa bayan rauni]] (PTSD). <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=The Counting Method: Brief Treatment for PTSD |url=http://www.countingmethod.com/ |website=www.countingmethod.com}}</ref> Likitan tabin hankali Frank Ochberg ne ya tsara wannan hanyar a farkon shekarun 1990. Ochberg, wanda a baya ya taimaka wajen fayyace da kuma bayyana cutar damuwa bayan rauni, ya fara amfani da CM a cikin aikinsa na sirri a matsayin hanyar magance alamun PTSD. <ref name="auto" /> == Hanyar == A lokacin CM, likitan ya roƙi abokin hulɗar PTSD ya tuna wani tunanin da ya ɓata masa rai yayin da likitan ya ƙirga da babbar murya zuwa 100. Bayan ƙirgawa, ana buƙatar abokin hulɗa ya tattauna tunaninsa. Daga baya, likita da abokin ciniki suna aiki don sake tsara tunanin da ya ɓata masa rai da kuma rage ko kawar da rashin jin daɗin da ke tattare da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Gift From Within - Article: "The Counting Method for Ameliorating Traumatic Memories" |url=http://www.giftfromwithin.org/html/counting.html |website=www.giftfromwithin.org}}</ref> == Sakamako == Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya nemi a kwatanta CM da sauran nau'ikan maganin PTSD da ake da su. Binciken ya raba mata 38 tsakanin nau'ikan maganin PTSD guda uku, ciki har da CM. Duk magunguna uku sun yi aiki sosai wajen rage alamun PTSD; bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa CM na iya yin tasiri kamar sauran dabarun da aka riga aka kafa wajen magance PTSD. [1] == Duba kuma == * Ƙidaya mai ci gaba (PC) == Manazarta == 7kjsnlzsc50nld0g6ejfl59k2r57bxm 0 157343 856664 2026-06-14T09:23:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646091|Petrotilapia chrysos]]" 856664 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Petrotilapia chrysos''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga tsibiran kudancin [[Chinyankwazi Island|Chinyankwazi]] da [[Chinyamwezi Island|Chinyamwezi]] . Yana fifita duwatsu inda zai iya kiwo a kan algae da ke tsiro a kan duwatsu. == Tsawon == Tsawon wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|13.1|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == hxk49szz2tviz8urvwvqicwqzz04a9m 856666 856664 2026-06-14T09:24:04Z Engineer014 44591 856666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Petrotilapia chrysos''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga tsibiran kudancin [[Chinyankwazi Island|Chinyankwazi]] da [[Chinyamwezi Island|Chinyamwezi]] . Yana fifita duwatsu inda zai iya kiwo a kan algae da ke tsiro a kan duwatsu. == Tsawon == Tsawon wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|13.1|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == 629wcaigkpohenwauump26ojt9yqdsw 0 157344 856665 2026-06-14T09:23:46Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310196524|Carol Nogueira]]" 856665 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ana Carol Nogueira Corrêa (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1992), wacce aka fi sani da Carol Nogueira ko Carol kawai, ta kasance 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Brazil wacce ke buga wa Corinthians . Yawanci mai gaba, tana iya taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari a tsakiya. == Ayyukan kulob din == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 19cq0u0yoohe56mgq77eh8w5tdy1b9z 856673 856665 2026-06-14T09:32:42Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310196524|Carol Nogueira]]" 856673 wikitext text/x-wiki   == Ayyukan kulob din == An haifi Carol Nogueira a Rio de Janeiro">Duque na Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, kuma ta fara aikinta tare da kungiyar CEPE-Caxias. A shekara ta 2015, ta koma Estrela Real, Inda nan da nan ta koma Duque de Caxias kafin ta shiga XV na Piracicaba a shekarar 2017. A lokacin kakar shekarar 2018, Carol Nogueira ta wakilci América Mineiro, Rio Preto da Ipatinga, wanda ya kai ta ga tafiya zuwa kasashen waje zuwa kungiyar Isra'ila Maccabi Kiryat Gat . Komawa ga ƙasarsu jim kadan bayan haka, ta sanya hannu ga Avaí /indermann . A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an sanar da Carol Nogueira a Corinthians . [1] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] sa3skkunvcql3s4bihw5bx180a61w9n 856674 856673 2026-06-14T09:35:08Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310196524|Carol Nogueira]]" 856674 wikitext text/x-wiki   == Ayyukan kulob din == An haifi Carol Nogueira a Rio de Janeiro">Duque na Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, kuma ta fara aikinta tare da kungiyar CEPE-Caxias. A shekara ta 2015, ta koma Estrela Real, Inda nan da nan ta koma Duque de Caxias kafin ta shiga XV na Piracicaba a shekarar 2017. A lokacin kakar shekarar 2018, Carol Nogueira ta wakilci América Mineiro, Rio Preto da Ipatinga, wanda ya kai ta ga tafiya zuwa kasashen waje zuwa kungiyar Isra'ila Maccabi Kiryat Gat . Komawa ga ƙasarsu jim kadan bayan haka, ta sanya hannu ga Avaí /indermann . A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an sanar da Carol Nogueira a Corinthians . [1] == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Bayan ta wakilci Brazil a matakin kasa da shekara 17 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2008, Carol Nogueira ta karbi kiranta ta farko zuwa cikakken gefe ta kocin Pia Sundhage a ranar 2 ga Satumba 2020, don wani lokaci na horo. [1] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] r5qyws2kkiag6a63urfx414juy9wk2t 856675 856674 2026-06-14T09:36:45Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310196524|Carol Nogueira]]" 856675 wikitext text/x-wiki   == Ayyukan kulob din == An haifi Carol Nogueira a Rio de Janeiro">Duque na Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, kuma ta fara aikinta tare da kungiyar CEPE-Caxias. A shekara ta 2015, ta koma Estrela Real, Inda nan da nan ta koma Duque de Caxias kafin ta shiga XV na Piracicaba a shekarar 2017. A lokacin kakar shekarar 2018, Carol Nogueira ta wakilci América Mineiro, Rio Preto da Ipatinga, wanda ya kai ta ga tafiya zuwa kasashen waje zuwa kungiyar Isra'ila Maccabi Kiryat Gat . Komawa ga ƙasarsu jim kadan bayan haka, ta sanya hannu ga Avaí /indermann . A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an sanar da Carol Nogueira a Corinthians . [1] == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Bayan ta wakilci Brazil a matakin kasa da shekara 17 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2008, Carol Nogueira ta karbi kiranta ta farko zuwa cikakken gefe ta kocin Pia Sundhage a ranar 2 ga Satumba 2020, don wani lokaci na horo. [1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 7jao3fk1abycrcyao5ke6y68tiguine 0 157345 856667 2026-06-14T09:26:09Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357484195|Complex post-traumatic stress disorder]]" 856667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matsalar damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan tashin hankali''' ( '''C-PTSD''', '''CPTSD''', ko '''cPTSD''' ) cuta ce ta tunani da ke da alaƙa da damuwa wadda galibi ke faruwa a sakamakon '''raunin da ya faru''' : <ref name="Cook2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook A, Blaustein M, Spinazzola J, Van Der Kolk B |year=2005 |title=Complex trauma in children and adolescents |journal=[[Psychiatric Annals]] |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=390–398 |doi=10.3928/00485713-20050501-05 |s2cid=141684244}}</ref> wanda aka saba gani na tsawon lokaci ko kuma akai-akai ga wani [[Raunin kwakwalwa|lamari mai ban tsoro]] ko wani lamari mai ban tsoro, wanda mutum ba ya ganin wata dama ko kuma babu damar tserewa daga gare shi. <ref name="Brewin (2020)">{{Cite journal |last=Brewin |first=Chris R. |date=May 2020 |title=Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11 |journal=BJPsych Advances |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1192/bja.2019.48 |issn=2056-4678 |s2cid=201977205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{R|ICD11}} <ref name="TAR">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> A cikin rarrabuwar ICD-11, C-PTSD wani nau'i ne na [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] (PTSD) tare da ƙarin rukuni uku na manyan alamu: rashin daidaituwar motsin rai, rashin imani da kai mara kyau (misali, kunya, laifi, gazawa saboda dalilai marasa kyau), da kuma matsalolin hulɗa da mutane. <ref name="Brewin et al. (2017)">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Maercker A, Bryant RA, Humayun A, Jones LM, Kagee A, Rousseau C, Somasundaram D, Suzuki Y, Wessely S, van Ommeren M, Reed GM |date=December 2017 |title=A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD |url=http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/11577/1/Hyland_Review_2017.pdf |journal=[[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume=58 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001 |pmid=29029837 |s2cid=4874961}}</ref> <ref name="Cloitre (2020)">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cloitre M |date=2020 |title=ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations |journal=[[British Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=216 |issue=3 |pages=129–131 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2020.43 |pmid=32345416 |s2cid=213910628 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alamomin C-PTSD sun haɗa da jin tsoro na dogon lokaci, rashin amfani, rashin taimako, karkacewa a cikin asali ko jin kai, da kuma kulawa sosai . <ref name="Brewin et al. (2017)" /> <ref name="Cloitre (2020)" /> <ref name="ICD11" /> Kodayake bayanin farko na C-PTSD ya ƙayyade nau'in rauni (watau, tsawaitawa da maimaitawa), a cikin ICD-11 babu buƙatar takamaiman nau'in rauni. == Rarrabuwa == Rarraba Cututtuka na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ya haɗa da C-PTSD tun bayan gyaranta na sha ɗaya wanda aka buga a shekarar 2018 kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 2022 ( ICD-11 ). Bugun da ya gabata ( ICD-10 ) ya ba da shawarar gano cutar ''Canjin Halin Mutum Mai Dorewa bayan Bala'i'' ( ''EPCACE'' ), wanda ya kasance kakanni na C-PTSD. <ref name="Brewin (2020)">{{Cite journal |last=Brewin |first=Chris R. |date=May 2020 |title=Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11 |journal=BJPsych Advances |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1192/bja.2019.48 |issn=2056-4678 |s2cid=201977205 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrewin2020">Brewin, Chris R. (May 2020). [[doi:10.1192/bja.2019.48|"Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11"]]. ''BJPsych Advances''. '''26''' (3): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>152. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1192/bja.2019.48|10.1192/bja.2019.48]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-4678 2056-4678]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201977205 201977205].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is complex PTSD? |url=https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd-and-complex-ptsd/complex-ptsd/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=www.mind.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Healthdirect Australia (HDA) da Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Burtaniya (NHS) sun kuma amince da C-PTSD a matsayin matsalar tabin hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |url=https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/complex-ptsd |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.healthdirect.gov.au |publisher=[[Healthdirect Australia]] |language=en-AU}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=Complex PTSD - Post-traumatic stress disorder |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/complex/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=nhs.uk |publisher=[[National Health Service]] |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka (APA) ba ta haɗa da C-PTSD a cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Lissafi na Cututtukan Hankali'' ba. An yi nazarin matsalar da ke da alaƙa, ''Cututtukan Damuwa Mai Tsanani - wanda ba a ƙayyade shi ba'' ( ''DESNOS'' ) don haɗawa a cikin DSM-IV, amma ba a haɗa shi a ƙarshe ba. Madadin haka, an faɗaɗa alamun PTSD a cikin DSM-IV sannan DSM-5 don kama nau'ikan alamun da za su iya biyo baya daga kowane nau'in rauni. <ref name="Friedman">{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Matthew J |author-link=d:Q88821140 |date=October 2013 |title=Finalizing PTSD in ''DSM-5'': Getting Here From There and Where to Go Next |url=https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/articles/article-pdf/id87751.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |language=en-us |location=[[White River Junction, Vermont]] |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |publication-place=[[New York City|New York]] |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=548&ndash;556 |doi=10.1002/jts.21840 |issn=0894-9867 |lccn=88648218 |oclc=5534449977 |pmid=24151001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403103335/https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/articles/article-pdf/id87751.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-03}}</ref> == Alama da Alamomi == [[Fayil:Causes_of_Complex_PTSD_1.png|thumb|Dalilan da ka iya haifar da matsalar damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan tashin hankali]] === Yara === An fara gano cutar [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] ne ga manya waɗanda suka fuskanci rauni (misali, a lokacin [[yaƙi]] ko [[Fyade|fyaɗe]] ). <ref name="traumacenter">{{Cite web |title=Complex Trauma And Developmental Trauma Disorder |url=http://www.wmich.edu/traumacenter/pdf/Complex%20Trauma%20and%20Developmental%20Trauma%20Disorder1%5D.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205105733/http://www.wmich.edu/traumacenter/pdf/Complex%20Trauma%20and%20Developmental%20Trauma%20Disorder1%5D.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2013 |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=[[National Child Traumatic Stress Network]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, yanayin da yara da yawa ke ciki ya bambanta sosai. Yara na iya fuskantar mummunan rauni kamar cin zarafi, [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankali a cikin iyali]], cin zarafin makaranta, rashin aiki, ko kuma katsewa a cikin hulɗa da babban mai kula da su. <ref name="Ford">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ford JD, Grasso D, Greene C, Levine J, Spinazzola J, van der Kolk B |date=August 2013 |title=Clinical significance of a proposed developmental trauma disorder diagnosis: results of an international survey of clinicians |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=74 |issue=8 |pages=841–9 |doi=10.4088/JCP.12m08030 |pmid=24021504}}</ref> A lokuta da yawa, mai kula da yaron ne ke haifar da raunin. <ref name="traumacenter" /> Ganewar cutar PTSD ba ta la'akari da yadda matakan ci gaban yara za su iya shafar alamun su da kuma yadda rauni zai iya shafar ci gaban yaro ba. <ref name="traumacenter" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zoellner |first=L. A. |last2=Bedard-Gilligan |first2=M. A. |last3=Jun |first3=J. J. |last4=Marks |first4=L. H. |last5=Garcia |first5=N. M. |date=2013 |title=The Evolving Construct of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): DSM-5 Criteria Changes and Legal Implications. |journal=Psychological Injury and Law |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=277–289 |doi=10.1007/s12207-013-9175-6 |pmc=3901120 |pmid=24470838}}</ref> An gabatar da kalmar "rashin lafiyar ci gaba " ( DTD ) a matsayin daidai da C-PTSD a lokacin yaro. [1] Wannan nau'in raunin da ke ci gaba yana sanya yara cikin haɗarin kamuwa da wasu cututtukan tabin hankali da na lafiya. [1] [2] Bessel van der Kolk ya bayyana DTD a matsayin haɗuwa da yawa da ke da rauni tsakanin mutane kamar cin zarafi ta jiki, cin zarafin jima'i, tashin hankali, ko mutuwa. Hakanan ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru kamar watsi, cin amana, shan kashi, ko kunya. [3] Maimaita raunin da ya faru a lokacin ƙuruciya yana haifar da alamun da suka bambanta da waɗanda aka bayyana ga PTSD. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Developmental trauma disorder |url=http://www.traumacenter.org/products/Developmental_Trauma_Disorder.pdf |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=[[Psychiatric Annals]] |pages=401–408}}</ref> Van der Kolk da wasu sun bayyana alamomi da halayen halayya a fannoni bakwai: <ref name="NCTSNWhitePaper">{{Cite book|edition=Margaret|url-access=van der Kolk|last1=vanc}}</ref> <ref name="Cook2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook A, Blaustein M, Spinazzola J, Van Der Kolk B |year=2005 |title=Complex trauma in children and adolescents |journal=[[Psychiatric Annals]] |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=390–398 |doi=10.3928/00485713-20050501-05 |s2cid=141684244}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCookBlausteinSpinazzolaVan_Der_Kolk2005">Cook A, Blaustein M, Spinazzola J, Van Der Kolk B (2005). "Complex trauma in children and adolescents". ''[[Psychiatric Annals]]''. '''35''' (5): <span class="nowrap">390–</span>398. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3928/00485713-20050501-05|10.3928/00485713-20050501-05]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141684244 141684244].</cite></ref> * Mannewa: matsaloli tare da iyakokin dangantaka, rashin amincewa, warewar jama'a, wahalar fahimta da kuma mayar da martani ga yanayin motsin rai na wasu * Alamomin ilimin halittar jiki: matsalar ci gaban motsin ji da motsin jiki, matsalolin haɗin kai, ƙaruwar matsalolin lafiya, ko wani lokacin somatization * Tsarin tasiri ko motsin rai: ƙarancin tasirin tasiri, wahalar ganowa da bayyana motsin rai da yanayin ciki, da kuma wahalhalun isar da buƙatu, buƙatu, da buƙatu * Abubuwan da ke haifar da rabuwar kai : rashin fahimta, rashin iya bayyana ra'ayi, yanayin sani mai rarrabe tare da tunanin da ba a iya fahimta ba, tasiri, da aiki, da kuma rashin iya fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru a jihar. * Kula da ɗabi'a: matsaloli tare da sarrafa motsin rai, tashin hankali, kwantar da hankalin kai, da matsalolin barci * Fahimta: wahalar daidaita hankali ; matsaloli tare da ayyuka daban-daban na zartarwa kamar tsarawa, hukunci, farawa, amfani da kayan aiki, da sa ido kan kai; wahalar sarrafa sabbin bayanai ; wahalar mai da hankali da kammala ayyuka; rashin daidaiton abu ; matsaloli tare da tunani da tasirin dalili ; da matsalolin ci gaban harshe kamar gibi tsakanin iyawar sadarwa mai karɓa da bayyanawa * Ra'ayin kai : labarin tarihin rayuwa mai rauni da/ko wanda ba a haɗa shi ba, yanayin jiki mai rikitarwa, ƙarancin girman kai, [[Abin kunya|kunya]] mai yawa, da kuma mummunan tsarin aiki na ciki na kai === Manya === Manya da ke fama da cutar C-PTSD wani lokacin suna fuskantar dogon rauni a tsakanin mutane tun daga ƙuruciya, maimakon, ko kuma a lokacin girma. Waɗannan raunin da suka fara da wuri suna katse ci gaban ƙarfin jin kai da na wasu. Saboda ciwon jiki da na motsin rai galibi ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar alamun alaƙa kamar masu kulawa ko wasu 'yan'uwa, waɗannan mutane na iya fahimtar cewa suna da lahani kuma ba za a iya dogara da su ga wasu ba. <ref name="Herman1992">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Herman JL |year=1992 |title=Complex PTSD: A Syndrome in Survivors of Prolonged and Repeated Trauma |url=https://www.wspce.org/couples/Herman-1992-Complex%20PTSD.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=377–391 |doi=10.1007/BF00977235 |s2cid=189943097}}</ref> <ref name="Zlotnick1996">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zlotnick C, Zakriski AL, Shea MT, Costello E, Begin A, Pearlstein T, Simpson E |date=April 1996 |title=The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=195–205 |doi=10.1002/jts.2490090204 |pmid=8731542 |s2cid=189939468}}</ref> Wani bita da nazari mai zurfi da aka gudanar a shekarar 2025 ya nuna cewa yawan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar PTSD ta ICD-11 da C-PTSD ya kai kashi 2% da 4%, bi da bi, a tsakanin manya a ƙasashe/yankuna/yankuna da ba su fuskanci yaƙi ba/wadanda suka ci gaba da tattalin arziki. Yawan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ya karu zuwa kashi 16% da 15%, bi da bi, a ƙasashe da yankuna da yaƙi ya shafa/wadanda ba su da ci gaba a tattalin arziki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (February 2026)">lokacin aiki?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Fung |first=H.W. |year=2025 |title=Prevalence of ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in the general populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876201825002539?via%3Dihub |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=110 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104610 |s2cid= |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403015219/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876201825002539?via%3Dihub |archive-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> Bayanin farko game da C-PTSD ya nuna tarin alamu guda shida: <ref name="Roth_1997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth S, Newman E, Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Mandel FS |date=October 1997 |title=Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=539–55 |doi=10.1002/jts.2490100403 |pmid=9391940}}</ref> <ref name="Pelcovitz1997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Roth S, Mandel F, Kaplan S, Resick P |date=January 1997 |title=Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES) |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1002/jts.2490100103 |pmid=9018674}}</ref> == Manazarta == fr8yphnmmoik2ohor9i0ohi9swae880 856668 856667 2026-06-14T09:26:27Z Sardeeq 39275 856668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matsalar damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan tashin hankali''' ( '''C-PTSD''', '''CPTSD''', ko '''cPTSD''' ) cuta ce ta tunani da ke da alaƙa da damuwa wadda galibi ke faruwa a sakamakon '''raunin da ya faru''' : <ref name="Cook2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook A, Blaustein M, Spinazzola J, Van Der Kolk B |year=2005 |title=Complex trauma in children and adolescents |journal=[[Psychiatric Annals]] |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=390–398 |doi=10.3928/00485713-20050501-05 |s2cid=141684244}}</ref> wanda aka saba gani na tsawon lokaci ko kuma akai-akai ga wani [[Raunin kwakwalwa|lamari mai ban tsoro]] ko wani lamari mai ban tsoro, wanda mutum ba ya ganin wata dama ko kuma babu damar tserewa daga gare shi. <ref name="Brewin (2020)">{{Cite journal |last=Brewin |first=Chris R. |date=May 2020 |title=Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11 |journal=BJPsych Advances |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1192/bja.2019.48 |issn=2056-4678 |s2cid=201977205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{R|ICD11}} <ref name="TAR">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> A cikin rarrabuwar ICD-11, C-PTSD wani nau'i ne na [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] (PTSD) tare da ƙarin rukuni uku na manyan alamu: rashin daidaituwar motsin rai, rashin imani da kai mara kyau (misali, kunya, laifi, gazawa saboda dalilai marasa kyau), da kuma matsalolin hulɗa da mutane. <ref name="Brewin et al. (2017)">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Maercker A, Bryant RA, Humayun A, Jones LM, Kagee A, Rousseau C, Somasundaram D, Suzuki Y, Wessely S, van Ommeren M, Reed GM |date=December 2017 |title=A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD |url=http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/11577/1/Hyland_Review_2017.pdf |journal=[[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume=58 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001 |pmid=29029837 |s2cid=4874961}}</ref> <ref name="Cloitre (2020)">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cloitre M |date=2020 |title=ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations |journal=[[British Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=216 |issue=3 |pages=129–131 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2020.43 |pmid=32345416 |s2cid=213910628 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alamomin C-PTSD sun haɗa da jin tsoro na dogon lokaci, rashin amfani, rashin taimako, karkacewa a cikin asali ko jin kai, da kuma kulawa sosai . <ref name="Brewin et al. (2017)" /> <ref name="Cloitre (2020)" /> <ref name="ICD11" /> Kodayake bayanin farko na C-PTSD ya ƙayyade nau'in rauni (watau, tsawaitawa da maimaitawa), a cikin ICD-11 babu buƙatar takamaiman nau'in rauni. == Rarrabuwa == Rarraba Cututtuka na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ya haɗa da C-PTSD tun bayan gyaranta na sha ɗaya wanda aka buga a shekarar 2018 kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 2022 ( ICD-11 ). Bugun da ya gabata ( ICD-10 ) ya ba da shawarar gano cutar ''Canjin Halin Mutum Mai Dorewa bayan Bala'i'' ( ''EPCACE'' ), wanda ya kasance kakanni na C-PTSD. <ref name="Brewin (2020)">{{Cite journal |last=Brewin |first=Chris R. |date=May 2020 |title=Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11 |journal=BJPsych Advances |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1192/bja.2019.48 |issn=2056-4678 |s2cid=201977205 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrewin2020">Brewin, Chris R. (May 2020). [[doi:10.1192/bja.2019.48|"Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11"]]. ''BJPsych Advances''. '''26''' (3): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>152. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1192/bja.2019.48|10.1192/bja.2019.48]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-4678 2056-4678]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201977205 201977205].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is complex PTSD? |url=https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd-and-complex-ptsd/complex-ptsd/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=www.mind.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Healthdirect Australia (HDA) da Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Burtaniya (NHS) sun kuma amince da C-PTSD a matsayin matsalar tabin hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |url=https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/complex-ptsd |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.healthdirect.gov.au |publisher=[[Healthdirect Australia]] |language=en-AU}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=Complex PTSD - Post-traumatic stress disorder |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/complex/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=nhs.uk |publisher=[[National Health Service]] |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka (APA) ba ta haɗa da C-PTSD a cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Lissafi na Cututtukan Hankali'' ba. An yi nazarin matsalar da ke da alaƙa, ''Cututtukan Damuwa Mai Tsanani - wanda ba a ƙayyade shi ba'' ( ''DESNOS'' ) don haɗawa a cikin DSM-IV, amma ba a haɗa shi a ƙarshe ba. Madadin haka, an faɗaɗa alamun PTSD a cikin DSM-IV sannan DSM-5 don kama nau'ikan alamun da za su iya biyo baya daga kowane nau'in rauni. <ref name="Friedman">{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Matthew J |author-link=d:Q88821140 |date=October 2013 |title=Finalizing PTSD in ''DSM-5'': Getting Here From There and Where to Go Next |url=https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/articles/article-pdf/id87751.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |language=en-us |location=[[White River Junction, Vermont]] |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |publication-place=[[New York City|New York]] |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=548&ndash;556 |doi=10.1002/jts.21840 |issn=0894-9867 |lccn=88648218 |oclc=5534449977 |pmid=24151001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403103335/https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/articles/article-pdf/id87751.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-03}}</ref> == Alama da Alamomi == [[Fayil:Causes_of_Complex_PTSD_1.png|thumb|Dalilan da ka iya haifar da matsalar damuwa mai rikitarwa bayan tashin hankali]] === Yara === An fara gano cutar [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] ne ga manya waɗanda suka fuskanci rauni (misali, a lokacin [[yaƙi]] ko [[Fyade|fyaɗe]] ). <ref name="traumacenter">{{Cite web |title=Complex Trauma And Developmental Trauma Disorder |url=http://www.wmich.edu/traumacenter/pdf/Complex%20Trauma%20and%20Developmental%20Trauma%20Disorder1%5D.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205105733/http://www.wmich.edu/traumacenter/pdf/Complex%20Trauma%20and%20Developmental%20Trauma%20Disorder1%5D.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2013 |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=[[National Child Traumatic Stress Network]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, yanayin da yara da yawa ke ciki ya bambanta sosai. Yara na iya fuskantar mummunan rauni kamar cin zarafi, [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankali a cikin iyali]], cin zarafin makaranta, rashin aiki, ko kuma katsewa a cikin hulɗa da babban mai kula da su. <ref name="Ford">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ford JD, Grasso D, Greene C, Levine J, Spinazzola J, van der Kolk B |date=August 2013 |title=Clinical significance of a proposed developmental trauma disorder diagnosis: results of an international survey of clinicians |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=74 |issue=8 |pages=841–9 |doi=10.4088/JCP.12m08030 |pmid=24021504}}</ref> A lokuta da yawa, mai kula da yaron ne ke haifar da raunin. <ref name="traumacenter" /> Ganewar cutar PTSD ba ta la'akari da yadda matakan ci gaban yara za su iya shafar alamun su da kuma yadda rauni zai iya shafar ci gaban yaro ba. <ref name="traumacenter" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zoellner |first=L. A. |last2=Bedard-Gilligan |first2=M. A. |last3=Jun |first3=J. J. |last4=Marks |first4=L. H. |last5=Garcia |first5=N. M. |date=2013 |title=The Evolving Construct of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): DSM-5 Criteria Changes and Legal Implications. |journal=Psychological Injury and Law |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=277–289 |doi=10.1007/s12207-013-9175-6 |pmc=3901120 |pmid=24470838}}</ref> An gabatar da kalmar "rashin lafiyar ci gaba " ( DTD ) a matsayin daidai da C-PTSD a lokacin yaro. [1] Wannan nau'in raunin da ke ci gaba yana sanya yara cikin haɗarin kamuwa da wasu cututtukan tabin hankali da na lafiya. [1] [2] Bessel van der Kolk ya bayyana DTD a matsayin haɗuwa da yawa da ke da rauni tsakanin mutane kamar cin zarafi ta jiki, cin zarafin jima'i, tashin hankali, ko mutuwa. Hakanan ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru kamar watsi, cin amana, shan kashi, ko kunya. [3] Maimaita raunin da ya faru a lokacin ƙuruciya yana haifar da alamun da suka bambanta da waɗanda aka bayyana ga PTSD. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Developmental trauma disorder |url=http://www.traumacenter.org/products/Developmental_Trauma_Disorder.pdf |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=[[Psychiatric Annals]] |pages=401–408}}</ref> Van der Kolk da wasu sun bayyana alamomi da halayen halayya a fannoni bakwai: <ref name="NCTSNWhitePaper">{{Cite book|edition=Margaret|url-access=van der Kolk|last1=vanc}}</ref> <ref name="Cook2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook A, Blaustein M, Spinazzola J, Van Der Kolk B |year=2005 |title=Complex trauma in children and adolescents |journal=[[Psychiatric Annals]] |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=390–398 |doi=10.3928/00485713-20050501-05 |s2cid=141684244}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCookBlausteinSpinazzolaVan_Der_Kolk2005">Cook A, Blaustein M, Spinazzola J, Van Der Kolk B (2005). "Complex trauma in children and adolescents". ''[[Psychiatric Annals]]''. '''35''' (5): <span class="nowrap">390–</span>398. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3928/00485713-20050501-05|10.3928/00485713-20050501-05]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141684244 141684244].</cite></ref> * Mannewa: matsaloli tare da iyakokin dangantaka, rashin amincewa, warewar jama'a, wahalar fahimta da kuma mayar da martani ga yanayin motsin rai na wasu * Alamomin ilimin halittar jiki: matsalar ci gaban motsin ji da motsin jiki, matsalolin haɗin kai, ƙaruwar matsalolin lafiya, ko wani lokacin somatization * Tsarin tasiri ko motsin rai: ƙarancin tasirin tasiri, wahalar ganowa da bayyana motsin rai da yanayin ciki, da kuma wahalhalun isar da buƙatu, buƙatu, da buƙatu * Abubuwan da ke haifar da rabuwar kai : rashin fahimta, rashin iya bayyana ra'ayi, yanayin sani mai rarrabe tare da tunanin da ba a iya fahimta ba, tasiri, da aiki, da kuma rashin iya fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru a jihar. * Kula da ɗabi'a: matsaloli tare da sarrafa motsin rai, tashin hankali, kwantar da hankalin kai, da matsalolin barci * Fahimta: wahalar daidaita hankali ; matsaloli tare da ayyuka daban-daban na zartarwa kamar tsarawa, hukunci, farawa, amfani da kayan aiki, da sa ido kan kai; wahalar sarrafa sabbin bayanai ; wahalar mai da hankali da kammala ayyuka; rashin daidaiton abu ; matsaloli tare da tunani da tasirin dalili ; da matsalolin ci gaban harshe kamar gibi tsakanin iyawar sadarwa mai karɓa da bayyanawa * Ra'ayin kai : labarin tarihin rayuwa mai rauni da/ko wanda ba a haɗa shi ba, yanayin jiki mai rikitarwa, ƙarancin girman kai, [[Abin kunya|kunya]] mai yawa, da kuma mummunan tsarin aiki na ciki na kai === Manya === Manya da ke fama da cutar C-PTSD wani lokacin suna fuskantar dogon rauni a tsakanin mutane tun daga ƙuruciya, maimakon, ko kuma a lokacin girma. Waɗannan raunin da suka fara da wuri suna katse ci gaban ƙarfin jin kai da na wasu. Saboda ciwon jiki da na motsin rai galibi ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar alamun alaƙa kamar masu kulawa ko wasu 'yan'uwa, waɗannan mutane na iya fahimtar cewa suna da lahani kuma ba za a iya dogara da su ga wasu ba. <ref name="Herman1992">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Herman JL |year=1992 |title=Complex PTSD: A Syndrome in Survivors of Prolonged and Repeated Trauma |url=https://www.wspce.org/couples/Herman-1992-Complex%20PTSD.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=377–391 |doi=10.1007/BF00977235 |s2cid=189943097}}</ref> <ref name="Zlotnick1996">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zlotnick C, Zakriski AL, Shea MT, Costello E, Begin A, Pearlstein T, Simpson E |date=April 1996 |title=The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=195–205 |doi=10.1002/jts.2490090204 |pmid=8731542 |s2cid=189939468}}</ref> Wani bita da nazari mai zurfi da aka gudanar a shekarar 2025 ya nuna cewa yawan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar PTSD ta ICD-11 da C-PTSD ya kai kashi 2% da 4%, bi da bi, a tsakanin manya a ƙasashe/yankuna/yankuna da ba su fuskanci yaƙi ba/wadanda suka ci gaba da tattalin arziki. Yawan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ya karu zuwa kashi 16% da 15%, bi da bi, a ƙasashe da yankuna da yaƙi ya shafa/wadanda ba su da ci gaba a tattalin arziki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (February 2026)">lokacin aiki?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Fung |first=H.W. |year=2025 |title=Prevalence of ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in the general populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876201825002539?via%3Dihub |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=110 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104610 |s2cid= |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403015219/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876201825002539?via%3Dihub |archive-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> Bayanin farko game da C-PTSD ya nuna tarin alamu guda shida: <ref name="Roth_1997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth S, Newman E, Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Mandel FS |date=October 1997 |title=Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=539–55 |doi=10.1002/jts.2490100403 |pmid=9391940}}</ref> <ref name="Pelcovitz1997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Roth S, Mandel F, Kaplan S, Resick P |date=January 1997 |title=Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES) |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1002/jts.2490100103 |pmid=9018674}}</ref> == Manazarta == izpts6y1qe4e1dbracyxov41ywqzpkk 0 157346 856669 2026-06-14T09:26:34Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645723|Melanochromis dialeptos]]" 856669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Melanochromis dialeptos''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi ne kawai daga wuraren duwatsu kusa da [[Masinje]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|7.9|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == 3lytlr9dniwubyvd0a7szltxjldzbuc 856670 856669 2026-06-14T09:27:14Z Engineer014 44591 856670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Melanochromis dialeptos''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi ne kawai daga wuraren duwatsu kusa da [[Masinje]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|7.9|cm|in}} SL . == Manazarta == spd0hfnpya41xo9ch25bnfy0y3myuhh 0 157347 856671 2026-06-14T09:28:00Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359257704|Combat stress reaction]]" 856671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maganin damuwa na yaƙi''' ( '''CSR''' ) ko kuma '''ciwon jijiyoyi na yaƙi''' wani yanayi ne na rashin tsari mai tsanani sakamakon raunin yaƙi kai tsaye. Wanda kuma aka sani da "gajiya ta yaƙi", "gajiya ta yaƙi", "gajiya ta aiki", ko " neurosis na yaƙi/yaƙi", yana da wasu kamanceceniya da ganewar matsalar damuwa mai tsanani da ake amfani da ita a fannin ilimin tabin hankali na farar hula. A tarihi yana da alaƙa da girgizar harsashi kuma wani lokacin yana zama abin da ke haifar da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] . Maganin damuwa na yaƙi martani ne mai tsanani wanda ya haɗa da halaye iri-iri da suka samo asali daga damuwa ta yaƙi wanda ke rage ingancin yaƙin mayaƙa. Alamomin da suka fi yawa sune gajiya, lokutan amsawa a hankali, rashin yanke shawara, rabuwa da muhalli, da rashin iya fifita fifiko. Maganin damuwa na yaƙi gabaɗaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kuma bai kamata a rikita shi da matsalar damuwa mai tsanani, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]], ko wasu cututtuka na dogon lokaci da ke haifar da damuwa, kodayake ɗayan waɗannan na iya farawa a matsayin martanin damuwa na yaƙi. Rundunar Sojan Amurka tana amfani da kalmar/farkon COSR (maganin damuwa na yaƙi) a cikin rahotannin likita na hukuma. Ana iya amfani da wannan kalmar ga duk wani martanin damuwa a cikin yanayin sashin soja. Martani da yawa suna kama da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa (kamar firgici, damuwa mai tsanani, baƙin ciki, da mafarki), amma halayensu na ɗan lokaci ne kawai ga damuwar da ke tattare da yaƙi da kuma tarin damuwar ayyukan soja. A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], an ɗauki girgizar harsashi a matsayin wata cuta ta tabin hankali da ta samo asali daga rauni ga jijiyoyi a lokacin yaƙi. Yanayin [[Yaƙi na Trench|yaƙin da ke tsakanin ramuka]] yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 10% na sojojin yaƙin sun mutu (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 4.5% a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ) kuma jimillar sojojin da suka mutu (wanda aka kashe ko aka ji rauni) ya kai kusan kashi 57%. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World War I – Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015084832/https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I |archive-date=2023-10-15 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ko an ɗauki mutumin da ke fama da girgizar harsashi a matsayin "wanda ya ji rauni" ko "mara lafiya" ya dogara ne da yanayin. An ɗora wa sojoji laifin raunin hankalinsu maimakon ƙwarewar yaƙinsu. Babban kaso na tsoffin sojojin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a cikin al'ummar Turai yana nufin cewa alamun sun kasance iri ɗaya a cikin al'ada. A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta yanke shawarar cewa lokacin da soja ya ɗauka kafin ya fuskanci gajiyar yaƙi yayin da yake yaƙi a fagen daga yana tsakanin kwanaki 60 zuwa 240, ya danganta da tsananin yaƙin da kuma yawansa. Abin da aka sani a yaƙe-yaƙen da suka gabata a matsayin "nostalgia", "cutar tsohon saje", da "shock shell", sun zama sananne a matsayin "gajiyawar yaƙi". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=WWII Post Traumatic Stress |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/wwii-post-traumatic-stress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330150308/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/wwii-post-traumatic-stress |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Alamomin martanin damuwa na yaƙi sun yi daidai da alamomin da ake samu a cikin raunin tunani, wanda ke da alaƙa da matsalar damuwa bayan rauni (PTSD). CSR ya bambanta da PTSD (da sauran abubuwa) domin ganewar cutar PTSD yana buƙatar tsawon lokacin alamun na tsawon wata ɗaya. wanda CSR ba ta yi ba. == Manazarta == n2u5hcsfxygy811tpfbqaendtw1ttak 856672 856671 2026-06-14T09:28:18Z Sardeeq 39275 856672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maganin damuwa na yaƙi''' ( '''CSR''' ) ko kuma '''ciwon jijiyoyi na yaƙi''' wani yanayi ne na rashin tsari mai tsanani sakamakon raunin yaƙi kai tsaye. Wanda kuma aka sani da "gajiya ta yaƙi", "gajiya ta yaƙi", "gajiya ta aiki", ko " neurosis na yaƙi/yaƙi", yana da wasu kamanceceniya da ganewar matsalar damuwa mai tsanani da ake amfani da ita a fannin ilimin tabin hankali na farar hula. A tarihi yana da alaƙa da girgizar harsashi kuma wani lokacin yana zama abin da ke haifar da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] . Maganin damuwa na yaƙi martani ne mai tsanani wanda ya haɗa da halaye iri-iri da suka samo asali daga damuwa ta yaƙi wanda ke rage ingancin yaƙin mayaƙa. Alamomin da suka fi yawa sune gajiya, lokutan amsawa a hankali, rashin yanke shawara, rabuwa da muhalli, da rashin iya fifita fifiko. Maganin damuwa na yaƙi gabaɗaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kuma bai kamata a rikita shi da matsalar damuwa mai tsanani, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]], ko wasu cututtuka na dogon lokaci da ke haifar da damuwa, kodayake ɗayan waɗannan na iya farawa a matsayin martanin damuwa na yaƙi. Rundunar Sojan Amurka tana amfani da kalmar/farkon COSR (maganin damuwa na yaƙi) a cikin rahotannin likita na hukuma. Ana iya amfani da wannan kalmar ga duk wani martanin damuwa a cikin yanayin sashin soja. Martani da yawa suna kama da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa (kamar firgici, damuwa mai tsanani, baƙin ciki, da mafarki), amma halayensu na ɗan lokaci ne kawai ga damuwar da ke tattare da yaƙi da kuma tarin damuwar ayyukan soja. A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], an ɗauki girgizar harsashi a matsayin wata cuta ta tabin hankali da ta samo asali daga rauni ga jijiyoyi a lokacin yaƙi. Yanayin [[Yaƙi na Trench|yaƙin da ke tsakanin ramuka]] yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 10% na sojojin yaƙin sun mutu (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 4.5% a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ) kuma jimillar sojojin da suka mutu (wanda aka kashe ko aka ji rauni) ya kai kusan kashi 57%. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World War I – Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015084832/https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I |archive-date=2023-10-15 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ko an ɗauki mutumin da ke fama da girgizar harsashi a matsayin "wanda ya ji rauni" ko "mara lafiya" ya dogara ne da yanayin. An ɗora wa sojoji laifin raunin hankalinsu maimakon ƙwarewar yaƙinsu. Babban kaso na tsoffin sojojin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a cikin al'ummar Turai yana nufin cewa alamun sun kasance iri ɗaya a cikin al'ada. A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta yanke shawarar cewa lokacin da soja ya ɗauka kafin ya fuskanci gajiyar yaƙi yayin da yake yaƙi a fagen daga yana tsakanin kwanaki 60 zuwa 240, ya danganta da tsananin yaƙin da kuma yawansa. Abin da aka sani a yaƙe-yaƙen da suka gabata a matsayin "nostalgia", "cutar tsohon saje", da "shock shell", sun zama sananne a matsayin "gajiyawar yaƙi". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=WWII Post Traumatic Stress |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/wwii-post-traumatic-stress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330150308/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/wwii-post-traumatic-stress |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Alamomin martanin damuwa na yaƙi sun yi daidai da alamomin da ake samu a cikin raunin tunani, wanda ke da alaƙa da matsalar damuwa bayan rauni (PTSD). CSR ya bambanta da PTSD (da sauran abubuwa) domin ganewar cutar PTSD yana buƙatar tsawon lokacin alamun na tsawon wata ɗaya. wanda CSR ba ta yi ba. == Manazarta == gu6bxq9uvlkb64emrf7o2bttyfp3li1 0 157348 856677 2026-06-14T09:40:14Z Nnamadee 31123 Sabon shafi: '''Dam din Vondo''' wani dam ne mai cike da kasa da ke kan kogin Mutshindudi kusa da Sibasa, Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa shi a cikin 1985 kuma an sake gyara shi a cikin 1994. Dam ɗin yana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa kuma haɗarin haɗarinsa ya kasance mai girma (3). == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == 856677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Vondo''' wani dam ne mai cike da kasa da ke kan kogin Mutshindudi kusa da Sibasa, Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa shi a cikin 1985 kuma an sake gyara shi a cikin 1994. Dam ɗin yana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa kuma haɗarin haɗarinsa ya kasance mai girma (3). == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == 0otr1t0u5hu4cewgeo4rkvthyixh33x 856679 856677 2026-06-14T09:41:16Z Nnamadee 31123 856679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Vondo''' wani dam ne mai cike da kasa da ke kan kogin Mutshindudi kusa da Sibasa, Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa shi a cikin 1985 kuma an sake gyara shi a cikin 1994. Dam ɗin yana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa kuma haɗarin haɗarinsa ya kasance mai girma.<ref>List of South African Dams from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == sjlgrdz20ps1xisl7d3fhh5ln9jq9ei 2 157349 856680 2026-06-14T09:41:36Z Drseeyah muhammad 45910 Ma'anar shinkafa: Shinkafa abincine da ake ci da Rana ko da daddare sannan mahadin da ake cinta da shi Miya ko da Mai da yaji. 856680 wikitext text/x-wiki Ma'anar shinkafa: Shinkafa abincine da ake ci da Rana ko da daddare sannan mahadin da ake cinta da shi Miya ko da Mai da yaji. dlaxw7dgmu8oyr4kkuqvfrdntsaigoe 0 157350 856681 2026-06-14T09:42:59Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313732243|Aulonocara kandeense]]" 856681 wikitext text/x-wiki cichlid ne wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake faruwa ne kawai a kusa da [[Kande Island|Tsibirin Kande]], a cikin ruwan [[Malawi]] . Ana samunsa a cikin gauraye inda wuraren duwatsu suka haɗu da ƙasa mai laushi. Ana samun mazan da ke kiwo a matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|8|m|ft}} Suna tace abincinsu daga yashi kuma wannan ya ƙunshi ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi. Yana gano motsin ƙananan dabbobi a ƙarƙashin saman yashi. Maza suna da yanki kuma suna kare yankunansu inda yashi ya haɗu da wuraren duwatsu. Matan suna taruwa a manyan makarantu don neman abinci, kuma waɗannan na iya ƙidaya kifaye sama da 100, a kan yashi mai buɗewa 'yan mitoci kaɗan daga kowace dutse. Haihuwa tana faruwa a cikin kogo ko rami a cikin kogon namiji, wanda yawanci yake kusa da gadon tafkin. Akwai soyayyen kifi sama da 100 a cikin tsuntsaye. Ana tattara su ne don cinikin akwatin kifaye kuma nan ne sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ya samo asali. == Manazarta == f5q16s9qsogc2npxbdlqacct4cue08n 856682 856681 2026-06-14T09:43:24Z Engineer014 44591 856682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} cichlid ne wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake faruwa ne kawai a kusa da [[Kande Island|Tsibirin Kande]], a cikin ruwan [[Malawi]] . Ana samunsa a cikin gauraye inda wuraren duwatsu suka haɗu da ƙasa mai laushi. Ana samun mazan da ke kiwo a matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|8|m|ft}} Suna tace abincinsu daga yashi kuma wannan ya ƙunshi ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi. Yana gano motsin ƙananan dabbobi a ƙarƙashin saman yashi. Maza suna da yanki kuma suna kare yankunansu inda yashi ya haɗu da wuraren duwatsu. Matan suna taruwa a manyan makarantu don neman abinci, kuma waɗannan na iya ƙidaya kifaye sama da 100, a kan yashi mai buɗewa 'yan mitoci kaɗan daga kowace dutse. Haihuwa tana faruwa a cikin kogo ko rami a cikin kogon namiji, wanda yawanci yake kusa da gadon tafkin. Akwai soyayyen kifi sama da 100 a cikin tsuntsaye. Ana tattara su ne don cinikin akwatin kifaye kuma nan ne sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ya samo asali. == Manazarta == mrrcrrzb53hb4z11s82jms2951hkr5e 0 157351 856697 2026-06-14T09:52:03Z Nnamadee 31123 Sabon shafi: '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.[1]... 856697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.[1] == Isar da ruwa == Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda, [1] kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.[3] Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa[3]. A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.[1] == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.[3][5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa[1]. == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == 9kos2w26m7nlfadlcb2f5gfwh3h88mv 856702 856697 2026-06-14T09:55:24Z Nnamadee 31123 856702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.[1] == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda, [1] kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.[3] Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa[3]. A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.[1] == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.[3][5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa[1]. == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == nu2zjc6boxk4xbjcoxbxvw7c4hekp2a 856706 856702 2026-06-14T09:56:25Z Nnamadee 31123 856706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref>Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda, [1] kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.[3] Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa[3]. A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.[1] == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.[3][5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa[1]. == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == mbvllm0sbgqsxb37cnnwp37gokwgxw8 856707 856706 2026-06-14T09:57:05Z Nnamadee 31123 856707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref>Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref>Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.[3] Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa[3]. A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.[1] == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.[3][5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa[1]. == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == mp7hmmx9tlytn007m5sf6qm9z6fbbhs 856708 856707 2026-06-14T09:57:20Z Nnamadee 31123 856708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref>Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.[3] Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa[3]. A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.[3][5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa[1]. == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == m4k2fw2kmy746gv6flmpo31dqaux4n4 856709 856708 2026-06-14T09:57:44Z Nnamadee 31123 856709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref name=":1">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.[3] Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa[3]. A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.[3][5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == jo7c1bqvmaofeuso1tznf600s81rav6 856711 856709 2026-06-14T09:58:27Z Nnamadee 31123 856711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref name=":1">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa[3]. A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.[3][5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == 9u8xgjby3qly22hxzt26lf5c3zy2nap 856713 856711 2026-06-14T09:58:55Z Nnamadee 31123 856713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref name=":1">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa[3]. A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref>[5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == rmn8zr916a06nfh48uor2wa6xiuzruk 856715 856713 2026-06-14T09:59:25Z Nnamadee 31123 856715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref name=":1">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref>[5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == m51z9z2mww5drpo7i8tbfnknzugzj6n 856718 856715 2026-06-14T10:00:14Z Nnamadee 31123 856718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.<ref>"The story of Katse dam". The Highlands Journey - Lesotho. golesotho.co.za. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref name=":1">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.[4] An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref>[5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == krlgp88k5g1euc22on5b07rxuctu3lq 856720 856718 2026-06-14T10:00:55Z Nnamadee 31123 856720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.<ref>"The story of Katse dam". The Highlands Journey - Lesotho. golesotho.co.za. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref name=":1">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.<ref>"Introduction". Bethlehem Hydro. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref>[5] == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == 4zuquwk9pjuxnzxyi9daa57kad67tmk 856721 856720 2026-06-14T10:01:38Z Nnamadee 31123 856721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.<ref>"The story of Katse dam". The Highlands Journey - Lesotho. golesotho.co.za. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref name=":1">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.<ref>"Introduction". Bethlehem Hydro. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref><ref>"Stortemelk Hydropower Project, South Africa". Aurecon Projects. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport[1]. Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == 4sdca0f7ju0lrgve60ugqgsugb8jp5a 856722 856721 2026-06-14T10:02:12Z Nnamadee 31123 856722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin As''' wani yanki ne na kogin Liebenbergsvlei a gabashin Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga 1968 Dam din Sol Plaatje (tsohon: Saulsport Dam) ya kama shi a haduwarsa da kogin na baya, kusa da Bethlehem. Asalin sa yana da nisan kilomita 35 kudu maso gabas da Baitalami, akan gangaren arewa na Rooiberge, kusa da Clarens. Tare da buɗe ramin isar da ruwa na arewacin Lesotho Highlands Water Project a cikin 1998, ƙaramin kogin da ya taɓa rikiɗa ya zama kogi mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> == Isar da ruwa == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The As River Outfall of the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]], was opened in 1998.]] Kogin As yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fitar da ruwa na Lesotho Highlands Water Project.<ref>"The story of Katse dam". The Highlands Journey - Lesotho. golesotho.co.za. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, an fitar da ruwa mai cubic mita 18 a cikin daƙiƙa guda,<ref name=":1">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. ISBN <bdi>1-920-01728-3</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> kuma ruwan kogin ba ya canzawa na yanayi.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> Dam din Stortemelk, wanda ke can kasa da fadowar, wani mataki ne da Sashen Kula da Ruwa na lokacin ya dauka, don daidaita kwararar ruwa da takaita zaizayar kasa.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> A shekara ta 2004, an gina nau'i-nau'i hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki == Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Sol Plaatje da Merino, an ba su aiki a cikin 2009 da 2012 bi da bi, kuma sun ba da jimillar MW 7 ga tashar wutar lantarki.<ref>"Introduction". Bethlehem Hydro. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> An saita aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Stortemelk mai sarrafa kansa da ƙarancin kulawa a Dam ɗin Botterkloof don ba da gudummawar ƙarin 4.4 MW zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki, farawa Yuli 2016.<ref>Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "Unique contract does it for hydro delivery". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref><ref>"Stortemelk Hydropower Project, South Africa". Aurecon Projects. Retrieved 21 August 2015.</ref> == Tasirin muhalli == Bude ramin isar da isar da sako na arewa a shekarar 1998 ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a kogin, yayin da yawan ruwa ya karu da kuma yawan zafin ruwa ya ragu, aka yi wa tashar kogin yawo, kuma an jibge damtse mai yawa a madatsar ruwa na Saulsport.<ref>Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. <nowiki>ISBN 1-920-01728-3</nowiki>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> Yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan alama kamar smallmouth da bigmouth yellowfish sun ragu, kuma bakwai daga cikin nau'ikan kifaye tara na kogin sun bace daga wajen da ya fado. Farfadowa na invertebrates ne kawai ana iya lura da wasu kilomitoci a ƙasa, kuma weirs ba su da tasiri lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa cikin girma. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wurin zama da yawa, yawan mutanen kogin ta halittun ruwa yana da iyaka da turɓayar ruwa, ƙarancin zafin ruwa da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Etymology == Sau da yawa ana fassara sunan daga Afrikaans zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Kogin Ash". Sunan, duk da haka, yana nufin gatari na keken keke wanda, bisa ga almara, ya karye kusa da kogin (kalmar Afrikaans don axle kasancewa "as"); don haka madaidaicin fassarar zai zama "Kogin Axle", kuma ba "Kogin Ash". == Manazarta == 5dk6vya120qtj8tgaluos0k9vvp65pr 0 157352 856698 2026-06-14T09:52:33Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292489214|Koko Warner]]" 856698 wikitext text/x-wiki   Koko Warner ƙwararren masani ne na Canjin yanayi wanda ya ƙware a cikin ƙaura da Hijirar mutanen, kuma yana da PhD a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Vienna . [1] A cikin 2014, Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya ta kira Warner a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mata 20 da ke ba da gudummawa ga muhawara game da canjin yanayi. == Ilimi == Warner ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Davis a Kaysville, Utah, kuma ta kammala ts a shekarar 1990.[1] Bayan kammala karatunta, Warner ta halarci Jami'ar Brigham Young kuma ta kammala digiri na farko a dangantakar kasa da kasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki.[2] Ta halarci Jami'ar George Washington kuma ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin ci gaba da tattalin arzikin muhalli da ci gaban kasa da kasa.[3][2] A shekara ta 1996, an zabi Warner a matsayin Masanin Fulbright kuma ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Vienna inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2001. [1][2] Ta ci gaba da bincike a Jami'ar Vienna har zuwa shekara ta 2003. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] moie4tp35hdftnkuveqpoyxqca7n86w 856704 856698 2026-06-14T09:56:03Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292489214|Koko Warner]]" 856704 wikitext text/x-wiki   Koko Warner ƙwararren masani ne na Canjin yanayi wanda ya ƙware a cikin ƙaura da Hijirar mutanen, kuma yana da PhD a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Vienna . [1] A cikin 2014, Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya ta kira Warner a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mata 20 da ke ba da gudummawa ga muhawara game da canjin yanayi. == Ilimi == Warner ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Davis a Kaysville, Utah, kuma ta kammala ts a shekarar 1990.[1] Bayan kammala karatunta, Warner ta halarci Jami'ar Brigham Young kuma ta kammala digiri na farko a dangantakar kasa da kasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki.[2] Ta halarci Jami'ar George Washington kuma ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin ci gaba da tattalin arzikin muhalli da ci gaban kasa da kasa.[3][2] A shekara ta 1996, an zabi Warner a matsayin Masanin Fulbright kuma ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Vienna inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2001. [1][2] Ta ci gaba da bincike a Jami'ar Vienna har zuwa shekara ta 2003. == Ilimi == A shekara ta 2006, Warner ya shiga Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin gwani da shugaban sashi a Cibiyar Muhalli da Tsaron Dan Adam . [1][2] Tun daga shekara ta 2019, Warner ya kasance abokin ziyara a Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta Perry World House . [3] A can, tana magana da dalibai game da bangarorin da suka shafi sauyin yanayi da kuma kalubalen da masu tsara manufofi na yanzu da na gaba za su fuskanta yayin da Canjin yanayi ke ci gaba da canza ma'anar zamantakewa da shari'a na 'yan gudun hijira. [4][5] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 77f730c0u87dk2k1j99ygfkvukutc0b 0 157353 856700 2026-06-14T09:54:30Z Mustysummy 21281 SABUAWAR MUKALA 856700 wikitext text/x-wiki mutuwa yara ita ce mutuwar yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar.[1] Yawan mace-mace na yara (kuma yawan mace-macen da ba su kai biyar ba) yana nufin yiwuwar mutuwa tsakanin haihuwa da daidai shekaru biyar da aka bayyana a kowace haihuwa 1,000. Mutuwar yara lamari ne na kiwon lafiya da na halitta da kuma matsalar zamantakewa da masu da'awar da ke ba da shawara don samun damar kiwon lafiya mafi kyau da manufofi masu kariya suka bayyana. Ta hanyar nazarin sakamakon shiga tsakani da suka gabata da bambance-bambance na yanzu, zamu iya kimanta nasarar aikin zamantakewa wajen rage mutuwar jarirai. Ya ƙunshi Mutuwar jarirai da Mutuwar jarirai (haɗarin mutuwa a cikin shekara ta farko ta rayuwa) obnunqv33nqjiaqa0veii0n1jd10wsj 856710 856700 2026-06-14T09:57:47Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 856710 wikitext text/x-wiki mutuwa yara ita ce mutuwar yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110429220434/http://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/en/</ref> Yawan mace-mace na yara (kuma yawan mace-macen da ba su kai biyar ba) yana nufin yiwuwar mutuwa tsakanin haihuwa da daidai shekaru biyar da aka bayyana a kowace haihuwa 1,000.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220901091013/https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/</ref> Mutuwar yara lamari ne na kiwon lafiya da na halitta da kuma matsalar zamantakewa da masu da'awar da ke ba da shawara don samun damar kiwon lafiya mafi kyau da manufofi masu kariya suka bayyana. Ta hanyar nazarin sakamakon shiga tsakani da suka gabata da bambance-bambance na yanzu, zamu iya kimanta nasarar aikin zamantakewa wajen rage mutuwar jarirai.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=VCkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9</ref> Ya ƙunshi Mutuwar jarirai da Mutuwar jarirai (haɗarin mutuwa a cikin shekara ta farko ta rayuwa) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220901091013/https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/</ref> ==Manazarta== eqngopahhrm15shlwmfamcv361x26co 856716 856710 2026-06-14T09:59:44Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 856716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}mutuwa yara ita ce mutuwar yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110429220434/http://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/en/</ref> Yawan mace-mace na yara (kuma yawan mace-macen da ba su kai biyar ba) yana nufin yiwuwar mutuwa tsakanin haihuwa da daidai shekaru biyar da aka bayyana a kowace haihuwa 1,000.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220901091013/https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/</ref> Mutuwar yara lamari ne na kiwon lafiya da na halitta da kuma matsalar zamantakewa da masu da'awar da ke ba da shawara don samun damar kiwon lafiya mafi kyau da manufofi masu kariya suka bayyana. Ta hanyar nazarin sakamakon shiga tsakani da suka gabata da bambance-bambance na yanzu, zamu iya kimanta nasarar aikin zamantakewa wajen rage mutuwar jarirai.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=VCkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9</ref> Ya ƙunshi Mutuwar jarirai da Mutuwar jarirai (haɗarin mutuwa a cikin shekara ta farko ta rayuwa) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220901091013/https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/</ref> ==Manazarta== ttc5zaradc7u0k0clmg5pm73irn1dih 0 157354 856701 2026-06-14T09:54:54Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359059927|Kimi Antonelli]]" 856701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrea Kimi Antonelli''' (Italian: [anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli]; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2006) direban tsere Italiya ne wanda ke fafatawa a Formula One na Mercedes . Antonelli ya lashe gasar Formula One Grand Prix biyar tun lokacin da ya fara a shekarar 2025.{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli|lang}}{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli|lang}}{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli|lang}} An haife shi kuma ya girma a Bologna, Antonelli ɗan direban motar motsa jiki ne Marco Antonelli . Bayan nasarar da ya samu a wasan karting - wanda ya kai ga nasarar da ya yi a gasar zakarun Turai a shekarar 2020 da 2021 - Antonelli ya kammala Karts zuwa ƙaramin tsari. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko a Italiya da ADAC F4 a 2022 tare da Prema; ban da zama mai cin nasara a tseren Italiyanci GT3, ya kuma lashe lambar zinare ga Italiya a wasannin FIA Motorsport . Daga nan sai ya yi ikirarin gasar zakarun Turai da babba ta Tsakiya kafin ya ci gaba zuwa FIA Formula 2 a 2024, inda ya lashe tseren biyu yayin da ya kammala na shida. tun daga 2019, Antonelli ya sanya hannu ga Mercedes a 2025, ya maye gurbin Lewis Hamilton zuwa abokin tarayya George Russell kuma ya zama direba na uku mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Formula One a Grand Prix na Australiya, yana da shekaru 18; ya sami nasarar kammala matsayi na farko a kakar wasa ta farko a Grand Prix ta Kanada kuma ya zama direban mafi ƙanci don saita saurin sauri. Mercedes ta five ne a matsayin jagora a shekarar 2026, tare da Antonelli ta lashe Grand Prix biyar yayin da ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta a China da kuma mafi ƙancin jagorar gasar zakarun duniya a Japan. Ya zuwa nine" data-linkid="309" data-mw="{"attribs":[[{"txt":"href"},{"html":"<nowiki><span about=\"#mwt37\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"F1stat\",\"href\":\"./Template:F1stat\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"UPTO\"}},\"i\":0}}]}' id=\"mwSQ\">2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix</span></nowiki>"}]]}" href="./2026_Barcelona-Catalunya_Grand_Prix" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix" typeof="mw:ExpandedAttrs">2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix, Antonelli ya sami nasarar seven biyar, matsayi huɗu, sau bakwai mafi sauri, da kuma tara a Formula One. Baya ga kyaututtuka da ke sama, yana da rikodin Formula One da yawa, gami da kasancewa mafi ƙanƙanta direban da ya jagoranci zagaye da kuma zira kwallaye masu yawa. Antonelli ya kwangila ya kasance a Mercedes har zuwa akalla ƙarshen kakar 2026. == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:International_GT_Open_2022_Spielberg_Nr._17_(1).jpg|alt=Marco Antonelli driving the Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo in the 2022 International GT Open at the Red Bull Ring|left|thumb|Antonelli ɗan direban tseren mota jiki ne kuma mai mallakar ƙungiyar Marco Antonelli .]] Andrea Kimi Antonelli was born on 25 August 2006 in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.<ref name="MJT">{{Cite web |title=Andrea Kimi Antonelli – Junior Driver |url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/drivers/junior-driver/andrea-kimi-antonelli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203233509/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/drivers/junior-driver/andrea-kimi-antonelli |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team]] |publisher=[[Mercedes-Benz Group]]}}</ref> His father, Marco Antonelli, is a sportscar racing driver and owner of the [[San Marino]]–based ''AKM Motorsport'' racing team, who have competed in the Italian F4 Championship since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaligis |first=Bas |date=4 February 2020 |title=Team AKM Motorsport by Antonelli is born: partnership with Kart Republic of Dino Chiesa |url=https://www.kartxpress.com/ReadMore/team-akm-motorsport-by-antonelli-is-born-partnership-with-kart-republic-of-dino-chiesa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204183423/https://www.kartxpress.com/ReadMore/team-akm-motorsport-by-antonelli-is-born-partnership-with-kart-republic-of-dino-chiesa#expand |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=KartXpress}}</ref> He founded ''Antonelli Motorsport'' in 1993, who competed in several GT series, winning the 2018 Italian GT Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kimi Antonelli: Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/kimi-antonelli-everything-you-need-to-know |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117093555/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/kimi-antonelli-everything-you-need-to-know |archive-date=17 November 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=[[Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team]] |publisher=[[Mercedes-Benz Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Antonelli Motorsport |url=https://www.intercontinentalgtchallenge.com/team/268/antonelli-motorsport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220181040/https://www.intercontinentalgtchallenge.com/team/268/antonelli-motorsport |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Intercontinental GT Challenge]] |publisher=[[SRO Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AKM / Antonelli Motorsport |url=https://www.gtopen.net/en/teams-archive/74/akm-antonelli-motorsport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220181148/https://www.gtopen.net/en/teams-archive/74/akm-antonelli-motorsport |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[International GT Open]]}}</ref> His mother, Veronica Antonelli, is a former employee of Poste Italiane and has worked in motorsport since 1997, helping Marco operate AKM. He has a younger sister named Maggie. === Cikakken sakamakon gasar cin kofin GT ta Italiya === (maɓalli) (Races in '''bold''' nuna matsayi na sanda; races in italics nuna mafi sauri lap)   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] g24l1v1vzbelii1ni3m3fphq7zqc813 856703 856701 2026-06-14T09:55:44Z Amadee619 37975 856703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrea Kimi Antonelli''' (Italian: [anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli]; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2006) direban tsere Italiya ne wanda ke fafatawa a Formula One na Mercedes . Antonelli ya lashe gasar Formula One Grand Prix biyar tun lokacin da ya fara a shekarar 2025.{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli|lang}}{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli|lang}}{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli|lang}} An haife shi kuma ya girma a Bologna, Antonelli ɗan direban motar motsa jiki ne Marco Antonelli . Bayan nasarar da ya samu a wasan karting - wanda ya kai ga nasarar da ya yi a gasar zakarun Turai a shekarar 2020 da 2021 - Antonelli ya kammala Karts zuwa ƙaramin tsari. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko a Italiya da ADAC F4 a 2022 tare da Prema; ban da zama mai cin nasara a tseren Italiyanci GT3, ya kuma lashe lambar zinare ga Italiya a wasannin FIA Motorsport . Daga nan sai ya yi ikirarin gasar zakarun Turai da babba ta Tsakiya kafin ya ci gaba zuwa FIA Formula 2 a 2024, inda ya lashe tseren biyu yayin da ya kammala na shida. tun daga 2019, Antonelli ya sanya hannu ga Mercedes a 2025, ya maye gurbin Lewis Hamilton zuwa abokin tarayya George Russell kuma ya zama direba na uku mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Formula One a Grand Prix na Australiya, yana da shekaru 18; ya sami nasarar kammala matsayi na farko a kakar wasa ta farko a Grand Prix ta Kanada kuma ya zama direban mafi ƙanci don saita saurin sauri. Mercedes ta five ne a matsayin jagora a shekarar 2026, tare da Antonelli ta lashe Grand Prix biyar yayin da ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta a China da kuma mafi ƙancin jagorar gasar zakarun duniya a Japan. Ya zuwa nine" data-linkid="309" data-mw="{"attribs":[[{"txt":"href"},{"html":"<nowiki><span about=\"#mwt37\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"F1stat\",\"href\":\"./Template:F1stat\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"UPTO\"}},\"i\":0}}]}' id=\"mwSQ\">2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix</span></nowiki>"}]]}" href="./2026_Barcelona-Catalunya_Grand_Prix" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix" typeof="mw:ExpandedAttrs">2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix, Antonelli ya sami nasarar seven biyar, matsayi huɗu, sau bakwai mafi sauri, da kuma tara a Formula One. Baya ga kyaututtuka da ke sama, yana da rikodin Formula One da yawa, gami da kasancewa mafi ƙanƙanta direban da ya jagoranci zagaye da kuma zira kwallaye masu yawa. Antonelli ya kwangila ya kasance a Mercedes har zuwa akalla ƙarshen kakar 2026. == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:International_GT_Open_2022_Spielberg_Nr._17_(1).jpg|alt=Marco Antonelli driving the Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo in the 2022 International GT Open at the Red Bull Ring|left|thumb|Antonelli ɗan direban tseren mota jiki ne kuma mai mallakar ƙungiyar Marco Antonelli .]] Andrea Kimi Antonelli was born on 25 August 2006 in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.<ref name="MJT">{{Cite web |title=Andrea Kimi Antonelli – Junior Driver |url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/drivers/junior-driver/andrea-kimi-antonelli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203233509/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/drivers/junior-driver/andrea-kimi-antonelli |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team]] |publisher=[[Mercedes-Benz Group]]}}</ref> His father, Marco Antonelli, is a sportscar racing driver and owner of the [[San Marino]]–based ''AKM Motorsport'' racing team, who have competed in the Italian F4 Championship since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaligis |first=Bas |date=4 February 2020 |title=Team AKM Motorsport by Antonelli is born: partnership with Kart Republic of Dino Chiesa |url=https://www.kartxpress.com/ReadMore/team-akm-motorsport-by-antonelli-is-born-partnership-with-kart-republic-of-dino-chiesa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204183423/https://www.kartxpress.com/ReadMore/team-akm-motorsport-by-antonelli-is-born-partnership-with-kart-republic-of-dino-chiesa#expand |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=KartXpress}}</ref> He founded ''Antonelli Motorsport'' in 1993, who competed in several GT series, winning the 2018 Italian GT Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kimi Antonelli: Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/kimi-antonelli-everything-you-need-to-know |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117093555/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/kimi-antonelli-everything-you-need-to-know |archive-date=17 November 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=[[Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team]] |publisher=[[Mercedes-Benz Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Antonelli Motorsport |url=https://www.intercontinentalgtchallenge.com/team/268/antonelli-motorsport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220181040/https://www.intercontinentalgtchallenge.com/team/268/antonelli-motorsport |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Intercontinental GT Challenge]] |publisher=[[SRO Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AKM / Antonelli Motorsport |url=https://www.gtopen.net/en/teams-archive/74/akm-antonelli-motorsport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220181148/https://www.gtopen.net/en/teams-archive/74/akm-antonelli-motorsport |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[International GT Open]]}}</ref> His mother, Veronica Antonelli, is a former employee of Poste Italiane and has worked in motorsport since 1997, helping Marco operate AKM. He has a younger sister named Maggie. === Cikakken sakamakon gasar cin kofin GT ta Italiya === (maɓalli) (Races in '''bold''' nuna matsayi na sanda; races in italics nuna mafi sauri lap)   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bhziaf384siwcwr903fe4yzucl6iqrh 856705 856703 2026-06-14T09:56:06Z Amadee619 37975 856705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrea Kimi Antonelli''' (Italian: [anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli]; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2006) direban tsere Italiya ne wanda ke fafatawa a Formula One na Mercedes . Antonelli ya lashe gasar Formula One Grand Prix biyar tun lokacin da ya fara a shekarar 2025.{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli|lang}}{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli|lang}}{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈkiːmi antoˈnɛlli|lang}} An haife shi kuma ya girma a Bologna, Antonelli ɗan direban motar motsa jiki ne Marco Antonelli . Bayan nasarar da ya samu a wasan karting - wanda ya kai ga nasarar da ya yi a gasar zakarun Turai a shekarar 2020 da 2021 - Antonelli ya kammala Karts zuwa ƙaramin tsari. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko a Italiya da ADAC F4 a 2022 tare da Prema; ban da zama mai cin nasara a tseren Italiyanci GT3, ya kuma lashe lambar zinare ga Italiya a wasannin FIA Motorsport . Daga nan sai ya yi ikirarin gasar zakarun Turai da babba ta Tsakiya kafin ya ci gaba zuwa FIA Formula 2 a 2024, inda ya lashe tseren biyu yayin da ya kammala na shida. tun daga 2019, Antonelli ya sanya hannu ga Mercedes a 2025, ya maye gurbin Lewis Hamilton zuwa abokin tarayya George Russell kuma ya zama direba na uku mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Formula One a Grand Prix na Australiya, yana da shekaru 18; ya sami nasarar kammala matsayi na farko a kakar wasa ta farko a Grand Prix ta Kanada kuma ya zama direban mafi ƙanci don saita saurin sauri. Mercedes ta five ne a matsayin jagora a shekarar 2026, tare da Antonelli ta lashe Grand Prix biyar yayin da ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta a China da kuma mafi ƙancin jagorar gasar zakarun duniya a Japan. Ya zuwa nine" data-linkid="309" data-mw="{"attribs":[[{"txt":"href"},{"html":"<nowiki><span about=\"#mwt37\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"F1stat\",\"href\":\"./Template:F1stat\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"UPTO\"}},\"i\":0}}]}' id=\"mwSQ\">2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix</span></nowiki>"}]]}" href="./2026_Barcelona-Catalunya_Grand_Prix" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix" typeof="mw:ExpandedAttrs">2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix, Antonelli ya sami nasarar seven biyar, matsayi huɗu, sau bakwai mafi sauri, da kuma tara a Formula One. Baya ga kyaututtuka da ke sama, yana da rikodin Formula One da yawa, gami da kasancewa mafi ƙanƙanta direban da ya jagoranci zagaye da kuma zira kwallaye masu yawa. Antonelli ya kwangila ya kasance a Mercedes har zuwa akalla ƙarshen kakar 2026. == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:International_GT_Open_2022_Spielberg_Nr._17_(1).jpg|alt=Marco Antonelli driving the Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo in the 2022 International GT Open at the Red Bull Ring|left|thumb|Antonelli ɗan direban tseren mota jiki ne kuma mai mallakar ƙungiyar Marco Antonelli .]] Andrea Kimi Antonelli was born on 25 August 2006 in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.<ref name="MJT">{{Cite web |title=Andrea Kimi Antonelli – Junior Driver |url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/drivers/junior-driver/andrea-kimi-antonelli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203233509/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/drivers/junior-driver/andrea-kimi-antonelli |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team]] |publisher=[[Mercedes-Benz Group]]}}</ref> His father, Marco Antonelli, is a sportscar racing driver and owner of the [[San Marino]]–based ''AKM Motorsport'' racing team, who have competed in the Italian F4 Championship since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaligis |first=Bas |date=4 February 2020 |title=Team AKM Motorsport by Antonelli is born: partnership with Kart Republic of Dino Chiesa |url=https://www.kartxpress.com/ReadMore/team-akm-motorsport-by-antonelli-is-born-partnership-with-kart-republic-of-dino-chiesa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204183423/https://www.kartxpress.com/ReadMore/team-akm-motorsport-by-antonelli-is-born-partnership-with-kart-republic-of-dino-chiesa#expand |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=KartXpress}}</ref> He founded ''Antonelli Motorsport'' in 1993, who competed in several GT series, winning the 2018 Italian GT Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kimi Antonelli: Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/kimi-antonelli-everything-you-need-to-know |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117093555/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/kimi-antonelli-everything-you-need-to-know |archive-date=17 November 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=[[Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team]] |publisher=[[Mercedes-Benz Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Antonelli Motorsport |url=https://www.intercontinentalgtchallenge.com/team/268/antonelli-motorsport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220181040/https://www.intercontinentalgtchallenge.com/team/268/antonelli-motorsport |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Intercontinental GT Challenge]] |publisher=[[SRO Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AKM / Antonelli Motorsport |url=https://www.gtopen.net/en/teams-archive/74/akm-antonelli-motorsport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220181148/https://www.gtopen.net/en/teams-archive/74/akm-antonelli-motorsport |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[International GT Open]]}}</ref> His mother, Veronica Antonelli, is a former employee of Poste Italiane and has worked in motorsport since 1997, helping Marco operate AKM. He has a younger sister named Maggie. === Cikakken sakamakon gasar cin kofin GT ta Italiya === (maɓalli) (Races in '''bold''' nuna matsayi na sanda; races in italics nuna mafi sauri lap)   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bhjtkim9j16t4mol6ka8romz4r0ulgm 0 157355 856712 2026-06-14T09:58:34Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336242123|Gerodiversity]]" 856712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bambancin jinsi''' shine tsarin al'adu daban-daban don magance matsalolin tsufa. Wannan hanyar tana ba da tushe na ka'ida don maganin likita da tunani na tsofaffi a cikin mahallin muhalli wanda ya haɗa da asalin al'adunsu da gado, [[yanayin zamantakewa]], al'umma, tsarin iyali, da kuma manyan alaƙa. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Bambancin jinsi ya ƙunshi tsarin adalci na zamantakewa, wanda ke la'akari da yanayin zamantakewa da tarihi na gata da rashin daidaito. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Baya ga batutuwan tsufa, bambancin jinsi ya haɗa da launin fata, ƙabila, harshe, [[asalin jinsi]], matsayin zamantakewa na zamantakewa, ikon jiki ko nakasa, yanayin jima'i, matakin ilimi, ƙasar asali, wurin zama, da addini ko ruhaniya. Bambancin halittu ya ginu ne a kan fannin ilimin halittar jiki (geropsychology ), wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin tunani da ci gaba don fahimtar halayensu, motsin rai, fahimta, da kuma yanayin tsufa a cikin mahallin samar da kulawar asibiti ga tsofaffi. Manufar ita ce a haɓaka hanyoyin kimiyya masu ƙwarewa a al'ada don maganin tabin hankali da na likitanci ga tsofaffi. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Dangane da wannan hangen nesa, domin samar da kulawa mai kyau ga tsofaffi ta hanyar ɗabi'a da kimiyya, likitoci dole ne su san abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu a cikin amfani da kiwon lafiya, gami da amfani da kulawar lafiyar jiki da ta hankali. Bugu da ƙari, daga wannan hangen nesa, likitoci dole ne su ci gaba da aiki don inganta tushen ilimin al'adu daban-daban, ƙwarewarsu, da kuma ra'ayoyinsu game da bambancin al'adu. == Alƙaluma da halaye da za a yi la'akari da su a cikin tsofaffi == Ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da kuma kula da bambancin jinsi ya yi daidai da yanayin tsufa na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Tsofaffi sun ƙunshi kashi 14.5% na yawan jama'ar Amurka, waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 zuwa sama sun kai miliyan 46.2. {{Sfn|Administration on Aging|2016}} An yi wa lakabi da "Tsunami na Azurfa", wannan ɓangaren jama'a yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri, kuma Hukumar Kula da Tsufa tana tsammanin zai ninka zuwa mutane miliyan 98 a shekara ta 2060. Tsufa yana ba da haɗarin keɓewa na musamman saboda haɗuwar tsufa da sauran abubuwan da ba su da kyau. Fannin bambancin da aka tattauna a nan na iya haɗuwa da tsufa ta yadda zai haifar da "haɗari biyu". {{Sfn|Dowd|Bengston|1978}} Kwanan nan, an ba da kulawa ga waɗanda ke fuskantar "barazanar keɓewa sau uku" (misali, mata 'yan madigo tsofaffi). {{Sfn|Averett|Yoon|Jenkins|2011}} Kamar sauran ra'ayoyi na bambancin jinsi da keɓewa, tsufa da sauran masu canjin yanayin zamantakewa suna haɗuwa kuma suna haifar da ƙwarewa ta musamman ga kowane rukuni da mutum ɗaya. Ga wasu wurare da aka fi la'akari da su. == Jinsi da jinsi == Manyan mutane sun fi yiwuwa su zama mata. Mata sun fi maza rayuwa tsawon rai, don haka yawan tsofaffi, tare da kowace shekara a jere, mata ne ke mamaye su. {{Sfn|Administration on Aging|2016}} Sama da rabin (58%) na Amurkawa sama da shekaru 65 mata ne, adadin da ya karu zuwa kashi 69% sama da shekaru 85, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa kashi 80% sama da shekaru 100. {{Sfn|U.S. Census Bureau|2006}} Tsofaffi maza da mata kuma suna da buƙatu daban-daban na lafiya da tunani, da kuma bayanai daban-daban na haɗari da abubuwan kariya don kamuwa da cututtukan jiki da na hankali. Yawancin masu canji na halitta da na zamantakewa suna da alhakin waɗannan bambance-bambancen. Bambancin hormonal da na jiki na jinsi suna ba da gudummawa ga haɗari daban-daban na ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, amosanin gabbai, osteoporosis, ciwon suga, baƙin ciki, da hauka. Abubuwan muhalli da salon rayuwa, kamar barci, cin abinci, da motsa jiki, hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa, albarkatun tattalin arziki da damuwa, da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan tunani da nishaɗi, suma suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga lafiyar jiki da ta hankali, kuma ana bambanta su tsakanin tsofaffi maza da mata tsofaffi. Tsofaffi mata suna da yuwuwar samun ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa - wani abu da ke da alaƙa da ingantaccen lafiyar jiki da ta hankali. Tsofaffi mata daga wasu ƙasashe suna da saurin girma daban-daban fiye da tsofaffi maza. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Tsofaffi mata suma suna da yuwuwar rayuwa cikin talauci sau biyu fiye da tsofaffi maza. {{Sfn|Lee|Shaw|2008}} Ƙungiyoyin al'adu suna ba da matsayi da ƙima daban-daban ga mutane bisa ga jinsinsu. Mata a wasu ƙungiyoyin al'adu ba su da yuwuwar samun aiki, kuma suna da ƙarancin albarkatun tattalin arziki sakamakon haka. {{Sfn|Whitbourne|Whitbourne|2013}} Mata kuma suna da yuwuwar ɗaukar mafi yawan nauyin kula da 'yan uwa marasa lafiya da yara ƙanana. {{Sfn|Family Caregiver Alliance|2003}} == Kabila da ƙabila == Ƙungiyar Kula da Cututtukan Gaggawa ta Amurka (American Geriatrics Society) ta bayyana ilimin ƙabilanci a matsayin "tasirin ƙabila da al'adu kan lafiyar lafiyar tsofaffi". {{Sfn|American Geriatrics Society Ethnogeriatrics Committee|2016}} A shekarar 2015, fararen fata 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar Hispanic ba sun kai kimanin kashi 61.72% na yawan jama'ar Amurka, amma ana sa ran wannan kaso zai ragu zuwa kashi 43.65% nan da shekarar 2060. Wannan sauyin alƙaluma zai faru ne sakamakon ƙaruwar baƙin haure 'yan Asiya da Pacific da Latino/Hispanic. {{Sfn|U.S. Census Bureau|2015}} Duk da haka, ana sa ran tsofaffi 'yan Latino da Hispanic a matsayin rukuni za su ƙaru sosai, da kashi 155%. {{Sfn|Administration on Aging|2016}} Tsofaffi daga kabilu daban-daban suna cikin ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban, don haka suna iya samun matakai daban-daban na samun kulawa, imani daban-daban game da lafiya da tsufa, tsammanin daban-daban daga masu ba da kulawa, da hanyoyi daban-daban na isar da buƙatunsu. {{Sfn|Administration on Aging|2014}} Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan kabilu suna fuskantar barazanar [[Matsalar ƙarancin jama'a|damuwa iri-iri na ƙananan kabilu]] : wariyar launin fata, wariya, da kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage matsayin tattalin arziki, raguwar damar samun kulawa, da kuma rashin iko na tsari ga ƙananan kabilu da yawa a Amurka. Waɗannan abubuwan suna da babban tasiri ga raunin lafiya, haɗarin cututtukan kwakwalwa, da kuma mummunan hasashen gaba ɗaya. Mutane kuma na iya kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da ƙabilu daban-daban: tsofaffi na iya zama masu launin fata biyu ko kuma masu launin fata daban-daban, suna cikin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar ko waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, ko kuma baƙi ko 'ya'yan baƙi. {{Sfn|Kaplin|2014}} Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu daban-daban suna da raunin gado da al'adu daban-daban ga matsalolin lafiya da na tunani, waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa mai zurfi a al'ada. == tsirarun jinsi da na jinsi == 'Yan tsiraru na jinsi da jinsi ( [[Maɗigo|masu madigo]], 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, masu luwadi, masu transgender, da waɗanda ba su da jinsi) suna ƙaruwa a yawan tsofaffi, kuma ana sa ran yawan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin zai ƙaru sosai. {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2017}} An kiyasta cewa Amurkawa miliyan 1.5 sama da shekaru 65 sun bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, ko masu bisexual. {{Sfn|LGBT Aging Center|2010}} Saboda tsofaffi 'yan LGBT ba su da yuwuwar samun yara kuma sun fi zama marasa aure fiye da tsofaffi masu jinsi daban-daban, ƙarancin tallafin iyali da kulawa na dogon lokaci yana samuwa a gare su. {{Sfn|Coleman|Pandya|2002}} Tsofaffin LGBT kuma suna da ƙarancin inshorar lafiya, kuma suna tsoron wariya daga likitoci da cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Daga cikin tsofaffi 'yan LGBT, kashi 8.3% sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi daga mai kula da su saboda yanayin jima'i ko asalin jinsi. Masu kula da ƙwararru galibi ba su da horo kan buƙatun musamman na al'ummomin LGBT, kuma ana iya yin watsi da dattawan LGBT ko yin watsi da su ta hanyar shirye-shirye da yawa da suka shafi tsofaffi. {{Sfn|Behney|1994}} {{Sfn|Cahill|South|Spade|2000}} Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta bayar da wani labari mai ratsa zuciya game da "nuna wariya mai kaifi biyu" daga nuna wariya ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya wanda ke shafar ingancin kula da tsofaffi marasa lafiya na LGBT. {{Sfn|Clay|2014}} Bincike ya nuna cewa dattawan LGBT ba sa maraba da su a cibiyoyin tsofaffi da shirye-shiryen sa-kai ga tsofaffi, kuma galibi ana yin watsi da su a shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da aka tsara don tsofaffi. Haka kuma ana iya hana su gidaje masu zaman kansu, da kuma shiga gidajen kula da tsofaffi da al'ummomin ritaya bisa ga yanayin jima'i ko asalin jinsi. Ana iya ware su daga albarkatun zamantakewa da suka iya samu daga danginsu na nesa saboda wariya. Bugu da ƙari, har yanzu ana iya hana dattawan LGBT haƙƙin ziyara da yanke shawara kan ƙarshen rayuwa ga abokan hulɗarsu da ƙaunatattunsu ta asibitoci, {{Sfn|Carrington|2004}} duk da hukuncin daidaiton aure na 2015. == Asalin addini da/ko na ruhaniya == Manyan mutane sun fi shiga cikin ayyukan addini fiye da matasa. {{Sfn|Idler|2006}} Bengston, Putney, Silverstein, da Harris sun yi nazarin yanayin tsufa da yanayin tsararraki game da addini (wato [[Kiristanci]] da [[Yahudanci]] ) a Amurka. {{Sfn|Bengston|Putney|Silverstein|Harris|2015}} A ƙarshe, sakamakon ya nuna tasirin tsufa gabaɗaya tare da raguwar ƙarfin addini da ƙarfin imani. {{Sfn|Bengston|Putney|Silverstein|Harris|2015}} Bugu da ƙari, akwai tasirin tsararraki wanda ke nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban na Allah mai tauhidi bisa ga ƙungiyar tsararraki da kuma babban rabuwa tsakanin addini da ruhaniya a cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka haifa daga baya. {{Sfn|Bengston|Putney|Silverstein|Harris|2015}} A wani bincike mai tsawo, Wink da Dillon sun gano cewa manya sun ƙaru sosai a ruhaniya tsakanin ƙarshen tsakiyar shekaru (tsakiyar shekarun 50 zuwa farkon shekarun 60) da kuma tsufa (ƙarshen shekarun 60 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 70); wannan binciken ya kasance ba tare da la'akari da jinsi da kuma ƙungiyar tsararraki ba. {{Sfn|Wink|Dillon|2002}} Sun bayyana ruhaniya a matsayin "binciken rayuwa na kai don ma'ana ta ƙarshe ta hanyar fahimtar tsarkin da aka tsara". {{Sfn|Wink|Dillon|2002}} Glicksman ya ba da shawarar cewa mutum ya yi taka tsantsan lokacin da yake fassara sakamakon bincike kan ruhaniya, yana mai nuna cewa ma'aunin ma'auni galibi ana karkatar da shi ne daga al'adun Furotesta waɗanda suka tsara al'adun yawancin Amurkawa. {{Sfn|Glicksman|2009}} Don haka, yayin da yake da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da yadda shekaru za su iya shafar addini da ruhaniya, yana da mahimmanci a ci gaba da bin hanyar da ta dace da al'adu daban-daban don fahimtar dangantakar mutum da addininsa da kuma yadda wasu bambance-bambancen al'adu za su iya shafar ta, kamar ƙasar asali, launin fata, da ƙabila. Bisa ga binciken da aka ambata a sama, a bayyane yake cewa addini da ruhaniya batutuwa ne masu dacewa ga tsofaffi amma waɗannan kalmomin za a iya fahimtar su daban-daban kuma suna da matakai daban-daban na mahimmanci ga mutane daban-daban. Dole ne ƙwararru su san wannan matakin bambancin yayin aiki tare da tsofaffi. == Matsayin iyawa da nakasa == Tsofaffin da ke tsufa da nakasassu wani rukuni ne na mutane daban-daban, tare da kimantawa na kimanin tsofaffi miliyan 12 zuwa 15 da ke tsufa da nakasassu tun suna ƙanana. {{Sfn|LaPlante|2014}} Yayin da ci gaban lafiya da zamantakewa ke ƙaruwa da inganta rayuwa da ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa, wannan adadin zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Waɗannan mutane na iya fuskantar ƙyama ta musamman da ta shafi tsarin tsufa. Ma'anar "tsufa mai nasara" da aka amince da ita sosai {{Sfn|Rowe|Kahn|1997}} ta haɗa da tsufa ba tare da nakasa ba a matsayin alamar irin wannan nasarar. Duk da haka, Romo da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da wani rukunin masu kula da tsofaffi masu nakasassu daban-daban na ƙabilu daban-daban kuma sun gano cewa duk da nakasassu, yawancinsu sun ji cewa suna tsufa cikin nasara. {{Sfn|Romo|Wallhagen|Yourman|Yeung|2013}} Irin waɗannan mutane galibi suna amfani da dabarun magance matsaloli daban-daban don rama duk wani canji a cikin aikin jiki. Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin tsofaffi, manufofin kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ke da nakasa suna jaddada rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun da hana ƙarin nakasa da rashin lafiya. Duk da haka, irin wannan kunkuntar jin "nasara" wanda ke hana nakasa na iya iyakance haɗaka da bambancin ra'ayi. Kamar sauran fannoni na bambancin jinsi da kuma gogewar wariya, fahimtar fahimtar mutum game da nasarar tsufa a cikin mahallin nakasa abu ne na mutum kuma yana iya bambanta tsakanin mutane. Tsarin fahimtar bambancin jinsi ya kamata ya yi ƙoƙari don haɗa kai don haka ya haɗa da nakasa/matsayin iyawa da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi "tsufa mai nasara", gami da daidaitawa da kuma jure duk wani ƙuntatawa na jiki. == Matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki == Matsayin tattalin arziki (SES) sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da ma'aunin samun kuɗi, ilimi, da aiki. SES na mutum yana shafar rayuwar mutum ta yau da kullun da damammaki, musamman waɗanda suka shafi ingancin rayuwa da kula da lafiya. Tsofaffi a Amurka suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi rauni a fannin tattalin arziki. Tun daga shekarar 2006, kusan kashi 10% na tsofaffi a Amurka sun rayu ƙasa da layin talauci. {{Sfn|U.S. Census Bureau|2006}} Rashin iya aiki, raguwar lafiya, da kuma rashin miji su ne kaɗan daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar SES na mutum yayin da yake da shekaru. Matsayin tsiraru na mata da ƙabila/ƙabila su ne ƙarin abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙarancin SES a cikin tsofaffi. Fleck ya ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi 23% na tsofaffin 'yan Afirka da 19% na tsofaffin 'yan Hispanik suna rayuwa cikin talauci; {{Sfn|Fleck|2008}} Lee da Shaw sun gano cewa mata kusan sun ninka waɗanda maza ke fama da talauci. {{Sfn|Lee|Shaw|2008}} Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa tsofaffi masu ƙarancin SES za su iya biyan kuɗin kulawa mara inganci ne kawai, idan ma da gaske, kuma adadin mace-mace ya fi yawa a cikin tsofaffi masu ƙarancin SES. {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2016}} Wannan ya shafi kula da lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa. Bugu da ƙari, tsofaffi masu ƙarancin ilimi da/ko waɗanda suka fito daga muhallin da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da baƙin ciki; waɗannan abubuwan haɗari kuma suna da alaƙa da yawan kamuwa da cutar Alzheimer da dementia. {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2016}} Yana da mahimmanci a san albarkatun tsofaffi ko abokin ciniki da salon rayuwa. Masu samar da kiwon lafiya da sauran ƙwararru da ke aiki tare da tsofaffi dole ne su san abin da al'ummarsu za ta iya bayarwa ga mutanen da suka tsufa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin SES. == Yanayin rayuwa a karkara da birane == A cewar Ƙungiyar Lafiyar Karkara ta Ƙasa (NRHA), tsofaffi sun ƙunshi babban kaso na al'ummar Amurkawa da ke karkara, inda kusan kashi 20% na tsofaffi ke zaune a yankunan da ba na birni ba. {{Sfn|Hartman|Weierbach|2013}} Yanayin rayuwa da damar aiki da dattawan karkara ke da shi yana shafar lafiyarsu a tsawon rayuwarsu. Bugu da ƙari, lafiyarsu tana fuskantar ƙarancin damar kulawa don rigakafi, gudanarwa, da kuma magance matsalolin lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa. Yana iya zama da wahala musamman ga tsofaffi da iyalansu idan suna fuskantar wahalar kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kuma ba su iya samar da nasu sufuri ba. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci kuma a ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da cikas ga harkokin kiwon lafiya da tsofaffi a yankunan karkara ke fuskanta. Wasu tsofaffin bincike ba su gano cewa tsofaffi a yankunan karkara suna fuskantar koma baya ba wajen amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da tsofaffi a birane. {{Sfn|Krout|1989}} {{Sfn|Blazer|Landerman|Fillenbaum|Horner|1995}} Duk da haka, an ambaci nisan da ake samu daga masu samar da ayyuka da wuraren kiwon lafiya a matsayin shingen da aka saba gani tsakanin tsoffin sojoji a yankunan karkara. {{Sfn|Buzza|Ono|Turvey|Wittrock|2011}} Duk da cewa ba matsala ce da ta kebanta da yankunan karkara ba, tsofaffi sun ambaci wahalar tafiya da rashin sufuri, da kuma araha wajen kulawa, a matsayin cikas mafi yawan da ake fuskanta wajen amfani da ayyukan tunani. {{Sfn|Gum|Iser|Petkus|2010}} Shingen sufuri ga samun damar kiwon lafiya na iya zama abin lura ga waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Syed|Gerber|Sharp|2013}} Telehealth (wanda kuma aka sani da telemedicine ; tare da ƙwarewa a fannin telepsychiatry, telemental health, da telenursing, don ambato kaɗan) hanya ce da masu samar da kiwon lafiya, masu bincike, da masu tsara manufofi ke ƙoƙarin rage nisan jiki da cikas masu alaƙa da shi a cikin isar da kiwon lafiya a yankunan karkara. Irin wannan samar da ayyukan ta hanyar sadarwa ana iya amfani da shi don bayar da kulawa lokacin da marasa lafiya suka daina motsi, ko kuma suna da cututtuka masu tsanani da ke buƙatar kulawa, ko kuma ba sa gida. == Asalin ƙasa/asalinsa == Yawan Amurkawa, manya da tsofaffi, na iya da'awar asalin ƙasar waje. Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta yi hasashen cewa nan da shekarar 2050, kusan ɗaya cikin biyar na Amurkawa za a haifa a ƙasashen waje. {{Sfn|Passel|Cohn|2008}} Batutuwan asali na ƙasa na iya yin tasiri ga batutuwan zama ɗan ƙasa ga wasu tsofaffi; na biyun yana ba da haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da na shari'a waɗanda ke hulɗa da ƙwarewar tsufa don haɗawa da samun damar kiwon lafiya (gami da Medicare a Amurka) da sauran shirye-shiryen jin daɗin zamantakewa da kuɗi (misali, Tsaron Jama'a ). Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayoyin al'adu na tsufa na iya siffanta ƙwarewar mutum ta tsufa sosai. Ko da kuwa ɗan ƙasa ne, tsofaffi masu bambancin asalin ƙasa na iya fuskantar tsarin tsufa daban-daban a Amurka idan aka kwatanta da ƙasarsu ta asali. Akwai bambancin da yawa wanda al'adu ke kusantar tsufa, rauni, da mutuwa. Ga wasu, girmama matasa yana nuna tsufa a matsayin tsari mai kunya kuma yana iya ba da gudummawa ga tsattsauran ra'ayin tsufa a Amurka da sauran ƙasashen Yammacin duniya. Duk da haka, duniya da ke ƙara zama a duniya tana buƙatar sake duba tsarin ka'idoji da ajandar bincike don fahimtar bambance-bambancen al'adu daban-daban a cikin halayen tsufa. {{Sfn|Löckenhoff|Lee|Buckner|Moreira|2015}} == Darussan aiki == Rahoton Kwamitin APA kan Tsufa {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2009}} ya bayar da shawarwari masu yawa don haɓaka ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban wajen aiki tare da tsofaffi. Ana kira ga likitocin asibiti, masu bincike, da sauran waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke hulɗa da tsofaffi su gane da kuma kawar da ra'ayin tsufa, duka a sana'a da kuma a kashin kansu. Babban abin da ke haifar da hakan shi ne gane shekaru a matsayin wani ɓangare na bambancin al'adu. Akwai matakai da yawa da za a iya fahimtar bambancin jinsi, farawa da abubuwan da suka shafi mutum ɗaya, da kuma faɗaɗa zuwa tsarin ƙungiya, cibiyoyi, siyasa, da zamantakewa. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Labarin da ke nan ya jaddada abubuwan da mutum ya fuskanta na rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da za a yi la'akari da su tare da amincewa da cewa tsufa yana faruwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa da siyasa. Ƙwarewar bambancin jinsi da al'adu daban-daban suma sun nuna cewa shekaru za su haɗu da sauran abubuwan bambancin, tare da bambancin ban mamaki tsakanin mutane. Fiye da duka, hanyar bambancin jinsi tana jaddada ƙarfin da ke fitowa daga bambancin al'adu. Samar da irin wannan tsarin al'adu daban-daban ga al'amuran tsufa tsari ne na ci gaba wanda ke farawa da ilimi da horo kuma yana tasowa a tsawon lokacin da mutum ke da ƙwarewa da gogewa ta musamman. Molinari ta ba da shawarar cewa damar ilimi da horo tare da tsofaffi su kasance a shirye tun daga makarantar sakandare da kwaleji. {{Sfn|Molinari|2011}} Akwai ƙarancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, gami da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da likitoci, waɗanda aka horar da su sosai don magance buƙatun tsofaffi. Saboda haka, wasu suna ba da shawarar horar da tsofaffi a matsayin babban ƙwarewa a shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu da na horo a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Abin lura shi ne, [[Gudanar da Lafiya da Ayyuka|Hukumar Albarkatun Lafiya da Ayyuka]] ta Amurka (HRSA) ta ware kuɗi don shirya masu samar da kiwon lafiya, gami da ma'aikatan jinya, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, da masana halayyar ɗan adam, don biyan buƙatun tsofaffi ta hanyar Shirin Inganta Ma'aikata na Gariatric. Abin lura shi ne, ci gaban mutum da ƙwarewarsa a fannin bambancin jinsi ya wuce iliminsa na yau da kullun. Molinari ta yi kira ga likitoci da masu bincike da su nemi damar koyo masu zaman kansu tare da mai da hankali kan al'adu daban-daban da kuma haɗa da tsofaffi. {{Sfn|Molinari|2011}} Ana ƙarfafa masu ba da sabis da masu tsara manufofi su samar da hanyoyin kula da lafiyar jiki da ta hankali ga tsofaffi, wataƙila a cikin yanayi daban-daban, kamar al'ummomin addini. Jagororin APA don Ayyukan Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam tare da Tsofaffi suna ba da shawara ga likitoci da su haɓaka jiyya bisa shaida da aka nuna suna da tasiri ga tsofaffi, kuma su nemi kulawa ko shawara kan irin waɗannan batutuwan aiki. {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2014}} A ƙarshe, daga mahangar tsarin, za a haɓaka hanyar geroverse zuwa aikin asibiti, bincike, da manufofi tare da bincike kan hanyoyin magani bisa shaida ga tsofaffi daban-daban, da kuma yaɗa irin wannan aikin don a ilmantar da jama'a game da cututtukan kwakwalwa na yau da kullun a cikin tsofaffi, wanda zai iya kawar da ƙyama. Tallafawa shirye-shiryen tarayya don horar da ma'aikatan lafiya a fannin ilimin gerontology, musamman tare da la'akari da al'adu daban-daban, da kuma ba da shawara don ƙara kuɗaɗen bincike a waɗannan fannoni, muhimmin mataki ne mai ci gaba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mchpybzdbhgerho5tlhtx0k7g655bfx 856714 856712 2026-06-14T09:59:00Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bambancin jinsi''' shine tsarin al'adu daban-daban don magance matsalolin tsufa. Wannan hanyar tana ba da tushe na ka'ida don maganin likita da tunani na tsofaffi a cikin mahallin muhalli wanda ya haɗa da asalin al'adunsu da gado, [[yanayin zamantakewa]], al'umma, tsarin iyali, da kuma manyan alaƙa. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Bambancin jinsi ya ƙunshi tsarin adalci na zamantakewa, wanda ke la'akari da yanayin zamantakewa da tarihi na gata da rashin daidaito. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Baya ga batutuwan tsufa, bambancin jinsi ya haɗa da launin fata, ƙabila, harshe, [[asalin jinsi]], matsayin zamantakewa na zamantakewa, ikon jiki ko nakasa, yanayin jima'i, matakin ilimi, ƙasar asali, wurin zama, da addini ko ruhaniya. Bambancin halittu ya ginu ne a kan fannin ilimin halittar jiki (geropsychology ), wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin tunani da ci gaba don fahimtar halayensu, motsin rai, fahimta, da kuma yanayin tsufa a cikin mahallin samar da kulawar asibiti ga tsofaffi. Manufar ita ce a haɓaka hanyoyin kimiyya masu ƙwarewa a al'ada don maganin tabin hankali da na likitanci ga tsofaffi. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Dangane da wannan hangen nesa, domin samar da kulawa mai kyau ga tsofaffi ta hanyar ɗabi'a da kimiyya, likitoci dole ne su san abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu a cikin amfani da kiwon lafiya, gami da amfani da kulawar lafiyar jiki da ta hankali. Bugu da ƙari, daga wannan hangen nesa, likitoci dole ne su ci gaba da aiki don inganta tushen ilimin al'adu daban-daban, ƙwarewarsu, da kuma ra'ayoyinsu game da bambancin al'adu. == Alƙaluma da halaye da za a yi la'akari da su a cikin tsofaffi == Ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da kuma kula da bambancin jinsi ya yi daidai da yanayin tsufa na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Tsofaffi sun ƙunshi kashi 14.5% na yawan jama'ar Amurka, waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 zuwa sama sun kai miliyan 46.2. {{Sfn|Administration on Aging|2016}} An yi wa lakabi da "Tsunami na Azurfa", wannan ɓangaren jama'a yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri, kuma Hukumar Kula da Tsufa tana tsammanin zai ninka zuwa mutane miliyan 98 a shekara ta 2060. Tsufa yana ba da haɗarin keɓewa na musamman saboda haɗuwar tsufa da sauran abubuwan da ba su da kyau. Fannin bambancin da aka tattauna a nan na iya haɗuwa da tsufa ta yadda zai haifar da "haɗari biyu". {{Sfn|Dowd|Bengston|1978}} Kwanan nan, an ba da kulawa ga waɗanda ke fuskantar "barazanar keɓewa sau uku" (misali, mata 'yan madigo tsofaffi). {{Sfn|Averett|Yoon|Jenkins|2011}} Kamar sauran ra'ayoyi na bambancin jinsi da keɓewa, tsufa da sauran masu canjin yanayin zamantakewa suna haɗuwa kuma suna haifar da ƙwarewa ta musamman ga kowane rukuni da mutum ɗaya. Ga wasu wurare da aka fi la'akari da su. == Jinsi da jinsi == Manyan mutane sun fi yiwuwa su zama mata. Mata sun fi maza rayuwa tsawon rai, don haka yawan tsofaffi, tare da kowace shekara a jere, mata ne ke mamaye su. {{Sfn|Administration on Aging|2016}} Sama da rabin (58%) na Amurkawa sama da shekaru 65 mata ne, adadin da ya karu zuwa kashi 69% sama da shekaru 85, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa kashi 80% sama da shekaru 100. {{Sfn|U.S. Census Bureau|2006}} Tsofaffi maza da mata kuma suna da buƙatu daban-daban na lafiya da tunani, da kuma bayanai daban-daban na haɗari da abubuwan kariya don kamuwa da cututtukan jiki da na hankali. Yawancin masu canji na halitta da na zamantakewa suna da alhakin waɗannan bambance-bambancen. Bambancin hormonal da na jiki na jinsi suna ba da gudummawa ga haɗari daban-daban na ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, amosanin gabbai, osteoporosis, ciwon suga, baƙin ciki, da hauka. Abubuwan muhalli da salon rayuwa, kamar barci, cin abinci, da motsa jiki, hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa, albarkatun tattalin arziki da damuwa, da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan tunani da nishaɗi, suma suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga lafiyar jiki da ta hankali, kuma ana bambanta su tsakanin tsofaffi maza da mata tsofaffi. Tsofaffi mata suna da yuwuwar samun ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa - wani abu da ke da alaƙa da ingantaccen lafiyar jiki da ta hankali. Tsofaffi mata daga wasu ƙasashe suna da saurin girma daban-daban fiye da tsofaffi maza. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Tsofaffi mata suma suna da yuwuwar rayuwa cikin talauci sau biyu fiye da tsofaffi maza. {{Sfn|Lee|Shaw|2008}} Ƙungiyoyin al'adu suna ba da matsayi da ƙima daban-daban ga mutane bisa ga jinsinsu. Mata a wasu ƙungiyoyin al'adu ba su da yuwuwar samun aiki, kuma suna da ƙarancin albarkatun tattalin arziki sakamakon haka. {{Sfn|Whitbourne|Whitbourne|2013}} Mata kuma suna da yuwuwar ɗaukar mafi yawan nauyin kula da 'yan uwa marasa lafiya da yara ƙanana. {{Sfn|Family Caregiver Alliance|2003}} == Kabila da ƙabila == Ƙungiyar Kula da Cututtukan Gaggawa ta Amurka (American Geriatrics Society) ta bayyana ilimin ƙabilanci a matsayin "tasirin ƙabila da al'adu kan lafiyar lafiyar tsofaffi". {{Sfn|American Geriatrics Society Ethnogeriatrics Committee|2016}} A shekarar 2015, fararen fata 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar Hispanic ba sun kai kimanin kashi 61.72% na yawan jama'ar Amurka, amma ana sa ran wannan kaso zai ragu zuwa kashi 43.65% nan da shekarar 2060. Wannan sauyin alƙaluma zai faru ne sakamakon ƙaruwar baƙin haure 'yan Asiya da Pacific da Latino/Hispanic. {{Sfn|U.S. Census Bureau|2015}} Duk da haka, ana sa ran tsofaffi 'yan Latino da Hispanic a matsayin rukuni za su ƙaru sosai, da kashi 155%. {{Sfn|Administration on Aging|2016}} Tsofaffi daga kabilu daban-daban suna cikin ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban, don haka suna iya samun matakai daban-daban na samun kulawa, imani daban-daban game da lafiya da tsufa, tsammanin daban-daban daga masu ba da kulawa, da hanyoyi daban-daban na isar da buƙatunsu. {{Sfn|Administration on Aging|2014}} Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan kabilu suna fuskantar barazanar [[Matsalar ƙarancin jama'a|damuwa iri-iri na ƙananan kabilu]] : wariyar launin fata, wariya, da kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage matsayin tattalin arziki, raguwar damar samun kulawa, da kuma rashin iko na tsari ga ƙananan kabilu da yawa a Amurka. Waɗannan abubuwan suna da babban tasiri ga raunin lafiya, haɗarin cututtukan kwakwalwa, da kuma mummunan hasashen gaba ɗaya. Mutane kuma na iya kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da ƙabilu daban-daban: tsofaffi na iya zama masu launin fata biyu ko kuma masu launin fata daban-daban, suna cikin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar ko waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, ko kuma baƙi ko 'ya'yan baƙi. {{Sfn|Kaplin|2014}} Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu daban-daban suna da raunin gado da al'adu daban-daban ga matsalolin lafiya da na tunani, waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa mai zurfi a al'ada. == tsirarun jinsi da na jinsi == 'Yan tsiraru na jinsi da jinsi ( [[Maɗigo|masu madigo]], 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, masu luwadi, masu transgender, da waɗanda ba su da jinsi) suna ƙaruwa a yawan tsofaffi, kuma ana sa ran yawan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin zai ƙaru sosai. {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2017}} An kiyasta cewa Amurkawa miliyan 1.5 sama da shekaru 65 sun bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, ko masu bisexual. {{Sfn|LGBT Aging Center|2010}} Saboda tsofaffi 'yan LGBT ba su da yuwuwar samun yara kuma sun fi zama marasa aure fiye da tsofaffi masu jinsi daban-daban, ƙarancin tallafin iyali da kulawa na dogon lokaci yana samuwa a gare su. {{Sfn|Coleman|Pandya|2002}} Tsofaffin LGBT kuma suna da ƙarancin inshorar lafiya, kuma suna tsoron wariya daga likitoci da cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Daga cikin tsofaffi 'yan LGBT, kashi 8.3% sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi daga mai kula da su saboda yanayin jima'i ko asalin jinsi. Masu kula da ƙwararru galibi ba su da horo kan buƙatun musamman na al'ummomin LGBT, kuma ana iya yin watsi da dattawan LGBT ko yin watsi da su ta hanyar shirye-shirye da yawa da suka shafi tsofaffi. {{Sfn|Behney|1994}} {{Sfn|Cahill|South|Spade|2000}} Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta bayar da wani labari mai ratsa zuciya game da "nuna wariya mai kaifi biyu" daga nuna wariya ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya wanda ke shafar ingancin kula da tsofaffi marasa lafiya na LGBT. {{Sfn|Clay|2014}} Bincike ya nuna cewa dattawan LGBT ba sa maraba da su a cibiyoyin tsofaffi da shirye-shiryen sa-kai ga tsofaffi, kuma galibi ana yin watsi da su a shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da aka tsara don tsofaffi. Haka kuma ana iya hana su gidaje masu zaman kansu, da kuma shiga gidajen kula da tsofaffi da al'ummomin ritaya bisa ga yanayin jima'i ko asalin jinsi. Ana iya ware su daga albarkatun zamantakewa da suka iya samu daga danginsu na nesa saboda wariya. Bugu da ƙari, har yanzu ana iya hana dattawan LGBT haƙƙin ziyara da yanke shawara kan ƙarshen rayuwa ga abokan hulɗarsu da ƙaunatattunsu ta asibitoci, {{Sfn|Carrington|2004}} duk da hukuncin daidaiton aure na 2015. == Asalin addini da/ko na ruhaniya == Manyan mutane sun fi shiga cikin ayyukan addini fiye da matasa. {{Sfn|Idler|2006}} Bengston, Putney, Silverstein, da Harris sun yi nazarin yanayin tsufa da yanayin tsararraki game da addini (wato [[Kiristanci]] da [[Yahudanci]] ) a Amurka. {{Sfn|Bengston|Putney|Silverstein|Harris|2015}} A ƙarshe, sakamakon ya nuna tasirin tsufa gabaɗaya tare da raguwar ƙarfin addini da ƙarfin imani. {{Sfn|Bengston|Putney|Silverstein|Harris|2015}} Bugu da ƙari, akwai tasirin tsararraki wanda ke nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban na Allah mai tauhidi bisa ga ƙungiyar tsararraki da kuma babban rabuwa tsakanin addini da ruhaniya a cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka haifa daga baya. {{Sfn|Bengston|Putney|Silverstein|Harris|2015}} A wani bincike mai tsawo, Wink da Dillon sun gano cewa manya sun ƙaru sosai a ruhaniya tsakanin ƙarshen tsakiyar shekaru (tsakiyar shekarun 50 zuwa farkon shekarun 60) da kuma tsufa (ƙarshen shekarun 60 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 70); wannan binciken ya kasance ba tare da la'akari da jinsi da kuma ƙungiyar tsararraki ba. {{Sfn|Wink|Dillon|2002}} Sun bayyana ruhaniya a matsayin "binciken rayuwa na kai don ma'ana ta ƙarshe ta hanyar fahimtar tsarkin da aka tsara". {{Sfn|Wink|Dillon|2002}} Glicksman ya ba da shawarar cewa mutum ya yi taka tsantsan lokacin da yake fassara sakamakon bincike kan ruhaniya, yana mai nuna cewa ma'aunin ma'auni galibi ana karkatar da shi ne daga al'adun Furotesta waɗanda suka tsara al'adun yawancin Amurkawa. {{Sfn|Glicksman|2009}} Don haka, yayin da yake da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da yadda shekaru za su iya shafar addini da ruhaniya, yana da mahimmanci a ci gaba da bin hanyar da ta dace da al'adu daban-daban don fahimtar dangantakar mutum da addininsa da kuma yadda wasu bambance-bambancen al'adu za su iya shafar ta, kamar ƙasar asali, launin fata, da ƙabila. Bisa ga binciken da aka ambata a sama, a bayyane yake cewa addini da ruhaniya batutuwa ne masu dacewa ga tsofaffi amma waɗannan kalmomin za a iya fahimtar su daban-daban kuma suna da matakai daban-daban na mahimmanci ga mutane daban-daban. Dole ne ƙwararru su san wannan matakin bambancin yayin aiki tare da tsofaffi. == Matsayin iyawa da nakasa == Tsofaffin da ke tsufa da nakasassu wani rukuni ne na mutane daban-daban, tare da kimantawa na kimanin tsofaffi miliyan 12 zuwa 15 da ke tsufa da nakasassu tun suna ƙanana. {{Sfn|LaPlante|2014}} Yayin da ci gaban lafiya da zamantakewa ke ƙaruwa da inganta rayuwa da ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa, wannan adadin zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Waɗannan mutane na iya fuskantar ƙyama ta musamman da ta shafi tsarin tsufa. Ma'anar "tsufa mai nasara" da aka amince da ita sosai {{Sfn|Rowe|Kahn|1997}} ta haɗa da tsufa ba tare da nakasa ba a matsayin alamar irin wannan nasarar. Duk da haka, Romo da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da wani rukunin masu kula da tsofaffi masu nakasassu daban-daban na ƙabilu daban-daban kuma sun gano cewa duk da nakasassu, yawancinsu sun ji cewa suna tsufa cikin nasara. {{Sfn|Romo|Wallhagen|Yourman|Yeung|2013}} Irin waɗannan mutane galibi suna amfani da dabarun magance matsaloli daban-daban don rama duk wani canji a cikin aikin jiki. Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin tsofaffi, manufofin kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ke da nakasa suna jaddada rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun da hana ƙarin nakasa da rashin lafiya. Duk da haka, irin wannan kunkuntar jin "nasara" wanda ke hana nakasa na iya iyakance haɗaka da bambancin ra'ayi. Kamar sauran fannoni na bambancin jinsi da kuma gogewar wariya, fahimtar fahimtar mutum game da nasarar tsufa a cikin mahallin nakasa abu ne na mutum kuma yana iya bambanta tsakanin mutane. Tsarin fahimtar bambancin jinsi ya kamata ya yi ƙoƙari don haɗa kai don haka ya haɗa da nakasa/matsayin iyawa da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi "tsufa mai nasara", gami da daidaitawa da kuma jure duk wani ƙuntatawa na jiki. == Matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki == Matsayin tattalin arziki (SES) sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da ma'aunin samun kuɗi, ilimi, da aiki. SES na mutum yana shafar rayuwar mutum ta yau da kullun da damammaki, musamman waɗanda suka shafi ingancin rayuwa da kula da lafiya. Tsofaffi a Amurka suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi rauni a fannin tattalin arziki. Tun daga shekarar 2006, kusan kashi 10% na tsofaffi a Amurka sun rayu ƙasa da layin talauci. {{Sfn|U.S. Census Bureau|2006}} Rashin iya aiki, raguwar lafiya, da kuma rashin miji su ne kaɗan daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar SES na mutum yayin da yake da shekaru. Matsayin tsiraru na mata da ƙabila/ƙabila su ne ƙarin abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙarancin SES a cikin tsofaffi. Fleck ya ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi 23% na tsofaffin 'yan Afirka da 19% na tsofaffin 'yan Hispanik suna rayuwa cikin talauci; {{Sfn|Fleck|2008}} Lee da Shaw sun gano cewa mata kusan sun ninka waɗanda maza ke fama da talauci. {{Sfn|Lee|Shaw|2008}} Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa tsofaffi masu ƙarancin SES za su iya biyan kuɗin kulawa mara inganci ne kawai, idan ma da gaske, kuma adadin mace-mace ya fi yawa a cikin tsofaffi masu ƙarancin SES. {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2016}} Wannan ya shafi kula da lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa. Bugu da ƙari, tsofaffi masu ƙarancin ilimi da/ko waɗanda suka fito daga muhallin da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da baƙin ciki; waɗannan abubuwan haɗari kuma suna da alaƙa da yawan kamuwa da cutar Alzheimer da dementia. {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2016}} Yana da mahimmanci a san albarkatun tsofaffi ko abokin ciniki da salon rayuwa. Masu samar da kiwon lafiya da sauran ƙwararru da ke aiki tare da tsofaffi dole ne su san abin da al'ummarsu za ta iya bayarwa ga mutanen da suka tsufa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin SES. == Yanayin rayuwa a karkara da birane == A cewar Ƙungiyar Lafiyar Karkara ta Ƙasa (NRHA), tsofaffi sun ƙunshi babban kaso na al'ummar Amurkawa da ke karkara, inda kusan kashi 20% na tsofaffi ke zaune a yankunan da ba na birni ba. {{Sfn|Hartman|Weierbach|2013}} Yanayin rayuwa da damar aiki da dattawan karkara ke da shi yana shafar lafiyarsu a tsawon rayuwarsu. Bugu da ƙari, lafiyarsu tana fuskantar ƙarancin damar kulawa don rigakafi, gudanarwa, da kuma magance matsalolin lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa. Yana iya zama da wahala musamman ga tsofaffi da iyalansu idan suna fuskantar wahalar kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kuma ba su iya samar da nasu sufuri ba. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci kuma a ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da cikas ga harkokin kiwon lafiya da tsofaffi a yankunan karkara ke fuskanta. Wasu tsofaffin bincike ba su gano cewa tsofaffi a yankunan karkara suna fuskantar koma baya ba wajen amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da tsofaffi a birane. {{Sfn|Krout|1989}} {{Sfn|Blazer|Landerman|Fillenbaum|Horner|1995}} Duk da haka, an ambaci nisan da ake samu daga masu samar da ayyuka da wuraren kiwon lafiya a matsayin shingen da aka saba gani tsakanin tsoffin sojoji a yankunan karkara. {{Sfn|Buzza|Ono|Turvey|Wittrock|2011}} Duk da cewa ba matsala ce da ta kebanta da yankunan karkara ba, tsofaffi sun ambaci wahalar tafiya da rashin sufuri, da kuma araha wajen kulawa, a matsayin cikas mafi yawan da ake fuskanta wajen amfani da ayyukan tunani. {{Sfn|Gum|Iser|Petkus|2010}} Shingen sufuri ga samun damar kiwon lafiya na iya zama abin lura ga waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Syed|Gerber|Sharp|2013}} Telehealth (wanda kuma aka sani da telemedicine ; tare da ƙwarewa a fannin telepsychiatry, telemental health, da telenursing, don ambato kaɗan) hanya ce da masu samar da kiwon lafiya, masu bincike, da masu tsara manufofi ke ƙoƙarin rage nisan jiki da cikas masu alaƙa da shi a cikin isar da kiwon lafiya a yankunan karkara. Irin wannan samar da ayyukan ta hanyar sadarwa ana iya amfani da shi don bayar da kulawa lokacin da marasa lafiya suka daina motsi, ko kuma suna da cututtuka masu tsanani da ke buƙatar kulawa, ko kuma ba sa gida. == Asalin ƙasa/asalinsa == Yawan Amurkawa, manya da tsofaffi, na iya da'awar asalin ƙasar waje. Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta yi hasashen cewa nan da shekarar 2050, kusan ɗaya cikin biyar na Amurkawa za a haifa a ƙasashen waje. {{Sfn|Passel|Cohn|2008}} Batutuwan asali na ƙasa na iya yin tasiri ga batutuwan zama ɗan ƙasa ga wasu tsofaffi; na biyun yana ba da haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da na shari'a waɗanda ke hulɗa da ƙwarewar tsufa don haɗawa da samun damar kiwon lafiya (gami da Medicare a Amurka) da sauran shirye-shiryen jin daɗin zamantakewa da kuɗi (misali, Tsaron Jama'a ). Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayoyin al'adu na tsufa na iya siffanta ƙwarewar mutum ta tsufa sosai. Ko da kuwa ɗan ƙasa ne, tsofaffi masu bambancin asalin ƙasa na iya fuskantar tsarin tsufa daban-daban a Amurka idan aka kwatanta da ƙasarsu ta asali. Akwai bambancin da yawa wanda al'adu ke kusantar tsufa, rauni, da mutuwa. Ga wasu, girmama matasa yana nuna tsufa a matsayin tsari mai kunya kuma yana iya ba da gudummawa ga tsattsauran ra'ayin tsufa a Amurka da sauran ƙasashen Yammacin duniya. Duk da haka, duniya da ke ƙara zama a duniya tana buƙatar sake duba tsarin ka'idoji da ajandar bincike don fahimtar bambance-bambancen al'adu daban-daban a cikin halayen tsufa. {{Sfn|Löckenhoff|Lee|Buckner|Moreira|2015}} == Darussan aiki == Rahoton Kwamitin APA kan Tsufa {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2009}} ya bayar da shawarwari masu yawa don haɓaka ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban wajen aiki tare da tsofaffi. Ana kira ga likitocin asibiti, masu bincike, da sauran waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke hulɗa da tsofaffi su gane da kuma kawar da ra'ayin tsufa, duka a sana'a da kuma a kashin kansu. Babban abin da ke haifar da hakan shi ne gane shekaru a matsayin wani ɓangare na bambancin al'adu. Akwai matakai da yawa da za a iya fahimtar bambancin jinsi, farawa da abubuwan da suka shafi mutum ɗaya, da kuma faɗaɗa zuwa tsarin ƙungiya, cibiyoyi, siyasa, da zamantakewa. {{Sfn|Iwasaki|Tazeau|Kimmel|Baker|2009}} Labarin da ke nan ya jaddada abubuwan da mutum ya fuskanta na rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da za a yi la'akari da su tare da amincewa da cewa tsufa yana faruwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa da siyasa. Ƙwarewar bambancin jinsi da al'adu daban-daban suma sun nuna cewa shekaru za su haɗu da sauran abubuwan bambancin, tare da bambancin ban mamaki tsakanin mutane. Fiye da duka, hanyar bambancin jinsi tana jaddada ƙarfin da ke fitowa daga bambancin al'adu. Samar da irin wannan tsarin al'adu daban-daban ga al'amuran tsufa tsari ne na ci gaba wanda ke farawa da ilimi da horo kuma yana tasowa a tsawon lokacin da mutum ke da ƙwarewa da gogewa ta musamman. Molinari ta ba da shawarar cewa damar ilimi da horo tare da tsofaffi su kasance a shirye tun daga makarantar sakandare da kwaleji. {{Sfn|Molinari|2011}} Akwai ƙarancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, gami da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da likitoci, waɗanda aka horar da su sosai don magance buƙatun tsofaffi. Saboda haka, wasu suna ba da shawarar horar da tsofaffi a matsayin babban ƙwarewa a shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu da na horo a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Abin lura shi ne, [[Gudanar da Lafiya da Ayyuka|Hukumar Albarkatun Lafiya da Ayyuka]] ta Amurka (HRSA) ta ware kuɗi don shirya masu samar da kiwon lafiya, gami da ma'aikatan jinya, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, da masana halayyar ɗan adam, don biyan buƙatun tsofaffi ta hanyar Shirin Inganta Ma'aikata na Gariatric. Abin lura shi ne, ci gaban mutum da ƙwarewarsa a fannin bambancin jinsi ya wuce iliminsa na yau da kullun. Molinari ta yi kira ga likitoci da masu bincike da su nemi damar koyo masu zaman kansu tare da mai da hankali kan al'adu daban-daban da kuma haɗa da tsofaffi. {{Sfn|Molinari|2011}} Ana ƙarfafa masu ba da sabis da masu tsara manufofi su samar da hanyoyin kula da lafiyar jiki da ta hankali ga tsofaffi, wataƙila a cikin yanayi daban-daban, kamar al'ummomin addini. Jagororin APA don Ayyukan Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam tare da Tsofaffi suna ba da shawara ga likitoci da su haɓaka jiyya bisa shaida da aka nuna suna da tasiri ga tsofaffi, kuma su nemi kulawa ko shawara kan irin waɗannan batutuwan aiki. {{Sfn|American Psychological Association|2014}} A ƙarshe, daga mahangar tsarin, za a haɓaka hanyar geroverse zuwa aikin asibiti, bincike, da manufofi tare da bincike kan hanyoyin magani bisa shaida ga tsofaffi daban-daban, da kuma yaɗa irin wannan aikin don a ilmantar da jama'a game da cututtukan kwakwalwa na yau da kullun a cikin tsofaffi, wanda zai iya kawar da ƙyama. Tallafawa shirye-shiryen tarayya don horar da ma'aikatan lafiya a fannin ilimin gerontology, musamman tare da la'akari da al'adu daban-daban, da kuma ba da shawara don ƙara kuɗaɗen bincike a waɗannan fannoni, muhimmin mataki ne mai ci gaba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] plxpw4kt2s35aatslbt6yiyzqmvo3mq 0 157356 856724 2026-06-14T10:02:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355677343|Aedes aegypti]]" 856724 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Aedes aegypti''''' (/ˈiːdiːαηδής<nowiki>''</nowiki> (<nowiki>{{grc-transl|αηδής}}</nowiki>)"},"3":{"wt":"unpleasant"},"4":{"wt":"la"},"5":{"wt":"<nowiki>{{wikt-lang|la|aegyptus|aegyptī}}</nowiki>"},"6":{"wt":"Egyptian"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwGQ" typeof="mw:Transclusion">from '">z<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/; US: /eɪdz -, ˈeɪdiːz -/; daga Tsohon Girkanci αηδής (aēds) 'marasa kyau' da aegyptī 'Masar') - wani lokacin ana kiransa '''[[sauro]] na Masar''', dengue, ko '''sauro mai launin rawaya''' - sauro ne wanda ke yada cututtuka kamar dengue zazzabi, da [[chikungunya]]. Ana iya gane sauro ta hanyar baƙar fata da fari a kan ƙafafunta alama a cikin nau'in [[Lyre]] a saman [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|kirji]]. Sauro asalinsa ne a arewacin Afirka, amma yanzu ya zama nau'in mamayewa na yau da kullun wanda ya bazu zuwa yankuna masu zafi, [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|subtropical]], da kuma yankuna masu [[Temperate climate|matsakaici]] a duk duniya.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}} == Ilimin halittu == [[Fayil:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|left|thumb|Maza (hagu) da mata (tsakiya da dama) Ae. Aikin E.''A. '' Goeldi, 1905]] ''Aedes aegypti'' yana da tsawon 4-to-7-millimetre ( in), [[sauro]] mai duhu wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyar fararen alamomi a kan ƙafafunsa da kuma alama nau'in Lyre a saman kirji. Mata sun fi maza girma. Microscopically mata suna da ƙananan palps da aka rufe da azurfa ko fararen sikelin, kuma antennae suna da gajeren gashi, yayin da na maza suna da fuka-fuki. ''Aedes aegypti'' za a iya rikitar da ''Aedes albopictus'' ba tare da gilashin girma ba: na ƙarshe suna da fararen layi a saman scutum.<ref name="ufl">{{Cite web |last=Zettel |first=Catherine |last2=Kaufman |first2=Phillip |date=2022-06-17 |orig-date=Originally published February 2009 |title=''Aedes aegypti'' (Linnaeus) |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu |publisher=Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension |id=EENY-434}}</ref>{{Convert|4|to|7|mm|in|-long}} Maza suna rayuwa daga 'ya'yan itace [1] kuma mace ce kawai ke cinye jini, wanda take buƙatar tsufa da ƙwai. Don samun mai karɓar bakuncin, tana janyo hankalin mahaɗan sunadarai da dabbobi masu shayarwa ke fitarwa, gami da ammoniya, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, da octenol.[2][3][4] Masana kimiyya a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) Hukumar Binciken Aikin Goma ta yi nazarin takamaiman tsarin sunadarai na octenol don fahimtar dalilin da ya sa wannan sinadarin ya jawo sauro ga mai masaukin sauro kuma ya gano cewa sauro yana da fifiko ga kwayoyin octenol "hannuwa na dama" (dextrorotatory).[5] Sha'awar cinye mutane ya dogara da bayyanar Mai karɓar ƙanshi AaegOr4. [6] Ana sa fararen ƙwai daban a cikin ruwa kuma nan da nan ya zama baƙi.[1] Magungunan da farko suna cin abinci a kan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, suna girma a cikin makonni ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin huɗu har sai sun kai matakin pupa.[7][1][8] Rayuwar wani babba Ae. ''Aegypti'' makonni biyu zuwa hudu ne dangane da yanayi, <ref name="ufl">{{Cite web |last=Zettel |first=Catherine |last2=Kaufman |first2=Phillip |date=2022-06-17 |orig-date=Originally published February 2009 |title=''Aedes aegypti'' (Linnaeus) |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu |publisher=Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension |id=EENY-434}}</ref> amma ƙwai na iya zama mai yiwuwa sama da shekara guda a cikin yanayin bushe, wanda ke ba da damar sauro ya sake fitowa bayan hunturu mai sanyi ko bushew''A.  &nbsp;'' === Masu masauki === Masu ba da gudummawa ga dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da dawakai na gida, da da Dawakai na daji da kuma dawakai gabaɗay''A.  &nbsp;''<ref name="Carpenter-et-al-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Simon |last2=Mellor |first2=Philip S. |last3=Fall |first3=Assane G. |last4=Garros |first4=Claire |last5=Venter |first5=Gert J. |date=2017-01-31 |title=African Horse Sickness Virus: History, Transmission, and Current Status |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=343–358 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035010 |issn=0066-4170 |pmid=28141961 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009 an gano tsuntsaye su ne mafi kyawun abinci ga Ae. aegypti tsakanin dukkan takardu.<ref name="Takken-Verhulst-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Takken |first=Willem |last2=Verhulst |first2=Niels O. |date=2013-01-07 |title=Host Preferences of Blood-Feeding Mosquitoes |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=433–453 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153618 |issn=0066-4170 |pmid=23020619}}</ref> == Rarraba == [[Fayil:Aedes2016US.png|thumb|A. Aikin sauro ''A. Aegypti'' a Amurka, 2016]] ''Aedes''A. Aegypti&nbsp;'''' ya samo asali ne a Afirka kuma ya bazu zuwa Sabon Duniya ta hanyar [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laurence Mousson |last2=Catherine Dauga |last3=Thomas Garrigues |last4=Francis Schaffner |last5=Marie Vazeille |last6=Anna-Bella Failloux |date=August 2005 |title=Phylogeography of ''Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti'' (L.) and ''Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus'' (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) based on mitochondrial DNA variations |journal=[[Genetics Research]] |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1017/S0016672305007627 |pmid=16181519 |doi-access=free}}</ref> amma yanzu ana samunsa a yankuna masu zafi, subtropical da temperate <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisen |first=L. |last2=Moore |first2=C. G. |year=2013 |title=''Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti'' in the Continental United States: A Vector at the Cool Margin of Its Geographic Range |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=467–478 |doi=10.1603/ME12245 |pmid=23802440 |s2cid=16922806 |doi-access=}}</ref> a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M. Womack |year=1993 |title=The yellow fever mosquito, ''Aedes aegypti'' |journal=Wing Beats |volume=5 |issue=4 |page=4}}</ref> A. Rarrabawar aegypti ta karu a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata a duk duniya, kuma an dauke shi daga cikin nau'ikan sauro da suka fi yaduwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |title=''Aedes aegypti'' |url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/vectors/mosquitoes/Pages/aedes-aegypti.aspx |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an gano yawan sauro masu iya Kwayar cutar Zika suna daidaitawa don ci gaba a yanayin zafi. An gano irin wannan yawan jama'a a wasu sassan [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], kuma shaidar kwayar halitta ta nuna cewa sun tsira aƙalla a cikin hunturu huɗu da suka gabata a yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken binciken ya lura, "...wasu nau'in sauro suna neman hanyoyin tsira a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da mafaka na karkashin kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarah Craig |last2=Brittany Collins |year=January 26, 2016 |title=Mosquitoes capable of carrying Zika virus found in Washington, D.C. |url=http://news.nd.edu/news/64004-mosquitos-capable-of-carrying-zika-virus-found-in-washington-dc/ |publisher=University of Notre Dame}}</ref> Yayin da yanayin duniya ya zama mai dumi, kewayon ''Aedes aegypti'' da nau'in da suka fi ƙarfin da suka samo asali a Asiya, sauro na tiger ''Aedes albopictus'', wanda zai iya fadada kewayonsa zuwa yanayin da ya fi sanyi, zai yaduwa ba tare da jinkiri ba zuwa arewa da kudu. Sadie Ryan na Jami'ar Florida ita ce marubuciya a cikin binciken 2019 wanda ya kiyasta rashin lafiyar jama'a a yankunan da a halin yanzu ba su da nau'ikan kaya watau, don Zika a Tsohon Duniya. Mawallafin Ryan, Colin Carlson na Jami'ar Georgetown ya ce, "Kaddamarwa da sauƙi, canjin yanayi zai kashe mutane da yawa. " Ya zuwa 2020, Gwamnatin Yankin Arewacin Australia da Majalisar Birnin Darwin sun ba da shawarar biranen wurare masu zafi su fara shirye-shiryen gyare-gyare don kawar da biranen su daga yiwuwar sauro da ke haifar da ruwan guguwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warchot |first=Allan |last2=Whelan |first2=Peter |last3=Brown |first3=John |last4=Vincent |first4=Tony |last5=Carter |first5=Jane |last6=Kurucz |first6=Nina |date=2020 |title=The Removal of Subterranean Stormwater Drain Sumps as Mosquito Breeding Sites in Darwin, Australia |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed5010009 |pmc=7157592 |pmid=31936813 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa hanzarta birni da motsi na ɗan adam za su ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar sauro na Aedes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kraemer |first=Moritz U. G. |last2=Reiner |first2=Robert C. |last3=Brady |first3=Oliver J. |last4=Messina |first4=Jane P. |last5=Gilbert |first5=Marius |last6=Pigott |first6=David M. |last7=Yi |first7=Dingdong |last8=Johnson |first8=Kimberly |last9=Earl |first9=Lucas |last10=Marczak |first10=Laurie B. |last11=Shirude |first11=Shreya |last12=Davis Weaver |first12=Nicole |last13=Bisanzio |first13=Donal |last14=Perkins |first14=T. Alex |last15=Lai |first15=Shengjie |date=4 March 2019 |title=Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors ''Aedes aegypti'' and ''Aedes albopictus'' |journal=Nature Microbiology |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=854–863 |doi=10.1038/s41564-019-0376-y |pmc=6522366 |pmid=30833735}}</ref> A nahiyar Turai, ba a kafa ''Aedes aegypti'' ba amma an samo shi a yankunan da ke kusa da Turai kamar yankin Asiya na [[Turkiyya]].<ref name="Jeannin2022" /> Koyaya, an sami samfurin mace guda ɗaya a [[Marseille]] (Kudancin Faransa) a cikin 2018. Dangane da binciken kwayar halitta da kuma nazarin motsi na jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci, ana iya gano asalin samfurin kamar yadda ya fito daga [[Kamaru]], a Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Jeannin2022">{{Cite journal |last=Jeannin |first=Charles |last2=Perrin |first2=Yvon |last3=Cornelie |first3=Sylvie |last4=Gloria-Soria |first4=Andrea |last5=Gauchet |first5=Jean-Daniel |last6=Robert |first6=Vincent |year=2022 |title=An alien in Marseille: investigations on a single ''Aedes aegypti'' mosquito likely introduced by a merchant ship from tropical Africa to Europe |journal=Parasite |volume=29 |page=42 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2022043 |pmc=9479680 |pmid=36111976 |s2cid=252309456 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yankin cututtuka == ''Aedes aegypti'' wani abu ne don watsa cututtuka da yawa. A cewar Walter Reed Biosystematics Units tun daga 2022, <ref name="wrbu">{{Cite web |last=Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU) |date=2021 |title=Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) |url=https://www.wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/mosquitoes/aegypti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311192234/https://wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/mosquitoes/aegypti |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.wrbu.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> yana da alaƙa da Kwayoyin cuta 54 masu zuwa da nau'ikan ''Plasmodium'' guda biyu: Kwayar cutar Ainouleni (AinoV), kwayar cutar doki ta Afirka (AHSV), kwawar cutar Bozo (BOZOV), kwayoyin cutar Bussuquara (BSQV), Kwayar cutar Bunyamwera (BUNV), kwayin cutar Catu (CATUV), Kwayar cutar Chikungunya (CHPV), kwaya kwayar cutar Cypov (ba), kwayar halitta (VVVV), kwajinjinjinjin (V), kwafin cutar YV), kwayancijin (VV), Kwayar cutar YVVV (MMMM), kwayaryar cutar Yurophecep (V), (V), KwayaV), kwacincincincin (V), GV), kwaYV), kwa (V), YVV), (MMVVV). Wannan sauro kuma yana yaduwar wasu Cututtukan dabbobi. A cikin 1952 Fenner et al., sun gano cewa yana watsa kwayar cutar myxoma tsakanin zomo <ref name="Babiuk-et-al-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Babiuk |first=S. |last2=Bowden |first2=T. R. |last3=Boyle |first3=D. B. |last4=Wallace |first4=D. B. |last5=Kitching |first5=R. P. |year=2008 |title=Capripoxviruses: An Emerging Worldwide Threat to Sheep, Goats and Cattle |journal=[[Transboundary and Emerging Diseases]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=263–272 |doi=10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x |issn=1865-1674 |pmid=18774991 |s2cid=20602452 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2001 Chihota et al., kwayar cutar fata mai laushi tsakanin [[Saniya|shanu]]. <ref name="Tuppurainen-Oura-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Tuppurainen |first=Eeva |last2=Oura |first2=Chris |year=2014 |title=Lumpy skin disease: an African cattle disease getting closer to the EU |journal=[[Veterinary Record]] |publisher=[[British Veterinary Association]] ([[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]) |volume=175 |issue=12 |pages=300–301 |doi=10.1136/vr.g5808 |issn=0042-4900 |pmid=25256729 |s2cid=10245575}}</ref> Sauro mai zazzabi na iya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar reticular cell sarcoma tsakanin Hamsters na Siriya.<ref name="banfield1965">{{Cite journal |last=Banfield |first=William G. |last2=Woke |first2=P. A. |last3=MacKay |first3=C. M. |last4=Cooper |first4=H. L. |date=28 May 1965 |title=Mosquito Transmission of a Reticulum Cell Sarcoma of Hamsters |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=148 |issue=3674 |pages=1239–1240 |bibcode=1965Sci...148.1239B |doi=10.1126/science.148.3674.1239 |pmid=14280009 |s2cid=12611674}}</ref> == Hanyoyin rigakafin cinyewa == Shafin matafiyi na Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin cutar kan hana zazzabin dengue yana ba da shawarar amfani da abubuwan hana sauro waɗanda ke dauke da DEET (N, N-diethylmetatoluamide, 20% zuwa 30%). Ya kuma ba da shawarar: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t4wjf8p809s480wd7bijyww70ug7wwq 856730 856724 2026-06-14T10:04:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Aedes aegypti''''' (/ˈiːdiːαηδής<nowiki>''</nowiki> (<nowiki>{{grc-transl|αηδής}}</nowiki>)"},"3":{"wt":"unpleasant"},"4":{"wt":"la"},"5":{"wt":"<nowiki>{{wikt-lang|la|aegyptus|aegyptī}}</nowiki>"},"6":{"wt":"Egyptian"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwGQ" typeof="mw:Transclusion">from '">z<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/; US: /eɪdz -, ˈeɪdiːz -/; daga Tsohon Girkanci αηδής (aēds) 'marasa kyau' da aegyptī 'Masar') - wani lokacin ana kiransa '''[[sauro]] na Masar''', dengue, ko '''sauro mai launin rawaya''' - sauro ne wanda ke yada cututtuka kamar dengue zazzabi, da [[chikungunya]]. Ana iya gane sauro ta hanyar baƙar fata da fari a kan ƙafafunta alama a cikin nau'in [[Lyre]] a saman [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|kirji]]. Sauro asalinsa ne a arewacin Afirka, amma yanzu ya zama nau'in mamayewa na yau da kullun wanda ya bazu zuwa yankuna masu zafi, [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|subtropical]], da kuma yankuna masu [[Temperate climate|matsakaici]] a duk duniya.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}} == Ilimin halittu == [[Fayil:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|left|thumb|Maza (hagu) da mata (tsakiya da dama) Ae. Aikin E.''A. '' Goeldi, 1905]] ''Aedes aegypti'' yana da tsawon 4-to-7-millimetre ( in), [[sauro]] mai duhu wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyar fararen alamomi a kan ƙafafunsa da kuma alama nau'in Lyre a saman kirji. Mata sun fi maza girma. Microscopically mata suna da ƙananan palps da aka rufe da azurfa ko fararen sikelin, kuma antennae suna da gajeren gashi, yayin da na maza suna da fuka-fuki. ''Aedes aegypti'' za a iya rikitar da ''Aedes albopictus'' ba tare da gilashin girma ba: na ƙarshe suna da fararen layi a saman scutum.<ref name="ufl">{{Cite web |last=Zettel |first=Catherine |last2=Kaufman |first2=Phillip |date=2022-06-17 |orig-date=Originally published February 2009 |title=''Aedes aegypti'' (Linnaeus) |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu |publisher=Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension |id=EENY-434}}</ref>{{Convert|4|to|7|mm|in|-long}} Maza suna rayuwa daga 'ya'yan itace [1] kuma mace ce kawai ke cinye jini, wanda take buƙatar tsufa da ƙwai. Don samun mai karɓar bakuncin, tana janyo hankalin mahaɗan sunadarai da dabbobi masu shayarwa ke fitarwa, gami da ammoniya, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, da octenol.[2][3][4] Masana kimiyya a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) Hukumar Binciken Aikin Goma ta yi nazarin takamaiman tsarin sunadarai na octenol don fahimtar dalilin da ya sa wannan sinadarin ya jawo sauro ga mai masaukin sauro kuma ya gano cewa sauro yana da fifiko ga kwayoyin octenol "hannuwa na dama" (dextrorotatory).[5] Sha'awar cinye mutane ya dogara da bayyanar Mai karɓar ƙanshi AaegOr4. [6] Ana sa fararen ƙwai daban a cikin ruwa kuma nan da nan ya zama baƙi.[1] Magungunan da farko suna cin abinci a kan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, suna girma a cikin makonni ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin huɗu har sai sun kai matakin pupa.[7][1][8] Rayuwar wani babba Ae. ''Aegypti'' makonni biyu zuwa hudu ne dangane da yanayi, <ref name="ufl">{{Cite web |last=Zettel |first=Catherine |last2=Kaufman |first2=Phillip |date=2022-06-17 |orig-date=Originally published February 2009 |title=''Aedes aegypti'' (Linnaeus) |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu |publisher=Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension |id=EENY-434}}</ref> amma ƙwai na iya zama mai yiwuwa sama da shekara guda a cikin yanayin bushe, wanda ke ba da damar sauro ya sake fitowa bayan hunturu mai sanyi ko bushew''A.  &nbsp;'' === Masu masauki === Masu ba da gudummawa ga dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da dawakai na gida, da da Dawakai na daji da kuma dawakai gabaɗay''A.  &nbsp;''<ref name="Carpenter-et-al-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Simon |last2=Mellor |first2=Philip S. |last3=Fall |first3=Assane G. |last4=Garros |first4=Claire |last5=Venter |first5=Gert J. |date=2017-01-31 |title=African Horse Sickness Virus: History, Transmission, and Current Status |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=343–358 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035010 |issn=0066-4170 |pmid=28141961 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009 an gano tsuntsaye su ne mafi kyawun abinci ga Ae. aegypti tsakanin dukkan takardu.<ref name="Takken-Verhulst-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Takken |first=Willem |last2=Verhulst |first2=Niels O. |date=2013-01-07 |title=Host Preferences of Blood-Feeding Mosquitoes |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=433–453 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153618 |issn=0066-4170 |pmid=23020619}}</ref> == Rarraba == [[Fayil:Aedes2016US.png|thumb|A. Aikin sauro ''A. Aegypti'' a Amurka, 2016]] ''Aedes''A. Aegypti&nbsp;'''' ya samo asali ne a Afirka kuma ya bazu zuwa Sabon Duniya ta hanyar [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laurence Mousson |last2=Catherine Dauga |last3=Thomas Garrigues |last4=Francis Schaffner |last5=Marie Vazeille |last6=Anna-Bella Failloux |date=August 2005 |title=Phylogeography of ''Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti'' (L.) and ''Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus'' (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) based on mitochondrial DNA variations |journal=[[Genetics Research]] |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1017/S0016672305007627 |pmid=16181519 |doi-access=free}}</ref> amma yanzu ana samunsa a yankuna masu zafi, subtropical da temperate <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisen |first=L. |last2=Moore |first2=C. G. |year=2013 |title=''Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti'' in the Continental United States: A Vector at the Cool Margin of Its Geographic Range |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=467–478 |doi=10.1603/ME12245 |pmid=23802440 |s2cid=16922806 |doi-access=}}</ref> a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M. Womack |year=1993 |title=The yellow fever mosquito, ''Aedes aegypti'' |journal=Wing Beats |volume=5 |issue=4 |page=4}}</ref> A. Rarrabawar aegypti ta karu a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata a duk duniya, kuma an dauke shi daga cikin nau'ikan sauro da suka fi yaduwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |title=''Aedes aegypti'' |url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/vectors/mosquitoes/Pages/aedes-aegypti.aspx |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an gano yawan sauro masu iya Kwayar cutar Zika suna daidaitawa don ci gaba a yanayin zafi. An gano irin wannan yawan jama'a a wasu sassan [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], kuma shaidar kwayar halitta ta nuna cewa sun tsira aƙalla a cikin hunturu huɗu da suka gabata a yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken binciken ya lura, "...wasu nau'in sauro suna neman hanyoyin tsira a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da mafaka na karkashin kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarah Craig |last2=Brittany Collins |year=January 26, 2016 |title=Mosquitoes capable of carrying Zika virus found in Washington, D.C. |url=http://news.nd.edu/news/64004-mosquitos-capable-of-carrying-zika-virus-found-in-washington-dc/ |publisher=University of Notre Dame}}</ref> Yayin da yanayin duniya ya zama mai dumi, kewayon ''Aedes aegypti'' da nau'in da suka fi ƙarfin da suka samo asali a Asiya, sauro na tiger ''Aedes albopictus'', wanda zai iya fadada kewayonsa zuwa yanayin da ya fi sanyi, zai yaduwa ba tare da jinkiri ba zuwa arewa da kudu. Sadie Ryan na Jami'ar Florida ita ce marubuciya a cikin binciken 2019 wanda ya kiyasta rashin lafiyar jama'a a yankunan da a halin yanzu ba su da nau'ikan kaya watau, don Zika a Tsohon Duniya. Mawallafin Ryan, Colin Carlson na Jami'ar Georgetown ya ce, "Kaddamarwa da sauƙi, canjin yanayi zai kashe mutane da yawa. " Ya zuwa 2020, Gwamnatin Yankin Arewacin Australia da Majalisar Birnin Darwin sun ba da shawarar biranen wurare masu zafi su fara shirye-shiryen gyare-gyare don kawar da biranen su daga yiwuwar sauro da ke haifar da ruwan guguwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warchot |first=Allan |last2=Whelan |first2=Peter |last3=Brown |first3=John |last4=Vincent |first4=Tony |last5=Carter |first5=Jane |last6=Kurucz |first6=Nina |date=2020 |title=The Removal of Subterranean Stormwater Drain Sumps as Mosquito Breeding Sites in Darwin, Australia |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed5010009 |pmc=7157592 |pmid=31936813 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa hanzarta birni da motsi na ɗan adam za su ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar sauro na Aedes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kraemer |first=Moritz U. G. |last2=Reiner |first2=Robert C. |last3=Brady |first3=Oliver J. |last4=Messina |first4=Jane P. |last5=Gilbert |first5=Marius |last6=Pigott |first6=David M. |last7=Yi |first7=Dingdong |last8=Johnson |first8=Kimberly |last9=Earl |first9=Lucas |last10=Marczak |first10=Laurie B. |last11=Shirude |first11=Shreya |last12=Davis Weaver |first12=Nicole |last13=Bisanzio |first13=Donal |last14=Perkins |first14=T. Alex |last15=Lai |first15=Shengjie |date=4 March 2019 |title=Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors ''Aedes aegypti'' and ''Aedes albopictus'' |journal=Nature Microbiology |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=854–863 |doi=10.1038/s41564-019-0376-y |pmc=6522366 |pmid=30833735}}</ref> A nahiyar Turai, ba a kafa ''Aedes aegypti'' ba amma an samo shi a yankunan da ke kusa da Turai kamar yankin Asiya na [[Turkiyya]].<ref name="Jeannin2022" /> Koyaya, an sami samfurin mace guda ɗaya a [[Marseille]] (Kudancin Faransa) a cikin 2018. Dangane da binciken kwayar halitta da kuma nazarin motsi na jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci, ana iya gano asalin samfurin kamar yadda ya fito daga [[Kamaru]], a Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Jeannin2022">{{Cite journal |last=Jeannin |first=Charles |last2=Perrin |first2=Yvon |last3=Cornelie |first3=Sylvie |last4=Gloria-Soria |first4=Andrea |last5=Gauchet |first5=Jean-Daniel |last6=Robert |first6=Vincent |year=2022 |title=An alien in Marseille: investigations on a single ''Aedes aegypti'' mosquito likely introduced by a merchant ship from tropical Africa to Europe |journal=Parasite |volume=29 |page=42 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2022043 |pmc=9479680 |pmid=36111976 |s2cid=252309456 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yankin cututtuka == ''Aedes aegypti'' wani abu ne don watsa cututtuka da yawa. A cewar Walter Reed Biosystematics Units tun daga 2022, <ref name="wrbu">{{Cite web |last=Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU) |date=2021 |title=Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) |url=https://www.wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/mosquitoes/aegypti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311192234/https://wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/mosquitoes/aegypti |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.wrbu.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> yana da alaƙa da Kwayoyin cuta 54 masu zuwa da nau'ikan ''Plasmodium'' guda biyu: Kwayar cutar Ainouleni (AinoV), kwayar cutar doki ta Afirka (AHSV), kwawar cutar Bozo (BOZOV), kwayoyin cutar Bussuquara (BSQV), Kwayar cutar Bunyamwera (BUNV), kwayin cutar Catu (CATUV), Kwayar cutar Chikungunya (CHPV), kwaya kwayar cutar Cypov (ba), kwayar halitta (VVVV), kwajinjinjinjin (V), kwafin cutar YV), kwayancijin (VV), Kwayar cutar YVVV (MMMM), kwayaryar cutar Yurophecep (V), (V), KwayaV), kwacincincincin (V), GV), kwaYV), kwa (V), YVV), (MMVVV). Wannan sauro kuma yana yaduwar wasu Cututtukan dabbobi. A cikin 1952 Fenner et al., sun gano cewa yana watsa kwayar cutar myxoma tsakanin zomo <ref name="Babiuk-et-al-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Babiuk |first=S. |last2=Bowden |first2=T. R. |last3=Boyle |first3=D. B. |last4=Wallace |first4=D. B. |last5=Kitching |first5=R. P. |year=2008 |title=Capripoxviruses: An Emerging Worldwide Threat to Sheep, Goats and Cattle |journal=[[Transboundary and Emerging Diseases]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=263–272 |doi=10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x |issn=1865-1674 |pmid=18774991 |s2cid=20602452 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2001 Chihota et al., kwayar cutar fata mai laushi tsakanin [[Saniya|shanu]]. <ref name="Tuppurainen-Oura-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Tuppurainen |first=Eeva |last2=Oura |first2=Chris |year=2014 |title=Lumpy skin disease: an African cattle disease getting closer to the EU |journal=[[Veterinary Record]] |publisher=[[British Veterinary Association]] ([[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]) |volume=175 |issue=12 |pages=300–301 |doi=10.1136/vr.g5808 |issn=0042-4900 |pmid=25256729 |s2cid=10245575}}</ref> Sauro mai zazzabi na iya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar reticular cell sarcoma tsakanin Hamsters na Siriya.<ref name="banfield1965">{{Cite journal |last=Banfield |first=William G. |last2=Woke |first2=P. A. |last3=MacKay |first3=C. M. |last4=Cooper |first4=H. L. |date=28 May 1965 |title=Mosquito Transmission of a Reticulum Cell Sarcoma of Hamsters |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=148 |issue=3674 |pages=1239–1240 |bibcode=1965Sci...148.1239B |doi=10.1126/science.148.3674.1239 |pmid=14280009 |s2cid=12611674}}</ref> == Hanyoyin rigakafin cinyewa == Shafin matafiyi na Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin cutar kan hana zazzabin dengue yana ba da shawarar amfani da abubuwan hana sauro waɗanda ke dauke da DEET (N, N-diethylmetatoluamide, 20% zuwa 30%). Ya kuma ba da shawarar: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pjyifpen9lsfkka8qo4sxp15yajwmh8 0 157357 856726 2026-06-14T10:03:33Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352918698|Games for Health]]" 856726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wasannin Bidiyo don Lafiya''' wasanni ne da ke da nufin ko dai ilmantarwa, haɓaka lafiya ko hana, gano ko magance [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtuka (na yau da kullun)]] . Waɗannan wasannin, waɗanda galibi ake ɗaukar su a matsayin wasanni masu tsanani, suna da nufin yin tasiri ga sakamakon lafiya ta hanyar ƙara ilimin mai amfani da canza halayensu ta hanyar wasa. Ana amfani da Nau'o'in Wasannin Lafiya da yawa a wuraren asibiti, shirye-shiryen lafiyar jama'a, da yanayin lafiyar mutum, don gyaran jiki da tunani. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Institute of Digital Media and Child Development Working Group on Games for Health |last2=Baranowski |first2=Tom |last3=Blumberg |first3=Fran |last4=Buday |first4=Richard |last5=DeSmet |first5=Ann |last6=Fiellin |first6=Lynn E. |last7=Green |first7=C. Shawn |last8=Kato |first8=Pamela M. |last9=Lu |first9=Amy Shirong |last10=Maloney |first10=Ann E. |last11=Mellecker |first11=Robin |last12=Morrill |first12=Brooke A. |last13=Peng |first13=Wei |last14=Shegog |first14=Ross |last15=Simons |first15=Monique |date=2016 |title=Games for Health for Children—Current Status and Needed Research |journal=Games for Health Journal |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1089/g4h.2015.0026 |issn=2161-783X |pmc=4770851 |pmid=26262772}}</ref> Waɗannan wasannin suna amfani da abubuwa kamar ƙa'idodi, manufofi, ƙalubale, da ra'ayoyi, waɗanda galibi ake samu a cikin wasannin nishaɗi, don jan hankalin mutane masu buƙatu na jiki da na hankali daban-daban, da kuma na shekaru daban-daban, a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi lafiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yue |last2=Wang |first2=Zhao |last3=Liu |first3=Guoqing |last4=Wang |first4=Zhangyi |last5=Wang |first5=Qinglong |last6=Yan |first6=Yishan |last7=Wang |first7=Jing |last8=Zhu |first8=Yue |last9=Gao |first9=Weijie |last10=Kan |first10=Xiangling |last11=Zhang |first11=Zhiguo |last12=Jia |first12=Lixia |last13=Pang |first13=Xiaoli |date=2022-06-10 |title=Application of Serious Games in Health Care: Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=10 |bibcode=2022FrPH...1096974W |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.896974 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=9231462 |pmid=35757619 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ma'anar kalma == Nau'in Wasannin Lafiya ya ƙunshi wasannin dijital waɗanda aka tsara da gangan don hana, magancewa, sarrafawa, da kuma ilmantarwa kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi lafiya. <ref name=":0" /> Waɗannan sun haɗa da wasanni masu mahimmanci, kwaikwayo, da manhajoji masu tsari waɗanda aka tsara tun daga matakin farko don la'akari da manufofin lafiya da lafiya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wattanasoontorn |first=Voravika |last2=Boada |first2=Imma |last3=García |first3=Rubén |last4=Sbert |first4=Mateu |date=2013 |title=Serious games for health |journal=Entertainment Computing |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=231–247 |doi=10.1016/j.entcom.2013.09.002 |issn=1875-9521}}</ref> Duk da cewa wasannin tsanani sun shafi dukkan nau'ikan wasanni ban da nishaɗi, kamar soja da ilimi, Wasannin Lafiya don amfani ne kawai a yanayin lafiya. <ref name=":1" /> Babban burin wasannin lafiya shine haɓaka canje-canje a halaye, inganta ƙwarewar motsa jiki da motsa jiki, da kuma samar da tallafi ga gyaran fahimta. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=From Games to Gains: The Benefits of Gamification for Health. {{!}} Kadence |url=https://kadence.com/knowledge/from-games-to-gains-the-benefits-of-gamification-for-health/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=kadence.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ba kamar wasannin nishaɗi ba, waɗanda galibi ke fifita nishaɗi da nishaɗi, Wasannin Lafiya galibi suna game da tasirin magani da gangan, waɗanda galibi ake haɓaka su tare da ra'ayoyi daga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don tabbatar da cewa an auna inganci daidai, kuma ba a hana ci gaba ba. <ref name=":2" /> === Ma'anar fannoni daban-daban === Fannin Wasannin Lafiya ya haɗa fannoni daban-daban kamar tsara wasanni da shirye-shirye, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na tsara wasanni tare da niyya da kwarin gwiwa daban-daban, ilimin likitanci don gyaran jiki da fahimta, da ilimin ilimi don inganta hanyoyin koyo. Saboda yanayin bambance-bambancen fannoni na waɗannan wasannin, ƙirar ƙarshe wasa ne wanda ba wai kawai yake da daɗi a yi wasa ba, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da yawan marasa lafiya da ke amfana daga waɗannan wasannin, amma kuma an haɗa shi cikin tsarin kula da marasa lafiya. <ref name=":3" /> Wani muhimmin ra'ayi da ake amfani da shi a Wasannin Lafiya shine ka'idar yanke shawara kan kai, wanda ke nuna cewa mutane suna da kwarin gwiwa lokacin da suke yin wasannin bidiyo lokacin da suka ji zaɓin kansu, ci gaba, da alaƙa da wasu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Richard M. |last2=Rigby |first2=C. Scott |last3=Przybylski |first3=Andrew |date=2006-12-12 |title=The Motivational Pull of Video Games: A Self-Determination Theory Approach |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8 |journal=Motivation and Emotion |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=344–360 |doi=10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8 |issn=0146-7239 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake jagorar likita ta nuna cewa Wasannin Lafiya dole ne su bi hanyoyin magani masu dacewa, wannan ka'idar tana tabbatar da cewa marasa lafiya sun ci gaba da sha'awar wasan ta hanyar jerin ƙalubale, ƙaruwar wahala da lada, da fasalulluka na zamantakewa don guje wa raba marasa lafiya. <ref name=":4" /> == Tarihi == An fara ƙera '''Wasannin Lafiya''' a matsayin kayan aiki don ilmantar da ɗalibai a fannin koyon aikin likitanci. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bigdeli |first=Shoaleh |last2=Kaufman |first2=David |date=2017 |title=Digital games in medical education: Key terms, concepts, and definitions |journal=Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran |volume=31 |pages=300–306 |doi=10.14196/mjiri.31.52 |issn=1016-1430 |pmc=5804455 |pmid=29445681}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan Wasannin da ake amfani da su a masana'antar lafiya shine na'urar kwaikwayo ta Harvey Cardiology, wacce aka haɓaka a shekarar 1968 a matsayin na'urar kwaikwayo ta jiki mai sauti don koya wa ɗaliban likitanci amfani da na'urar stethoscope don sauraron sautunan zuciya da gunaguni. <ref name=":5" /> Wannan na'urar kwaikwayo tana nuna farkon hulɗar dijital a masana'antar lafiya. <ref name=":5" /> A shekarun 1990, ci gaban fasahar wasannin bidiyo kamar CD-ROMs, ya kuma ba da damar ƙirƙirar wasannin da ake amfani da su a masana'antar Lafiya amma kuma ana tallata su ga masu sauraro masu yawa. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dance Dance Revolution |url=https://www.museumofplay.org/games/dance-dance-revolution/ |website=The Strong National Museum of Play |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, ''juyin juya halin rawa'' na Konami (wanda aka sani da ''Dancing Stage'' a Turai), wani wasan kwaikwayo na arcade ya shahara. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dance Dance Revolution |url=https://www.museumofplay.org/games/dance-dance-revolution/ |website=The Strong National Museum of Play |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.museumofplay.org/games/dance-dance-revolution/ "Dance Dance Revolution"]. ''The Strong National Museum of Play''.</cite></ref> Duk da cewa an fitar da shi a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo mai nishadantarwa, ya taimaka sosai wajen ƙarfi, daidaito, da kuma iyawa. <ref name=":6" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Cibiyar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta samar da kuɗi da tallafi ga wasannin bidiyo a masana'antar Lafiya. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} NIMHD |url=https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/about/history |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.nimhd.nih.gov}}</ref> Wannan sauyi ya halatta amfani da wasannin bidiyo don amfanin lafiya da lafiya. <ref name=":7" /> A farkon shekarun 2000, an shirya wasannin bidiyo don gyaran jiki da tunani ga marasa lafiya, da kuma horar da likitoci kan ilimin likitanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haoran |first=Gong |last2=Bazakidi |first2=Eleni |last3=Zary |first3=Nabil |date=August 2019 |title=Serious Games in Health Professions Education: Review of Trends and Learning Efficacy |journal=Yearbook of Medical Informatics |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=240–248 |doi=10.1055/s-0039-1677904 |issn=0943-4747 |pmc=6697512 |pmid=31022747}}</ref> Re-Mission, wani wasan bidiyo da HopeLab ta fitar a shekarar 2006, an tsara shi ne don marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar kansar yara. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://hopelab.org/history/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Hopelab |language=en}}</ref> Wasan ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin Pam Omidyar, wacce ta kafa HopeLab. <ref name=":8" /> Dangane da tarihinta a matsayin mai bincike a fannin Immunology, tana son ƙirƙirar wasan da zai taimaka wa matasa masu fama da cutar kansa su yaƙi cutar kansa da kuma ƙara koyo game da ganewar cutar ta hanyar jerin ƙalubale. <ref name=":8" /> Shekara guda bayan haka, a shekarar 2007, Nintendo ta fitar da Wii Fit, wanda ya taimaka wajen yaɗa wasannin motsa jiki ta hanyar motsa jiki kamar yoga da aerobics. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Wii Fit |url=https://www.nintendo.com/en-za/Games/Wii/Wii-Fit-283894.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Nintendo of Europe SE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Wasan ya ci gaba da sayar da na'urori sama da miliyan 22 a duk duniya wanda ya jawo hankalin jama'a game da wasannin lafiya bisa ga motsi da daidaito. <ref name=":9" /> Amfani da Wasannin Lafiya a cibiyoyin asibitoci da gwamnatoci ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa wannan masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Deloitte |date=2012-06-12 |title=The Serious Business of Games - WSJ |url=https://deloitte.wsj.com/cio/the-serious-business-of-games-01671162209 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 2010, saboda karuwar sha'awar jarin Venture, an yi hasashen cewa kasuwar wasanni ta kiwon lafiya za ta kai dala biliyan 5.67 nan da shekarar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=Healthcare Gamification Market Size, Share, Growth Analysis & Trends Report 2031 |url=https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/healthcare-gamification-market |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Mordor Intelligence |language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ikan wasanni == === An tallata shi ga marasa lafiya === ==== Wasannin gyaran tunani da fahimta ==== Wasannin Gyaran Jiki sune waɗanda aka tsara don taimaka wa marasa lafiya su murmure, su sake gina ƙwarewar da suka ɓace sakamakon matsalolin haihuwa ko haɗurra, da kuma kula da yanayi na yau da kullun. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=kjackson@professionalpt.com |date=2024-03-19 |title=Game Your Way to Recovery: Fun Games for Physical and Occupational Therapy |url=https://www.professionalpt.com/game-your-way-to-recovery-fun-games-for-physical-and-occupational-therapy-blog/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Professional Physical Therapy |language=en-US}}</ref> Da yawa za a iya keɓance su don daidaitawa da horar da hankali ko motsa jiki ga marasa lafiya. Misalin wannan shine amfani da wasannin bin diddigin hannu na VR wanda ke taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da farfadiya da waɗanda suka tsira daga bugun jini don yin motsa jiki kamar kama abubuwa, yayin da suke tabbatar da amincinsu na zahiri. <ref name=":10" /> Wasu daga cikin misalan sun haɗa da EndeavorRx, wanda wasa ne da ake amfani da shi ga yara masu fama da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]], ta hanyar horar da hankalinsu a hankali ta hanyar fallasa su ga ayyuka masu ƙalubale. Ƙungiyar likitocin jijiyoyi ne suka ƙirƙiro shi kuma saboda izinin hukuma daga [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]], dole ne ƙwararren likita ya rubuta shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ADHD Treatment For Kids {{!}} Digital Therapeutic Video Game for ADHD |url=https://www.endeavorrx.com/about-endeavorrx/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=EndeavorRx |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani nau'in wasannin da aka yi wa masana'antar Lafiya shine wasannin motsa jiki ko wasannin motsa jiki waɗanda wasanni ne da ke ƙarfafa motsa jiki. Wasannin motsa jiki suna amfani da na'urori masu auna motsi don ba wa 'yan wasa damar sarrafa ayyuka a cikin wasan ta hanyar tafiya, tsalle, rawa, ko kwaikwayon duk wani aikin motsa jiki. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Why You Should Give Exergaming a Try |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/exergaming |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, ana haɗa wasannin motsa jiki tare da wasu fasahohi kamar kekuna, ko injinan motsa jiki don sauƙaƙe motsi. <ref name=":11" /> === An tallata shi ga ɗaliban likitanci === Wasu wasannin lafiya an ƙera su musamman don horon likita da bincike. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Maosen |last2=Luo |first2=Yong |last3=Zhang |first3=Yu |last4=Xia |first4=Ruolan |last5=Qian |first5=Hong |last6=Zou |first6=Xiuhe |date=2023-03-03 |title=Game-based learning in medical education |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1113682X |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1113682 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=10020233 |pmid=36935696 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Suna ba da kwaikwaiyo waɗanda ke taimaka wa ɗalibai su yi aikin tiyata kamar tiyatar laparoscopic. Wasannin suna kwaikwayon ayyuka kuma suna taimakawa wajen daidaita hannu da ido, fahimtar zurfin fahimta, da kuma fahimtar ɗalibai game da tsarin aiki da lokaci. <ref name=":12" /> == Aikace-aikace == === Gyaran jiki === Wasannin Gyaran Jiki sune tsarin da ke amfani da tsarin motsa jiki don taimakawa wajen inganta daidaito, daidaito, aikin motsa jiki da ƙarfi. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Vieira |first=Catarina |last2=Ferreira da Silva Pais-Vieira |first2=Carla |last3=Novais |first3=João |last4=Perrotta |first4=André |date=2021-09-23 |title=Serious Game Design and Clinical Improvement in Physical Rehabilitation: Systematic Review |journal=JMIR Serious Games |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.2196/20066 |issn=2291-9279 |pmc=8498892 |pmid=34554102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sun bambanta da wasannin motsa jiki na kasuwanci saboda an haɓaka su tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya kuma galibi ana amfani da su a cikin shirye-shiryen magani da ake kulawa. <ref name=":13" /> Wasu daga cikin cututtukan jijiyoyi da tsoka da ake yi wa magani sune bugun jini, cutar Parkinson, raunin kashin baya, raunin kwakwalwa mai rauni, da rashin daidaituwa daga tsufa. <ref name=":13" /> Wasannin za su yi amfani da fasahar da ke bibiya, kamawa, da kuma nazarin motsi ta amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina da dandamali waɗanda ke da saurin matsi. <ref name=":13" /> Wasannin Gyaran Jiki galibi ana amfani da su ne a matsayin kayan aiki masu dacewa a cikin shirye-shiryen warkewa tunda galibi an tsara su ne don ƙara wa majiyyaci kwarin gwiwa da daidaito ga tsarin magani. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Vieira |first=Catarina |last2=Ferreira da Silva Pais-Vieira |first2=Carla |last3=Novais |first3=João |last4=Perrotta |first4=André |date=2021-09-23 |title=Serious Game Design and Clinical Improvement in Physical Rehabilitation: Systematic Review |journal=JMIR Serious Games |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.2196/20066 |issn=2291-9279 |pmc=8498892 |pmid=34554102 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVieiraFerreira_da_Silva_Pais-VieiraNovaisPerrotta2021">Vieira, Catarina; Ferreira da Silva Pais-Vieira, Carla; Novais, João; Perrotta, André (2021-09-23). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8498892 "Serious Game Design and Clinical Improvement in Physical Rehabilitation: Systematic Review"]. ''JMIR Serious Games''. '''9''' (3) e20066. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2196/20066|10.2196/20066]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-9279 2291-9279]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8498892 8498892]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34554102 34554102].</cite></ref> === Gyaran Jijiyoyi da Fahimta === Ana taimaka wa lafiyar kwakwalwa wajen murmurewa ta hanyar wasannin gyaran kwakwalwa da na jijiyoyi. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=admin_n3ur01utions |date=2023-11-14 |title=Gaming After Stroke |url=https://www.neurolutions.com/treatment/gaming-after-stroke/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Neurolutions |language=en-US}}</ref> Waɗannan nau'ikan wasanni suna taimakawa wajen tunawa, magance matsaloli, tsarawa, da kuma kulawa, kuma galibi ana amfani da su a wuraren kiwon lafiya don taimaka wa mutanen da rauni, rashin lafiya, ko duk wani nau'in koma baya na fahimta ya shafa. <ref name=":14" /> Wasu daga cikin ayyukan da ke cikin waɗannan wasannin sun haɗa da tunawa da tsare-tsare, sake tsara bayanai, da kuma auna motsin rai bisa ga alamun gani ko sauti. <ref name=":14" /> Saboda waɗannan wasannin sun dogara ne akan ayyuka masu maimaitawa, ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin su shine suna rikodin bayanan aiki akan lokaci, wanda ke taimaka wa likitoci da marasa lafiya su bi diddigin ci gaba. <ref name=":14" /> Idan aka yi la'akari da masu fama da bugun jini, bai kamata fasalulluka na wasan su haifar da damuwa, gundura, ko rashin bege game da duk wani yiwuwar murmurewa a nan gaba ba, kuma ya fi kyau idan sun yi kama da wasannin kasuwanci da majiyyaci ya buga kafin bugun. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=admin_n3ur01utions |date=2023-11-14 |title=Gaming After Stroke |url=https://www.neurolutions.com/treatment/gaming-after-stroke/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Neurolutions |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin_n3ur01utions2023">admin_n3ur01utions (2023-11-14). [https://www.neurolutions.com/treatment/gaming-after-stroke/ "Gaming After Stroke"]. ''Neurolutions''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref> Wasu daga cikin fasalulluka da ke sa masu fama da bugun jini su sami damar shiga Wasan Bidiyo sun haɗa da rufe taken rubutu, keɓance saurin wasa da wahala, bayyani na sauti, da kayan aikin da suka dace da ƙarfin jiki na marasa lafiya kamar su maɓalli. <ref name=":14" /> === Shige-shigen lafiyar kwakwalwa === Wasannin bidiyo na iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalolin damuwa, PTSD, baƙin ciki, da kuma a wasu lokuta tsoro. <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Kowal |first=Magdalena |last2=Conroy |first2=Eoin |last3=Ramsbottom |first3=Niall |last4=Smithies |first4=Tim |last5=Toth |first5=Adam |last6=Campbell |first6=Mark |date=2021-06-16 |title=Gaming Your Mental Health: A Narrative Review on Mitigating Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using Commercial Video Games |journal=JMIR Serious Games |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |doi=10.2196/26575 |issn=2291-9279 |pmc=8277305 |pmid=34132648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da aka fi amfani da su a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan wasanni shine maganin fallasa ; marasa lafiya suna fuskantar abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa a hankali a cikin yanayi mai aminci na kama-da-wane. <ref name=":15" /> Bugu da ƙari, a wasu tsarin ci gaba, ana amfani da na'urori masu auna bugun zuciya kamar na'urorin auna bugun zuciya don auna martanin damuwa. <ref name=":15" /> Wani bincike da aka yi a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ya nuna cewa wasan Tetris na iya taimakawa wajen rage tasirin tunanin rauni. <ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=Study shows that digital treatment with Tetris gameplay can dramatically reduce trauma memories {{!}} University of Oxford |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2026-02-19-study-shows-digital-treatment-tetris-gameplay-can-dramatically-reduce-trauma |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya kammala da cewa waɗanda ke yin Tetris bayan wani mummunan lamari, fiye da kowane irin abin da ke ɗauke da hankali, sun fi fuskantar mummunan samuwar tunanin kutse. [ <ref name=":16" /> Nasarar wannan ta dogara ne kacokan kan ƙarfin sarrafa visuospatial . <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Trés |first=Eduardo Sturzeneker |last2=Brucki |first2=Sonia Maria Dozzi |date=June 2014 |title=Visuospatial processing: A review from basic to current concepts |journal=Dementia & Neuropsychologia |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=175–181 |doi=10.1590/S1980-57642014DN82000014 |issn=1980-5764 |pmc=5619126 |pmid=29213900}}</ref> A takaice, sarrafa visuospatial samfuri ne wanda ke bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin alamun gani da ikon kwakwalwa na yin ayyuka da yawa. <ref name=":17" /> Saboda haka ta hanyar kunna Tetris, kwakwalwa ba za ta iya mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar hotuna masu rauni ba. <ref name=":17" /> Wannan yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su fuskanci ƙarancin tunawa duk da haka saboda hanyoyin gani da magana a cikin kwakwalwa an haɗa su daban, marasa lafiya har yanzu suna iya tunawa da cikakkun bayanai game da abin da ya faru ta baki. <ref name=":17" /> Wani wasa kuma shine REThink, wanda ake iya samu ta hanyar IOS. <ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |last=David |first=Oana A. |last2=Magurean |first2=Silvia |last3=Tomoiagă |first3=Cristina |date=2022-03-21 |title=Do Improvements in Therapeutic Game-Based Skills Transfer to Real Life Improvements in Children's Emotion-Regulation Abilities and Mental Health? A Pilot Study That Offers Preliminary Validity of the REThink In-game Performance Scoring |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.828481 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=8977605 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kayan aiki ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke taimakawa wajen daidaita motsin rai a cikin yara da matasa. <ref name=":25" /> Wasan yana da matakai 7, kuma kowane mataki yana ginawa don ƙarfafa ƙwarewar farin ciki. <ref name=":25" /> Bugu da ƙari, an gwada wasan a gwaje-gwajen asibiti da aka yi wa rijista a ƙarƙashin [https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04949620 ClinicalTrials.gov] . === Horar da likita da ƙwararru === Kwaikwayon dijital na iya taimaka wa ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su yi atisaye da inganta ƙwarewarsu ta fasaha. <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-28 |title=Video games are changing medical education |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/education/changemeded-initiative/video-games-are-changing-medical-education |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref> Manyan rukunoni guda biyu sune kwaikwayon tiyata, da kwaikwayon amsawar gaggawa. <ref name=":18" /> Kwaikwayon tiyata yana taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke koyon aikin likitanci su yi amfani da samfuran jiki waɗanda wani lokacin ake sanya musu martanin haptic, yayin da kwaikwayon amsawar gaggawa ke taimakawa wajen inganta lokacin amsawa da amsawa a cikin yanayi masu mahimmanci kamar kulawar rauni, da kuma martanin bala'i. <ref name=":18" /> Ɗaya daga cikin wasannin da aka fi amfani da su don horar da likitoci shine [https://virtualmedschool.com/abcdesim/ AbcdeSIM] . <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=VirtualMedSchool |title=abcdeSIM {{!}} VirtualMedSchool |url=https://virtualmedschool.com/abcdesim/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasannin suna kwaikwayon sashen gaggawa tare da marasa lafiya na kama-da-wane, kuma ana koya wa likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya su kula da su yayin da suke tattara maki a lokaci guda. <ref name=":19" /> === Lafiyar jama'a da ilimin rigakafi === Baya ga kula da marasa lafiya da horar da likitoci, ana iya amfani da wasannin bidiyo a fannin lafiyar jama'a da ilimin rigakafi. <ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last=Vanwinkelen |first=Käbi |last2=Spruyt |first2=Bram |last3=Smits |first3=Tim |date=2026-01-08 |title=Digital Interventions Targeting Healthy and Sustainable Eating Behavior: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |language=en |volume=28 |pages=e80821 |doi=10.2196/80821 |issn=1438-8871 |pmc=12782463 |pmid=41505650 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna wayar da kan jama'a a tsakanin jama'a maimakon mutanen da aka yi niyya, kuma gabaɗaya suna ƙarfafa halaye masu kyau na cin abinci, halayen shan taba, da motsa jiki ta hanyar amfani da ƙalubalen hulɗa. <ref name=":20" /> Bugu da ƙari, suna taimakawa wajen ilimin lafiyar jima'i musamman a kan batutuwa kamar yarda, hana haihuwa, da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da]] ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i, kuma a wasu lokuta suna da amfani fiye da duk wani shiri domin suna aiki a cikin yanayi mara kyau na wulakanci da hukunci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubio |first=Claudio |last2=Besoain |first2=Felipe |date=2025-01-15 |title=Pervasive Games for Sexual Health Promotion: Scoping Literature Review |journal=JMIR Serious Games |language=en |volume=13 |doi=10.2196/58912 |issn=2291-9279 |pmc=11780293 |pmid=39813670 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasannin Lafiyar Jama'a sun sami kulawa a lokacin barkewar cutar Covid-19 a shekarar 2020. <ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Public health students preparing for next pandemic {{!}} About |url=https://www.stir.ac.uk/news/2025/december-2025-news/public-health-students-preparing-for-next-pandemic/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=University of Stirling |language=en}}</ref> [https://dms.academy/public-policy-simulations/ Kwaikwayon Cutar Kwayar cuta ta DMS Academy] yana taimaka wa ɗalibai wajen shawo kan cutar a duniya ta hanyar la'akari da batutuwan ɗabi'a, matsin tattalin arziki, da kuma kula da marasa lafiya. <ref name=":21" /> === Kwaikwayon lafiyar muhalli da sarari === Ana iya kwaikwayon wasu mahalli ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa don taimaka wa mutane su ratsa waɗannan wurare. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=Ming-Chyi |last2=Lin |first2=Yuh-Ting |last3=Hsiao |first3=Chung-Yao |last4=Lai |first4=Chia-Hung |last5=Chen |first5=Chih-Jen |last6=Hu |first6=Chaur-Jong |last7=Chen |first7=Cheng-Yu |date=2025-12-04 |title=Using Virtual Reality to Assess Spatial Navigation Ability in Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Older Adults: Cross-Sectional Study |url=https://aging.jmir.org/2025/1/e75952 |journal=JMIR Aging |language=en |volume=8 |pages=e75952 |doi=10.2196/75952 |issn=2561-7605 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana da amfani musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon hauka domin galibi suna fama da ƙwaƙwalwa da kewayawa. <ref name=":22" /> Ƙirƙirar na'urar hangen nesa na iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ciwon hauka ta hanyar wuraren da suka saba da su lafiya, ko kuma taimaka wa masu bincike da masu gine-gine su tsara wurare da tsare-tsare masu sauƙin kewayawa. <ref name=":22" /> == Ka'idojin ƙira == Babban ƙa'idar ƙira a cikin Wasannin Lafiya shine canja wurin horo, wanda ke nufin cewa duk wani ƙwarewa da aka koya a wasannin bidiyo ya kamata ya yi aiki a rayuwa ta ainihi. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Koivisto |first=J.-M. |last2=Haavisto |first2=E. |last3=Niemi |first3=H. |last4=Haho |first4=P. |last5=Nylund |first5=S. |last6=Multisilta |first6=J. |date=January 2018 |title=Design principles for simulation games for learning clinical reasoning: A design-based research approach |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0260691717302423 |journal=Nurse Education Today |language=en |volume=60 |pages=114–120 |doi=10.1016/j.nedt.2017.10.002 |pmid=29096383 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dole ne masu kwaikwayon kwamfuta su mayar da martani da gaskiya ga masu amfani kuma dole ne su sa ido kan ci gaba don nuna canje-canje. <ref name=":23" /> Don yin hakan, wasu daga cikin fasalulluka na ƙira sune amsawa nan take, da ƙaruwar wahala a hankali. <ref name=":23" /> A asibiti, yana da mahimmanci a haskaka ba kawai ko wasa yana da tasiri don magani ba, har ma da dalilin da yasa yake da tasiri. Don gano daidai fasalin ƙira don Wasanni don lafiya, tsarin Sawyer da Smith tsari ne wanda ke taimakawa wajen rarraba wasanni ta hanyar yankinsu (aikin ƙwararru, na mutum, na ilimi, ko lafiyar jama'a). Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia, ya nuna jigogi iri ɗaya a duk Wasannin Bidiyo don Lafiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da halayen 'yan wasa kamar burin lafiya, da matsayin lafiya. Tsarin lafiya bisa ga cuta da matakin mahimmanci. Ci gaban duniya na wasa bisa ga zato, tambayoyi, lada, da bayar da labari. Tsarin wasanni gami da madauri mai mahimmanci, ra'ayoyi, ƙalubale, wuraren bincike, gudu, da tsare-tsare. Halayyar 'yan wasa kamar bincike, hulɗa, da kwarin gwiwa. Mahalli gami da tsari, wasan zamantakewa, da masu sauraro. kuma a ƙarshe sakamakon da zai yiwu kamar canje-canjen hali, tasiri, janye hankali, da tunani duk suna da alaƙa da ingancin Wasannin bidiyo don shirye-shiryen magani. <ref name=":26" /> == Suka da iyakoki == Wasannin Lafiya wani lokacin ba sa aiki iri ɗaya ga kowa, kuma yayin da wasu nazarin ke nuna sakamako mai kyau kamar samfurin Tetris don PTSD, wasu kuma suna nuna ƙananan ci gaba ne kawai. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Griffiths |first=Mark |date=2005-07-16 |title=Video games and health |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=331 |issue=7509 |pages=122–123 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7509.122 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=558687 |pmid=16020833}}</ref> Wani abin damuwa kuma shine a lokuta inda aka tsara zane-zanen kwaikwayo ba daidai ba, ƙila ba za a sami nasarar canja wurin horo zuwa rayuwa ta gaske ba. <ref name=":24" /> Bugu da ƙari, farashi da damar shiga suma na iya zama matsala, musamman tunda FDA ba ta riga ta ba da inshorar irin waɗannan jiyya ba. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Griffiths |first=Mark |date=2005-07-16 |title=Video games and health |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=331 |issue=7509 |pages=122–123 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7509.122 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=558687 |pmid=16020833}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths, Mark (2005-07-16). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC558687 "Video games and health"]. ''BMJ''. '''331''' (7509): <span class="nowrap">122–</span>123. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7509.122|10.1136/bmj.331.7509.122]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138 0959-8138]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC558687 558687]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16020833 16020833].</cite></ref> Saboda waɗannan dalilai, ana amfani da Wasannin Lafiya gabaɗaya don tallafawa kulawar lafiya da ake da ita kuma ba a yi nufin maye gurbin jiyya na gargajiya ba, da kuma ayyukan likitanci na gaske. <ref name=":24" /> == Misalan wasanni don lafiya == * Sake Aiki na 2: Fansar Nanobot ta HopeLab. Don Maganin Ciwon daji * Bronki the Bronchiosaurus ta Raya Systems. Domin Maganin Asthma * Bubble Rubble ta Playnormous. Don Motsa Jiki * Gonar Kaza ta Nobel Media. Don Abinci Mai Gina Jiki da Jin Daɗi * Launi ta Wasannin Persuasive. Don Lafiyar Hankali * Dex: Dabbar Dabbobi ta Jami'ar Georgia Regents. Don Ciwon Suga * Duniyar Dusar ƙanƙara ta Jami'ar Washington . Don kula da ciwo * Iraki ta hanyar Virtual ta hanyar mafi kyau. Don PTSD == Wasanni don Lafiya a cikin masana'antar == === Taron === Wasannin Lafiya kuma sunan jerin tarurrukan da aka samu ta hanyar tallafi daga Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Pioneer Portfolio. Wasannin Lafiya wani ɓangare ne na Shirin Wasannin Tsanani . Taron ya sami kulawar manema labarai saboda aikin da yake yi na nuna tasirin lafiya da bincike kan [[Wasan Bidiyo|wasannin bidiyo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Digital gamers target disease |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/may/11/digital-gamers-target-disease/ |access-date=2010-04-13 |publisher=[[The Washington Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Begley |first=Sharon |year=2008 |title=This Is Your Brain on a Videogame |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/134298 |access-date=2010-04-13 |publisher=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aubrey |first=Allison |year=2008 |title=Gaming Your Way to Fitness |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90448872 |access-date=2010-04-13 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qwvio5x4h2plapn2g6khun86rytyysg 856727 856726 2026-06-14T10:04:06Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wasannin Bidiyo don Lafiya''' wasanni ne da ke da nufin ko dai ilmantarwa, haɓaka lafiya ko hana, gano ko magance [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtuka (na yau da kullun)]] . Waɗannan wasannin, waɗanda galibi ake ɗaukar su a matsayin wasanni masu tsanani, suna da nufin yin tasiri ga sakamakon lafiya ta hanyar ƙara ilimin mai amfani da canza halayensu ta hanyar wasa. Ana amfani da Nau'o'in Wasannin Lafiya da yawa a wuraren asibiti, shirye-shiryen lafiyar jama'a, da yanayin lafiyar mutum, don gyaran jiki da tunani. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Institute of Digital Media and Child Development Working Group on Games for Health |last2=Baranowski |first2=Tom |last3=Blumberg |first3=Fran |last4=Buday |first4=Richard |last5=DeSmet |first5=Ann |last6=Fiellin |first6=Lynn E. |last7=Green |first7=C. Shawn |last8=Kato |first8=Pamela M. |last9=Lu |first9=Amy Shirong |last10=Maloney |first10=Ann E. |last11=Mellecker |first11=Robin |last12=Morrill |first12=Brooke A. |last13=Peng |first13=Wei |last14=Shegog |first14=Ross |last15=Simons |first15=Monique |date=2016 |title=Games for Health for Children—Current Status and Needed Research |journal=Games for Health Journal |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1089/g4h.2015.0026 |issn=2161-783X |pmc=4770851 |pmid=26262772}}</ref> Waɗannan wasannin suna amfani da abubuwa kamar ƙa'idodi, manufofi, ƙalubale, da ra'ayoyi, waɗanda galibi ake samu a cikin wasannin nishaɗi, don jan hankalin mutane masu buƙatu na jiki da na hankali daban-daban, da kuma na shekaru daban-daban, a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi lafiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yue |last2=Wang |first2=Zhao |last3=Liu |first3=Guoqing |last4=Wang |first4=Zhangyi |last5=Wang |first5=Qinglong |last6=Yan |first6=Yishan |last7=Wang |first7=Jing |last8=Zhu |first8=Yue |last9=Gao |first9=Weijie |last10=Kan |first10=Xiangling |last11=Zhang |first11=Zhiguo |last12=Jia |first12=Lixia |last13=Pang |first13=Xiaoli |date=2022-06-10 |title=Application of Serious Games in Health Care: Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=10 |bibcode=2022FrPH...1096974W |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.896974 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=9231462 |pmid=35757619 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ma'anar kalma == Nau'in Wasannin Lafiya ya ƙunshi wasannin dijital waɗanda aka tsara da gangan don hana, magancewa, sarrafawa, da kuma ilmantarwa kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi lafiya. <ref name=":0" /> Waɗannan sun haɗa da wasanni masu mahimmanci, kwaikwayo, da manhajoji masu tsari waɗanda aka tsara tun daga matakin farko don la'akari da manufofin lafiya da lafiya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wattanasoontorn |first=Voravika |last2=Boada |first2=Imma |last3=García |first3=Rubén |last4=Sbert |first4=Mateu |date=2013 |title=Serious games for health |journal=Entertainment Computing |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=231–247 |doi=10.1016/j.entcom.2013.09.002 |issn=1875-9521}}</ref> Duk da cewa wasannin tsanani sun shafi dukkan nau'ikan wasanni ban da nishaɗi, kamar soja da ilimi, Wasannin Lafiya don amfani ne kawai a yanayin lafiya. <ref name=":1" /> Babban burin wasannin lafiya shine haɓaka canje-canje a halaye, inganta ƙwarewar motsa jiki da motsa jiki, da kuma samar da tallafi ga gyaran fahimta. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=From Games to Gains: The Benefits of Gamification for Health. {{!}} Kadence |url=https://kadence.com/knowledge/from-games-to-gains-the-benefits-of-gamification-for-health/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=kadence.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ba kamar wasannin nishaɗi ba, waɗanda galibi ke fifita nishaɗi da nishaɗi, Wasannin Lafiya galibi suna game da tasirin magani da gangan, waɗanda galibi ake haɓaka su tare da ra'ayoyi daga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don tabbatar da cewa an auna inganci daidai, kuma ba a hana ci gaba ba. <ref name=":2" /> === Ma'anar fannoni daban-daban === Fannin Wasannin Lafiya ya haɗa fannoni daban-daban kamar tsara wasanni da shirye-shirye, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na tsara wasanni tare da niyya da kwarin gwiwa daban-daban, ilimin likitanci don gyaran jiki da fahimta, da ilimin ilimi don inganta hanyoyin koyo. Saboda yanayin bambance-bambancen fannoni na waɗannan wasannin, ƙirar ƙarshe wasa ne wanda ba wai kawai yake da daɗi a yi wasa ba, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da yawan marasa lafiya da ke amfana daga waɗannan wasannin, amma kuma an haɗa shi cikin tsarin kula da marasa lafiya. <ref name=":3" /> Wani muhimmin ra'ayi da ake amfani da shi a Wasannin Lafiya shine ka'idar yanke shawara kan kai, wanda ke nuna cewa mutane suna da kwarin gwiwa lokacin da suke yin wasannin bidiyo lokacin da suka ji zaɓin kansu, ci gaba, da alaƙa da wasu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Richard M. |last2=Rigby |first2=C. Scott |last3=Przybylski |first3=Andrew |date=2006-12-12 |title=The Motivational Pull of Video Games: A Self-Determination Theory Approach |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8 |journal=Motivation and Emotion |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=344–360 |doi=10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8 |issn=0146-7239 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake jagorar likita ta nuna cewa Wasannin Lafiya dole ne su bi hanyoyin magani masu dacewa, wannan ka'idar tana tabbatar da cewa marasa lafiya sun ci gaba da sha'awar wasan ta hanyar jerin ƙalubale, ƙaruwar wahala da lada, da fasalulluka na zamantakewa don guje wa raba marasa lafiya. <ref name=":4" /> == Tarihi == An fara ƙera '''Wasannin Lafiya''' a matsayin kayan aiki don ilmantar da ɗalibai a fannin koyon aikin likitanci. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bigdeli |first=Shoaleh |last2=Kaufman |first2=David |date=2017 |title=Digital games in medical education: Key terms, concepts, and definitions |journal=Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran |volume=31 |pages=300–306 |doi=10.14196/mjiri.31.52 |issn=1016-1430 |pmc=5804455 |pmid=29445681}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan Wasannin da ake amfani da su a masana'antar lafiya shine na'urar kwaikwayo ta Harvey Cardiology, wacce aka haɓaka a shekarar 1968 a matsayin na'urar kwaikwayo ta jiki mai sauti don koya wa ɗaliban likitanci amfani da na'urar stethoscope don sauraron sautunan zuciya da gunaguni. <ref name=":5" /> Wannan na'urar kwaikwayo tana nuna farkon hulɗar dijital a masana'antar lafiya. <ref name=":5" /> A shekarun 1990, ci gaban fasahar wasannin bidiyo kamar CD-ROMs, ya kuma ba da damar ƙirƙirar wasannin da ake amfani da su a masana'antar Lafiya amma kuma ana tallata su ga masu sauraro masu yawa. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dance Dance Revolution |url=https://www.museumofplay.org/games/dance-dance-revolution/ |website=The Strong National Museum of Play |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, ''juyin juya halin rawa'' na Konami (wanda aka sani da ''Dancing Stage'' a Turai), wani wasan kwaikwayo na arcade ya shahara. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dance Dance Revolution |url=https://www.museumofplay.org/games/dance-dance-revolution/ |website=The Strong National Museum of Play |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.museumofplay.org/games/dance-dance-revolution/ "Dance Dance Revolution"]. ''The Strong National Museum of Play''.</cite></ref> Duk da cewa an fitar da shi a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo mai nishadantarwa, ya taimaka sosai wajen ƙarfi, daidaito, da kuma iyawa. <ref name=":6" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Cibiyar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta samar da kuɗi da tallafi ga wasannin bidiyo a masana'antar Lafiya. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} NIMHD |url=https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/about/history |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.nimhd.nih.gov}}</ref> Wannan sauyi ya halatta amfani da wasannin bidiyo don amfanin lafiya da lafiya. <ref name=":7" /> A farkon shekarun 2000, an shirya wasannin bidiyo don gyaran jiki da tunani ga marasa lafiya, da kuma horar da likitoci kan ilimin likitanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haoran |first=Gong |last2=Bazakidi |first2=Eleni |last3=Zary |first3=Nabil |date=August 2019 |title=Serious Games in Health Professions Education: Review of Trends and Learning Efficacy |journal=Yearbook of Medical Informatics |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=240–248 |doi=10.1055/s-0039-1677904 |issn=0943-4747 |pmc=6697512 |pmid=31022747}}</ref> Re-Mission, wani wasan bidiyo da HopeLab ta fitar a shekarar 2006, an tsara shi ne don marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar kansar yara. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://hopelab.org/history/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Hopelab |language=en}}</ref> Wasan ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin Pam Omidyar, wacce ta kafa HopeLab. <ref name=":8" /> Dangane da tarihinta a matsayin mai bincike a fannin Immunology, tana son ƙirƙirar wasan da zai taimaka wa matasa masu fama da cutar kansa su yaƙi cutar kansa da kuma ƙara koyo game da ganewar cutar ta hanyar jerin ƙalubale. <ref name=":8" /> Shekara guda bayan haka, a shekarar 2007, Nintendo ta fitar da Wii Fit, wanda ya taimaka wajen yaɗa wasannin motsa jiki ta hanyar motsa jiki kamar yoga da aerobics. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Wii Fit |url=https://www.nintendo.com/en-za/Games/Wii/Wii-Fit-283894.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Nintendo of Europe SE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Wasan ya ci gaba da sayar da na'urori sama da miliyan 22 a duk duniya wanda ya jawo hankalin jama'a game da wasannin lafiya bisa ga motsi da daidaito. <ref name=":9" /> Amfani da Wasannin Lafiya a cibiyoyin asibitoci da gwamnatoci ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa wannan masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Deloitte |date=2012-06-12 |title=The Serious Business of Games - WSJ |url=https://deloitte.wsj.com/cio/the-serious-business-of-games-01671162209 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 2010, saboda karuwar sha'awar jarin Venture, an yi hasashen cewa kasuwar wasanni ta kiwon lafiya za ta kai dala biliyan 5.67 nan da shekarar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=Healthcare Gamification Market Size, Share, Growth Analysis & Trends Report 2031 |url=https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/healthcare-gamification-market |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Mordor Intelligence |language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ikan wasanni == === An tallata shi ga marasa lafiya === ==== Wasannin gyaran tunani da fahimta ==== Wasannin Gyaran Jiki sune waɗanda aka tsara don taimaka wa marasa lafiya su murmure, su sake gina ƙwarewar da suka ɓace sakamakon matsalolin haihuwa ko haɗurra, da kuma kula da yanayi na yau da kullun. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=kjackson@professionalpt.com |date=2024-03-19 |title=Game Your Way to Recovery: Fun Games for Physical and Occupational Therapy |url=https://www.professionalpt.com/game-your-way-to-recovery-fun-games-for-physical-and-occupational-therapy-blog/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Professional Physical Therapy |language=en-US}}</ref> Da yawa za a iya keɓance su don daidaitawa da horar da hankali ko motsa jiki ga marasa lafiya. Misalin wannan shine amfani da wasannin bin diddigin hannu na VR wanda ke taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da farfadiya da waɗanda suka tsira daga bugun jini don yin motsa jiki kamar kama abubuwa, yayin da suke tabbatar da amincinsu na zahiri. <ref name=":10" /> Wasu daga cikin misalan sun haɗa da EndeavorRx, wanda wasa ne da ake amfani da shi ga yara masu fama da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]], ta hanyar horar da hankalinsu a hankali ta hanyar fallasa su ga ayyuka masu ƙalubale. Ƙungiyar likitocin jijiyoyi ne suka ƙirƙiro shi kuma saboda izinin hukuma daga [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]], dole ne ƙwararren likita ya rubuta shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ADHD Treatment For Kids {{!}} Digital Therapeutic Video Game for ADHD |url=https://www.endeavorrx.com/about-endeavorrx/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=EndeavorRx |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani nau'in wasannin da aka yi wa masana'antar Lafiya shine wasannin motsa jiki ko wasannin motsa jiki waɗanda wasanni ne da ke ƙarfafa motsa jiki. Wasannin motsa jiki suna amfani da na'urori masu auna motsi don ba wa 'yan wasa damar sarrafa ayyuka a cikin wasan ta hanyar tafiya, tsalle, rawa, ko kwaikwayon duk wani aikin motsa jiki. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Why You Should Give Exergaming a Try |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/exergaming |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, ana haɗa wasannin motsa jiki tare da wasu fasahohi kamar kekuna, ko injinan motsa jiki don sauƙaƙe motsi. <ref name=":11" /> === An tallata shi ga ɗaliban likitanci === Wasu wasannin lafiya an ƙera su musamman don horon likita da bincike. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Maosen |last2=Luo |first2=Yong |last3=Zhang |first3=Yu |last4=Xia |first4=Ruolan |last5=Qian |first5=Hong |last6=Zou |first6=Xiuhe |date=2023-03-03 |title=Game-based learning in medical education |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1113682X |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1113682 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=10020233 |pmid=36935696 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Suna ba da kwaikwaiyo waɗanda ke taimaka wa ɗalibai su yi aikin tiyata kamar tiyatar laparoscopic. Wasannin suna kwaikwayon ayyuka kuma suna taimakawa wajen daidaita hannu da ido, fahimtar zurfin fahimta, da kuma fahimtar ɗalibai game da tsarin aiki da lokaci. <ref name=":12" /> == Aikace-aikace == === Gyaran jiki === Wasannin Gyaran Jiki sune tsarin da ke amfani da tsarin motsa jiki don taimakawa wajen inganta daidaito, daidaito, aikin motsa jiki da ƙarfi. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Vieira |first=Catarina |last2=Ferreira da Silva Pais-Vieira |first2=Carla |last3=Novais |first3=João |last4=Perrotta |first4=André |date=2021-09-23 |title=Serious Game Design and Clinical Improvement in Physical Rehabilitation: Systematic Review |journal=JMIR Serious Games |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.2196/20066 |issn=2291-9279 |pmc=8498892 |pmid=34554102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sun bambanta da wasannin motsa jiki na kasuwanci saboda an haɓaka su tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya kuma galibi ana amfani da su a cikin shirye-shiryen magani da ake kulawa. <ref name=":13" /> Wasu daga cikin cututtukan jijiyoyi da tsoka da ake yi wa magani sune bugun jini, cutar Parkinson, raunin kashin baya, raunin kwakwalwa mai rauni, da rashin daidaituwa daga tsufa. <ref name=":13" /> Wasannin za su yi amfani da fasahar da ke bibiya, kamawa, da kuma nazarin motsi ta amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina da dandamali waɗanda ke da saurin matsi. <ref name=":13" /> Wasannin Gyaran Jiki galibi ana amfani da su ne a matsayin kayan aiki masu dacewa a cikin shirye-shiryen warkewa tunda galibi an tsara su ne don ƙara wa majiyyaci kwarin gwiwa da daidaito ga tsarin magani. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Vieira |first=Catarina |last2=Ferreira da Silva Pais-Vieira |first2=Carla |last3=Novais |first3=João |last4=Perrotta |first4=André |date=2021-09-23 |title=Serious Game Design and Clinical Improvement in Physical Rehabilitation: Systematic Review |journal=JMIR Serious Games |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.2196/20066 |issn=2291-9279 |pmc=8498892 |pmid=34554102 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVieiraFerreira_da_Silva_Pais-VieiraNovaisPerrotta2021">Vieira, Catarina; Ferreira da Silva Pais-Vieira, Carla; Novais, João; Perrotta, André (2021-09-23). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8498892 "Serious Game Design and Clinical Improvement in Physical Rehabilitation: Systematic Review"]. ''JMIR Serious Games''. '''9''' (3) e20066. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2196/20066|10.2196/20066]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-9279 2291-9279]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8498892 8498892]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34554102 34554102].</cite></ref> === Gyaran Jijiyoyi da Fahimta === Ana taimaka wa lafiyar kwakwalwa wajen murmurewa ta hanyar wasannin gyaran kwakwalwa da na jijiyoyi. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=admin_n3ur01utions |date=2023-11-14 |title=Gaming After Stroke |url=https://www.neurolutions.com/treatment/gaming-after-stroke/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Neurolutions |language=en-US}}</ref> Waɗannan nau'ikan wasanni suna taimakawa wajen tunawa, magance matsaloli, tsarawa, da kuma kulawa, kuma galibi ana amfani da su a wuraren kiwon lafiya don taimaka wa mutanen da rauni, rashin lafiya, ko duk wani nau'in koma baya na fahimta ya shafa. <ref name=":14" /> Wasu daga cikin ayyukan da ke cikin waɗannan wasannin sun haɗa da tunawa da tsare-tsare, sake tsara bayanai, da kuma auna motsin rai bisa ga alamun gani ko sauti. <ref name=":14" /> Saboda waɗannan wasannin sun dogara ne akan ayyuka masu maimaitawa, ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin su shine suna rikodin bayanan aiki akan lokaci, wanda ke taimaka wa likitoci da marasa lafiya su bi diddigin ci gaba. <ref name=":14" /> Idan aka yi la'akari da masu fama da bugun jini, bai kamata fasalulluka na wasan su haifar da damuwa, gundura, ko rashin bege game da duk wani yiwuwar murmurewa a nan gaba ba, kuma ya fi kyau idan sun yi kama da wasannin kasuwanci da majiyyaci ya buga kafin bugun. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=admin_n3ur01utions |date=2023-11-14 |title=Gaming After Stroke |url=https://www.neurolutions.com/treatment/gaming-after-stroke/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Neurolutions |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin_n3ur01utions2023">admin_n3ur01utions (2023-11-14). [https://www.neurolutions.com/treatment/gaming-after-stroke/ "Gaming After Stroke"]. ''Neurolutions''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref> Wasu daga cikin fasalulluka da ke sa masu fama da bugun jini su sami damar shiga Wasan Bidiyo sun haɗa da rufe taken rubutu, keɓance saurin wasa da wahala, bayyani na sauti, da kayan aikin da suka dace da ƙarfin jiki na marasa lafiya kamar su maɓalli. <ref name=":14" /> === Shige-shigen lafiyar kwakwalwa === Wasannin bidiyo na iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalolin damuwa, PTSD, baƙin ciki, da kuma a wasu lokuta tsoro. <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Kowal |first=Magdalena |last2=Conroy |first2=Eoin |last3=Ramsbottom |first3=Niall |last4=Smithies |first4=Tim |last5=Toth |first5=Adam |last6=Campbell |first6=Mark |date=2021-06-16 |title=Gaming Your Mental Health: A Narrative Review on Mitigating Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using Commercial Video Games |journal=JMIR Serious Games |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |doi=10.2196/26575 |issn=2291-9279 |pmc=8277305 |pmid=34132648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da aka fi amfani da su a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan wasanni shine maganin fallasa ; marasa lafiya suna fuskantar abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa a hankali a cikin yanayi mai aminci na kama-da-wane. <ref name=":15" /> Bugu da ƙari, a wasu tsarin ci gaba, ana amfani da na'urori masu auna bugun zuciya kamar na'urorin auna bugun zuciya don auna martanin damuwa. <ref name=":15" /> Wani bincike da aka yi a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ya nuna cewa wasan Tetris na iya taimakawa wajen rage tasirin tunanin rauni. <ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=Study shows that digital treatment with Tetris gameplay can dramatically reduce trauma memories {{!}} University of Oxford |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2026-02-19-study-shows-digital-treatment-tetris-gameplay-can-dramatically-reduce-trauma |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya kammala da cewa waɗanda ke yin Tetris bayan wani mummunan lamari, fiye da kowane irin abin da ke ɗauke da hankali, sun fi fuskantar mummunan samuwar tunanin kutse. [ <ref name=":16" /> Nasarar wannan ta dogara ne kacokan kan ƙarfin sarrafa visuospatial . <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Trés |first=Eduardo Sturzeneker |last2=Brucki |first2=Sonia Maria Dozzi |date=June 2014 |title=Visuospatial processing: A review from basic to current concepts |journal=Dementia & Neuropsychologia |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=175–181 |doi=10.1590/S1980-57642014DN82000014 |issn=1980-5764 |pmc=5619126 |pmid=29213900}}</ref> A takaice, sarrafa visuospatial samfuri ne wanda ke bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin alamun gani da ikon kwakwalwa na yin ayyuka da yawa. <ref name=":17" /> Saboda haka ta hanyar kunna Tetris, kwakwalwa ba za ta iya mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar hotuna masu rauni ba. <ref name=":17" /> Wannan yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su fuskanci ƙarancin tunawa duk da haka saboda hanyoyin gani da magana a cikin kwakwalwa an haɗa su daban, marasa lafiya har yanzu suna iya tunawa da cikakkun bayanai game da abin da ya faru ta baki. <ref name=":17" /> Wani wasa kuma shine REThink, wanda ake iya samu ta hanyar IOS. <ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |last=David |first=Oana A. |last2=Magurean |first2=Silvia |last3=Tomoiagă |first3=Cristina |date=2022-03-21 |title=Do Improvements in Therapeutic Game-Based Skills Transfer to Real Life Improvements in Children's Emotion-Regulation Abilities and Mental Health? A Pilot Study That Offers Preliminary Validity of the REThink In-game Performance Scoring |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.828481 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=8977605 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kayan aiki ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke taimakawa wajen daidaita motsin rai a cikin yara da matasa. <ref name=":25" /> Wasan yana da matakai 7, kuma kowane mataki yana ginawa don ƙarfafa ƙwarewar farin ciki. <ref name=":25" /> Bugu da ƙari, an gwada wasan a gwaje-gwajen asibiti da aka yi wa rijista a ƙarƙashin [https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04949620 ClinicalTrials.gov] . === Horar da likita da ƙwararru === Kwaikwayon dijital na iya taimaka wa ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su yi atisaye da inganta ƙwarewarsu ta fasaha. <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-28 |title=Video games are changing medical education |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/education/changemeded-initiative/video-games-are-changing-medical-education |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref> Manyan rukunoni guda biyu sune kwaikwayon tiyata, da kwaikwayon amsawar gaggawa. <ref name=":18" /> Kwaikwayon tiyata yana taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke koyon aikin likitanci su yi amfani da samfuran jiki waɗanda wani lokacin ake sanya musu martanin haptic, yayin da kwaikwayon amsawar gaggawa ke taimakawa wajen inganta lokacin amsawa da amsawa a cikin yanayi masu mahimmanci kamar kulawar rauni, da kuma martanin bala'i. <ref name=":18" /> Ɗaya daga cikin wasannin da aka fi amfani da su don horar da likitoci shine [https://virtualmedschool.com/abcdesim/ AbcdeSIM] . <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=VirtualMedSchool |title=abcdeSIM {{!}} VirtualMedSchool |url=https://virtualmedschool.com/abcdesim/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasannin suna kwaikwayon sashen gaggawa tare da marasa lafiya na kama-da-wane, kuma ana koya wa likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya su kula da su yayin da suke tattara maki a lokaci guda. <ref name=":19" /> === Lafiyar jama'a da ilimin rigakafi === Baya ga kula da marasa lafiya da horar da likitoci, ana iya amfani da wasannin bidiyo a fannin lafiyar jama'a da ilimin rigakafi. <ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last=Vanwinkelen |first=Käbi |last2=Spruyt |first2=Bram |last3=Smits |first3=Tim |date=2026-01-08 |title=Digital Interventions Targeting Healthy and Sustainable Eating Behavior: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |language=en |volume=28 |pages=e80821 |doi=10.2196/80821 |issn=1438-8871 |pmc=12782463 |pmid=41505650 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna wayar da kan jama'a a tsakanin jama'a maimakon mutanen da aka yi niyya, kuma gabaɗaya suna ƙarfafa halaye masu kyau na cin abinci, halayen shan taba, da motsa jiki ta hanyar amfani da ƙalubalen hulɗa. <ref name=":20" /> Bugu da ƙari, suna taimakawa wajen ilimin lafiyar jima'i musamman a kan batutuwa kamar yarda, hana haihuwa, da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da]] ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i, kuma a wasu lokuta suna da amfani fiye da duk wani shiri domin suna aiki a cikin yanayi mara kyau na wulakanci da hukunci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubio |first=Claudio |last2=Besoain |first2=Felipe |date=2025-01-15 |title=Pervasive Games for Sexual Health Promotion: Scoping Literature Review |journal=JMIR Serious Games |language=en |volume=13 |doi=10.2196/58912 |issn=2291-9279 |pmc=11780293 |pmid=39813670 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasannin Lafiyar Jama'a sun sami kulawa a lokacin barkewar cutar Covid-19 a shekarar 2020. <ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Public health students preparing for next pandemic {{!}} About |url=https://www.stir.ac.uk/news/2025/december-2025-news/public-health-students-preparing-for-next-pandemic/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=University of Stirling |language=en}}</ref> [https://dms.academy/public-policy-simulations/ Kwaikwayon Cutar Kwayar cuta ta DMS Academy] yana taimaka wa ɗalibai wajen shawo kan cutar a duniya ta hanyar la'akari da batutuwan ɗabi'a, matsin tattalin arziki, da kuma kula da marasa lafiya. <ref name=":21" /> === Kwaikwayon lafiyar muhalli da sarari === Ana iya kwaikwayon wasu mahalli ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa don taimaka wa mutane su ratsa waɗannan wurare. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=Ming-Chyi |last2=Lin |first2=Yuh-Ting |last3=Hsiao |first3=Chung-Yao |last4=Lai |first4=Chia-Hung |last5=Chen |first5=Chih-Jen |last6=Hu |first6=Chaur-Jong |last7=Chen |first7=Cheng-Yu |date=2025-12-04 |title=Using Virtual Reality to Assess Spatial Navigation Ability in Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Older Adults: Cross-Sectional Study |url=https://aging.jmir.org/2025/1/e75952 |journal=JMIR Aging |language=en |volume=8 |pages=e75952 |doi=10.2196/75952 |issn=2561-7605 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana da amfani musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon hauka domin galibi suna fama da ƙwaƙwalwa da kewayawa. <ref name=":22" /> Ƙirƙirar na'urar hangen nesa na iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ciwon hauka ta hanyar wuraren da suka saba da su lafiya, ko kuma taimaka wa masu bincike da masu gine-gine su tsara wurare da tsare-tsare masu sauƙin kewayawa. <ref name=":22" /> == Ka'idojin ƙira == Babban ƙa'idar ƙira a cikin Wasannin Lafiya shine canja wurin horo, wanda ke nufin cewa duk wani ƙwarewa da aka koya a wasannin bidiyo ya kamata ya yi aiki a rayuwa ta ainihi. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Koivisto |first=J.-M. |last2=Haavisto |first2=E. |last3=Niemi |first3=H. |last4=Haho |first4=P. |last5=Nylund |first5=S. |last6=Multisilta |first6=J. |date=January 2018 |title=Design principles for simulation games for learning clinical reasoning: A design-based research approach |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0260691717302423 |journal=Nurse Education Today |language=en |volume=60 |pages=114–120 |doi=10.1016/j.nedt.2017.10.002 |pmid=29096383 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dole ne masu kwaikwayon kwamfuta su mayar da martani da gaskiya ga masu amfani kuma dole ne su sa ido kan ci gaba don nuna canje-canje. <ref name=":23" /> Don yin hakan, wasu daga cikin fasalulluka na ƙira sune amsawa nan take, da ƙaruwar wahala a hankali. <ref name=":23" /> A asibiti, yana da mahimmanci a haskaka ba kawai ko wasa yana da tasiri don magani ba, har ma da dalilin da yasa yake da tasiri. Don gano daidai fasalin ƙira don Wasanni don lafiya, tsarin Sawyer da Smith tsari ne wanda ke taimakawa wajen rarraba wasanni ta hanyar yankinsu (aikin ƙwararru, na mutum, na ilimi, ko lafiyar jama'a). Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia, ya nuna jigogi iri ɗaya a duk Wasannin Bidiyo don Lafiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da halayen 'yan wasa kamar burin lafiya, da matsayin lafiya. Tsarin lafiya bisa ga cuta da matakin mahimmanci. Ci gaban duniya na wasa bisa ga zato, tambayoyi, lada, da bayar da labari. Tsarin wasanni gami da madauri mai mahimmanci, ra'ayoyi, ƙalubale, wuraren bincike, gudu, da tsare-tsare. Halayyar 'yan wasa kamar bincike, hulɗa, da kwarin gwiwa. Mahalli gami da tsari, wasan zamantakewa, da masu sauraro. kuma a ƙarshe sakamakon da zai yiwu kamar canje-canjen hali, tasiri, janye hankali, da tunani duk suna da alaƙa da ingancin Wasannin bidiyo don shirye-shiryen magani. <ref name=":26" /> == Suka da iyakoki == Wasannin Lafiya wani lokacin ba sa aiki iri ɗaya ga kowa, kuma yayin da wasu nazarin ke nuna sakamako mai kyau kamar samfurin Tetris don PTSD, wasu kuma suna nuna ƙananan ci gaba ne kawai. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Griffiths |first=Mark |date=2005-07-16 |title=Video games and health |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=331 |issue=7509 |pages=122–123 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7509.122 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=558687 |pmid=16020833}}</ref> Wani abin damuwa kuma shine a lokuta inda aka tsara zane-zanen kwaikwayo ba daidai ba, ƙila ba za a sami nasarar canja wurin horo zuwa rayuwa ta gaske ba. <ref name=":24" /> Bugu da ƙari, farashi da damar shiga suma na iya zama matsala, musamman tunda FDA ba ta riga ta ba da inshorar irin waɗannan jiyya ba. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Griffiths |first=Mark |date=2005-07-16 |title=Video games and health |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=331 |issue=7509 |pages=122–123 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7509.122 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=558687 |pmid=16020833}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths, Mark (2005-07-16). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC558687 "Video games and health"]. ''BMJ''. '''331''' (7509): <span class="nowrap">122–</span>123. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7509.122|10.1136/bmj.331.7509.122]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138 0959-8138]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC558687 558687]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16020833 16020833].</cite></ref> Saboda waɗannan dalilai, ana amfani da Wasannin Lafiya gabaɗaya don tallafawa kulawar lafiya da ake da ita kuma ba a yi nufin maye gurbin jiyya na gargajiya ba, da kuma ayyukan likitanci na gaske. <ref name=":24" /> == Misalan wasanni don lafiya == * Sake Aiki na 2: Fansar Nanobot ta HopeLab. Don Maganin Ciwon daji * Bronki the Bronchiosaurus ta Raya Systems. Domin Maganin Asthma * Bubble Rubble ta Playnormous. Don Motsa Jiki * Gonar Kaza ta Nobel Media. Don Abinci Mai Gina Jiki da Jin Daɗi * Launi ta Wasannin Persuasive. Don Lafiyar Hankali * Dex: Dabbar Dabbobi ta Jami'ar Georgia Regents. Don Ciwon Suga * Duniyar Dusar ƙanƙara ta Jami'ar Washington . Don kula da ciwo * Iraki ta hanyar Virtual ta hanyar mafi kyau. Don PTSD == Wasanni don Lafiya a cikin masana'antar == === Taron === Wasannin Lafiya kuma sunan jerin tarurrukan da aka samu ta hanyar tallafi daga Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Pioneer Portfolio. Wasannin Lafiya wani ɓangare ne na Shirin Wasannin Tsanani . Taron ya sami kulawar manema labarai saboda aikin da yake yi na nuna tasirin lafiya da bincike kan [[Wasan Bidiyo|wasannin bidiyo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Digital gamers target disease |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/may/11/digital-gamers-target-disease/ |access-date=2010-04-13 |publisher=[[The Washington Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Begley |first=Sharon |year=2008 |title=This Is Your Brain on a Videogame |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/134298 |access-date=2010-04-13 |publisher=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aubrey |first=Allison |year=2008 |title=Gaming Your Way to Fitness |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90448872 |access-date=2010-04-13 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ojos2mmfv6mk3qn73ougjqo6wckupz8 0 157358 856728 2026-06-14T10:04:09Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuawar mikala 856728 wikitext text/x-wiki Ita ce mutuwar tayin ko jariri kuma shine tushen lissafin yawan mutuwar haihuwa.[1] Perinatal yana nufin "daidaitawa ga lokacin da ya fara 'yan makonni kafin haihuwa kuma ya haɗa da haihuwa da' yan makonni bayan haihuwa".[2] Bambance-bambance a cikin ainihin ma'anar mutuwar haihuwa sun wanzu, musamman game da batun hadawa ko cirewa na farkon tayin da marigayi mutuwar jarirai. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana mutuwar haihuwa a matsayin "yawan jarirai da mutuwar a cikin makon farko na rayuwa a cikin jimlar haihuwa 1,000, lokacin haihuwa yana farawa a makonni 22 da aka kammala (kwana 154) na ciki, [1] kuma ya ƙare kwanaki bakwai da aka kammala bayan haihuwa", [2] amma an yi amfani da wasu ma'anoni Adadin Burtaniya kusan 8 ne a cikin 1,000 kuma ya bambanta sosai ta hanyar zamantakewar al'umma, tare da mafi girman adadin da aka gani a cikin matan Asiya. A duniya, kimanin jarirai miliyan 2.6 sun mutu a shekarar 2013 kafin watan farko na shekaru, daga miliyan 4.5 a shekarar 1990. a0nhw7vei3kkglh7p391xczr8rivfyq 856735 856728 2026-06-14T10:06:14Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 856735 wikitext text/x-wiki Ita ce mutuwar tayin ko jariri kuma shine tushen lissafin yawan mutuwar haihuwa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110429220434/http://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/en/</ref> Perinatal yana nufin "daidaitawa ga lokacin da ya fara 'yan makonni kafin haihuwa kuma ya haɗa da haihuwa da' yan makonni bayan haihuwa".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220901091013/https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/</ref> Bambance-bambance a cikin ainihin ma'anar mutuwar haihuwa sun wanzu, musamman game da batun hadawa ko cirewa na farkon tayin da marigayi mutuwar jarirai. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana mutuwar haihuwa a matsayin "yawan jarirai da mutuwar a cikin makon farko na rayuwa a cikin jimlar haihuwa 1,000, lokacin haihuwa yana farawa a makonni 22 da aka kammala (kwana 154) na ciki, [1] kuma ya ƙare kwanaki bakwai da aka kammala bayan haihuwa",<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=VCkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9</ref> amma an yi amfani da wasu ma'anoni Adadin Burtaniya kusan 8 ne a cikin 1,000 kuma ya bambanta sosai ta hanyar zamantakewar al'umma, tare da mafi girman adadin da aka gani a cikin matan Asiya. A duniya, kimanin jarirai miliyan 2.6 sun mutu a shekarar 2013 kafin watan farko na shekaru, daga miliyan 4.5 a shekarar 1990. ==Manazarta== imuz5h5htb4c43ilvwrz74vwgvweans 0 157359 856731 2026-06-14T10:05:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320861042|Aedes luteocephalus]]" 856731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''''Aedes'' luteocephalus''''' wani nau'in Afirka ne wanda aka nuna ko ake zargi da kamuwa da cututtukan arboviral da yawa na mutane.<ref name="DDFea">{{Cite journal |last=Diagne |first=CT |last2=Diallo |first2=D |last3=Faye |first3=O |last4=Ba |first4=Y |last5=Faye |first5=O |last6=Gaye |first6=A |last7=Dia |first7=I |last8=Faye |first8=O |last9=Weaver |first9=SC |last10=Sall |first10=AA |last11=Diallo |first11=M |year=2015 |title=Potential of selected Senegalese ''Aedes'' spp. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Zika virus |journal=[[BMC Infectious Diseases]] |volume=15 |page=492 |doi=10.1186/s12879-015-1231-2 |pmc=4629289 |pmid=26527535 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An fara bayyana shi a 1907 a matsayin ''''Stegomyia'' luteocephala'', a halin yanzu ana rarraba jinsin a cikin jinsin Aedes, subgenus Stegomyía . == Bionomics == Matakan da ba su manyanta ba na Aedes luteocephalus suna tasowa da fifiko a cikin ramukan bishiyoyi da ramukan ruɓewa, tare da tsokoki na bamboo da kwantena na wucin gadi ana amfani da su don sa kwai da ci gaba larval da pupal.[1] Rarraba nau'in ya haɗa da [[Angola]], [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Kamaru]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (tsohon Zaire), [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Ghana]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Najeriya]], [[Senegal]], [[Saliyo]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], da [[Zimbabwe]]. == Manazarta == == Bayanan da aka ambata == 6fj2kyojom0f88s238r9j69nm071hi8 856732 856731 2026-06-14T10:05:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''''Aedes'' luteocephalus''''' wani nau'in Afirka ne wanda aka nuna ko ake zargi da kamuwa da cututtukan arboviral da yawa na mutane.<ref name="DDFea">{{Cite journal |last=Diagne |first=CT |last2=Diallo |first2=D |last3=Faye |first3=O |last4=Ba |first4=Y |last5=Faye |first5=O |last6=Gaye |first6=A |last7=Dia |first7=I |last8=Faye |first8=O |last9=Weaver |first9=SC |last10=Sall |first10=AA |last11=Diallo |first11=M |year=2015 |title=Potential of selected Senegalese ''Aedes'' spp. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Zika virus |journal=[[BMC Infectious Diseases]] |volume=15 |page=492 |doi=10.1186/s12879-015-1231-2 |pmc=4629289 |pmid=26527535 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An fara bayyana shi a 1907 a matsayin ''''Stegomyia'' luteocephala'', a halin yanzu ana rarraba jinsin a cikin jinsin Aedes, subgenus Stegomyía . == Bionomics == Matakan da ba su manyanta ba na Aedes luteocephalus suna tasowa da fifiko a cikin ramukan bishiyoyi da ramukan ruɓewa, tare da tsokoki na bamboo da kwantena na wucin gadi ana amfani da su don sa kwai da ci gaba larval da pupal.[1] Rarraba nau'in ya haɗa da [[Angola]], [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Kamaru]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (tsohon Zaire), [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Ghana]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Najeriya]], [[Senegal]], [[Saliyo]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], da [[Zimbabwe]]. == Manazarta == == Bayanan da aka ambata == p4rwz12tswfyxql546gpsznkm1vjtaq 0 157360 856734 2026-06-14T10:05:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1134733171|Haemagogus soperi]]" 856734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haemagogus soperi''''' wani nau'in sauro ne da aka samo a yankin bakin teku na [[Ecuador]] . takamaiman rubutun yana girmama Dokta Frederick Lowe Soper . <ref name="RL-C" /> == Bionomics == An san ''H. soperi'' daga ƙasashen bakin teku na Pacific na dukkan larduna biyar na [[Ecuador]]; an tattara nau'in samfurin a Lardin Los Ríos, Ecuador. <ref name="GWPS&A" /> Immatures suna tasowa a cikin raguwa ko yanke bamboo internodes kuma an tattara su daga axils na ganye da bamboo stumps. == Muhimmancin kiwon lafiya == An ce H. soperi yana kai hari ga mutane cikin sauƙi kuma ana zargin yana da hannu a cikin sake zagayowar yaduwar zazzabin rawaya [1] a yankunan da ke cikin gandun daji na yammacin Ecuador. [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f2jer2a3i81p3j8hvzgfk4xw1god0wh 856736 856734 2026-06-14T10:06:40Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Haemagogus soperi''''' wani nau'in sauro ne da aka samo a yankin bakin teku na [[Ecuador]] . takamaiman rubutun yana girmama Dokta Frederick Lowe Soper . <ref name="RL-C" /> == Bionomics == An san ''H. soperi'' daga ƙasashen bakin teku na Pacific na dukkan larduna biyar na [[Ecuador]]; an tattara nau'in samfurin a Lardin Los Ríos, Ecuador. <ref name="GWPS&A" /> Immatures suna tasowa a cikin raguwa ko yanke bamboo internodes kuma an tattara su daga axils na ganye da bamboo stumps. == Muhimmancin kiwon lafiya == An ce H. soperi yana kai hari ga mutane cikin sauƙi kuma ana zargin yana da hannu a cikin sake zagayowar yaduwar zazzabin rawaya [1] a yankunan da ke cikin gandun daji na yammacin Ecuador. [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i9zrzs8n6c3533ljo8z5mgny376yn5o 0 157361 856738 2026-06-14T10:07:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291612577|Pertactin]]" 856738 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin ilmin halitta, '''pertactin''' ('''PRN''') wani abu ne mai cutarwa na ''Bordetella pertussis'', [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|kwayar cuta]] da ke haifar da pertussis. Musamman, furotin ne na membrane na waje wanda ke inganta mannewa ga sel epithelial na tracheal. PRN an tsarkake shi daga ''Bordetella pertussis'' kuma ana amfani dashi don samar da allurar rigakafi a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin allurar rigakawa ta acellular pertussis.<ref name="pmid17280478">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poolman JT, Hallander HO |date=February 2007 |title=Acellular pertussis vaccines and the role of pertactin and fimbriae |journal=Expert Rev Vaccines |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1586/14760584.6.1.47 |pmid=17280478}}</ref> Babban bangare na N-ƙarewa na furotin na pertactin ya ƙunshi maimaitawar Beta helix.[1] Wannan yanki na furotin na pertactin an ɓoye shi ta hanyar C-terminal autotransporter. Tsarin siginar N-terminal yana inganta ɓoyewar PRN a cikin periplasm ta hanyar tsarin ɓoyewar ƙwayoyin cuta (Sec) kuma saboda haka, jujjuyawar cikin membrane na waje inda aka raba shi da proteolytically.[2] Hanyoyin da ke hannun dama β-helix na N- (Sashe) N ke fitowa daga farfajiyar tantanin halitta (yanki R1) ya ƙunshi jerin maimaitawa Gly-Gly-Xaa-Pro da yankin RGD Arg-Gly'Asp.[2] Wannan yankin RGD yana ba da damar PRN ya yi aiki a matsayin adhesin da invasin, ɗaurewa ga integrins a kan membrane na waje na tantanin halitta. Wani madauki na fadada β-helix shine yankin 2 (R2) wanda ya ƙunshi Pro-Gln-Pro (PQP) yana maimaitawa zuwa C-ƙarshe.[2] Wannan gudummawar furotin ga rigakafi har yanzu ba ta da lokaci. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa R1 da R2 yankuna ne na rigakafi, duk da haka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da bambancin kwayar halitta na waɗancan yankuna sun tabbatar da akasin haka. == A cikin ''B.bronchiseptica'' == Pertactin yana mannewa ne kawai ga ƙwayoyin epithelial na ''B. bronchiseptica'' in vivo. Koyaya, a cik''in vitro'', PRN ba ya bin ko dai. PRN duk da haka yana taimakawa samar da juriya ga amsawar hyperinflammatory na rigakafin halitta ga ''B. bronchiseptica.'' Dangane da rigakafin daidaitawa, binciken ya nuna cewa PRN tana taka rawa wajen yaki da neutrophil-mediated clearance na B.''B. bronchiseptica.'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inatsuka CS, Xu Q, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Wong S, Stibitz S, Miller JF, Cotter PA |date=July 2010 |title=Pertactin is required for Bordetella species to resist neutrophil-mediated clearance |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=2901–9 |doi=10.1128/IAI.00188-10 |pmc=2897405 |pmid=20421378}}</ref> == Manazarta == rylzmfsjiosfegvu9ryibr3m5p387q0 856739 856738 2026-06-14T10:08:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin ilmin halitta, '''pertactin''' ('''PRN''') wani abu ne mai cutarwa na ''Bordetella pertussis'', [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|kwayar cuta]] da ke haifar da pertussis. Musamman, furotin ne na membrane na waje wanda ke inganta mannewa ga sel epithelial na tracheal. PRN an tsarkake shi daga ''Bordetella pertussis'' kuma ana amfani dashi don samar da allurar rigakafi a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin allurar rigakawa ta acellular pertussis.<ref name="pmid17280478">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poolman JT, Hallander HO |date=February 2007 |title=Acellular pertussis vaccines and the role of pertactin and fimbriae |journal=Expert Rev Vaccines |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1586/14760584.6.1.47 |pmid=17280478}}</ref> Babban bangare na N-ƙarewa na furotin na pertactin ya ƙunshi maimaitawar Beta helix.[1] Wannan yanki na furotin na pertactin an ɓoye shi ta hanyar C-terminal autotransporter. Tsarin siginar N-terminal yana inganta ɓoyewar PRN a cikin periplasm ta hanyar tsarin ɓoyewar ƙwayoyin cuta (Sec) kuma saboda haka, jujjuyawar cikin membrane na waje inda aka raba shi da proteolytically.[2] Hanyoyin da ke hannun dama β-helix na N- (Sashe) N ke fitowa daga farfajiyar tantanin halitta (yanki R1) ya ƙunshi jerin maimaitawa Gly-Gly-Xaa-Pro da yankin RGD Arg-Gly'Asp.[2] Wannan yankin RGD yana ba da damar PRN ya yi aiki a matsayin adhesin da invasin, ɗaurewa ga integrins a kan membrane na waje na tantanin halitta. Wani madauki na fadada β-helix shine yankin 2 (R2) wanda ya ƙunshi Pro-Gln-Pro (PQP) yana maimaitawa zuwa C-ƙarshe.[2] Wannan gudummawar furotin ga rigakafi har yanzu ba ta da lokaci. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa R1 da R2 yankuna ne na rigakafi, duk da haka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da bambancin kwayar halitta na waɗancan yankuna sun tabbatar da akasin haka. == A cikin ''B.bronchiseptica'' == Pertactin yana mannewa ne kawai ga ƙwayoyin epithelial na ''B. bronchiseptica'' in vivo. Koyaya, a cik''in vitro'', PRN ba ya bin ko dai. PRN duk da haka yana taimakawa samar da juriya ga amsawar hyperinflammatory na rigakafin halitta ga ''B. bronchiseptica.'' Dangane da rigakafin daidaitawa, binciken ya nuna cewa PRN tana taka rawa wajen yaki da neutrophil-mediated clearance na B.''B. bronchiseptica.'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inatsuka CS, Xu Q, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Wong S, Stibitz S, Miller JF, Cotter PA |date=July 2010 |title=Pertactin is required for Bordetella species to resist neutrophil-mediated clearance |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=2901–9 |doi=10.1128/IAI.00188-10 |pmc=2897405 |pmid=20421378}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8g4x3vlbqbe1uhabftfyh5gb9e7hm94 0 157362 856740 2026-06-14T10:08:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358841253|Pertussis toxin]]" 856740 wikitext text/x-wiki Pertussis toxin ('''PT''') wani nau'in furotin ne na AB5 wanda aka samar da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|kwayar cuta]] ''Bordetella pertussis'', wanda ke haifar da tari. PT tana da hannu a cikin mulkin mallaka na hanyar numfashi da kuma kafa kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carbonetti NH, Artamonova GV, Mays RM, Worthington ZE |date=November 2003 |title=Pertussis Toxin Plays an Early Role in Respiratory Tract Colonization by Bordetella pertussis |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=71 |issue=11 |pages=6358–66 |doi=10.1128/IAI.71.11.6358-6366.2003 |pmc=219603 |pmid=14573656}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa PT na iya taka rawar warkewa wajen magance cututtukan mutane da yawa, gami da hauhawar jini, kamuwa da kwayar cuta, da kuma rigakafin jiki.<ref name="Kost_1999">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kost C, Herzer W, Li P, Jackson E |year=1999 |title=Pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins and regulation of blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat |journal=Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol |volume=26 |issue=5–6 |pages=449–55 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03058.x |pmid=10386237 |s2cid=12902466}}</ref><ref name="Alfano_2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alfano M, Pushkarsky T, Poli G, Bukrinsky M |year=2000 |title=The B-Oligomer of Pertussis Toxin Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication at Multiple Stages |journal=J Virol |volume=74 |issue=18 |pages=8767–70 |doi=10.1128/JVI.74.18.8767-8770.2000 |pmc=116391 |pmid=10954581}}</ref><ref name="Bagley">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bagley K, Abdelwahab S, Tuskan R, Fouts T, Lewis G |year=2002 |title=Pertussis toxin and the adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis activate human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and dominantly inhibit cytokine production through a cAMP-dependent pathway |journal=J Leukoc Biol |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=962–9 |doi=10.1189/jlb.72.5.962 |pmid=12429718 |s2cid=16457655}}</ref><ref name="PUB00007589">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Locht C, Keith JM |year=1986 |title=Pertussis toxin gene: nucleotide sequence and genetic organization |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231215 |journal=Science |volume=232 |issue=4755 |pages=1258–1264 |bibcode=1986Sci...232.1258L |doi=10.1126/science.3704651 |pmid=3704651}}</ref><ref name="PUB00007590">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rappuoli R, Nicosia A, Perugini M, Franzini C, Casagli MC, Borri MG, Antoni G, Almoni M, Neri P, Ratti G |year=1986 |title=Cloning and sequencing of the pertussis toxin genes: operon structure and gene duplication |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue=13 |pages=4631–4635 |bibcode=1986PNAS...83.4631N |doi=10.1073/pnas.83.13.4631 |pmc=323795 |pmid=2873570 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == PT a bayyane yake yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin pathogenesis na pertussis kodayake an gano wannan ne kawai a farkon shekarun 1980. Bayyanar cututtukan cututtukani ne kwanan nan, idan aka kwatanta da sauran cututtukansun cututtukana. Magana ta farko game da pertussis, ko tari mai ƙishirwa, ta barkewar cutar ce a birnin Paris a cikin shekara ta 1414. An buga wannan a cikin Moulton's The Mirror of Health, a cikin 1640. Wani annoba na pertussis ya faru a Paris a cikin 1578 kuma wani mai lura da zamani, Guillaume de Baillou ya bayyana shi. Pertussis ya kasance sananne a duk faɗin Turai a tsakiyar karni na 18. Jules Bordet da Octave Gengou sun bayyana a cikin 1900 gano sabon "ovid bacillus" a cikin kumfa na jariri mai watanni 6 da ke fama da tari. Sun kuma kasance na farko da suka shuka ''Bordetella pertussis'' a Cibiyar Pasteur da ke Brussels a cikin 1906. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cherry JD |date=March 2007 |title=Historical Perspective on Pertussis and Use of Vaccines to Prevent It |url=http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=48816 |journal=Microbe Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623084415/http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=48816 |archive-date=2011-06-23}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan ''Bordetella'' shine cewa B. pertussis yana samar da PT kuma sauran nau'ikan ba su samar da su ba. ''Bordetella parapertussis'' ya nuna mafi kama da B. pertussis sabili da haka an yi amfani da shi don bincike don tantance rawar da PT ke takawa wajen haifar da alamun cututtukan tari. Nazarin bera ya nuna ci gaban tari na paroxysmal, halayyar tari mai yawa, ya faru a cikin beraye da suka kamu da B. pertussis. Rats da suka kamu da ''B. parapertussis'' ko mutant mai ƙarancin PT na B. pertussis ba su nuna wannan alamar ba; babu ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan biyu da suka samar da PT.<ref name="pmid10600186">{{Cite journal |last=Parton R |date=June 1999 |title=Review of the biology of Bordetella pertussis |journal=Biologicals |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=71–6 |doi=10.1006/biol.1999.0182 |pmid=10600186}}</ref> == Hanyar haifar da cututtuka == An saki PT daga B. pertussis a cikin wani nau'i mara aiki. Bayan bin PT binding zuwa cell membrane mai karɓar, ana ɗaukar shi a cikin endosome, bayan haka yana fuskantar jigilar retrograde zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ta trans-Golgi da endoplasmic reticulum.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Plaut RD, Carbonetti NH |date=May 2008 |title=Retrograde transport of pertussis toxin in the mammalian cell |journal=Cell. Microbiol. |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1130–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01115.x |pmid=18201245 |s2cid=22900943 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A wani lokaci a lokacin wannan sufuri, A subunit (ko protomer) ya zama mai kunnawa, watakila ta hanyar aikin glutathione da ATP.<ref name="Kaslow HR, Burns DL 1992 2684–90">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaslow HR, Burns DL |date=June 1992 |title=Pertussis toxin and target eukaryotic cells: binding, entry, and activation |url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1612292 |journal=FASEB J. |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=2684–90 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.6.9.1612292 |pmid=1612292 |s2cid=20607696 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> PT yana haɓaka ADP-ribosylation na αi subunits na furotin G heterotrimeric. Wannan yana hana sunadarai na G daga hulɗa tare da masu karɓar sunadarai masu haɗuwa da G a kan membrane na tantanin halitta, don haka yana tsoma baki tare da sadarwa ta intracellular.<ref name="Burns_1988">{{Cite journal |last=Burns D |year=1988 |title=Subunit structure and enzymic activity of pertussis toxin |journal=Microbiol Sci |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=285–7 |pmid=2908558}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin Gi sun kasance a kulle a cikin GDP-bound, yanayin da ba ya aiki, don haka ba za su iya hana aikin adenylate cyclase ba, wanda ke haifar da karuwar ƙididdigar cAMP. Ƙarin intracellular cAMP yana shafar siginar halitta ta yau da kullun. Toxin yana haifar da tasirin tsarin da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai karuwar sakin insulin, wanda ke haifar da hypoglycemia. Ko tasirin toxin na pertussis ne ke da alhakin tari na paroxysmal ya kasance ba a sani ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carbonetti NH |year=2010 |title=Pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin: key virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis and cell biology tools |journal=Future Microbiol |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=455–69 |doi=10.2217/fmb.09.133 |pmc=2851156 |pmid=20210554}}</ref> A sakamakon wannan tsari na musamman, PT ya zama ana amfani dashi sosai azaman kayan aiki na biochemical ga sunadarai masu ɗaure ADP-ribosylate GTP a cikin nazarin fassarar sigina. Har ila yau, ya zama muhimmin bangare na sabbin allurar rigakafin acellular.<ref name="pmid8075982" /> == Tasiri a kan tsarin rigakafi == An nuna cewa PT yana shafar amsawar r_i da aka haifa. Yana hana farkon daukar ma'aikata na neutrophils da macrophages, kuma yana tsoma baki tare da samar da chemokine na farko da neutrophil Chemotaxis.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bestebroer J, De Haas CJ, Van Strijp JA |year=2010 |title=How microorganisms avoid phagocyte attraction |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=395–414 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00202.x |pmid=20059549 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Chemokines sune kwayoyin sigina da aka samar da ƙwayoyin da suka kamu da cutar kuma suna jan hankalin neutrophils da macrophages. Neutrophil chemotaxis ana zaton za a rushe shi ta hanyar hana masu karɓar chemokine na G-protein ta hanyar ADP-ribosylation na sunadarai na Gi.<ref name="Andreasen_2008">{{Cite journal |last=Andreasen, C. |last2=Carbonetti, N.H. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=Pertussis Toxin Inhibits Early Chemokine Production To Delay Neutrophil Recruitment in Response to Bordetella pertussis Respiratory Tract Infection in Mice |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=5139–5148 |doi=10.1128/IAI.00895-08 |pmc=2573337 |pmid=18765723}}</ref> Saboda lalacewar hanyoyin sigina, kira na chemokines zai shafi. Wannan zai hana kwayar cutar samar da su kuma ta haka ne ya hana daukar neutrophils. A yanayi na al'ada, alveolar macrophages da sauran ƙwayoyin huhu suna samar da chemokines iri-iri. An gano PT don hana farkon rubutun keratinocyte-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 da LPS-induced CXC chemokine.[1] A ƙarshe, PT yana haifar da lymphocytosis, ɗaya daga cikin bayyanar tsarin tari.[2] PT, mai yanke hukunci mai mahimmanci na B. pertussis, yana iya ƙetare shingen jini-ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar ƙara ƙwarewarsa.<ref name="pmid17002784">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kügler S, Böcker K, Heusipp G, Greune L, Kim KS, Schmidt MA |date=March 2007 |title=Pertussis toxin transiently affects barrier integrity, organelle organization and transmigration of monocytes in a human brain microvascular endothelial cell barrier model |journal=Cell. Microbiol. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=619–32 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00813.x |pmid=17002784 |s2cid=6747379 |doi-access=}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, PT na iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na jijiyoyi; duk da haka, kwanan nan an gano cewa amfani da maganin Pertussis toxin na iya inganta ci gaban sel T masu sarrafawa da hana cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta tsakiya, kamar multiple sclerosis.<ref name="pmid21209857">{{Cite journal |last=Weber MS |last2=Benkhoucha M |last3=Lehmann-Horn K |last4=Hertzenberg |first4=Deetje |last5=Sellner |first5=Johann |last6=Santiago-Raber |first6=Marie-Laure |last7=Chofflon |first7=Michel |last8=Hemmer |first8=Bernhard |last9=Zamvil |first9=Scott S. |display-authors=3 |name-list-style=vanc |year=2010 |editor-last=Unutmaz |editor-first=Derya |title=Repetitive Pertussis Toxin Promotes Development of Regulatory T Cells and Prevents Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=12 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...516009W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016009 |pmc=3012729 |pmid=21209857 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 64316as63lh8whlpi7o8da7z6dkxp7p 856743 856740 2026-06-14T10:09:19Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Pertussis toxin ('''PT''') wani nau'in furotin ne na AB5 wanda aka samar da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|kwayar cuta]] ''Bordetella pertussis'', wanda ke haifar da tari. PT tana da hannu a cikin mulkin mallaka na hanyar numfashi da kuma kafa kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carbonetti NH, Artamonova GV, Mays RM, Worthington ZE |date=November 2003 |title=Pertussis Toxin Plays an Early Role in Respiratory Tract Colonization by Bordetella pertussis |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=71 |issue=11 |pages=6358–66 |doi=10.1128/IAI.71.11.6358-6366.2003 |pmc=219603 |pmid=14573656}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa PT na iya taka rawar warkewa wajen magance cututtukan mutane da yawa, gami da hauhawar jini, kamuwa da kwayar cuta, da kuma rigakafin jiki.<ref name="Kost_1999">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kost C, Herzer W, Li P, Jackson E |year=1999 |title=Pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins and regulation of blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat |journal=Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol |volume=26 |issue=5–6 |pages=449–55 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03058.x |pmid=10386237 |s2cid=12902466}}</ref><ref name="Alfano_2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alfano M, Pushkarsky T, Poli G, Bukrinsky M |year=2000 |title=The B-Oligomer of Pertussis Toxin Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication at Multiple Stages |journal=J Virol |volume=74 |issue=18 |pages=8767–70 |doi=10.1128/JVI.74.18.8767-8770.2000 |pmc=116391 |pmid=10954581}}</ref><ref name="Bagley">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bagley K, Abdelwahab S, Tuskan R, Fouts T, Lewis G |year=2002 |title=Pertussis toxin and the adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis activate human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and dominantly inhibit cytokine production through a cAMP-dependent pathway |journal=J Leukoc Biol |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=962–9 |doi=10.1189/jlb.72.5.962 |pmid=12429718 |s2cid=16457655}}</ref><ref name="PUB00007589">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Locht C, Keith JM |year=1986 |title=Pertussis toxin gene: nucleotide sequence and genetic organization |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231215 |journal=Science |volume=232 |issue=4755 |pages=1258–1264 |bibcode=1986Sci...232.1258L |doi=10.1126/science.3704651 |pmid=3704651}}</ref><ref name="PUB00007590">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rappuoli R, Nicosia A, Perugini M, Franzini C, Casagli MC, Borri MG, Antoni G, Almoni M, Neri P, Ratti G |year=1986 |title=Cloning and sequencing of the pertussis toxin genes: operon structure and gene duplication |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue=13 |pages=4631–4635 |bibcode=1986PNAS...83.4631N |doi=10.1073/pnas.83.13.4631 |pmc=323795 |pmid=2873570 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == PT a bayyane yake yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin pathogenesis na pertussis kodayake an gano wannan ne kawai a farkon shekarun 1980. Bayyanar cututtukan cututtukani ne kwanan nan, idan aka kwatanta da sauran cututtukansun cututtukana. Magana ta farko game da pertussis, ko tari mai ƙishirwa, ta barkewar cutar ce a birnin Paris a cikin shekara ta 1414. An buga wannan a cikin Moulton's The Mirror of Health, a cikin 1640. Wani annoba na pertussis ya faru a Paris a cikin 1578 kuma wani mai lura da zamani, Guillaume de Baillou ya bayyana shi. Pertussis ya kasance sananne a duk faɗin Turai a tsakiyar karni na 18. Jules Bordet da Octave Gengou sun bayyana a cikin 1900 gano sabon "ovid bacillus" a cikin kumfa na jariri mai watanni 6 da ke fama da tari. Sun kuma kasance na farko da suka shuka ''Bordetella pertussis'' a Cibiyar Pasteur da ke Brussels a cikin 1906. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cherry JD |date=March 2007 |title=Historical Perspective on Pertussis and Use of Vaccines to Prevent It |url=http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=48816 |journal=Microbe Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623084415/http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=48816 |archive-date=2011-06-23}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan ''Bordetella'' shine cewa B. pertussis yana samar da PT kuma sauran nau'ikan ba su samar da su ba. ''Bordetella parapertussis'' ya nuna mafi kama da B. pertussis sabili da haka an yi amfani da shi don bincike don tantance rawar da PT ke takawa wajen haifar da alamun cututtukan tari. Nazarin bera ya nuna ci gaban tari na paroxysmal, halayyar tari mai yawa, ya faru a cikin beraye da suka kamu da B. pertussis. Rats da suka kamu da ''B. parapertussis'' ko mutant mai ƙarancin PT na B. pertussis ba su nuna wannan alamar ba; babu ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan biyu da suka samar da PT.<ref name="pmid10600186">{{Cite journal |last=Parton R |date=June 1999 |title=Review of the biology of Bordetella pertussis |journal=Biologicals |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=71–6 |doi=10.1006/biol.1999.0182 |pmid=10600186}}</ref> == Hanyar haifar da cututtuka == An saki PT daga B. pertussis a cikin wani nau'i mara aiki. Bayan bin PT binding zuwa cell membrane mai karɓar, ana ɗaukar shi a cikin endosome, bayan haka yana fuskantar jigilar retrograde zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ta trans-Golgi da endoplasmic reticulum.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Plaut RD, Carbonetti NH |date=May 2008 |title=Retrograde transport of pertussis toxin in the mammalian cell |journal=Cell. Microbiol. |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1130–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01115.x |pmid=18201245 |s2cid=22900943 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A wani lokaci a lokacin wannan sufuri, A subunit (ko protomer) ya zama mai kunnawa, watakila ta hanyar aikin glutathione da ATP.<ref name="Kaslow HR, Burns DL 1992 2684–90">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaslow HR, Burns DL |date=June 1992 |title=Pertussis toxin and target eukaryotic cells: binding, entry, and activation |url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1612292 |journal=FASEB J. |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=2684–90 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.6.9.1612292 |pmid=1612292 |s2cid=20607696 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> PT yana haɓaka ADP-ribosylation na αi subunits na furotin G heterotrimeric. Wannan yana hana sunadarai na G daga hulɗa tare da masu karɓar sunadarai masu haɗuwa da G a kan membrane na tantanin halitta, don haka yana tsoma baki tare da sadarwa ta intracellular.<ref name="Burns_1988">{{Cite journal |last=Burns D |year=1988 |title=Subunit structure and enzymic activity of pertussis toxin |journal=Microbiol Sci |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=285–7 |pmid=2908558}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin Gi sun kasance a kulle a cikin GDP-bound, yanayin da ba ya aiki, don haka ba za su iya hana aikin adenylate cyclase ba, wanda ke haifar da karuwar ƙididdigar cAMP. Ƙarin intracellular cAMP yana shafar siginar halitta ta yau da kullun. Toxin yana haifar da tasirin tsarin da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai karuwar sakin insulin, wanda ke haifar da hypoglycemia. Ko tasirin toxin na pertussis ne ke da alhakin tari na paroxysmal ya kasance ba a sani ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carbonetti NH |year=2010 |title=Pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin: key virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis and cell biology tools |journal=Future Microbiol |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=455–69 |doi=10.2217/fmb.09.133 |pmc=2851156 |pmid=20210554}}</ref> A sakamakon wannan tsari na musamman, PT ya zama ana amfani dashi sosai azaman kayan aiki na biochemical ga sunadarai masu ɗaure ADP-ribosylate GTP a cikin nazarin fassarar sigina. Har ila yau, ya zama muhimmin bangare na sabbin allurar rigakafin acellular.<ref name="pmid8075982" /> == Tasiri a kan tsarin rigakafi == An nuna cewa PT yana shafar amsawar r_i da aka haifa. Yana hana farkon daukar ma'aikata na neutrophils da macrophages, kuma yana tsoma baki tare da samar da chemokine na farko da neutrophil Chemotaxis.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bestebroer J, De Haas CJ, Van Strijp JA |year=2010 |title=How microorganisms avoid phagocyte attraction |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=395–414 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00202.x |pmid=20059549 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Chemokines sune kwayoyin sigina da aka samar da ƙwayoyin da suka kamu da cutar kuma suna jan hankalin neutrophils da macrophages. Neutrophil chemotaxis ana zaton za a rushe shi ta hanyar hana masu karɓar chemokine na G-protein ta hanyar ADP-ribosylation na sunadarai na Gi.<ref name="Andreasen_2008">{{Cite journal |last=Andreasen, C. |last2=Carbonetti, N.H. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=Pertussis Toxin Inhibits Early Chemokine Production To Delay Neutrophil Recruitment in Response to Bordetella pertussis Respiratory Tract Infection in Mice |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=5139–5148 |doi=10.1128/IAI.00895-08 |pmc=2573337 |pmid=18765723}}</ref> Saboda lalacewar hanyoyin sigina, kira na chemokines zai shafi. Wannan zai hana kwayar cutar samar da su kuma ta haka ne ya hana daukar neutrophils. A yanayi na al'ada, alveolar macrophages da sauran ƙwayoyin huhu suna samar da chemokines iri-iri. An gano PT don hana farkon rubutun keratinocyte-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 da LPS-induced CXC chemokine.[1] A ƙarshe, PT yana haifar da lymphocytosis, ɗaya daga cikin bayyanar tsarin tari.[2] PT, mai yanke hukunci mai mahimmanci na B. pertussis, yana iya ƙetare shingen jini-ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar ƙara ƙwarewarsa.<ref name="pmid17002784">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kügler S, Böcker K, Heusipp G, Greune L, Kim KS, Schmidt MA |date=March 2007 |title=Pertussis toxin transiently affects barrier integrity, organelle organization and transmigration of monocytes in a human brain microvascular endothelial cell barrier model |journal=Cell. Microbiol. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=619–32 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00813.x |pmid=17002784 |s2cid=6747379 |doi-access=}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, PT na iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na jijiyoyi; duk da haka, kwanan nan an gano cewa amfani da maganin Pertussis toxin na iya inganta ci gaban sel T masu sarrafawa da hana cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta tsakiya, kamar multiple sclerosis.<ref name="pmid21209857">{{Cite journal |last=Weber MS |last2=Benkhoucha M |last3=Lehmann-Horn K |last4=Hertzenberg |first4=Deetje |last5=Sellner |first5=Johann |last6=Santiago-Raber |first6=Marie-Laure |last7=Chofflon |first7=Michel |last8=Hemmer |first8=Bernhard |last9=Zamvil |first9=Scott S. |display-authors=3 |name-list-style=vanc |year=2010 |editor-last=Unutmaz |editor-first=Derya |title=Repetitive Pertussis Toxin Promotes Development of Regulatory T Cells and Prevents Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=12 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...516009W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016009 |pmc=3012729 |pmid=21209857 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b3s5fyrsr48zx1nng1c67irethiypm4 0 157363 856741 2026-06-14T10:09:09Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332050411|Spectrum disorder]]" 856741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin lafiyar bakan gizo''', a fannin tabin hankali, cuta ce da ta ƙunshi yanayi daban-daban masu alaƙa, wani lokacin kuma tana faɗaɗa har zuwa ga alamomi da halaye na musamman. Abubuwa daban-daban na bakan ko dai suna da kamanni iri ɗaya ko kuma ana tsammanin suna faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin da ke ƙasa ɗaya. A kowane hali, ana ɗaukar hanyar bakan ne saboda da alama akwai "ba rashin lafiyar abu ɗaya ba amma wata cuta da ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi". Bakan na iya wakiltar nau'ikan tsanani, wanda ya ƙunshi cututtukan tunani "masu tsanani" har zuwa " rashin ƙarfi da rashin lafiya". <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}</ref> Kalmar "rashin lafiyar bakan gizo" ana amfani da ita sosai a fannin tabin hankali da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, amma kuma an sami karɓuwa a wasu fannoni na magani, misali rashin lafiyar bakan gizo mai ƙarfi da rashin lafiyar neuromyelitis optica spectrum . A wasu lokuta, hanyar bakan ta haɗu da yanayin da aka yi la'akari da su daban. Wani misali mai kyau na wannan yanayin shine bakan autism, inda yanayin da ke kan wannan bakan yanzu za a iya kiransa da cututtukan bakan autism, kuma a cikin DSM-5 an haɗa su cikin wata cuta ta bakan autism guda ɗaya (ASD). Hanyar bakan kuma na iya faɗaɗa nau'in ko tsananin matsalolin da aka haɗa, wanda zai iya rage gibin da ke tsakanin wasu cututtuka ko kuma da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "al'ada". Masu goyon bayan wannan hanyar suna jayayya cewa ya yi daidai da shaidar digiri a cikin nau'in ko tsananin alamun a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. == Asali == An fara amfani da kalmar bakan a fannin kimiyyar lissafi don nuna bambanci mai bayyana na inganci wanda ya samo asali daga ci gaba mai yawa (watau jerin [[Launi|launuka]] daban-daban da ake samu lokacin da hasken fari ya warwatse ta hanyar prism bisa ga tsawon rai ). [[Isaac Newton]] ya fara amfani da kalmar ''bakan'' (Latin don "bayyanar" ko "bayyanar") a cikin bugawa a cikin 1671, wajen bayyana gwaje-gwajensa a cikin na'urorin gan An fara amfani da kalmar ta hanyar kwatantawa a fannin ilimin tabin hankali tare da ma'ana daban-daban, don gano rukunin yanayi waɗanda suka bambanta a cikin yanayi daban-daban amma ana kyautata zaton suna da alaƙa da mahangar cututtuka ta asali. An lura cewa ga likitocin da aka horar bayan buga DSM-III (1980), ra'ayin bakan a cikin ilimin tabin hankali na iya zama sabo, amma yana da dogon tarihi mai ban mamaki wanda ya samo asali tun daga Emil Kraepelin da kuma bayan haka. <ref name="Maser" /> Ernst Kretschmer ya gabatar da wani ra'ayi mai girma a cikin 1921 don schizophrenia ( schizothymic)&nbsp;- schizoid&nbsp;- [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] ) da kuma ga cututtukan motsin rai (yanayin cyclothymic&nbsp;- cycloid ' psychopathy '&nbsp;- [[Cutar bipolar|cutar manic-depressive]] ), da kuma ta Eugen Bleuler a shekarar 1922. An fara amfani da kalmar "spectrum" a fannin ilimin tabin hankali a shekarar 1968 dangane da wani nau'in schizophrenia da aka yi la'akari da shi, a wancan lokacin yana nufin haɗa abin da ake kira "halayen schizoid ", a cikin mutanen da aka gano suna da cutar schizophrenia da danginsu na kwayoyin halitta (duba Seymour S. Kety ). <ref name="bipolarspectrum">{{Cite journal |last=Angst J |date=March 2007 |title=The bipolar spectrum |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=190 |issue=3 |pages=189–91 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957 |pmid=17329735 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ga masu bincike daban-daban, alaƙar da ake dangantawa da cututtuka ta bambanta. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> == Manufofi masu alaƙa == Tsarin bakan gaba ɗaya yana mamaye ko kuma ya faɗaɗa hanyar ''rarrabuwa'', wanda a yau an fi danganta shi da Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM) da Tsarin Ƙididdiga na Ƙasashen Duniya (ICD). A cikin waɗannan jagororin ganewar asali, ana ɗaukar cututtuka a matsayin suna nan idan akwai takamaiman haɗuwa da adadin alamun. Ba a yarda da matakin yanzu ko babu ba, kodayake akwai ƙananan nau'ikan tsanani a cikin wani rukuni. Rukunan kuma suna da yawa, saboda an shimfida tarin alamu kuma tsare-tsare daban-daban na su na iya cancanta don ganewar asali iri ɗaya. Waɗannan rukunonin suna da mahimmanci ga manufofinmu na aiki kamar samar da takamaiman lakabi don sauƙaƙe biyan kuɗi ga ƙwararrun lafiyar kwakwalwa . An bayyana su a matsayin kalmomi a sarari, tare da sharuɗɗan da za a iya gani, don haka ci gaba akan wasu samfuran da suka gabata don dalilan bincike. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robert F. Krueger |last2=Serena Bezdjian |date=February 2009 |title=Enhancing research and treatment of mental disorders with dimensional concepts: toward DSM-V and ICD-11 |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–6 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00197.x |pmc=2652894 |pmid=19293948}}</ref> Tsarin bakan wani lokaci yana farawa da ka'idojin ganewar asali na DSM na nukiliya don cuta (ko kuma yana iya haɗawa da cututtuka da yawa), sannan ya haɗa da ƙarin fannoni daban-daban kamar halaye ko halaye, salon rayuwa, tsarin halayya, da halayen mutum. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'bakan' a musanya da continuum, kodayake na ƙarshen ya ci gaba da nuna layi madaidaiciya ba tare da wani babban rashin daidaituwa ba. A ƙarƙashin wasu samfuran continuum, babu nau'ikan ko rukunoni da aka saita kwata-kwata, sai dai girma daban-daban wanda kowa ya bambanta (saboda haka hanyar ''girma'' ). Ana iya samun misali a cikin samfuran halaye ko halaye . Misali, samfurin da aka samo daga maganganun harshe na bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya an raba shi zuwa manyan halayen halaye guda biyar, inda kowa zai iya samun maki a kowane ɗayan girma biyar. Wannan ya bambanta da samfuran ' nau'ikan halaye ' ko yanayi, inda wasu ke da wani nau'i wasu kuma ba sa da shi. Hakazalika, a cikin rarrabuwar cututtukan kwakwalwa, hanyar girma, wacce ake la'akari da ita don DSM-V, za ta ƙunshi kowa yana da maki akan ma'aunin halayen mutum. Hanyar rarrabuwa za ta nemi kawai kasancewar ko rashin wasu tarin alamun, wataƙila tare da wasu maki don tsananin wasu alamun kawai, kuma sakamakon haka za a gano wasu mutane da ke da matsalolin halayen mutum . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Widiger TA |date=June 2007 |title=Dimensional models of personality disorder |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=79–83 |pmc=2219904 |pmid=18235857}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Esterberg ML, Compton MT |date=June 2009 |title=The psychosis continuum and categorical versus dimensional diagnostic approaches |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=179–84 |doi=10.1007/s11920-009-0028-7 |pmid=19470278 |s2cid=29033682}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta, hanyar bakan tana nuna cewa kodayake akwai alaƙa ta asali, wacce za ta iya kasancewa mai ci gaba, takamaiman rukunin mutane suna da takamaiman alamu na alamun (watau ciwo ko ƙaramin nau'i), suna tunawa da bakan da ake gani na launuka daban-daban bayan an cire haske ta hanyar prism. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> An yi jayayya cewa a cikin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su don haɓaka tsarin DSM akwai manyan littattafai da suka kai ga ƙarshe cewa rarrabuwar bakan yana ba da kyakkyawan hangen nesa kan yanayin halitta (bayyanuwa da gogewa) na [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] (wahalolin tunani) fiye da tsarin rarrabuwa na rukuni. Duk da haka, kalmar tana da tarihi daban-daban, ma'ana abu ɗaya lokacin da ake magana game da bakan schizophrenia da wani lokacin da ake magana game da bakan bipolar ko obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum, misali. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> == Nau'ikan bakan == Littattafan DSM da ICD da ake amfani da su sosai galibi suna iyakance ga ganewar asali na rukuni. Duk da haka, wasu rukunoni sun haɗa da nau'ikan ƙananan nau'ikan da suka bambanta daga babban ganewar asali a cikin gabatarwar asibiti ko tsananin da aka saba. Wasu rukunoni ana iya ɗaukar su a [[wiktionary:subsyndromal|matsayin ƙananan nau'ikan]] (ba su cika sharuɗɗan cikakken ganewar asali ba). Bugu da ƙari, yawancin rukunoni sun haɗa da ƙaramin nau'in ' ba a ƙayyade ba ', inda akwai isassun alamun cutar amma ba a cikin babban tsarin da aka sani ba; a wasu rukunoni wannan shine mafi yawan ganewar cutar. DSM-5 ya amince da "bambancin autism" da "bambancin schizophrenia" kawai a hukumance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=DSM-5 Table of Contents |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/APA_DSM-5-Contents.pdf |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=[[American Psychiatry Association]]}}</ref> amma an gabatar da wasu ra'ayoyi da yawa na bamban a cikin bincike, kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da su a aikin asibiti, gami da waɗannan. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> === Damuwa, damuwa, da rabuwar kai === Ana amfani da nau'ikan bakan iri-iri a waɗannan fannoni, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ana la'akari da su a cikin DSM-5 . <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2013 |title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2015 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]}}</ref> Tsarin [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|damuwa na gabaɗaya]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Angst J, Gamma A, Baldwin DS, Ajdacic-Gross V, Rössler W |date=February 2009 |title=The generalized anxiety spectrum: prevalence, onset, course and outcome |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/10378/9/ZORA_NL_10378.pdf |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=259 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1007/s00406-008-0832-9 |pmid=18575915 |s2cid=12582240}}</ref> - an bayyana wannan bakan ta tsawon lokacin alamun: nau'in da ke ɗaukar fiye da watanni shida (ma'aunin DSM-IV), sama da wata ɗaya (DSM-III), ko kuma wanda ke ɗaukar makonni biyu ko ƙasa da haka (kodayake yana iya sake faruwa), da kuma alamun damuwa da ba su cika sharuɗɗan kowace iri ba. Tsarin [[Damuwar jama'a|damuwa ta zamantakewa]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell'osso |first=Liliana |last2=Rucci |first2=Paola |last3=Ducci |first3=Francesca |last4=Ciapparelli |first4=Antonio |last5=Vivarelli |first5=Laura |last6=Carlini |first6=Marina |last7=Ramacciotti |first7=Carla |last8=Cassano |first8=Giovanni B. |year=2003 |title=Social anxiety spectrum |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=253 |issue=6 |pages=286–91 |doi=10.1007/s00406-003-0442-5 |pmid=14714117 |s2cid=30944382}}</ref> - an bayyana wannan don ya haɗa da jin kunya zuwa matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa, gami da gabatarwar da aka saba gani da wadda ba ta dace ba, alamu da alamu daban-daban, da kuma abubuwan da [[Rashin jituwa na mutum|ke haifar da rashin lafiyar ɗabi'a]] . Tsoro - agoraphobia spectrum <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shear MK, Frank E, Rucci P, etal |year=2001 |title=Panic-agoraphobic spectrum: reliability and validity of assessment instruments |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00002-4 |pmid=11287057}}</ref> - saboda [[Bambancin muhalli|bambancin]] (bambancin) da aka samu a cikin gabatarwar asibiti na mutum ɗaya na rashin lafiyar tsoro da agoraphobia, an yi ƙoƙarin gano tarin alamun ban da waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin ganewar DSM, gami da haɓaka ma'aunin tambayoyi masu girma. Tsarin [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|damuwa bayan rauni]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moreau C, Zisook S |date=December 2002 |title=Rationale for a posttraumatic stress spectrum disorder |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=775–90 |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00019-9 |pmid=12462860}}</ref> ko kuma tsarin [[Raunin kwakwalwa|rauni]] da [[Alhini|asara]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dell'osso L, Shear MK, Carmassi C, etal |year=2008 |title=Validity and reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Trauma and Loss Spectrum (SCI-TALS) |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=4 |pages=2 |doi=10.1186/1745-0179-4-2 |pmc=2265706 |pmid=18226228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> - aiki a wannan fanni ya yi ƙoƙarin wuce rukunin DSM kuma ya yi la'akari da cikakken yanayin tsananin alamun (maimakon kawai kasancewa ko rashin zuwa don dalilai na ganewar asali), da kuma yanayin yanayin mai damuwa (misali abin da ya faru na rauni) da kuma yanayin yadda mutane ke amsawa ga rauni. Wannan yana gano adadi mai yawa na alamu da rashin lafiya a ƙasa da matakin don gano DSM amma duk da haka yana da mahimmanci, kuma yana iya kasancewa a cikin wasu cututtuka da mutum zai iya kamuwa da su. Tsarin rage girman kai - rage girman kai <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mula M, Pini S, Calugi S, etal |date=October 2008 |title=Validity and reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for Depersonalization-Derealization Spectrum (SCI-DER) |url= |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=977–86 |doi=10.2147/ndt.s3622 |pmc=2626926 |pmid=19183789 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>Sierra, M. (2009) [http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511730023&cid=CBO9780511730023A009 Depersonalization: A New Look at a Neglected Syndromea: Chapter 3 The depersonalization spectrum] page 44–62 {{Doi|10.1017/CBO9780511730023.004}}</ref> - kodayake DSM ta gano nau'in rashin daidaituwar kai tsaye da na yau da kullun, kuma ICD a matsayin 'ciwon rashin daidaituwar kai', an daɗe ana gano wani nau'in tsanani, gami da yanayin da ba a saba gani ba a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya kuma galibi yana da alaƙa da wasu cututtuka. === Abubuwan da suka shafi sha'awa da tilas === Wani nau'in rashin daidaituwa da rashin ƙarfi <ref name="McElroy">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McElroy SL, Phillips KA, Keck PE |date=October 1994 |title=Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=55 Suppl |pages=33–51; discussion 52–3 |pmid=7961531}}</ref> - wannan na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan cututtuka iri-iri, tun daga cutar Tourette zuwa [[Hypochondriasis|hypochondria]], da kuma nau'ikan rashin cin abinci, wanda shi kansa yake da wasu yanayi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patton GC |year=1988 |title=The spectrum of eating disorder in adolescence |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=579–84 |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(88)90006-2 |pmid=3221332}}</ref> === Matsalolin ci gaba na gabaɗaya === Autism spectrum <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Willemsen-Swinkels SH, Buitelaar JK |date=December 2002 |title=The autistic spectrum: subgroups, boundaries, and treatment |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=811–36 |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00020-5 |pmid=12462862}}</ref> - a cikin mafi sauƙi wannan yana haɗuwa da autism da [[Ciwon Asperger|Asperger syndrome]], kuma yana iya haɗawa da wasu cututtukan ci gaba masu yaɗuwa (PDD). Waɗannan sun haɗa da PDD 'ba a ƙayyade ba' (gami da 'atypical autism'), da kuma Rett syndrome da kuma [[Rashin lalacewar yara|rashin daidaituwar yara]] (CDD). Ana kiran waɗannan uku na farko na waɗannan cututtuka da cututtukan autism; cututtuka biyu na ƙarshe sun fi yawa, kuma wani lokacin ana sanya su a cikin autism spectrum wani lokacin kuma ba haka ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lord C, Cook EH, Leventhal BL, Amaral DG |year=2000 |title=Autism spectrum disorders |journal=Neuron |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=355–63 |doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00115-X |pmid=11144346 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Johnson">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM, ((Council on Children with Disabilities)) |year=2007 |title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1183–215 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361 |pmid=17967920 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Haɗa waɗannan cututtuka ya dogara ne akan binciken da aka yi cewa alamun suna kama da juna, ta yadda mutane za su fi bambanta ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun asibiti (misali girman tsananin, kamar girman matsalolin sadarwa na zamantakewa ko yadda halaye ko sha'awa suke da tsayayye ko ƙuntatawa) da fasaloli masu alaƙa (misali cututtukan kwayoyin halitta da aka sani, farfadiya, nakasa ta hankali). A cikin DSM-5, an haɗa cututtukan autism spectrum zuwa cuta ɗaya ta autism spectrum (ASD). Kalmar cututtukan ci gaba na musamman an keɓe ta ne don rarraba takamaiman nakasassu na ilmantarwa da nakasassu na ci gaba da ke shafar daidaito. === Bakan Schizophrenia === Tsarin [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] ko psychotic spectrum <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tienari P, Wynne LC, Läksy K, etal |date=September 2003 |title=Genetic boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum: evidence from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=9 |pages=1587–94 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1587 |pmid=12944332}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sbrana A, Dell'Osso L, Benvenuti A, etal |date=June 2005 |title=The psychotic spectrum: validity and reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Psychotic Spectrum |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=75 |issue=2–3 |pages=375–87 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.016 |pmid=15885528 |s2cid=34887558}}</ref> - akwai ''cututtuka da yawa na psychotic spectrum'' da suka riga suka kasance a cikin DSM, da yawa sun haɗa da karkatar da gaskiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daisy Yuhas (2013) |title=Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained a Challenge |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=throughout-history-defining-schizophrenia-has-remained-challenge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413114534/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=throughout-history-defining-schizophrenia-has-remained-challenge |archive-date=2013-04-13 |publisher=Scientific American Mind}}</ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Nau'o'i biyar na schizophrenia (kodayake an kawar da su a cikin DSM-5) * Nau'i biyu na gajeriyar lokaci ( cutar schizophrenia da kuma taƙaiceccen tabin hankali ) * Matsalolin ruhi guda uku ( ci gaba da ruhi, rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da aka raba, [[Other delusional disorders|wasu matsalolin ruhi]] ) * Ciwon Schizoaffective : Alamomin schizophrenia da kuma matsalar yanayi ( [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] ko [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar bipolar]] ) * Catatonia * Matsalar Halin Mutum na Schizotypal * [[Other and unspecified non-organic psychotic disorders|Sauran cututtukan tabin hankali marasa halitta da ba a bayyana su ba]] (Atypical psychosis), (ciki har da: chronic hallucinatory psychosis) An rarraba fifikon schizophrenia tare da neologism [[wiktionary:schizotaxia|schizotaxia]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faraone |first=S. V. |last2=Green |first2=A. I. |last3=Seidman |first3=L. J. |last4=Tsuang |first4=M. T. |date=2001-01-01 |title="Schizotaxia": Clinical Implications and New Directions for Research |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006849 |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006849 |issn=0586-7614 |pmid=11215539}}</ref> Akwai kuma halaye da aka gano a cikin dangin farko na waɗanda aka gano suna da schizophrenia da ke da alaƙa da spectrum. Sauran hanyoyin bakan sun haɗa da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na mutum ɗaya waɗanda kuma za su iya faruwa a cikin siffofin da ba na asibiti ba a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya, kamar wasu imani na paranoid ko jin muryoyin. Psychosis tare da rashin lafiyar yanayi za a iya haɗa shi a matsayin rashin lafiyar bakan schizophrenia, ko kuma ana iya rarraba shi daban kamar yadda ke ƙasa. Ba lallai ba ne cututtukan Schizophrenia su ƙunshi alamun tabin hankali. Ana iya ɗaukar matsalar tabin hankali ta Schizoid, matsalar tabin hankali ta schizotypal, da kuma matsalar tabin hankali ta halin mutum 'cututtukan hali irin na schizophrenia' saboda kamanceceniya da bakan schizophrenia. Wasu masu bincike sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ɗauki matsalar tabin hankali ta hanyar gujewa da halayen [[Damuwar jama'a|damuwa na zamantakewa]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na bakan schizophrenia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=David L. Fogelson |last2=Keith Nuechterlein |year=2007 |title=Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=91 |issue=1–3 |pages=192–199 |citeseerx=10.1.1.1019.5817 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.023 |pmc=1904485 |pmid=17306508}}</ref> Wasu majiyoyi sun raba bakan schizotypal zuwa cututtukan tabin hankali da waɗanda ba na tabin hankali ba, tare da rashin lafiyar tabin hankali ta schizotypal a cikin cututtukan da ba na tabin hankali ba (kuma wani lokacin ma rashin lafiyar tabin hankali ta schizoid). Sashen "bakan schizophrenia" a cikin DSM-5 yana magana ne game da cututtukan tabin hankali kawai, don haka ya cire matsalar tabin hankali ta schizotypal, yayin da toshewar "bakan schizophrenia" a cikin ICD-11 ya haɗa da rashin lafiyar tabin hankali ta schizotypal. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valle |first=Rubén |date=April 2020 |title=Schizophrenia in ICD-11: Comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-5 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2173505020300145 |journal=Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=95–104 |doi=10.1016/j.rpsmen.2020.01.002 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Daga mahangar psychodynamic ko psychoanalytic, wani lokacin ana ɗaukar bambancin da ke tsakanin cututtukan schizoid, schizotypal da kuma na gujewa halaye marasa mahimmanci, domin ana fahimtar waɗannan cututtuka suna da halaye iri ɗaya na ƙwarewa kuma ana bambanta su musamman ta hanyar lura da matakin saman abubuwa game da bambance-bambancen halaye. <ref name="McWilliams 2011 p199">{{Cite book|doi=McWilliams}}</ref> Sannan ana ɗaukar cututtukan psychotic kamar schizophrenia da schizoaffective a matsayin bayyanar psychotic na tsarin halayyar da aka raba. <ref name="McWilliams 2011 p199" /> ==== Cututtukan Schizoaffective ==== Tsarin schizoaffective <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peralta V, Cuesta MJ |date=May 2008 |title=Exploring the borders of the schizoaffective spectrum: a categorical and dimensional approach |url=https://zenodo.org/record/904814 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=108 |issue=1–2 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2007.09.009 |pmid=18029027}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Craddock |first=Nick |year=2007 |title=The Overlap of Affective and Schizophrenic Spectra |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=191 |page=366 |doi=10.1192/bjp.191.4.366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> - wannan tsarin yana nufin siffofi na psychosis ( [[Hallucination|mafarki]], ruɗi, rashin tunani da sauransu) da kuma yanayin yanayi (duba ƙasa). DSM tana da, a gefe guda, nau'in schizoaffective disorder (wanda zai iya zama mafi tasiri (yanayi) ko mafi schizophrenia), kuma a gefe guda nau'in psychotic bipolar disorder da psychotic depression . Tsarin spectrum yana haɗa waɗannan tare kuma yana iya haɗawa da takamaiman canje-canje na asibiti da sakamako, wanda binciken farko ya nuna cewa ƙila ba za a iya ɗaukar su da kyau ta nau'ikan ganewar asali daban-daban ba sai dai a mafi girman matsayi. === Yanayi === Rashin lafiyar yanayi ( affective ) spectrum <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benazzi F |date=December 2006 |title=The continuum/spectrum concept of mood disorders: is mixed depression the basic link? |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=256 |issue=8 |pages=512–5 |doi=10.1007/s00406-006-0672-4 |pmid=16960654 |s2cid=144069196}}</ref> ko bipolar spectrum <ref name="bipolarspectrum">{{Cite journal |last=Angst J |date=March 2007 |title=The bipolar spectrum |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=190 |issue=3 |pages=189–91 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957 |pmid=17329735 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAngst_J2007">Angst J (March 2007). [[doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957|"The bipolar spectrum"]]. ''The British Journal of Psychiatry''. '''190''' (3): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>91. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957|10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17329735 17329735].</cite></ref> ko depressive spectrum. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Angst J, Merikangas K |date=August 1997 |title=The depressive spectrum: diagnostic classification and course |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=45 |issue=1–2 |pages=31–9; discussion 39–40 |doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00057-8 |pmid=9268773 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin sun faɗaɗa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A gefe guda, aikin da aka yi kan [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin lafiyar damuwa]] ya gano nau'ikan ƙananan rukunoni da ƙananan alamomin da suka zama ruwan dare, masu maimaitawa kuma suna da alaƙa da buƙatun magani. Ana gano mutane suna motsawa tsakanin ƙananan nau'ikan da babban nau'in ganewar asali akan lokaci, yana nuna bakan. Wannan bakan na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan ƙananan cututtukan damuwa, ' melancholic depression ' da nau'ikan baƙin ciki daban-daban. A wani gefen kuma, an gano alaƙa da yawa tsakanin babban rashin jin daɗi da kuma ciwon bipolar, gami da yanayi iri-iri (baƙin ciki da mania ko hypomania a lokaci guda). Hypomanic ('ƙasa da manic') da kuma alamun manic da yawa an gano su a cikin adadi mai yawa na manyan cututtukan depressive, suna nuna ba bambanci na rukuni ba amma girman mita wanda ya fi girma a cikin bipolar II kuma mafi girma a cikin bipolar I. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Akiskal HS, Benazzi F |date=May 2006 |title=The DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories of recurrent [major] depressive and bipolar II disorders: evidence that they lie on a dimensional spectrum |journal=J Affect Disord |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.035 |pmid=16488021}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gabatar da nau'ikan bipolar da yawa fiye da nau'ikan da suka riga sun kasance a cikin DSM (wanda ya haɗa da siffa mai sauƙi da ake kira cyclothymia ). An bayyana waɗannan ƙarin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi dangane da ƙarin ci gaba na tsananin yanayi, ko saurin keken hawa, ko girman ko yanayin alamun psychotic. Bugu da ƙari, saboda halaye da aka raba tsakanin wasu nau'ikan cututtukan bipolar da rashin lafiyar halayen kan iyaka, wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa duka suna iya kasancewa akan nau'ikan cututtukan affective, kodayake wasu suna ganin ƙarin alaƙa zuwa cututtukan bayan trauma. === Amfani da abu === Tsarin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi - wani nau'in wannan nau'in, wanda Majalisar Jami'an Lafiya ta [[British Columbia]] ta amince da shi a shekarar 2005, ba ya amfani da kalmomi da bambance-bambance masu yawa kamar "amfani" da "cin zarafi", amma a bayyane yake yana gane wani nau'i daga mai yuwuwar amfani zuwa dogaro na yau da kullun . Tsarin ya haɗa da rawar da ba wai kawai na mutum ba amma na al'umma, al'ada da samuwar abubuwa. Tare da bambance-bambancen amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, an gano nau'ikan hanyoyin manufofi waɗanda suka dogara da wani ɓangare akan ko maganin da ake magana a kai yana samuwa a cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwanci na doka, don riba, ko kuma a ɗayan ɓangaren kawai a cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwanci na laifi/hana, baƙar fata. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri takamaiman tambayoyi a cikin ilimin tabin hankali bisa ga ra'ayi na bambance-bambancen amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sbrana A, Bizzarri JV, Rucci P, etal |year=2005 |title=The spectrum of substance use in mood and anxiety disorders |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=6–13 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.017 |pmid=15714188}}</ref> === Paraphilia da abubuwan da suka shafi sha'awa === An kuma yi la'akari da mabuɗin fassarar "bakan gizo," wanda aka samo asali daga manufar "cututtuka masu alaƙa," a cikin paraphilias . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2013)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Halayyar Paraphilic tana tasowa ne ta hanyar tunani ko sha'awa waɗanda ke kusa da yankin motsin rai na psychopathological. Hollander (1996) ya haɗa da cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki na obsessive-compulsive, matsalolin da suka shafi fahimtar jiki da kuma matsalolin motsin rai. A cikin wannan ci gaba daga motsin rai zuwa tilastawa, yana da wuya a sami iyaka bayyananne tsakanin abubuwan biyu. A wannan mahangar, paraphilias suna wakiltar kamar halayen jima'i saboda yawan sha'awar sha'awa da tilastawa. Yana da wuya a bambanta sha'awa da tilastawa: Wani lokaci halayen paraphilias suna da saurin cimma jin daɗi (sha'awa ko tatsuniya); a wasu lokuta, waɗannan halaye kawai alamun damuwa ne, kuma halin da ba na yau da kullun ba yunƙuri ne na rage damuwa. A cikin yanayin ƙarshe, jin daɗin da aka samu yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ana biyo baya da sabon ƙaruwa a matakan damuwa, kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin majiyyaci mai yawan damuwa bayan ya yi tilas ɗinsa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Matsalolin ɗabi'a masu kawo cikas === Matsalolin ɗabi'a masu rikitarwa - waɗanda aka fi sani da sun haɗa da rashin jituwa tsakanin ɗabi'a da [[Rashin halayyar mutum|rashin jituwa tsakanin ɗabi'a]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Burns |first=G. Leonard |last2=Walsh |first2=James A. |last3=Patterson |first3=David R. |last4=Holte |first4=Carol S. |last5=Sommers-Flanagan |first5=Rita |last6=Parker |first6=Colleen M. |date=1997 |title=Internal Validity of the Disruptive Behavior Disorder Symptoms: Implications from Parent Ratings for a Dimensional Approach to Symptom Validity |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1025764403506 |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=307–319 |doi=10.1023/A:1025764403506 |pmid=9304447 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> tare da ADHD <ref name=":0" /> da rashin jituwa tsakanin ɗabi'a tsakanin zamantakewa, wani lokacin ma har da su - ana ɗaukar su a matsayin "bambancin rashin jituwa tsakanin ɗabi'a". <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002 |title=Using Atypical Antipsychotics in Primary Care |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |language=en |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=233–241 |pmc=315493 |pmid=15014714}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zahn |first=Theodore P. |last2=Kruesi |first2=Markus J. P. |date=November 1993 |title=Autonomic activity in boys with disruptive behavior disorders |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02086.x |journal=Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=605–614 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02086.x |issn=0048-5772 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lazzaro |first=I. |last2=Gordon |first2=E. |last3=Li |first3=W. |last4=Lim |first4=C.L. |last5=Plahn |first5=M. |last6=Whitmont |first6=S. |last7=Clarke |first7=S. |last8=Barry |first8=R.J. |last9=Dosen |first9=A. |last10=Meares |first10=R. |date=November 1999 |title=Simultaneous EEG and EDA measures in adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167876099000689 |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=123–134 |doi=10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00068-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Matsalolin da ke tattare da barasa a cikin fetal === Matsalolin da ke tattare da barasa a cikin tayin suna da alamun jiki (kamar lalacewar fuska) amma kuma suna da alamun tunani da alamu, gami da matsalolin hali kamar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]], matsalolin koyo da magana, da nakasa ta hankali . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burd |first=Larry |date=2016-09-22 |title=FASD and ADHD: Are they related and How? |journal=BMC Psychiatry |language=en |volume=16 |doi=10.1186/s12888-016-1028-x |pmc=5032242 |pmid=27655173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin bakan gizo mai faɗi == An kuma gabatar da nau'ikan nau'ikan bakan iri-iri, waɗanda ke canza yanayi zuwa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi amma masu faɗi. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> Wani samfurin tunani wanda ya dogara da nazarin abubuwa, wanda ya samo asali daga nazarin ci gaba amma kuma aka yi amfani da shi ga manya, ya nuna cewa cututtuka da yawa suna faɗuwa akan ko dai wani nau'in " ciki " (wanda aka siffanta shi da mummunan tasiri ; ya rarrabu zuwa ƙaramin "baƙin ciki" da ƙaramin "tsoro") ko kuma wani nau'in "baƙin ciki" (wanda aka siffanta shi da mummunan tasiri da hana hanawa). Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da alaƙa da bambancin da ke cikin wasu manyan halaye guda biyar na hali. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krueger RF, Markon KE |year=2006 |title=Understanding Psychopathology: Melding Behavior Genetics, Personality, and Quantitative Psychology to Develop an Empirically Based Model |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00418.x |pmc=2288576 |pmid=18392116}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Markon KE, Krueger RF |date=December 2005 |title=Categorical and continuous models of liability to externalizing disorders: a direct comparison in NESARC |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1352–9 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.62.12.1352 |pmc=2242348 |pmid=16330723}}</ref> Wani samfurin ka'ida ya ba da shawarar cewa girman [[tsoro]] da fushi, waɗanda aka ayyana a cikin ma'ana mai faɗi, suna ƙarƙashin nau'in yanayi, halayya da halayen mutum. A cikin wannan samfurin, haɗuwa daban-daban na tsoro da fushi mai yawa ko ƙarancin su sun dace da nau'ikan yanayin neuropsychological daban-daban da aka yi hasashen suna haifar da bambance-bambancen cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lara DR, Pinto O, Akiskal K, Akiskal HS |date=August 2006 |title=Toward an integrative model of the spectrum of mood, behavioral and personality disorders based on fear and anger traits: I. Clinical implications |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=94 |issue=1–3 |pages=67–87 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.025 |pmid=16730070}}</ref> Irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna nufin "gine-gine" ko "meta-structure," musamman dangane da ci gaban tsarin DSM ko ICD. An gabatar da ƙungiyoyi guda biyar da aka gabatar kwanan nan ta wannan hanyar, bisa ga ra'ayoyi da shaidu da suka shafi abubuwan haɗari da gabatarwar asibiti. An bayyana rukunin rashin lafiyar da suka bayyana a matsayin neurocognitive (wanda aka gano galibi ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar abubuwan jijiyoyi), ci gaban jijiyoyi (wanda aka gano galibi ta hanyar ƙarancin fahimta na farko da na ci gaba), psychosis (wanda aka gano galibi ta hanyar siffofin asibiti da alamun alamun don ƙarancin sarrafa bayanai), motsin rai (wanda aka gano galibi ta hanyar yanayin motsin rai mara kyau), da kuma waje (wanda aka gano galibi yana gabanin hanawa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Various |year=2009 |title=Thematic section: A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11)&nbsp;– 2009 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?iid=6586004 |access-date=January 3, 2012 |website=Psychological Medicine Volume 39&nbsp;– Issue 12}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken ba lallai bane ya sami damar tabbatar da tsari ɗaya akan wasu. Daga mahangar tunani, an nuna cewa abubuwan da ke ƙasa suna da rikitarwa, suna da alaƙa da juna kuma suna ci gaba&nbsp;- tare da rashin fahimtar tushen halitta ko muhalli sosai&nbsp;– a yi tsammanin cewa za a iya tsara komai zuwa rukuni-rukuni don kowane dalili. A wannan mahallin, tsarin rarrabuwa gabaɗaya yana da tsari iri ɗaya, kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta mai amfani wanda zai iya buƙatar biyan buƙatu daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed, G.M. |year=2010 |title=Toward ICD-11: Improving the Clinical Utility of WHO's International Classification of Mental Disorders |url=http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/pro-41-6-457.pdf |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=462 |doi=10.1037/a0021701}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cuwu02uurmz2dze3yo83d93o8hhwz3u 856744 856741 2026-06-14T10:09:39Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin lafiyar bakan gizo''', a fannin tabin hankali, cuta ce da ta ƙunshi yanayi daban-daban masu alaƙa, wani lokacin kuma tana faɗaɗa har zuwa ga alamomi da halaye na musamman. Abubuwa daban-daban na bakan ko dai suna da kamanni iri ɗaya ko kuma ana tsammanin suna faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin da ke ƙasa ɗaya. A kowane hali, ana ɗaukar hanyar bakan ne saboda da alama akwai "ba rashin lafiyar abu ɗaya ba amma wata cuta da ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi". Bakan na iya wakiltar nau'ikan tsanani, wanda ya ƙunshi cututtukan tunani "masu tsanani" har zuwa " rashin ƙarfi da rashin lafiya". <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}</ref> Kalmar "rashin lafiyar bakan gizo" ana amfani da ita sosai a fannin tabin hankali da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, amma kuma an sami karɓuwa a wasu fannoni na magani, misali rashin lafiyar bakan gizo mai ƙarfi da rashin lafiyar neuromyelitis optica spectrum . A wasu lokuta, hanyar bakan ta haɗu da yanayin da aka yi la'akari da su daban. Wani misali mai kyau na wannan yanayin shine bakan autism, inda yanayin da ke kan wannan bakan yanzu za a iya kiransa da cututtukan bakan autism, kuma a cikin DSM-5 an haɗa su cikin wata cuta ta bakan autism guda ɗaya (ASD). Hanyar bakan kuma na iya faɗaɗa nau'in ko tsananin matsalolin da aka haɗa, wanda zai iya rage gibin da ke tsakanin wasu cututtuka ko kuma da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "al'ada". Masu goyon bayan wannan hanyar suna jayayya cewa ya yi daidai da shaidar digiri a cikin nau'in ko tsananin alamun a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. == Asali == An fara amfani da kalmar bakan a fannin kimiyyar lissafi don nuna bambanci mai bayyana na inganci wanda ya samo asali daga ci gaba mai yawa (watau jerin [[Launi|launuka]] daban-daban da ake samu lokacin da hasken fari ya warwatse ta hanyar prism bisa ga tsawon rai ). [[Isaac Newton]] ya fara amfani da kalmar ''bakan'' (Latin don "bayyanar" ko "bayyanar") a cikin bugawa a cikin 1671, wajen bayyana gwaje-gwajensa a cikin na'urorin gan An fara amfani da kalmar ta hanyar kwatantawa a fannin ilimin tabin hankali tare da ma'ana daban-daban, don gano rukunin yanayi waɗanda suka bambanta a cikin yanayi daban-daban amma ana kyautata zaton suna da alaƙa da mahangar cututtuka ta asali. An lura cewa ga likitocin da aka horar bayan buga DSM-III (1980), ra'ayin bakan a cikin ilimin tabin hankali na iya zama sabo, amma yana da dogon tarihi mai ban mamaki wanda ya samo asali tun daga Emil Kraepelin da kuma bayan haka. <ref name="Maser" /> Ernst Kretschmer ya gabatar da wani ra'ayi mai girma a cikin 1921 don schizophrenia ( schizothymic)&nbsp;- schizoid&nbsp;- [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] ) da kuma ga cututtukan motsin rai (yanayin cyclothymic&nbsp;- cycloid ' psychopathy '&nbsp;- [[Cutar bipolar|cutar manic-depressive]] ), da kuma ta Eugen Bleuler a shekarar 1922. An fara amfani da kalmar "spectrum" a fannin ilimin tabin hankali a shekarar 1968 dangane da wani nau'in schizophrenia da aka yi la'akari da shi, a wancan lokacin yana nufin haɗa abin da ake kira "halayen schizoid ", a cikin mutanen da aka gano suna da cutar schizophrenia da danginsu na kwayoyin halitta (duba Seymour S. Kety ). <ref name="bipolarspectrum">{{Cite journal |last=Angst J |date=March 2007 |title=The bipolar spectrum |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=190 |issue=3 |pages=189–91 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957 |pmid=17329735 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ga masu bincike daban-daban, alaƙar da ake dangantawa da cututtuka ta bambanta. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> == Manufofi masu alaƙa == Tsarin bakan gaba ɗaya yana mamaye ko kuma ya faɗaɗa hanyar ''rarrabuwa'', wanda a yau an fi danganta shi da Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM) da Tsarin Ƙididdiga na Ƙasashen Duniya (ICD). A cikin waɗannan jagororin ganewar asali, ana ɗaukar cututtuka a matsayin suna nan idan akwai takamaiman haɗuwa da adadin alamun. Ba a yarda da matakin yanzu ko babu ba, kodayake akwai ƙananan nau'ikan tsanani a cikin wani rukuni. Rukunan kuma suna da yawa, saboda an shimfida tarin alamu kuma tsare-tsare daban-daban na su na iya cancanta don ganewar asali iri ɗaya. Waɗannan rukunonin suna da mahimmanci ga manufofinmu na aiki kamar samar da takamaiman lakabi don sauƙaƙe biyan kuɗi ga ƙwararrun lafiyar kwakwalwa . An bayyana su a matsayin kalmomi a sarari, tare da sharuɗɗan da za a iya gani, don haka ci gaba akan wasu samfuran da suka gabata don dalilan bincike. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robert F. Krueger |last2=Serena Bezdjian |date=February 2009 |title=Enhancing research and treatment of mental disorders with dimensional concepts: toward DSM-V and ICD-11 |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–6 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00197.x |pmc=2652894 |pmid=19293948}}</ref> Tsarin bakan wani lokaci yana farawa da ka'idojin ganewar asali na DSM na nukiliya don cuta (ko kuma yana iya haɗawa da cututtuka da yawa), sannan ya haɗa da ƙarin fannoni daban-daban kamar halaye ko halaye, salon rayuwa, tsarin halayya, da halayen mutum. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'bakan' a musanya da continuum, kodayake na ƙarshen ya ci gaba da nuna layi madaidaiciya ba tare da wani babban rashin daidaituwa ba. A ƙarƙashin wasu samfuran continuum, babu nau'ikan ko rukunoni da aka saita kwata-kwata, sai dai girma daban-daban wanda kowa ya bambanta (saboda haka hanyar ''girma'' ). Ana iya samun misali a cikin samfuran halaye ko halaye . Misali, samfurin da aka samo daga maganganun harshe na bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya an raba shi zuwa manyan halayen halaye guda biyar, inda kowa zai iya samun maki a kowane ɗayan girma biyar. Wannan ya bambanta da samfuran ' nau'ikan halaye ' ko yanayi, inda wasu ke da wani nau'i wasu kuma ba sa da shi. Hakazalika, a cikin rarrabuwar cututtukan kwakwalwa, hanyar girma, wacce ake la'akari da ita don DSM-V, za ta ƙunshi kowa yana da maki akan ma'aunin halayen mutum. Hanyar rarrabuwa za ta nemi kawai kasancewar ko rashin wasu tarin alamun, wataƙila tare da wasu maki don tsananin wasu alamun kawai, kuma sakamakon haka za a gano wasu mutane da ke da matsalolin halayen mutum . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Widiger TA |date=June 2007 |title=Dimensional models of personality disorder |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=79–83 |pmc=2219904 |pmid=18235857}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Esterberg ML, Compton MT |date=June 2009 |title=The psychosis continuum and categorical versus dimensional diagnostic approaches |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=179–84 |doi=10.1007/s11920-009-0028-7 |pmid=19470278 |s2cid=29033682}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta, hanyar bakan tana nuna cewa kodayake akwai alaƙa ta asali, wacce za ta iya kasancewa mai ci gaba, takamaiman rukunin mutane suna da takamaiman alamu na alamun (watau ciwo ko ƙaramin nau'i), suna tunawa da bakan da ake gani na launuka daban-daban bayan an cire haske ta hanyar prism. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> An yi jayayya cewa a cikin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su don haɓaka tsarin DSM akwai manyan littattafai da suka kai ga ƙarshe cewa rarrabuwar bakan yana ba da kyakkyawan hangen nesa kan yanayin halitta (bayyanuwa da gogewa) na [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] (wahalolin tunani) fiye da tsarin rarrabuwa na rukuni. Duk da haka, kalmar tana da tarihi daban-daban, ma'ana abu ɗaya lokacin da ake magana game da bakan schizophrenia da wani lokacin da ake magana game da bakan bipolar ko obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum, misali. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> == Nau'ikan bakan == Littattafan DSM da ICD da ake amfani da su sosai galibi suna iyakance ga ganewar asali na rukuni. Duk da haka, wasu rukunoni sun haɗa da nau'ikan ƙananan nau'ikan da suka bambanta daga babban ganewar asali a cikin gabatarwar asibiti ko tsananin da aka saba. Wasu rukunoni ana iya ɗaukar su a [[wiktionary:subsyndromal|matsayin ƙananan nau'ikan]] (ba su cika sharuɗɗan cikakken ganewar asali ba). Bugu da ƙari, yawancin rukunoni sun haɗa da ƙaramin nau'in ' ba a ƙayyade ba ', inda akwai isassun alamun cutar amma ba a cikin babban tsarin da aka sani ba; a wasu rukunoni wannan shine mafi yawan ganewar cutar. DSM-5 ya amince da "bambancin autism" da "bambancin schizophrenia" kawai a hukumance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=DSM-5 Table of Contents |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/APA_DSM-5-Contents.pdf |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=[[American Psychiatry Association]]}}</ref> amma an gabatar da wasu ra'ayoyi da yawa na bamban a cikin bincike, kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da su a aikin asibiti, gami da waɗannan. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> === Damuwa, damuwa, da rabuwar kai === Ana amfani da nau'ikan bakan iri-iri a waɗannan fannoni, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ana la'akari da su a cikin DSM-5 . <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2013 |title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2015 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]}}</ref> Tsarin [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|damuwa na gabaɗaya]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Angst J, Gamma A, Baldwin DS, Ajdacic-Gross V, Rössler W |date=February 2009 |title=The generalized anxiety spectrum: prevalence, onset, course and outcome |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/10378/9/ZORA_NL_10378.pdf |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=259 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1007/s00406-008-0832-9 |pmid=18575915 |s2cid=12582240}}</ref> - an bayyana wannan bakan ta tsawon lokacin alamun: nau'in da ke ɗaukar fiye da watanni shida (ma'aunin DSM-IV), sama da wata ɗaya (DSM-III), ko kuma wanda ke ɗaukar makonni biyu ko ƙasa da haka (kodayake yana iya sake faruwa), da kuma alamun damuwa da ba su cika sharuɗɗan kowace iri ba. Tsarin [[Damuwar jama'a|damuwa ta zamantakewa]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell'osso |first=Liliana |last2=Rucci |first2=Paola |last3=Ducci |first3=Francesca |last4=Ciapparelli |first4=Antonio |last5=Vivarelli |first5=Laura |last6=Carlini |first6=Marina |last7=Ramacciotti |first7=Carla |last8=Cassano |first8=Giovanni B. |year=2003 |title=Social anxiety spectrum |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=253 |issue=6 |pages=286–91 |doi=10.1007/s00406-003-0442-5 |pmid=14714117 |s2cid=30944382}}</ref> - an bayyana wannan don ya haɗa da jin kunya zuwa matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa, gami da gabatarwar da aka saba gani da wadda ba ta dace ba, alamu da alamu daban-daban, da kuma abubuwan da [[Rashin jituwa na mutum|ke haifar da rashin lafiyar ɗabi'a]] . Tsoro - agoraphobia spectrum <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shear MK, Frank E, Rucci P, etal |year=2001 |title=Panic-agoraphobic spectrum: reliability and validity of assessment instruments |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00002-4 |pmid=11287057}}</ref> - saboda [[Bambancin muhalli|bambancin]] (bambancin) da aka samu a cikin gabatarwar asibiti na mutum ɗaya na rashin lafiyar tsoro da agoraphobia, an yi ƙoƙarin gano tarin alamun ban da waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin ganewar DSM, gami da haɓaka ma'aunin tambayoyi masu girma. Tsarin [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|damuwa bayan rauni]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moreau C, Zisook S |date=December 2002 |title=Rationale for a posttraumatic stress spectrum disorder |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=775–90 |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00019-9 |pmid=12462860}}</ref> ko kuma tsarin [[Raunin kwakwalwa|rauni]] da [[Alhini|asara]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dell'osso L, Shear MK, Carmassi C, etal |year=2008 |title=Validity and reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Trauma and Loss Spectrum (SCI-TALS) |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=4 |pages=2 |doi=10.1186/1745-0179-4-2 |pmc=2265706 |pmid=18226228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> - aiki a wannan fanni ya yi ƙoƙarin wuce rukunin DSM kuma ya yi la'akari da cikakken yanayin tsananin alamun (maimakon kawai kasancewa ko rashin zuwa don dalilai na ganewar asali), da kuma yanayin yanayin mai damuwa (misali abin da ya faru na rauni) da kuma yanayin yadda mutane ke amsawa ga rauni. Wannan yana gano adadi mai yawa na alamu da rashin lafiya a ƙasa da matakin don gano DSM amma duk da haka yana da mahimmanci, kuma yana iya kasancewa a cikin wasu cututtuka da mutum zai iya kamuwa da su. Tsarin rage girman kai - rage girman kai <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mula M, Pini S, Calugi S, etal |date=October 2008 |title=Validity and reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for Depersonalization-Derealization Spectrum (SCI-DER) |url= |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=977–86 |doi=10.2147/ndt.s3622 |pmc=2626926 |pmid=19183789 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>Sierra, M. (2009) [http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511730023&cid=CBO9780511730023A009 Depersonalization: A New Look at a Neglected Syndromea: Chapter 3 The depersonalization spectrum] page 44–62 {{Doi|10.1017/CBO9780511730023.004}}</ref> - kodayake DSM ta gano nau'in rashin daidaituwar kai tsaye da na yau da kullun, kuma ICD a matsayin 'ciwon rashin daidaituwar kai', an daɗe ana gano wani nau'in tsanani, gami da yanayin da ba a saba gani ba a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya kuma galibi yana da alaƙa da wasu cututtuka. === Abubuwan da suka shafi sha'awa da tilas === Wani nau'in rashin daidaituwa da rashin ƙarfi <ref name="McElroy">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McElroy SL, Phillips KA, Keck PE |date=October 1994 |title=Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=55 Suppl |pages=33–51; discussion 52–3 |pmid=7961531}}</ref> - wannan na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan cututtuka iri-iri, tun daga cutar Tourette zuwa [[Hypochondriasis|hypochondria]], da kuma nau'ikan rashin cin abinci, wanda shi kansa yake da wasu yanayi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patton GC |year=1988 |title=The spectrum of eating disorder in adolescence |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=579–84 |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(88)90006-2 |pmid=3221332}}</ref> === Matsalolin ci gaba na gabaɗaya === Autism spectrum <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Willemsen-Swinkels SH, Buitelaar JK |date=December 2002 |title=The autistic spectrum: subgroups, boundaries, and treatment |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=811–36 |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00020-5 |pmid=12462862}}</ref> - a cikin mafi sauƙi wannan yana haɗuwa da autism da [[Ciwon Asperger|Asperger syndrome]], kuma yana iya haɗawa da wasu cututtukan ci gaba masu yaɗuwa (PDD). Waɗannan sun haɗa da PDD 'ba a ƙayyade ba' (gami da 'atypical autism'), da kuma Rett syndrome da kuma [[Rashin lalacewar yara|rashin daidaituwar yara]] (CDD). Ana kiran waɗannan uku na farko na waɗannan cututtuka da cututtukan autism; cututtuka biyu na ƙarshe sun fi yawa, kuma wani lokacin ana sanya su a cikin autism spectrum wani lokacin kuma ba haka ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lord C, Cook EH, Leventhal BL, Amaral DG |year=2000 |title=Autism spectrum disorders |journal=Neuron |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=355–63 |doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00115-X |pmid=11144346 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Johnson">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM, ((Council on Children with Disabilities)) |year=2007 |title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1183–215 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361 |pmid=17967920 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Haɗa waɗannan cututtuka ya dogara ne akan binciken da aka yi cewa alamun suna kama da juna, ta yadda mutane za su fi bambanta ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun asibiti (misali girman tsananin, kamar girman matsalolin sadarwa na zamantakewa ko yadda halaye ko sha'awa suke da tsayayye ko ƙuntatawa) da fasaloli masu alaƙa (misali cututtukan kwayoyin halitta da aka sani, farfadiya, nakasa ta hankali). A cikin DSM-5, an haɗa cututtukan autism spectrum zuwa cuta ɗaya ta autism spectrum (ASD). Kalmar cututtukan ci gaba na musamman an keɓe ta ne don rarraba takamaiman nakasassu na ilmantarwa da nakasassu na ci gaba da ke shafar daidaito. === Bakan Schizophrenia === Tsarin [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] ko psychotic spectrum <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tienari P, Wynne LC, Läksy K, etal |date=September 2003 |title=Genetic boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum: evidence from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=9 |pages=1587–94 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1587 |pmid=12944332}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sbrana A, Dell'Osso L, Benvenuti A, etal |date=June 2005 |title=The psychotic spectrum: validity and reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Psychotic Spectrum |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=75 |issue=2–3 |pages=375–87 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.016 |pmid=15885528 |s2cid=34887558}}</ref> - akwai ''cututtuka da yawa na psychotic spectrum'' da suka riga suka kasance a cikin DSM, da yawa sun haɗa da karkatar da gaskiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daisy Yuhas (2013) |title=Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained a Challenge |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=throughout-history-defining-schizophrenia-has-remained-challenge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413114534/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=throughout-history-defining-schizophrenia-has-remained-challenge |archive-date=2013-04-13 |publisher=Scientific American Mind}}</ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Nau'o'i biyar na schizophrenia (kodayake an kawar da su a cikin DSM-5) * Nau'i biyu na gajeriyar lokaci ( cutar schizophrenia da kuma taƙaiceccen tabin hankali ) * Matsalolin ruhi guda uku ( ci gaba da ruhi, rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da aka raba, [[Other delusional disorders|wasu matsalolin ruhi]] ) * Ciwon Schizoaffective : Alamomin schizophrenia da kuma matsalar yanayi ( [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] ko [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar bipolar]] ) * Catatonia * Matsalar Halin Mutum na Schizotypal * [[Other and unspecified non-organic psychotic disorders|Sauran cututtukan tabin hankali marasa halitta da ba a bayyana su ba]] (Atypical psychosis), (ciki har da: chronic hallucinatory psychosis) An rarraba fifikon schizophrenia tare da neologism [[wiktionary:schizotaxia|schizotaxia]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faraone |first=S. V. |last2=Green |first2=A. I. |last3=Seidman |first3=L. J. |last4=Tsuang |first4=M. T. |date=2001-01-01 |title="Schizotaxia": Clinical Implications and New Directions for Research |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006849 |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006849 |issn=0586-7614 |pmid=11215539}}</ref> Akwai kuma halaye da aka gano a cikin dangin farko na waɗanda aka gano suna da schizophrenia da ke da alaƙa da spectrum. Sauran hanyoyin bakan sun haɗa da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na mutum ɗaya waɗanda kuma za su iya faruwa a cikin siffofin da ba na asibiti ba a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya, kamar wasu imani na paranoid ko jin muryoyin. Psychosis tare da rashin lafiyar yanayi za a iya haɗa shi a matsayin rashin lafiyar bakan schizophrenia, ko kuma ana iya rarraba shi daban kamar yadda ke ƙasa. Ba lallai ba ne cututtukan Schizophrenia su ƙunshi alamun tabin hankali. Ana iya ɗaukar matsalar tabin hankali ta Schizoid, matsalar tabin hankali ta schizotypal, da kuma matsalar tabin hankali ta halin mutum 'cututtukan hali irin na schizophrenia' saboda kamanceceniya da bakan schizophrenia. Wasu masu bincike sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ɗauki matsalar tabin hankali ta hanyar gujewa da halayen [[Damuwar jama'a|damuwa na zamantakewa]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na bakan schizophrenia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=David L. Fogelson |last2=Keith Nuechterlein |year=2007 |title=Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=91 |issue=1–3 |pages=192–199 |citeseerx=10.1.1.1019.5817 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.023 |pmc=1904485 |pmid=17306508}}</ref> Wasu majiyoyi sun raba bakan schizotypal zuwa cututtukan tabin hankali da waɗanda ba na tabin hankali ba, tare da rashin lafiyar tabin hankali ta schizotypal a cikin cututtukan da ba na tabin hankali ba (kuma wani lokacin ma rashin lafiyar tabin hankali ta schizoid). Sashen "bakan schizophrenia" a cikin DSM-5 yana magana ne game da cututtukan tabin hankali kawai, don haka ya cire matsalar tabin hankali ta schizotypal, yayin da toshewar "bakan schizophrenia" a cikin ICD-11 ya haɗa da rashin lafiyar tabin hankali ta schizotypal. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valle |first=Rubén |date=April 2020 |title=Schizophrenia in ICD-11: Comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-5 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2173505020300145 |journal=Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=95–104 |doi=10.1016/j.rpsmen.2020.01.002 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Daga mahangar psychodynamic ko psychoanalytic, wani lokacin ana ɗaukar bambancin da ke tsakanin cututtukan schizoid, schizotypal da kuma na gujewa halaye marasa mahimmanci, domin ana fahimtar waɗannan cututtuka suna da halaye iri ɗaya na ƙwarewa kuma ana bambanta su musamman ta hanyar lura da matakin saman abubuwa game da bambance-bambancen halaye. <ref name="McWilliams 2011 p199">{{Cite book|doi=McWilliams}}</ref> Sannan ana ɗaukar cututtukan psychotic kamar schizophrenia da schizoaffective a matsayin bayyanar psychotic na tsarin halayyar da aka raba. <ref name="McWilliams 2011 p199" /> ==== Cututtukan Schizoaffective ==== Tsarin schizoaffective <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peralta V, Cuesta MJ |date=May 2008 |title=Exploring the borders of the schizoaffective spectrum: a categorical and dimensional approach |url=https://zenodo.org/record/904814 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=108 |issue=1–2 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2007.09.009 |pmid=18029027}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Craddock |first=Nick |year=2007 |title=The Overlap of Affective and Schizophrenic Spectra |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=191 |page=366 |doi=10.1192/bjp.191.4.366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> - wannan tsarin yana nufin siffofi na psychosis ( [[Hallucination|mafarki]], ruɗi, rashin tunani da sauransu) da kuma yanayin yanayi (duba ƙasa). DSM tana da, a gefe guda, nau'in schizoaffective disorder (wanda zai iya zama mafi tasiri (yanayi) ko mafi schizophrenia), kuma a gefe guda nau'in psychotic bipolar disorder da psychotic depression . Tsarin spectrum yana haɗa waɗannan tare kuma yana iya haɗawa da takamaiman canje-canje na asibiti da sakamako, wanda binciken farko ya nuna cewa ƙila ba za a iya ɗaukar su da kyau ta nau'ikan ganewar asali daban-daban ba sai dai a mafi girman matsayi. === Yanayi === Rashin lafiyar yanayi ( affective ) spectrum <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benazzi F |date=December 2006 |title=The continuum/spectrum concept of mood disorders: is mixed depression the basic link? |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=256 |issue=8 |pages=512–5 |doi=10.1007/s00406-006-0672-4 |pmid=16960654 |s2cid=144069196}}</ref> ko bipolar spectrum <ref name="bipolarspectrum">{{Cite journal |last=Angst J |date=March 2007 |title=The bipolar spectrum |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=190 |issue=3 |pages=189–91 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957 |pmid=17329735 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAngst_J2007">Angst J (March 2007). [[doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957|"The bipolar spectrum"]]. ''The British Journal of Psychiatry''. '''190''' (3): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>91. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957|10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17329735 17329735].</cite></ref> ko depressive spectrum. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Angst J, Merikangas K |date=August 1997 |title=The depressive spectrum: diagnostic classification and course |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=45 |issue=1–2 |pages=31–9; discussion 39–40 |doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00057-8 |pmid=9268773 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin sun faɗaɗa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A gefe guda, aikin da aka yi kan [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin lafiyar damuwa]] ya gano nau'ikan ƙananan rukunoni da ƙananan alamomin da suka zama ruwan dare, masu maimaitawa kuma suna da alaƙa da buƙatun magani. Ana gano mutane suna motsawa tsakanin ƙananan nau'ikan da babban nau'in ganewar asali akan lokaci, yana nuna bakan. Wannan bakan na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan ƙananan cututtukan damuwa, ' melancholic depression ' da nau'ikan baƙin ciki daban-daban. A wani gefen kuma, an gano alaƙa da yawa tsakanin babban rashin jin daɗi da kuma ciwon bipolar, gami da yanayi iri-iri (baƙin ciki da mania ko hypomania a lokaci guda). Hypomanic ('ƙasa da manic') da kuma alamun manic da yawa an gano su a cikin adadi mai yawa na manyan cututtukan depressive, suna nuna ba bambanci na rukuni ba amma girman mita wanda ya fi girma a cikin bipolar II kuma mafi girma a cikin bipolar I. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Akiskal HS, Benazzi F |date=May 2006 |title=The DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories of recurrent [major] depressive and bipolar II disorders: evidence that they lie on a dimensional spectrum |journal=J Affect Disord |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.035 |pmid=16488021}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gabatar da nau'ikan bipolar da yawa fiye da nau'ikan da suka riga sun kasance a cikin DSM (wanda ya haɗa da siffa mai sauƙi da ake kira cyclothymia ). An bayyana waɗannan ƙarin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi dangane da ƙarin ci gaba na tsananin yanayi, ko saurin keken hawa, ko girman ko yanayin alamun psychotic. Bugu da ƙari, saboda halaye da aka raba tsakanin wasu nau'ikan cututtukan bipolar da rashin lafiyar halayen kan iyaka, wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa duka suna iya kasancewa akan nau'ikan cututtukan affective, kodayake wasu suna ganin ƙarin alaƙa zuwa cututtukan bayan trauma. === Amfani da abu === Tsarin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi - wani nau'in wannan nau'in, wanda Majalisar Jami'an Lafiya ta [[British Columbia]] ta amince da shi a shekarar 2005, ba ya amfani da kalmomi da bambance-bambance masu yawa kamar "amfani" da "cin zarafi", amma a bayyane yake yana gane wani nau'i daga mai yuwuwar amfani zuwa dogaro na yau da kullun . Tsarin ya haɗa da rawar da ba wai kawai na mutum ba amma na al'umma, al'ada da samuwar abubuwa. Tare da bambance-bambancen amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, an gano nau'ikan hanyoyin manufofi waɗanda suka dogara da wani ɓangare akan ko maganin da ake magana a kai yana samuwa a cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwanci na doka, don riba, ko kuma a ɗayan ɓangaren kawai a cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwanci na laifi/hana, baƙar fata. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri takamaiman tambayoyi a cikin ilimin tabin hankali bisa ga ra'ayi na bambance-bambancen amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sbrana A, Bizzarri JV, Rucci P, etal |year=2005 |title=The spectrum of substance use in mood and anxiety disorders |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=6–13 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.017 |pmid=15714188}}</ref> === Paraphilia da abubuwan da suka shafi sha'awa === An kuma yi la'akari da mabuɗin fassarar "bakan gizo," wanda aka samo asali daga manufar "cututtuka masu alaƙa," a cikin paraphilias . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2013)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Halayyar Paraphilic tana tasowa ne ta hanyar tunani ko sha'awa waɗanda ke kusa da yankin motsin rai na psychopathological. Hollander (1996) ya haɗa da cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki na obsessive-compulsive, matsalolin da suka shafi fahimtar jiki da kuma matsalolin motsin rai. A cikin wannan ci gaba daga motsin rai zuwa tilastawa, yana da wuya a sami iyaka bayyananne tsakanin abubuwan biyu. A wannan mahangar, paraphilias suna wakiltar kamar halayen jima'i saboda yawan sha'awar sha'awa da tilastawa. Yana da wuya a bambanta sha'awa da tilastawa: Wani lokaci halayen paraphilias suna da saurin cimma jin daɗi (sha'awa ko tatsuniya); a wasu lokuta, waɗannan halaye kawai alamun damuwa ne, kuma halin da ba na yau da kullun ba yunƙuri ne na rage damuwa. A cikin yanayin ƙarshe, jin daɗin da aka samu yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ana biyo baya da sabon ƙaruwa a matakan damuwa, kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin majiyyaci mai yawan damuwa bayan ya yi tilas ɗinsa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Matsalolin ɗabi'a masu kawo cikas === Matsalolin ɗabi'a masu rikitarwa - waɗanda aka fi sani da sun haɗa da rashin jituwa tsakanin ɗabi'a da [[Rashin halayyar mutum|rashin jituwa tsakanin ɗabi'a]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Burns |first=G. Leonard |last2=Walsh |first2=James A. |last3=Patterson |first3=David R. |last4=Holte |first4=Carol S. |last5=Sommers-Flanagan |first5=Rita |last6=Parker |first6=Colleen M. |date=1997 |title=Internal Validity of the Disruptive Behavior Disorder Symptoms: Implications from Parent Ratings for a Dimensional Approach to Symptom Validity |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1025764403506 |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=307–319 |doi=10.1023/A:1025764403506 |pmid=9304447 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> tare da ADHD <ref name=":0" /> da rashin jituwa tsakanin ɗabi'a tsakanin zamantakewa, wani lokacin ma har da su - ana ɗaukar su a matsayin "bambancin rashin jituwa tsakanin ɗabi'a". <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002 |title=Using Atypical Antipsychotics in Primary Care |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |language=en |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=233–241 |pmc=315493 |pmid=15014714}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zahn |first=Theodore P. |last2=Kruesi |first2=Markus J. P. |date=November 1993 |title=Autonomic activity in boys with disruptive behavior disorders |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02086.x |journal=Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=605–614 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02086.x |issn=0048-5772 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lazzaro |first=I. |last2=Gordon |first2=E. |last3=Li |first3=W. |last4=Lim |first4=C.L. |last5=Plahn |first5=M. |last6=Whitmont |first6=S. |last7=Clarke |first7=S. |last8=Barry |first8=R.J. |last9=Dosen |first9=A. |last10=Meares |first10=R. |date=November 1999 |title=Simultaneous EEG and EDA measures in adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167876099000689 |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=123–134 |doi=10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00068-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Matsalolin da ke tattare da barasa a cikin fetal === Matsalolin da ke tattare da barasa a cikin tayin suna da alamun jiki (kamar lalacewar fuska) amma kuma suna da alamun tunani da alamu, gami da matsalolin hali kamar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]], matsalolin koyo da magana, da nakasa ta hankali . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burd |first=Larry |date=2016-09-22 |title=FASD and ADHD: Are they related and How? |journal=BMC Psychiatry |language=en |volume=16 |doi=10.1186/s12888-016-1028-x |pmc=5032242 |pmid=27655173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin bakan gizo mai faɗi == An kuma gabatar da nau'ikan nau'ikan bakan iri-iri, waɗanda ke canza yanayi zuwa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi amma masu faɗi. <ref name="Maser">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maser JD, Akiskal HS |date=December 2002 |title=Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=xi–xiii |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5 |pmid=12462854}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaserAkiskal2002">Maser JD, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". ''The Psychiatric Clinics of North America''. '''25''' (4): <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5|10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462854 12462854].</cite></ref> Wani samfurin tunani wanda ya dogara da nazarin abubuwa, wanda ya samo asali daga nazarin ci gaba amma kuma aka yi amfani da shi ga manya, ya nuna cewa cututtuka da yawa suna faɗuwa akan ko dai wani nau'in " ciki " (wanda aka siffanta shi da mummunan tasiri ; ya rarrabu zuwa ƙaramin "baƙin ciki" da ƙaramin "tsoro") ko kuma wani nau'in "baƙin ciki" (wanda aka siffanta shi da mummunan tasiri da hana hanawa). Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da alaƙa da bambancin da ke cikin wasu manyan halaye guda biyar na hali. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krueger RF, Markon KE |year=2006 |title=Understanding Psychopathology: Melding Behavior Genetics, Personality, and Quantitative Psychology to Develop an Empirically Based Model |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00418.x |pmc=2288576 |pmid=18392116}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Markon KE, Krueger RF |date=December 2005 |title=Categorical and continuous models of liability to externalizing disorders: a direct comparison in NESARC |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1352–9 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.62.12.1352 |pmc=2242348 |pmid=16330723}}</ref> Wani samfurin ka'ida ya ba da shawarar cewa girman [[tsoro]] da fushi, waɗanda aka ayyana a cikin ma'ana mai faɗi, suna ƙarƙashin nau'in yanayi, halayya da halayen mutum. A cikin wannan samfurin, haɗuwa daban-daban na tsoro da fushi mai yawa ko ƙarancin su sun dace da nau'ikan yanayin neuropsychological daban-daban da aka yi hasashen suna haifar da bambance-bambancen cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lara DR, Pinto O, Akiskal K, Akiskal HS |date=August 2006 |title=Toward an integrative model of the spectrum of mood, behavioral and personality disorders based on fear and anger traits: I. Clinical implications |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=94 |issue=1–3 |pages=67–87 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.025 |pmid=16730070}}</ref> Irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna nufin "gine-gine" ko "meta-structure," musamman dangane da ci gaban tsarin DSM ko ICD. An gabatar da ƙungiyoyi guda biyar da aka gabatar kwanan nan ta wannan hanyar, bisa ga ra'ayoyi da shaidu da suka shafi abubuwan haɗari da gabatarwar asibiti. An bayyana rukunin rashin lafiyar da suka bayyana a matsayin neurocognitive (wanda aka gano galibi ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar abubuwan jijiyoyi), ci gaban jijiyoyi (wanda aka gano galibi ta hanyar ƙarancin fahimta na farko da na ci gaba), psychosis (wanda aka gano galibi ta hanyar siffofin asibiti da alamun alamun don ƙarancin sarrafa bayanai), motsin rai (wanda aka gano galibi ta hanyar yanayin motsin rai mara kyau), da kuma waje (wanda aka gano galibi yana gabanin hanawa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Various |year=2009 |title=Thematic section: A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11)&nbsp;– 2009 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?iid=6586004 |access-date=January 3, 2012 |website=Psychological Medicine Volume 39&nbsp;– Issue 12}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken ba lallai bane ya sami damar tabbatar da tsari ɗaya akan wasu. Daga mahangar tunani, an nuna cewa abubuwan da ke ƙasa suna da rikitarwa, suna da alaƙa da juna kuma suna ci gaba&nbsp;- tare da rashin fahimtar tushen halitta ko muhalli sosai&nbsp;– a yi tsammanin cewa za a iya tsara komai zuwa rukuni-rukuni don kowane dalili. A wannan mahallin, tsarin rarrabuwa gabaɗaya yana da tsari iri ɗaya, kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta mai amfani wanda zai iya buƙatar biyan buƙatu daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed, G.M. |year=2010 |title=Toward ICD-11: Improving the Clinical Utility of WHO's International Classification of Mental Disorders |url=http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/pro-41-6-457.pdf |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=462 |doi=10.1037/a0021701}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oqbv2hgxo54yrx3gu71huhje9plpwah 0 157364 856745 2026-06-14T10:09:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357621036|DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine]]" 856745 wikitext text/x-wiki Allurar rigakafin DTaP-IPV / Hib allurar rigakafi ce ta haɗuwa ta '''5-in-1''' wacce ke karewa daga [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], tari mai ƙishirwa, cutar shan inna, da Haemophilus influenzae irin B.<ref name="Drugs.com">{{Cite web |title=Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular Pertussis, Poliovirus and Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/diphtheria-and-tetanus-toxoids-acellular-pertussis-poliovirus-and-haemophilus-b-conjugate-vaccine.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref><ref name="OVG">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2021 |title=5-in-1 Vaccine (also called Pentavalent Vaccine) |url=https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/5-1-dtapipvhib-vaccine |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Vaccine Knowledge Project}}</ref> Sunansa na gaba ɗaya shine "diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus da haemophilus B conjugate allurar rigakafi", kuma an kuma san shi da DTaP-IPV-Hib . <ref name="Drugs.com">{{Cite web |title=Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular Pertussis, Poliovirus and Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/diphtheria-and-tetanus-toxoids-acellular-pertussis-poliovirus-and-haemophilus-b-conjugate-vaccine.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Ana ba da allurar rigakafin DTaP-IPV / Hib ga yara ƙanana don yin rigakafi daga [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], pertussis, poliomyelitis, da cututtukan da Haemophilus influenzae irin B ya haifar.<ref name="Drugs.com">{{Cite web |title=Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular Pertussis, Poliovirus and Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/diphtheria-and-tetanus-toxoids-acellular-pertussis-poliovirus-and-haemophilus-b-conjugate-vaccine.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> == Tsarin == Wani tsari mai suna da ake siyarwa a Amurka shine Pentacel, wanda Sanofi Pasteur ya ƙera.<ref name="fda">{{Cite web |title=Pentacel |url=https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/approvedproducts/ucm172502.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827232843/http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm172502.htm |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]](FDA) |id=STN 125145}}</ref> Pentacel an san shi a Burtaniya da Kanada da suna Pediacel . <ref name="Datapharm">{{Cite web |date=17 Apr 2019 |title=Pediacel syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4017/smpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017041646/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4017/smpc |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Datapharm}}</ref><ref name="Health Canada">{{Cite web |date=December 2014 |title=Diphteria Toxoid: Canadian Immunization Guide |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-4-diphtheria-toxoid.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924101920/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-4-diphtheria-toxoid.html |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Public Health Agency of Canada}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Sanofi ta dakatar da Pediacel a Kanada, ta sauya zuwa Pentacel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Transition to Boostrix® & Pentacel® Vaccines |url=https://www.durham.ca/en/health-and-wellness/resources/Documents/ResourcesforHealthCareProviders/FaxAbout/2024/Transition-To-Boostrix-Pentacel-Vaccines-March-20-2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226070025/https://www.durham.ca/en/health-and-wellness/resources/Documents/ResourcesforHealthCareProviders/FaxAbout/2024/Transition-To-Boostrix-Pentacel-Vaccines-March-20-2024.pdf |archive-date=2026-02-26 |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=[[Regional Municipality of Durham|Durham Region Health Department]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-06-03 |title=Tetanus toxoid: Canadian Immunization Guide |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-22-tetanus-toxoid.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=[[Public Health Agency of Canada]]}}</ref> Irin wannan allurar rigakafin da aka sayar a Burtaniya da Kanada ta GlaxoSmithKline ita ce Infanrix IPV + Hib.[1] Wannan allurar rigakafi ce ta bangarori biyu. Ana ba da ɓangaren DTaP-IPV a matsayin ruwa mai tsabta, wanda ake amfani da shi don sake gina Allurar rigakafin Hib mai daskarewa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] Pentaxim tsari ne na ruwa wanda Sanofi Pasteur ke tallatawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Plotkin SA, Liese J, Madhi SA, Ortiz E |date=July 2011 |title=A DTaP-IPV/PRP~T vaccine (Pentaxim): a review of 16 years' clinical experience |journal=Expert Rev Vaccines |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=981–1005 |doi=10.1586/erv.11.72 |pmid=21749196 |s2cid=207224675}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 34a66whx2lihph7dwolutf4hcy39ozb 856748 856745 2026-06-14T10:10:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Allurar rigakafin DTaP-IPV / Hib allurar rigakafi ce ta haɗuwa ta '''5-in-1''' wacce ke karewa daga [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], tari mai ƙishirwa, cutar shan inna, da Haemophilus influenzae irin B.<ref name="Drugs.com">{{Cite web |title=Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular Pertussis, Poliovirus and Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/diphtheria-and-tetanus-toxoids-acellular-pertussis-poliovirus-and-haemophilus-b-conjugate-vaccine.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref><ref name="OVG">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2021 |title=5-in-1 Vaccine (also called Pentavalent Vaccine) |url=https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/5-1-dtapipvhib-vaccine |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Vaccine Knowledge Project}}</ref> Sunansa na gaba ɗaya shine "diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus da haemophilus B conjugate allurar rigakafi", kuma an kuma san shi da DTaP-IPV-Hib . <ref name="Drugs.com">{{Cite web |title=Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular Pertussis, Poliovirus and Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/diphtheria-and-tetanus-toxoids-acellular-pertussis-poliovirus-and-haemophilus-b-conjugate-vaccine.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Ana ba da allurar rigakafin DTaP-IPV / Hib ga yara ƙanana don yin rigakafi daga [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], pertussis, poliomyelitis, da cututtukan da Haemophilus influenzae irin B ya haifar.<ref name="Drugs.com">{{Cite web |title=Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular Pertussis, Poliovirus and Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/diphtheria-and-tetanus-toxoids-acellular-pertussis-poliovirus-and-haemophilus-b-conjugate-vaccine.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> == Tsarin == Wani tsari mai suna da ake siyarwa a Amurka shine Pentacel, wanda Sanofi Pasteur ya ƙera.<ref name="fda">{{Cite web |title=Pentacel |url=https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/approvedproducts/ucm172502.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827232843/http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm172502.htm |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]](FDA) |id=STN 125145}}</ref> Pentacel an san shi a Burtaniya da Kanada da suna Pediacel . <ref name="Datapharm">{{Cite web |date=17 Apr 2019 |title=Pediacel syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4017/smpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017041646/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4017/smpc |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Datapharm}}</ref><ref name="Health Canada">{{Cite web |date=December 2014 |title=Diphteria Toxoid: Canadian Immunization Guide |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-4-diphtheria-toxoid.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924101920/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-4-diphtheria-toxoid.html |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Public Health Agency of Canada}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Sanofi ta dakatar da Pediacel a Kanada, ta sauya zuwa Pentacel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Transition to Boostrix® & Pentacel® Vaccines |url=https://www.durham.ca/en/health-and-wellness/resources/Documents/ResourcesforHealthCareProviders/FaxAbout/2024/Transition-To-Boostrix-Pentacel-Vaccines-March-20-2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226070025/https://www.durham.ca/en/health-and-wellness/resources/Documents/ResourcesforHealthCareProviders/FaxAbout/2024/Transition-To-Boostrix-Pentacel-Vaccines-March-20-2024.pdf |archive-date=2026-02-26 |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=[[Regional Municipality of Durham|Durham Region Health Department]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-06-03 |title=Tetanus toxoid: Canadian Immunization Guide |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-22-tetanus-toxoid.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=[[Public Health Agency of Canada]]}}</ref> Irin wannan allurar rigakafin da aka sayar a Burtaniya da Kanada ta GlaxoSmithKline ita ce Infanrix IPV + Hib.[1] Wannan allurar rigakafi ce ta bangarori biyu. Ana ba da ɓangaren DTaP-IPV a matsayin ruwa mai tsabta, wanda ake amfani da shi don sake gina Allurar rigakafin Hib mai daskarewa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] Pentaxim tsari ne na ruwa wanda Sanofi Pasteur ke tallatawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Plotkin SA, Liese J, Madhi SA, Ortiz E |date=July 2011 |title=A DTaP-IPV/PRP~T vaccine (Pentaxim): a review of 16 years' clinical experience |journal=Expert Rev Vaccines |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=981–1005 |doi=10.1586/erv.11.72 |pmid=21749196 |s2cid=207224675}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s86jhwxfgd5qn7n6flbbrtjgvfhli17 0 157365 856749 2026-06-14T10:11:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355079125|Pertussis vaccine]]" 856749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''allurar rigakafi Pertussis''' allurar rigakafi ce da ke karewa daga tari mai tsanani (pertussis). <ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=August 2015 |title=Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper – September 2015 |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=90 |issue=35 |pages=433–458 |pmid=26320265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110610/http://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Akwai manyan nau'o'i guda biyu: allurar rigakafin tantanin halitta da allurar rigakanin acellular.<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref name="WHO2017Book" /> allurar rigakafin kwayar halitta tana da tasiri kusan 78% yayin da allurar rigakafi ta acellular tana da tasiri 71-85%.<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref name="Cochrane2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA |date=September 2014 |title=Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6 |pmc=9722541 |pmid=25228233}}</ref> Tasirin allurar rigakafin ya bayyana ya ragu da tsakanin 2 da 10% a kowace shekara bayan allurar rigakawa, tare da raguwa da sauri tare da allurar rigakanin acellular.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Ana samun allurar rigakafin ne kawai a hade tare da allurar rigakawa ta [[tetanus]] da [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]] (allurar rigakafi ta DPT). <ref name="WHO2015" /> An kiyasta allurar rigakafin Pertussis ta ceci rayuka sama da 500,000 a shekara ta 2002.<ref name="WHO2007Vac">{{Cite web |title=Recommendations for whole-cell pertussis vaccine, Annex 6, TRS No 941 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/whole-cell-pertussis-vaccine-annex-6-trs-no-941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324184124/http://www.who.int/biologicals/publications/trs/areas/vaccines/whole_cell_pertussis/Annex%206%20whole%20cell%20pertussis.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=5 June 2011 |website=World Health Organization |id=WHO TRS No 941}}</ref> Yin allurar rigakafin uwa a lokacin daukar ciki na iya kare jariri.[1] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka sun ba da shawarar a yi wa dukkan yara allurar rigakafi don cutar ta kwantar da hankali kuma a haɗa shi cikin allurar rigakawa ta yau da kullun.[1][2] Ana ba da shawarar allurai uku da ke farawa a makonni shida na haihuwa a cikin yara ƙanana. [1] [3] Ana iya ba da ƙarin allurai ga tsofaffi da manya.[1] Wannan shawarar ta haɗa da mutanen da ke da cutar HIV / AIDS.[1] Ana amfani da allurar rigakafin acellular a cikin kasashe masu tasowa saboda ƙananan sakamako masu illa.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=August 2015 |title=Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper – September 2015 |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=90 |issue=35 |pages=433–458 |pmid=26320265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110610/http://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Tsakanin 10 zuwa 50% na mutanen da aka ba da allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta suna samun ja a wurin allurar ko zazzabi.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Cutar Febrile da dogon lokaci na kuka suna faruwa a kasa da 1% na mutane.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Tare da allurar rigakafin acellular, ɗan gajeren lokaci na kumburi mara tsanani na hannu na iya faruwa.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Sakamakon sakamako tare da nau'ikan allurar rigakafi guda biyu, amma musamman allurar rigakawa ta duka, ba su da yawa a cikin yara ƙanana.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Bai kamata a yi amfani da allurar rigakafin sel ba bayan shekaru bakwai.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki masu tsanani na dogon lokaci ba su da alaƙa da kowane nau'in.<ref name="WHO2015" /> An kirkiro allurar rigakafin pertussis a cikin 1926. Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. == Amfani da kiwon lafiya == === Tasiri === Allurar rigakafin acellular pertussis (aP) tare da antigens uku ko fiye yana hana kusan kashi 85% na al'amuran tari na yau da kullun a cikin yara.<ref name="Cochrane2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA |date=September 2014 |title=Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6 |pmc=9722541 |pmid=25228233}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da allurar rigakafin tantanin halitta (wP) da aka yi amfani da ita a baya, ingancin aP yana raguwa da sauri. Multi-antigen aP yana da inganci mafi girma fiye da tsohuwar low-efficacy wP, amma mai yiwuwa ba shi da inganci fiye da mafi girma wP allurar rigakafi.<ref name="Cochrane2014" /> Allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta tana haifar da ƙananan sakamako fiye da allurar rigakafi.<ref name="Cochrane2014" /> Duk da yaduwar allurar rigakafi, cutar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa allurar rigakawa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da aka fi hana rigakafi.<ref name=":0" /> Farfadowar kwanan nan a cikin cututtukan cututtukatare an danganta shi da haɗuwa da raguwar rigakafi da sabbin maye gurbi a cikin kwayar cutar da rigakafin da ke akwai ba su iya sarrafawa yadda ya kamata ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mooi FR, Van Der Maas NA, De Melker HE |date=April 2014 |title=Pertussis resurgence: waning immunity and pathogen adaptation - two sides of the same coin |journal=Epidemiology and Infection |volume=142 |issue=4 |pages=685–694 |doi=10.1017/S0950268813000071 |pmc=9151166 |pmid=23406868 |s2cid=206283573}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Ark AA, Hozbor DF, Boog CJ, Metz B, van den Dobbelsteen GP, van Els CA |date=September 2012 |title=Resurgence of pertussis calls for re-evaluation of pertussis animal models |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1137 |doi=10.1586/erv.12.83 |pmid=23151168 |s2cid=10457474}}</ref> An yi muhawara ko sauyawa daga wP zuwa aP ya taka rawar gani a cikin wannan farfadowa, tare da labaran 2019 guda biyu da ba su yarda da juna ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fanget |first=Nicolas |date=28 September 2020 |title=Pertussis: a tale of two vaccines |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00013-8 |journal=Nature Research}}</ref> Wasu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa yayin da allurar rigakafin acellular pertussis ke da tasiri wajen hana cutar, suna da iyakantaccen tasiri akan kamuwa da cuta da yaduwa, ma'ana cewa mutanen da aka yi wa allurar rigakawa na iya yada cutar duk da cewa suna da alamomi masu sauƙi ko babu ko kaɗan.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Srugo I, Benilevi D, Madeb R, Shapiro S, Shohat T, Somekh E, Rimmar Y, Gershtein V, Gershtein R, Marva E, Lahat N |date=October 2000 |title=Pertussis infection in fully vaccinated children in day-care centers, Israel |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=526–529 |doi=10.3201/eid0605.000512 |pmc=2627963 |pmid=10998384}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Pertussis Vaccines: WHO Position Paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110610/http://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |quote=It is plausible that in humans, as in nonhuman primates, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic infections in DTaP-immunized persons may result in transmission of B. pertussis to others and may drive pertussis outbreaks.}}</ref> === Yara === Ga yara, ana ba da rigakafi tare da rigakafin rigakafi akan [[tetanus]], [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], [[Polio]], da [[Haemophilus influenzae|haemophilus influenzae nau'in B]] a watanni biyu, hudu, shida, da 15-18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Immunisation and Pentavalent Vaccine |url=http://www.unicef.org/republicadominicana/english/survival_development_12792.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729161800/http://www.unicef.org/republicadominicana/english/survival_development_12792.htm |archive-date=29 July 2014 |website=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref> === Manya === A shekara ta 2006, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) sun ba da shawarar cewa manya su sami allurar rigakafin pertussis tare da tetanus da diphtheria toxoid booster . <ref name="Kline2013" /> A shekara ta 2011, sun fara ba da shawarar masu haɓaka a lokacin kowane ciki.<ref name="Kline2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kline JM, Lewis WD, Smith EA, Tracy LR, Moerschel SK |date=October 2013 |title=Pertussis: a reemerging infection |journal=American Family Physician |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=507–514 |pmid=24364571}}</ref> Burtaniya ta fara allurar rigakafin mata masu juna biyu a shekarar 2012. Shirin da farko an yi niyyar yin allurar rigakafin mata tsakanin makonni 28 zuwa 32 (amma har zuwa makonni 38) na ciki: daga baya shawarar ta ba da izinin rigakafin mahaifa daga mako 16 na ciki. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, shirin rigakafin mahaifa ya kasance mai tasiri sosai wajen kare jarirai har sai sun sami allurar rigakafin su na farko a watanni biyu. A cikin shekara ta farko na shirin rigakafin uwa a Burtaniya, matsakaicin allurar rigakafin a Ingila ya kai 64%, kuma an kiyasta tasirin allurar rigakawa ya kai 91%. A cikin shekara ta 2012, jarirai goma sha huɗu sun mutu daga cututtukan cututtuka a Ingila da Wales; an haifi dukkansu kafin gabatar da shirin. Har zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 2014, an bayar da rahoton mutuwar 10 a cikin jarirai da aka tabbatar da tari wanda aka haifa bayan gabatar da shirin uwa. Tara daga cikinsu an haife su ne ga uwaye marasa allurar rigakafi, kuma duk 10 sun yi ƙuruciya sosai don su sami allurar rigar da ke dauke da kwaskwarima.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 87cb4tifhz704tvbffna3p6p82dk68g 856751 856749 2026-06-14T10:12:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allurar rigakafi Pertussis''' allurar rigakafi ce da ke karewa daga tari mai tsanani (pertussis). <ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=August 2015 |title=Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper – September 2015 |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=90 |issue=35 |pages=433–458 |pmid=26320265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110610/http://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Akwai manyan nau'o'i guda biyu: allurar rigakafin tantanin halitta da allurar rigakanin acellular.<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref name="WHO2017Book" /> allurar rigakafin kwayar halitta tana da tasiri kusan 78% yayin da allurar rigakafi ta acellular tana da tasiri 71-85%.<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref name="Cochrane2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA |date=September 2014 |title=Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6 |pmc=9722541 |pmid=25228233}}</ref> Tasirin allurar rigakafin ya bayyana ya ragu da tsakanin 2 da 10% a kowace shekara bayan allurar rigakawa, tare da raguwa da sauri tare da allurar rigakanin acellular.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Ana samun allurar rigakafin ne kawai a hade tare da allurar rigakawa ta [[tetanus]] da [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]] (allurar rigakafi ta DPT). <ref name="WHO2015" /> An kiyasta allurar rigakafin Pertussis ta ceci rayuka sama da 500,000 a shekara ta 2002.<ref name="WHO2007Vac">{{Cite web |title=Recommendations for whole-cell pertussis vaccine, Annex 6, TRS No 941 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/whole-cell-pertussis-vaccine-annex-6-trs-no-941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324184124/http://www.who.int/biologicals/publications/trs/areas/vaccines/whole_cell_pertussis/Annex%206%20whole%20cell%20pertussis.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=5 June 2011 |website=World Health Organization |id=WHO TRS No 941}}</ref> Yin allurar rigakafin uwa a lokacin daukar ciki na iya kare jariri.[1] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka sun ba da shawarar a yi wa dukkan yara allurar rigakafi don cutar ta kwantar da hankali kuma a haɗa shi cikin allurar rigakawa ta yau da kullun.[1][2] Ana ba da shawarar allurai uku da ke farawa a makonni shida na haihuwa a cikin yara ƙanana. [1] [3] Ana iya ba da ƙarin allurai ga tsofaffi da manya.[1] Wannan shawarar ta haɗa da mutanen da ke da cutar HIV / AIDS.[1] Ana amfani da allurar rigakafin acellular a cikin kasashe masu tasowa saboda ƙananan sakamako masu illa.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=August 2015 |title=Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper – September 2015 |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=90 |issue=35 |pages=433–458 |pmid=26320265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110610/http://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Tsakanin 10 zuwa 50% na mutanen da aka ba da allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta suna samun ja a wurin allurar ko zazzabi.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Cutar Febrile da dogon lokaci na kuka suna faruwa a kasa da 1% na mutane.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Tare da allurar rigakafin acellular, ɗan gajeren lokaci na kumburi mara tsanani na hannu na iya faruwa.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Sakamakon sakamako tare da nau'ikan allurar rigakafi guda biyu, amma musamman allurar rigakawa ta duka, ba su da yawa a cikin yara ƙanana.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Bai kamata a yi amfani da allurar rigakafin sel ba bayan shekaru bakwai.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki masu tsanani na dogon lokaci ba su da alaƙa da kowane nau'in.<ref name="WHO2015" /> An kirkiro allurar rigakafin pertussis a cikin 1926. Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. == Amfani da kiwon lafiya == === Tasiri === Allurar rigakafin acellular pertussis (aP) tare da antigens uku ko fiye yana hana kusan kashi 85% na al'amuran tari na yau da kullun a cikin yara.<ref name="Cochrane2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA |date=September 2014 |title=Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6 |pmc=9722541 |pmid=25228233}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da allurar rigakafin tantanin halitta (wP) da aka yi amfani da ita a baya, ingancin aP yana raguwa da sauri. Multi-antigen aP yana da inganci mafi girma fiye da tsohuwar low-efficacy wP, amma mai yiwuwa ba shi da inganci fiye da mafi girma wP allurar rigakafi.<ref name="Cochrane2014" /> Allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta tana haifar da ƙananan sakamako fiye da allurar rigakafi.<ref name="Cochrane2014" /> Duk da yaduwar allurar rigakafi, cutar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa allurar rigakawa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da aka fi hana rigakafi.<ref name=":0" /> Farfadowar kwanan nan a cikin cututtukan cututtukatare an danganta shi da haɗuwa da raguwar rigakafi da sabbin maye gurbi a cikin kwayar cutar da rigakafin da ke akwai ba su iya sarrafawa yadda ya kamata ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mooi FR, Van Der Maas NA, De Melker HE |date=April 2014 |title=Pertussis resurgence: waning immunity and pathogen adaptation - two sides of the same coin |journal=Epidemiology and Infection |volume=142 |issue=4 |pages=685–694 |doi=10.1017/S0950268813000071 |pmc=9151166 |pmid=23406868 |s2cid=206283573}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Ark AA, Hozbor DF, Boog CJ, Metz B, van den Dobbelsteen GP, van Els CA |date=September 2012 |title=Resurgence of pertussis calls for re-evaluation of pertussis animal models |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1137 |doi=10.1586/erv.12.83 |pmid=23151168 |s2cid=10457474}}</ref> An yi muhawara ko sauyawa daga wP zuwa aP ya taka rawar gani a cikin wannan farfadowa, tare da labaran 2019 guda biyu da ba su yarda da juna ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fanget |first=Nicolas |date=28 September 2020 |title=Pertussis: a tale of two vaccines |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00013-8 |journal=Nature Research}}</ref> Wasu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa yayin da allurar rigakafin acellular pertussis ke da tasiri wajen hana cutar, suna da iyakantaccen tasiri akan kamuwa da cuta da yaduwa, ma'ana cewa mutanen da aka yi wa allurar rigakawa na iya yada cutar duk da cewa suna da alamomi masu sauƙi ko babu ko kaɗan.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Srugo I, Benilevi D, Madeb R, Shapiro S, Shohat T, Somekh E, Rimmar Y, Gershtein V, Gershtein R, Marva E, Lahat N |date=October 2000 |title=Pertussis infection in fully vaccinated children in day-care centers, Israel |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=526–529 |doi=10.3201/eid0605.000512 |pmc=2627963 |pmid=10998384}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Pertussis Vaccines: WHO Position Paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110610/http://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |quote=It is plausible that in humans, as in nonhuman primates, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic infections in DTaP-immunized persons may result in transmission of B. pertussis to others and may drive pertussis outbreaks.}}</ref> === Yara === Ga yara, ana ba da rigakafi tare da rigakafin rigakafi akan [[tetanus]], [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], [[Polio]], da [[Haemophilus influenzae|haemophilus influenzae nau'in B]] a watanni biyu, hudu, shida, da 15-18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Immunisation and Pentavalent Vaccine |url=http://www.unicef.org/republicadominicana/english/survival_development_12792.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729161800/http://www.unicef.org/republicadominicana/english/survival_development_12792.htm |archive-date=29 July 2014 |website=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref> === Manya === A shekara ta 2006, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) sun ba da shawarar cewa manya su sami allurar rigakafin pertussis tare da tetanus da diphtheria toxoid booster . <ref name="Kline2013" /> A shekara ta 2011, sun fara ba da shawarar masu haɓaka a lokacin kowane ciki.<ref name="Kline2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kline JM, Lewis WD, Smith EA, Tracy LR, Moerschel SK |date=October 2013 |title=Pertussis: a reemerging infection |journal=American Family Physician |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=507–514 |pmid=24364571}}</ref> Burtaniya ta fara allurar rigakafin mata masu juna biyu a shekarar 2012. Shirin da farko an yi niyyar yin allurar rigakafin mata tsakanin makonni 28 zuwa 32 (amma har zuwa makonni 38) na ciki: daga baya shawarar ta ba da izinin rigakafin mahaifa daga mako 16 na ciki. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, shirin rigakafin mahaifa ya kasance mai tasiri sosai wajen kare jarirai har sai sun sami allurar rigakafin su na farko a watanni biyu. A cikin shekara ta farko na shirin rigakafin uwa a Burtaniya, matsakaicin allurar rigakafin a Ingila ya kai 64%, kuma an kiyasta tasirin allurar rigakawa ya kai 91%. A cikin shekara ta 2012, jarirai goma sha huɗu sun mutu daga cututtukan cututtuka a Ingila da Wales; an haifi dukkansu kafin gabatar da shirin. Har zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 2014, an bayar da rahoton mutuwar 10 a cikin jarirai da aka tabbatar da tari wanda aka haifa bayan gabatar da shirin uwa. Tara daga cikinsu an haife su ne ga uwaye marasa allurar rigakafi, kuma duk 10 sun yi ƙuruciya sosai don su sami allurar rigar da ke dauke da kwaskwarima.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m2by9dpm2tms2ihbpahnawh9jqtbhnr 0 157366 856752 2026-06-14T10:12:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355079289|DPT vaccine]]" 856752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''allurar rigakafi DPT''' ko allurar rigakafi ta DTP wani nau'i ne na allurar rigakanin haɗuwa don karewa daga Cututtukan cututtuka guda uku a cikin mutane: [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], pertussis (kuguwa), da [[tetanus]] (lockjaw). <ref name="DTaP VIS">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/dtap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228060050/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/dtap.html |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Abubuwan rigakafin sun haɗa da diphtheria da tetanus Toxoids, kuma ko dai sun kashe dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da pertussis ko pertussis antigens. Kalmar toxoid tana nufin allurar rigakafin da ke amfani da guba da ba ta aiki ba wanda [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|kwayar cuta]] ta samar wanda aka yi niyya da su don samar da martani na rigakafi. Ta wannan hanyar, allurar rigakafin toxoid tana samar da maganin rigakafi wanda aka yi niyya akan guba wanda kwayar cutar ta samar kuma tana haifar da cuta, maimakon allurar rigakawa wacce aka yi niyyar cutar kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2021 |title=Vaccine Types |url=https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716125750/https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=HHS}}</ref> Dukan ƙwayoyin halitta ko antigens za a nuna su a matsayin ko dai "DTwP" ko "DTaP", inda ƙananan "w" ke nuna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan "a" ke tsaye don "acellular".<ref name="iran-choice">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Syed MA |date=February 2017 |title=Choosing from Whole Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines-Dilemma for the Developing Countries |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=272–273 |pmc=5402791 |pmid=28451568}}</ref><ref name="MMWR18">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, Messonnier NE, Reingold A, Sawyer M, Clark TA |date=April 2018 |title=Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/pdfs/rr6702a1-H.pdf |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.rr6702a1 |pmc=5919600 |pmid=29702631}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da wasu nau'ikan allurar rigakafi, kamar allurar rigakanin da ke rayuwa, allurar rigar DTP ba ta dauke da wani kwayar cuta mai rai ba, amma tana amfani da toxoid da ba ta aiki (kuma don pertussis, ko dai kwayar cutaa ko antigen mai tsabta) don samar da martani na rigakafi; sabili da haka, babu haɗarin amfani a cikin al'ummomin da ke da rigakafi tunda babu wani haɗarin da aka sani na haifar da cutar kanta. A sakamakon haka, ana ɗaukar '''Allurar rigakafin DTP''' a matsayin allurar rigakawa mai aminci don amfani da kowa kuma yana haifar da amsawar rigakafin da aka yi niyya sosai ga kwayar cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding Six Types of Vaccine Technologies |url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/understanding_six_types_of_vaccine_technologies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172734/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/understanding_six_types_of_vaccine_technologies |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Pfizer}}</ref> A Amurka, an gudanar da allurar rigakafin DPT (dukan tantanin halitta) a matsayin wani ɓangare na allurar rigakanin yara da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) suka ba da shawarar har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka ba da lasisin allurar rigakarun DTaP don amfani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Birth-18 Years Immunization Schedule |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306220930/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Dirty_white_pseudomembrane_classically_seen_in_diphtheria_2013-07-06_11-07.jpg|thumb|Wani mai mannewa, mai yawa, mai launin toka wanda ke rufe tonsils ana ganinsa a cikin [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]]]] Diphtheria da [[tetanus]] Toxoids da dukan-cell <ref name="MMWR18">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, Messonnier NE, Reingold A, Sawyer M, Clark TA |date=April 2018 |title=Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/pdfs/rr6702a1-H.pdf |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.rr6702a1 |pmc=5919600 |pmid=29702631}}</ref> pertussis (DTP; yanzu kuma "DTwP" don rarrabewa daga babban aji na [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]] haɗuwa sau uku) <ref name="iran-choice">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Syed MA |date=February 2017 |title=Choosing from Whole Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines-Dilemma for the Developing Countries |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=272–273 |pmc=5402791 |pmid=28451568}}</ref> an ba da lasisi a cikin 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2013 |title=Vaccine Timeline: Historic Dates and Events Related to Vaccines and Immunization |url=http://www.immunize.org/timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406192718/http://www.immunize.org/timeline |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=Immunization Action Coalition}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da allurar rigakafin, an sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin abin da ya faru na pertussis, ko tari mai yawa, cutar da allurar ke karewa daga. Bugu da ƙari, yawan cututtukan sun ci gaba da raguwa yayin da aka aiwatar da dabarun rigakafi masu yawa, gami da ƙaruwa da ƙaruwa kan haɓaka ilimin kiwon lafiya. A cikin karni na 20, ci gaban allurar rigakafi ya taimaka wajen rage abin da ke faruwa na cututtukan yara kuma yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan lafiyar jama'a a Amurka.[1] Koyaya, a farkon karni na 21, lokuta da aka ruwaito na cutar sun karu sau 20 saboda raguwar yawan rigakafin da aka karɓa kuma ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa.[2] A cikin karni na 21, iyaye da yawa sun ki yin allurar rigakafin 'ya'yansu daga cututtukan cututtuka saboda tsoron tasirin da aka gani, duk da Shaidar kimiyya da ke nuna allurar rigakawa suna da tasiri sosai kuma suna da aminci.[2] Wani binciken da aka buga a shekara ta 2009 ya kammala cewa haɗari mafi girma tsakanin yara marasa allurar rigakafi ba raguwar sakamako masu illa ba ne, amma cutar da allurar ke da niyyar karewa daga.[2] An gabatar da allurar rigakafin DTP tare da acellular pertussis (DTaP; duba ƙasa) a cikin shekarun 1990. Ragewar kewayon antigens yana haifar da ƙananan sakamako masu illa, amma yana haifar da mafi tsada, ɗan gajeren lokaci, <ref name="Esposito">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Esposito S, Stefanelli P, Fry NK, Fedele G, He Q, Paterson P, Tan T, Knuf M, Rodrigo C, Weil Olivier C, Flanagan KL, Hung I, Lutsar I, Edwards K, O'Ryan M, Principi N |year=2019 |title=Pertussis Prevention: Reasons for Resurgence, and Differences in the Current Acellular Pertussis Vaccines |journal=Frontiers in Immunology |volume=10 |page=1344 |doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01344 |pmc=6616129 |pmid=31333640 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma mai yiwuwa ƙarancin rigakafin kariya idan aka kwatanta da DTwP.<ref name="narrower">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Whooping Cough Vaccination |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dtap-tdap-td/public/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811164121/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dtap-tdap-td/public/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Kasashen da ke samun kudin shiga mafi yawa sun sauya zuwa DTaP. Ya zuwa 2023, samar da aP a duniya ya kasance iyakance.<ref name="unicef-supply-23">{{Cite web |last=UNICEF Supply Division |date=June 2023 |title=Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis Containing Vaccines: Market and Supply Update |url=https://www.unicef.org/supply/media/17606/file/Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Vaccine-Containing-Market-and-Supply-Update-June-2023.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021122127/https://www.unicef.org/supply/media/17606/file/Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Vaccine-Containing-Market-and-Supply-Update-June-2023.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> === Yawan allurar rigakafi === A cikin 2016, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) sun ba da rahoton cewa kashi 80.4% na yara a Amurka sun sami allurar rigakafin DTaP hudu ko fiye da shekaru 2 na rayuwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=FastStats |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/whooping-cough.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512021731/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/whooping-cough.htm |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Yawan allurar rigakafi ga yara masu shekaru 13-17 tare da harbin TDaP ɗaya ko fiye ya kasance 90.2% a cikin 2019. <ref name=":4" /> Kashi 43.6% ne kawai na manya (mafi shekaru 18) suka sami harbin TDaP a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata.<ref name=":4" /> CDC ta yi niyyar kara yawan allurar rigakafi tsakanin yara masu shekaru 2 daga 80.4% zuwa 90.0% <ref>{{Cite web |title=Increase the coverage level of 4 doses of the DTaP vaccine in children by age 2 years&nbsp;— IID‑06 |url=https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/vaccination/increase-coverage-level-4-doses-dtap-vaccine-children-age-2-years-iid-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912193352/https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/vaccination/increase-coverage-level-4-doses-dtap-vaccine-children-age-2-years-iid-06 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=Healthy People 2030}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa kashi 89% na mutane a duniya sun karɓi akalla kashi ɗaya na allurar rigakafin DTP kuma kashi 84% sun karɓi allurar rigakawa uku, suna kammala jerin farko da WHO ta ba da shawarar (DTP3). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP) vaccination coverage |url=https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/coverage/dtp.html?CODE=Global&ANTIGEN=&YEAR= |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> WHO tana bin diddigin ƙimar kammalawar DTP3 tsakanin yara masu shekara guda a kowace shekara. Yawan kammalawar DTP3 na shekara-shekara ana ɗaukarsa wakili mai kyau don kammala allurar rigakafin yara gabaɗaya, kuma ana amfani da yawan yaran da ba su karɓi kashi na farko na DTP ba a matsayin wakili ga waɗanda ba a kai su ta hanyar shirye-shiryen allurar rigapace ba (wanda ake kira yara marasa amfani).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Araújo Veras AA, Arruda Vidal S, Costa de Macêdo V, de Carvalho Lima M, Cabral de Lira PI, da Fonseca Lima EJ, Batista Filho M |date=2021 |title=Prevalence, Trends and Conditions for the DTP3 Vaccine: A 25-Year Historical Perspective |journal=Risk Management and Healthcare Policy |volume=14 |pages=4301–4310 |doi=10.2147/RMHP.S312263 |pmc=8524252 |pmid=34703341 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IA2030 IG 2.1: Number of zero dose children |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/7792 |access-date=25 October 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> == Haɗuwa da allurar rigakafi tare da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta == DTaP da Tdap duka allurar rigakafi ne na haɗuwa akan diphtheria, tetanus, da pertussis. "a" yana nuna cewa toxoids na pertussis suna da ƙwayoyin cuta, yayin da ƙananan "d" da "p" a cikin "Tdap" suna nuna ƙananan ƙididdigar diphtheria toxoids da antigens na pertussus.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=DeDea L |date=January 2011 |title=The difference between Tdap and DTaP; dabigatran versus warfarin |journal=JAAPA |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=14 |doi=10.1097/01720610-201101000-00002 |pmid=21261140}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] auwk9nm3rf6ech05zj3ztiinbeh2v1e 856753 856752 2026-06-14T10:13:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allurar rigakafi DPT''' ko allurar rigakafi ta DTP wani nau'i ne na allurar rigakanin haɗuwa don karewa daga Cututtukan cututtuka guda uku a cikin mutane: [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], pertussis (kuguwa), da [[tetanus]] (lockjaw). <ref name="DTaP VIS">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/dtap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228060050/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/dtap.html |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Abubuwan rigakafin sun haɗa da diphtheria da tetanus Toxoids, kuma ko dai sun kashe dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da pertussis ko pertussis antigens. Kalmar toxoid tana nufin allurar rigakafin da ke amfani da guba da ba ta aiki ba wanda [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|kwayar cuta]] ta samar wanda aka yi niyya da su don samar da martani na rigakafi. Ta wannan hanyar, allurar rigakafin toxoid tana samar da maganin rigakafi wanda aka yi niyya akan guba wanda kwayar cutar ta samar kuma tana haifar da cuta, maimakon allurar rigakawa wacce aka yi niyyar cutar kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2021 |title=Vaccine Types |url=https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716125750/https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=HHS}}</ref> Dukan ƙwayoyin halitta ko antigens za a nuna su a matsayin ko dai "DTwP" ko "DTaP", inda ƙananan "w" ke nuna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan "a" ke tsaye don "acellular".<ref name="iran-choice">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Syed MA |date=February 2017 |title=Choosing from Whole Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines-Dilemma for the Developing Countries |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=272–273 |pmc=5402791 |pmid=28451568}}</ref><ref name="MMWR18">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, Messonnier NE, Reingold A, Sawyer M, Clark TA |date=April 2018 |title=Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/pdfs/rr6702a1-H.pdf |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.rr6702a1 |pmc=5919600 |pmid=29702631}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da wasu nau'ikan allurar rigakafi, kamar allurar rigakanin da ke rayuwa, allurar rigar DTP ba ta dauke da wani kwayar cuta mai rai ba, amma tana amfani da toxoid da ba ta aiki (kuma don pertussis, ko dai kwayar cutaa ko antigen mai tsabta) don samar da martani na rigakafi; sabili da haka, babu haɗarin amfani a cikin al'ummomin da ke da rigakafi tunda babu wani haɗarin da aka sani na haifar da cutar kanta. A sakamakon haka, ana ɗaukar '''Allurar rigakafin DTP''' a matsayin allurar rigakawa mai aminci don amfani da kowa kuma yana haifar da amsawar rigakafin da aka yi niyya sosai ga kwayar cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding Six Types of Vaccine Technologies |url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/understanding_six_types_of_vaccine_technologies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172734/https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/understanding_six_types_of_vaccine_technologies |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Pfizer}}</ref> A Amurka, an gudanar da allurar rigakafin DPT (dukan tantanin halitta) a matsayin wani ɓangare na allurar rigakanin yara da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) suka ba da shawarar har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka ba da lasisin allurar rigakarun DTaP don amfani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Birth-18 Years Immunization Schedule |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306220930/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Dirty_white_pseudomembrane_classically_seen_in_diphtheria_2013-07-06_11-07.jpg|thumb|Wani mai mannewa, mai yawa, mai launin toka wanda ke rufe tonsils ana ganinsa a cikin [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]]]] Diphtheria da [[tetanus]] Toxoids da dukan-cell <ref name="MMWR18">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, Messonnier NE, Reingold A, Sawyer M, Clark TA |date=April 2018 |title=Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/pdfs/rr6702a1-H.pdf |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.rr6702a1 |pmc=5919600 |pmid=29702631}}</ref> pertussis (DTP; yanzu kuma "DTwP" don rarrabewa daga babban aji na [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]] haɗuwa sau uku) <ref name="iran-choice">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Syed MA |date=February 2017 |title=Choosing from Whole Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines-Dilemma for the Developing Countries |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=272–273 |pmc=5402791 |pmid=28451568}}</ref> an ba da lasisi a cikin 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2013 |title=Vaccine Timeline: Historic Dates and Events Related to Vaccines and Immunization |url=http://www.immunize.org/timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406192718/http://www.immunize.org/timeline |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=Immunization Action Coalition}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da allurar rigakafin, an sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin abin da ya faru na pertussis, ko tari mai yawa, cutar da allurar ke karewa daga. Bugu da ƙari, yawan cututtukan sun ci gaba da raguwa yayin da aka aiwatar da dabarun rigakafi masu yawa, gami da ƙaruwa da ƙaruwa kan haɓaka ilimin kiwon lafiya. A cikin karni na 20, ci gaban allurar rigakafi ya taimaka wajen rage abin da ke faruwa na cututtukan yara kuma yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan lafiyar jama'a a Amurka.[1] Koyaya, a farkon karni na 21, lokuta da aka ruwaito na cutar sun karu sau 20 saboda raguwar yawan rigakafin da aka karɓa kuma ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa.[2] A cikin karni na 21, iyaye da yawa sun ki yin allurar rigakafin 'ya'yansu daga cututtukan cututtuka saboda tsoron tasirin da aka gani, duk da Shaidar kimiyya da ke nuna allurar rigakawa suna da tasiri sosai kuma suna da aminci.[2] Wani binciken da aka buga a shekara ta 2009 ya kammala cewa haɗari mafi girma tsakanin yara marasa allurar rigakafi ba raguwar sakamako masu illa ba ne, amma cutar da allurar ke da niyyar karewa daga.[2] An gabatar da allurar rigakafin DTP tare da acellular pertussis (DTaP; duba ƙasa) a cikin shekarun 1990. Ragewar kewayon antigens yana haifar da ƙananan sakamako masu illa, amma yana haifar da mafi tsada, ɗan gajeren lokaci, <ref name="Esposito">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Esposito S, Stefanelli P, Fry NK, Fedele G, He Q, Paterson P, Tan T, Knuf M, Rodrigo C, Weil Olivier C, Flanagan KL, Hung I, Lutsar I, Edwards K, O'Ryan M, Principi N |year=2019 |title=Pertussis Prevention: Reasons for Resurgence, and Differences in the Current Acellular Pertussis Vaccines |journal=Frontiers in Immunology |volume=10 |page=1344 |doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01344 |pmc=6616129 |pmid=31333640 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma mai yiwuwa ƙarancin rigakafin kariya idan aka kwatanta da DTwP.<ref name="narrower">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Whooping Cough Vaccination |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dtap-tdap-td/public/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811164121/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dtap-tdap-td/public/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Kasashen da ke samun kudin shiga mafi yawa sun sauya zuwa DTaP. Ya zuwa 2023, samar da aP a duniya ya kasance iyakance.<ref name="unicef-supply-23">{{Cite web |last=UNICEF Supply Division |date=June 2023 |title=Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis Containing Vaccines: Market and Supply Update |url=https://www.unicef.org/supply/media/17606/file/Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Vaccine-Containing-Market-and-Supply-Update-June-2023.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021122127/https://www.unicef.org/supply/media/17606/file/Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Vaccine-Containing-Market-and-Supply-Update-June-2023.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> === Yawan allurar rigakafi === A cikin 2016, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) sun ba da rahoton cewa kashi 80.4% na yara a Amurka sun sami allurar rigakafin DTaP hudu ko fiye da shekaru 2 na rayuwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=FastStats |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/whooping-cough.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512021731/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/whooping-cough.htm |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Yawan allurar rigakafi ga yara masu shekaru 13-17 tare da harbin TDaP ɗaya ko fiye ya kasance 90.2% a cikin 2019. <ref name=":4" /> Kashi 43.6% ne kawai na manya (mafi shekaru 18) suka sami harbin TDaP a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata.<ref name=":4" /> CDC ta yi niyyar kara yawan allurar rigakafi tsakanin yara masu shekaru 2 daga 80.4% zuwa 90.0% <ref>{{Cite web |title=Increase the coverage level of 4 doses of the DTaP vaccine in children by age 2 years&nbsp;— IID‑06 |url=https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/vaccination/increase-coverage-level-4-doses-dtap-vaccine-children-age-2-years-iid-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912193352/https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/vaccination/increase-coverage-level-4-doses-dtap-vaccine-children-age-2-years-iid-06 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=Healthy People 2030}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa kashi 89% na mutane a duniya sun karɓi akalla kashi ɗaya na allurar rigakafin DTP kuma kashi 84% sun karɓi allurar rigakawa uku, suna kammala jerin farko da WHO ta ba da shawarar (DTP3). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP) vaccination coverage |url=https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/coverage/dtp.html?CODE=Global&ANTIGEN=&YEAR= |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> WHO tana bin diddigin ƙimar kammalawar DTP3 tsakanin yara masu shekara guda a kowace shekara. Yawan kammalawar DTP3 na shekara-shekara ana ɗaukarsa wakili mai kyau don kammala allurar rigakafin yara gabaɗaya, kuma ana amfani da yawan yaran da ba su karɓi kashi na farko na DTP ba a matsayin wakili ga waɗanda ba a kai su ta hanyar shirye-shiryen allurar rigapace ba (wanda ake kira yara marasa amfani).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Araújo Veras AA, Arruda Vidal S, Costa de Macêdo V, de Carvalho Lima M, Cabral de Lira PI, da Fonseca Lima EJ, Batista Filho M |date=2021 |title=Prevalence, Trends and Conditions for the DTP3 Vaccine: A 25-Year Historical Perspective |journal=Risk Management and Healthcare Policy |volume=14 |pages=4301–4310 |doi=10.2147/RMHP.S312263 |pmc=8524252 |pmid=34703341 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IA2030 IG 2.1: Number of zero dose children |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/7792 |access-date=25 October 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> == Haɗuwa da allurar rigakafi tare da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta == DTaP da Tdap duka allurar rigakafi ne na haɗuwa akan diphtheria, tetanus, da pertussis. "a" yana nuna cewa toxoids na pertussis suna da ƙwayoyin cuta, yayin da ƙananan "d" da "p" a cikin "Tdap" suna nuna ƙananan ƙididdigar diphtheria toxoids da antigens na pertussus.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=DeDea L |date=January 2011 |title=The difference between Tdap and DTaP; dabigatran versus warfarin |journal=JAAPA |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=14 |doi=10.1097/01720610-201101000-00002 |pmid=21261140}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jwolbrxgsz758me5jd9dt0id353pnvh 0 157367 856754 2026-06-14T10:13:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355079303|DPT-Hib vaccine]]" 856754 wikitext text/x-wiki Allurar rigakafin DPT-Hib allurar rigakafi ce mai haɗuwa wacce sunan ta gaba ɗaya shine diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da allurar rigakawa ta pertussis da aka haɗa da allurar cutar Hib conjugate, wani lokacin ana taƙaita shi zuwa DPT- Hib.[1] Yana karewa daga Cututtukan cututtuka diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, da Haemophilus influenzae irin B.[1] An sayar da tsari mai alama a Amurka a matsayin Tetramune ta Lederle Praxis Biologicals (wanda Wyeth ya samu daga baya). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) |date=April 1993 |title=FDA approval of use of a new Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine and a combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine for infants and children |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00020301.htm |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |volume=42 |issue=15 |pages=296–8 |pmid=8479415 |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> An dakatar da Tetramune tun daga lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selected Discontinued U.S. Vaccines |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/B/discontinued_vaccines.pdf |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref><ref name="pmid26904695">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zarei AE, Almehdar HA, Redwan EM |date=2016 |title=Hib Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives |journal=Journal of Immunology Research |volume=2016 |issue= |doi=10.1155/2016/7203587 |pmc=4745871 |pmid=26904695 |quote=Table 1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0ww7gvjbukwvsqi2im8ovvlg3terjz5 856756 856754 2026-06-14T10:14:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Allurar rigakafin DPT-Hib allurar rigakafi ce mai haɗuwa wacce sunan ta gaba ɗaya shine diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da allurar rigakawa ta pertussis da aka haɗa da allurar cutar Hib conjugate, wani lokacin ana taƙaita shi zuwa DPT- Hib.[1] Yana karewa daga Cututtukan cututtuka diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, da Haemophilus influenzae irin B.[1] An sayar da tsari mai alama a Amurka a matsayin Tetramune ta Lederle Praxis Biologicals (wanda Wyeth ya samu daga baya). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) |date=April 1993 |title=FDA approval of use of a new Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine and a combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine for infants and children |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00020301.htm |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |volume=42 |issue=15 |pages=296–8 |pmid=8479415 |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> An dakatar da Tetramune tun daga lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selected Discontinued U.S. Vaccines |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/B/discontinued_vaccines.pdf |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref><ref name="pmid26904695">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zarei AE, Almehdar HA, Redwan EM |date=2016 |title=Hib Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives |journal=Journal of Immunology Research |volume=2016 |issue= |doi=10.1155/2016/7203587 |pmc=4745871 |pmid=26904695 |quote=Table 1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t1tihrw0sqxiymi2d900ns1uu622fk1 0 157368 856757 2026-06-14T10:14:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355079323|DTaP-Hib vaccine]]" 856757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allurar rigakafin DTaP-Hib''' rigakafi ne mai haɗuwa wanda sunan sa shine [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]] da [[tetanus]] toxoids da acellular pertussis da aka haɗa tare da allurar rigakafi ta Haemophilus B, wani lokacin an taƙaita shi zuwa DTaP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trihibit (diphtheria toxoid / haemophilus b conjugate (prp-t) vaccine / pertussis, acellular / tetanus toxoid) Disease Interactions |url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/diphtheria-toxoid-haemophilus-b-conjugate-prp-t-vaccine-pertussis-acellular-tetanus-toxoid,trihibit.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Yana karewa daga Cututtukan cututtuka diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, da Haemophilus influenzae irin B.<ref name="cdc2018">{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |date=November 1996 |title=Notice to Readers FDA Approval of a Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine Combined by Reconstitution with an Acellular Pertussis Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm4545.pdf |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=45 |issue=45 |pages=993–995 |pmid=9005308}}</ref><ref name="Dhillon_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dhillon S, Keam SJ |date=2008 |title=DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine (Pentacel) |journal=Paediatric Drugs |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=405–16 |doi=10.2165/0148581-200810060-00008 |pmid=18998751}}</ref> An sayar da tsari mai alama a Amurka a matsayin TriHIBit ta Sanofi Pasteur, kuma ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar amfani da allurar rigakafin Sanofi DTaP Tripedia don sake gina allurar rigakawa ta Sanofi Hib ActHIB . [1] [2][3] An dakatar da TriHIBit da Tripedia a cikin 2011.[4] == Dubi kuma == * Allurar rigakafin DPT == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 55ny9bp6ajimbt7oxn7die37qv8izw5 856762 856757 2026-06-14T10:15:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allurar rigakafin DTaP-Hib''' rigakafi ne mai haɗuwa wanda sunan sa shine [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]] da [[tetanus]] toxoids da acellular pertussis da aka haɗa tare da allurar rigakafi ta Haemophilus B, wani lokacin an taƙaita shi zuwa DTaP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trihibit (diphtheria toxoid / haemophilus b conjugate (prp-t) vaccine / pertussis, acellular / tetanus toxoid) Disease Interactions |url=https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/diphtheria-toxoid-haemophilus-b-conjugate-prp-t-vaccine-pertussis-acellular-tetanus-toxoid,trihibit.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Yana karewa daga Cututtukan cututtuka diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, da Haemophilus influenzae irin B.<ref name="cdc2018">{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |date=November 1996 |title=Notice to Readers FDA Approval of a Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine Combined by Reconstitution with an Acellular Pertussis Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm4545.pdf |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=45 |issue=45 |pages=993–995 |pmid=9005308}}</ref><ref name="Dhillon_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dhillon S, Keam SJ |date=2008 |title=DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine (Pentacel) |journal=Paediatric Drugs |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=405–16 |doi=10.2165/0148581-200810060-00008 |pmid=18998751}}</ref> An sayar da tsari mai alama a Amurka a matsayin TriHIBit ta Sanofi Pasteur, kuma ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar amfani da allurar rigakafin Sanofi DTaP Tripedia don sake gina allurar rigakawa ta Sanofi Hib ActHIB . [1] [2][3] An dakatar da TriHIBit da Tripedia a cikin 2011.[4] == Dubi kuma == * Allurar rigakafin DPT == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] djtcu5kcarz3emtbcapaz62z1nxb67q 0 157369 856758 2026-06-14T10:15:05Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325212223|Sleep debt]]" 856758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Effects_of_sleep_deprivation.svg|thumb|300x300px|Babban illolin [[rashin barci]] a lafiya, yana nuna rashin daidaiton kulawa ta yau da kullun ta hanyar barci]] '''Rashin samun isasshen barci''' ko '''ƙarancin barci''' yana haifar da tarin matsalolin rashin samun isasshen [[Bacci|barci]] . Babban bashin barci na iya haifar da [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]] ta hankali ko ta jiki, kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayin mutum, kuzarinsa, da kuma ikonsa na [[tunani]] a sarari. Akwai nau'ikan bashin barci guda biyu: sakamakon [[rashin barci]] na ɗan lokaci, da kuma rashin barci gaba ɗaya. Rashin barci na ɗan lokaci yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ko dabbar dakin gwaje-gwaje suka yi barci kaɗan na tsawon kwanaki ko makonni da yawa. Rashin barci gaba ɗaya, a gefe guda, yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka bar mutumin a farke na tsawon akalla awanni 24. Akwai muhawara a cikin al'ummar kimiyya game da takamaiman bashin barci (duba § Muhawarar kimiyya ), kuma ba a ɗaukarta a matsayin rashin tsari ba . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tasirin Bashin Barci a Jiki == Tasirin bashin barci na yau da kullun akan tsarin metabolism da endocrine na jikin ɗan adam yana da mahimmanci, musamman ga mutanen da ke da kiba. Wani bincike kan tasirin bashin barci na jiki, wanda aka buga a cikin ''The Lancet'', ya binciki tasirin bashin barci ta hanyar tantance daidaiton sympathovagal (alamar aikin tsarin juyayi na tausayi ), aikin thyrotropic, aikin [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|HPA axis]], da kuma metabolism na carbohydrate na samari 11 manya waɗanda lokacin barcinsu na dare shida ya takaita zuwa awanni huɗu a kowace dare ko kuma ya tsawaita zuwa awanni 12 a gado a kowace dare. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E |date=October 1999 |title=Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(99)01376-8/abstract |journal=Lancet |language=English |volume=354 |issue=9188 |pages=1435–9 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8 |pmid=10543671 |s2cid=3854642 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sakamakon ya nuna cewa a cikin yanayin bashi da barci, yawan thyrotropin ya ragu, yayin da raguwar amsawar glucose da insulin ya nuna raguwar haƙurin carbohydrate, raguwar kashi 30% fiye da yanayin barci mai kyau. <ref name=":0" /> Maza waɗanda aka ƙuntata musu barci suma sun nuna ƙaruwar yawan cortisol na yamma (hormone "damuwa") da haɓaka aikin tsarin juyayi na tausayi idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda suka ji daɗin cikakken barci, tsawon dare 6. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bayon V, Leger D, Gomez-Merino D, Vecchierini MF, Chennaoui M |date=August 2014 |title=Sleep debt and obesity |journal=Annals of Medicine |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=264–72 |doi=10.3109/07853890.2014.931103 |pmid=25012962 |s2cid=36653608 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin barci mai yawa zai iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa na lafiya na yau da kullun waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da: cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan koda, hawan jini, ciwon suga, bugun jini, kiba, da baƙin ciki. Kamar yadda Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa suka bayyana, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency - What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency? &#124; NHLBI, NIH |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-deprivation}}</ref> bashin barci mai ɗorewa yana da mummunan tasiri ga aikin jijiyoyin ɗan adam kuma yana iya kawo cikas ga aikin garkuwar jiki, endocrine, da aikin metabolism, yayin da yake ƙara tsananin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da suka shafi shekaru a tsawon lokaci. <ref name=":0" /> == Bashin barci da kiba == Binciken cututtuka ya ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin bashin barci ko rashin abinci da kuma [[kiba]] sakamakon ƙaruwar yawan nauyin jiki (BMI) ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar katsewar hormones na leptin da ghrelin waɗanda ke daidaita sha'awar abinci, yawan cin abinci da rashin abinci mai kyau, da kuma raguwar ƙona kalori gaba ɗaya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bayon V, Leger D, Gomez-Merino D, Vecchierini MF, Chennaoui M |date=August 2014 |title=Sleep debt and obesity |journal=Annals of Medicine |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=264–72 |doi=10.3109/07853890.2014.931103 |pmid=25012962 |s2cid=36653608 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBayonLegerGomez-MerinoVecchierini2014">Bayon V, Leger D, Gomez-Merino D, Vecchierini MF, Chennaoui M (August 2014). [[doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.931103|"Sleep debt and obesity"]]. ''Annals of Medicine''. '''46''' (5): <span class="nowrap">264–</span>72. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.931103|10.3109/07853890.2014.931103]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25012962 25012962]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36653608 36653608].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amfani da kafofin watsa labarai kamar amfani da intanet da talabijin waɗanda ke taka rawa sosai wajen rage yawan barci suma an danganta su da kiba ta hanyar haifar da rashin lafiya, rashin zaman gida da halaye, da kuma yawan cin abinci. <ref name=":2" /> Bugu da ƙari, halaye masu alaƙa da aiki kamar dogon lokaci na aiki da lokacin tafiya da kuma lokutan aiki marasa tsari kamar lokacin aiki, suma suna aiki a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba ko kiba sakamakon gajerun lokacin barci. <ref name=":2" /> Idan aka kwatanta da manya, yara suna nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin bashin barci da kiba. <ref name=":2" /> == Bashin barci da mace-mace == Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa tsawon lokacin barci, musamman ƙarancin barci ko ƙarancin lokacin barci, yana hasashen mace-mace, ko a ranakun mako ko kuma a ƙarshen mako. <ref name=":1" /> A cikin mutanen da shekarunsu suka kai 65 zuwa ƙasa da haka, tsawon lokacin barci na yau da kullun na awanni 5 ko ƙasa da haka (wanda ya kai ƙarancin barci na awanni 2 a rana) a lokacin ƙarshen mako yana da alaƙa da ƙimar mace-mace mafi girma da kashi 52% - idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar da ke kula da waɗanda suka yi barci na awanni 7. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Åkerstedt T, Ghilotti F, Grotta A, Zhao H, Adami HO, Trolle-Lagerros Y, Bellocco R |date=February 2019 |title=Sleep duration and mortality - Does weekend sleep matter? |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=28 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/jsr.12712 |pmc=7003477 |pmid=29790200 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bashin barci na yau da kullun na mako yana nuna alaƙa mai illa da mace-mace da rashin lafiya, amma an yi watsi da wannan tasirin lokacin da aka rama shi da dogon barci a lokacin ƙarshen mako. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grandner |first=Michael A. |last2=Hale |first2=Lauren |last3=Moore |first3=Melisa |last4=Patel |first4=Nirav P. |date=June 2010 |title=Mortality associated with short sleep duration: The evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=191–203 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2009.07.006 |pmc=2856739 |pmid=19932976}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba a ga mummunan sakamakon bashin barci a ranakun mako da ƙarshen mako a cikin mutanen da shekarunsu suka kai 65 zuwa sama ba. <ref name=":1" /> == Muhawarar kimiyya == Akwai muhawara tsakanin masu bincike kan ko manufar bashin barci ta bayyana wani abu mai ma'ana. Mujallar ''Sleep'' ta watan Satumba na 2004 ta ƙunshi rubuce-rubucen editoci masu karo da juna daga manyan masu binciken barci guda biyu, David F. Dinges <ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=David F. Dinges |vauthors=Dinges DF |date=September 2004 |title=Sleep debt and scientific evidence |journal=Sleep |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1050–2 |pmid=15532196}}</ref> da Jim Horne . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horne J |date=September 2004 |title=Is there a sleep debt? |journal=Sleep |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1047–9 |pmid=15532195}}</ref> Wani gwaji da likitocin tabin hankali suka gudanar a shekarar 1997 a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania ya nuna cewa tarin bashin barci na dare yana shafar barcin rana, musamman a ranakun farko, na biyu, na shida, da na bakwai na hana barci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dinges DF, Pack F, Williams K, Gillen KA, Powell JW, Ott GE, Aptowicz C, Pack AI |date=April 1997 |title=Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night |journal=Sleep |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=267–77 |pmid=9231952}}</ref> A wani bincike, an gwada mutane ta amfani da aikin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa (PVT). An gwada ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane da lokutan barci daban-daban na tsawon makonni biyu: awanni 8, awanni 6, awanni 4, da kuma jimillar [[rashin barci]] . Kowace rana, an gwada su don ganin adadin lanƙwasawa a kan PVT. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa, yayin da lokaci ke tafiya, aikin kowace ƙungiya ya ƙara ta'azzara, ba tare da wata alamar tsayawa ba. An gano cewa rashin barci mai matsakaici yana da illa; mutanen da suka yi barci na awanni 6 a dare na tsawon kwanaki 10 suna da sakamako iri ɗaya da waɗanda ba su da cikakken barci na kwana 1. <ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Kristen L Knutson |vauthors=Knutson KL, Spiegel K, Penev P, Van Cauter E |date=June 2007 |title=The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=163–78 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002 |pmc=1991337 |pmid=17442599}}</ref> == Kimantawa == An gwada bashin barci a cikin wasu bincike da dama ta hanyar amfani da gwajin jinkirin bacci na farko . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Klerman EB, Dijk DJ |date=October 2005 |title=Interindividual variation in sleep duration and its association with sleep debt in young adults |journal=Sleep |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1253–9 |doi=10.1093/sleep/28.10.1253 |pmc=1351048 |pmid=16295210}}</ref> Wannan gwajin yana ƙoƙarin auna yadda mutum zai iya yin barci cikin sauƙi. Idan aka yi wannan gwajin sau da yawa a rana, ana kiransa gwajin jinkirin barci da yawa (MSLT). Ana gaya wa mutumin ya yi barci kuma ana tashe shi bayan an tantance adadin lokacin da ya ɗauka kafin ya yi barci. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), wani bincike mai abubuwa takwas tare da maki daga 0 zuwa 24, wani kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi don tantance yiwuwar bashin barci. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Janairun 2007 daga Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis ya nuna cewa gwajin amylase na enzyme za a iya amfani da shi wajen nuna rashin barci, yayin da enzyme ɗin ke ƙara aikinsa dangane da tsawon lokacin da aka hana mutum barci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2007 |title=First Biomarker for Human Sleepiness Identified |url=https://record.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/8539.html |publisher=[[Washington University in St. Louis]]}}</ref> An gano cewa sinadarin orexin yana da tasiri sosai wajen sarrafa bacci. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2009 daga Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis ya haskaka muhimman alaƙa tsakanin bashin barci, orexin, da amyloid beta, tare da shawarar cewa ci gaban [[cutar Alzheimer]] na iya zama sakamakon bashin barci na yau da kullun ko kuma yawan lokacin farkawa. <ref name="kang">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kang JE, Lim MM, Bateman RJ, Lee JJ, Smyth LP, Cirrito JR, Fujiki N, Nishino S, Holtzman DM |date=November 2009 |title=Amyloid-beta dynamics are regulated by orexin and the sleep-wake cycle |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5955 |pages=1005–7 |bibcode=2009Sci...326.1005K |doi=10.1126/science.1180962 |pmc=2789838 |pmid=19779148}}</ref> == Phosphorylation na sunadaran == A cikin beraye, akwai sunadarai 80 a cikin kwakwalwa, waɗanda ake kira "masu buƙatar index phosphoproteins na barci" (SNIPPs), waɗanda ke ƙara zama masu phosphorylation a lokacin farkawa, kuma ana cire su daga phosphorylation a lokacin barci. Ana samun taimakon phosphorylation ta hanyar kwayar halittar Sik3. Wani nau'in linzamin dakin gwaje-gwaje (mai suna Sleepy) yana da sigar da aka canza ta wannan furotin, wanda ake kira SLEEPY, inda furotin ɗin ya fi aiki fiye da sigar yau da kullun. Wannan yana haifar da beraye suna nuna ƙarin ayyukan barci a hankali yayin barcin da ba na REM ba - wata alama mai aminci cewa ana samun ƙarin barci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2023)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Hana kwayar halittar Sik3 yana rage yawan sinadarin phosphorylation da kuma ayyukan raƙuman ruwa a hankali a cikin beraye na yau da kullun da waɗanda aka gyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang Z, Ma J, Miyoshi C, Li Y, Sato M, Ogawa Y, Lou T, Ma C, Gao X, Lee C, Fujiyama T, Yang X, Zhou S, Hotta-Hirashima N, Klewe-Nebenius D, Ikkyu A, Kakizaki M, Kanno S, Cao L, Takahashi S, Peng J, Yu Y, Funato H, Yanagisawa M, Liu Q |date=June 2018 |title=Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of the molecular substrates of sleep need |journal=Nature |volume=558 |issue=7710 |pages=435–439 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..435W |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0218-8 |pmc=6350790 |pmid=29899451}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7droskwg6fjkpcqgqany4evou0vo3zl 856761 856758 2026-06-14T10:15:33Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Effects_of_sleep_deprivation.svg|thumb|300x300px|Babban illolin [[rashin barci]] a lafiya, yana nuna rashin daidaiton kulawa ta yau da kullun ta hanyar barci]] '''Rashin samun isasshen barci''' ko '''ƙarancin barci''' yana haifar da tarin matsalolin rashin samun isasshen [[Bacci|barci]] . Babban bashin barci na iya haifar da [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]] ta hankali ko ta jiki, kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayin mutum, kuzarinsa, da kuma ikonsa na [[tunani]] a sarari. Akwai nau'ikan bashin barci guda biyu: sakamakon [[rashin barci]] na ɗan lokaci, da kuma rashin barci gaba ɗaya. Rashin barci na ɗan lokaci yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ko dabbar dakin gwaje-gwaje suka yi barci kaɗan na tsawon kwanaki ko makonni da yawa. Rashin barci gaba ɗaya, a gefe guda, yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka bar mutumin a farke na tsawon akalla awanni 24. Akwai muhawara a cikin al'ummar kimiyya game da takamaiman bashin barci (duba § Muhawarar kimiyya ), kuma ba a ɗaukarta a matsayin rashin tsari ba . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tasirin Bashin Barci a Jiki == Tasirin bashin barci na yau da kullun akan tsarin metabolism da endocrine na jikin ɗan adam yana da mahimmanci, musamman ga mutanen da ke da kiba. Wani bincike kan tasirin bashin barci na jiki, wanda aka buga a cikin ''The Lancet'', ya binciki tasirin bashin barci ta hanyar tantance daidaiton sympathovagal (alamar aikin tsarin juyayi na tausayi ), aikin thyrotropic, aikin [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|HPA axis]], da kuma metabolism na carbohydrate na samari 11 manya waɗanda lokacin barcinsu na dare shida ya takaita zuwa awanni huɗu a kowace dare ko kuma ya tsawaita zuwa awanni 12 a gado a kowace dare. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E |date=October 1999 |title=Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(99)01376-8/abstract |journal=Lancet |language=English |volume=354 |issue=9188 |pages=1435–9 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8 |pmid=10543671 |s2cid=3854642 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sakamakon ya nuna cewa a cikin yanayin bashi da barci, yawan thyrotropin ya ragu, yayin da raguwar amsawar glucose da insulin ya nuna raguwar haƙurin carbohydrate, raguwar kashi 30% fiye da yanayin barci mai kyau. <ref name=":0" /> Maza waɗanda aka ƙuntata musu barci suma sun nuna ƙaruwar yawan cortisol na yamma (hormone "damuwa") da haɓaka aikin tsarin juyayi na tausayi idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda suka ji daɗin cikakken barci, tsawon dare 6. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bayon V, Leger D, Gomez-Merino D, Vecchierini MF, Chennaoui M |date=August 2014 |title=Sleep debt and obesity |journal=Annals of Medicine |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=264–72 |doi=10.3109/07853890.2014.931103 |pmid=25012962 |s2cid=36653608 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin barci mai yawa zai iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa na lafiya na yau da kullun waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da: cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan koda, hawan jini, ciwon suga, bugun jini, kiba, da baƙin ciki. Kamar yadda Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa suka bayyana, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency - What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency? &#124; NHLBI, NIH |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-deprivation}}</ref> bashin barci mai ɗorewa yana da mummunan tasiri ga aikin jijiyoyin ɗan adam kuma yana iya kawo cikas ga aikin garkuwar jiki, endocrine, da aikin metabolism, yayin da yake ƙara tsananin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da suka shafi shekaru a tsawon lokaci. <ref name=":0" /> == Bashin barci da kiba == Binciken cututtuka ya ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin bashin barci ko rashin abinci da kuma [[kiba]] sakamakon ƙaruwar yawan nauyin jiki (BMI) ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar katsewar hormones na leptin da ghrelin waɗanda ke daidaita sha'awar abinci, yawan cin abinci da rashin abinci mai kyau, da kuma raguwar ƙona kalori gaba ɗaya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bayon V, Leger D, Gomez-Merino D, Vecchierini MF, Chennaoui M |date=August 2014 |title=Sleep debt and obesity |journal=Annals of Medicine |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=264–72 |doi=10.3109/07853890.2014.931103 |pmid=25012962 |s2cid=36653608 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBayonLegerGomez-MerinoVecchierini2014">Bayon V, Leger D, Gomez-Merino D, Vecchierini MF, Chennaoui M (August 2014). [[doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.931103|"Sleep debt and obesity"]]. ''Annals of Medicine''. '''46''' (5): <span class="nowrap">264–</span>72. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.931103|10.3109/07853890.2014.931103]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25012962 25012962]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36653608 36653608].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amfani da kafofin watsa labarai kamar amfani da intanet da talabijin waɗanda ke taka rawa sosai wajen rage yawan barci suma an danganta su da kiba ta hanyar haifar da rashin lafiya, rashin zaman gida da halaye, da kuma yawan cin abinci. <ref name=":2" /> Bugu da ƙari, halaye masu alaƙa da aiki kamar dogon lokaci na aiki da lokacin tafiya da kuma lokutan aiki marasa tsari kamar lokacin aiki, suma suna aiki a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba ko kiba sakamakon gajerun lokacin barci. <ref name=":2" /> Idan aka kwatanta da manya, yara suna nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin bashin barci da kiba. <ref name=":2" /> == Bashin barci da mace-mace == Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa tsawon lokacin barci, musamman ƙarancin barci ko ƙarancin lokacin barci, yana hasashen mace-mace, ko a ranakun mako ko kuma a ƙarshen mako. <ref name=":1" /> A cikin mutanen da shekarunsu suka kai 65 zuwa ƙasa da haka, tsawon lokacin barci na yau da kullun na awanni 5 ko ƙasa da haka (wanda ya kai ƙarancin barci na awanni 2 a rana) a lokacin ƙarshen mako yana da alaƙa da ƙimar mace-mace mafi girma da kashi 52% - idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar da ke kula da waɗanda suka yi barci na awanni 7. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Åkerstedt T, Ghilotti F, Grotta A, Zhao H, Adami HO, Trolle-Lagerros Y, Bellocco R |date=February 2019 |title=Sleep duration and mortality - Does weekend sleep matter? |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=28 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/jsr.12712 |pmc=7003477 |pmid=29790200 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bashin barci na yau da kullun na mako yana nuna alaƙa mai illa da mace-mace da rashin lafiya, amma an yi watsi da wannan tasirin lokacin da aka rama shi da dogon barci a lokacin ƙarshen mako. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grandner |first=Michael A. |last2=Hale |first2=Lauren |last3=Moore |first3=Melisa |last4=Patel |first4=Nirav P. |date=June 2010 |title=Mortality associated with short sleep duration: The evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=191–203 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2009.07.006 |pmc=2856739 |pmid=19932976}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba a ga mummunan sakamakon bashin barci a ranakun mako da ƙarshen mako a cikin mutanen da shekarunsu suka kai 65 zuwa sama ba. <ref name=":1" /> == Muhawarar kimiyya == Akwai muhawara tsakanin masu bincike kan ko manufar bashin barci ta bayyana wani abu mai ma'ana. Mujallar ''Sleep'' ta watan Satumba na 2004 ta ƙunshi rubuce-rubucen editoci masu karo da juna daga manyan masu binciken barci guda biyu, David F. Dinges <ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=David F. Dinges |vauthors=Dinges DF |date=September 2004 |title=Sleep debt and scientific evidence |journal=Sleep |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1050–2 |pmid=15532196}}</ref> da Jim Horne . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horne J |date=September 2004 |title=Is there a sleep debt? |journal=Sleep |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1047–9 |pmid=15532195}}</ref> Wani gwaji da likitocin tabin hankali suka gudanar a shekarar 1997 a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania ya nuna cewa tarin bashin barci na dare yana shafar barcin rana, musamman a ranakun farko, na biyu, na shida, da na bakwai na hana barci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dinges DF, Pack F, Williams K, Gillen KA, Powell JW, Ott GE, Aptowicz C, Pack AI |date=April 1997 |title=Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night |journal=Sleep |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=267–77 |pmid=9231952}}</ref> A wani bincike, an gwada mutane ta amfani da aikin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa (PVT). An gwada ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane da lokutan barci daban-daban na tsawon makonni biyu: awanni 8, awanni 6, awanni 4, da kuma jimillar [[rashin barci]] . Kowace rana, an gwada su don ganin adadin lanƙwasawa a kan PVT. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa, yayin da lokaci ke tafiya, aikin kowace ƙungiya ya ƙara ta'azzara, ba tare da wata alamar tsayawa ba. An gano cewa rashin barci mai matsakaici yana da illa; mutanen da suka yi barci na awanni 6 a dare na tsawon kwanaki 10 suna da sakamako iri ɗaya da waɗanda ba su da cikakken barci na kwana 1. <ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Kristen L Knutson |vauthors=Knutson KL, Spiegel K, Penev P, Van Cauter E |date=June 2007 |title=The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=163–78 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002 |pmc=1991337 |pmid=17442599}}</ref> == Kimantawa == An gwada bashin barci a cikin wasu bincike da dama ta hanyar amfani da gwajin jinkirin bacci na farko . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Klerman EB, Dijk DJ |date=October 2005 |title=Interindividual variation in sleep duration and its association with sleep debt in young adults |journal=Sleep |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1253–9 |doi=10.1093/sleep/28.10.1253 |pmc=1351048 |pmid=16295210}}</ref> Wannan gwajin yana ƙoƙarin auna yadda mutum zai iya yin barci cikin sauƙi. Idan aka yi wannan gwajin sau da yawa a rana, ana kiransa gwajin jinkirin barci da yawa (MSLT). Ana gaya wa mutumin ya yi barci kuma ana tashe shi bayan an tantance adadin lokacin da ya ɗauka kafin ya yi barci. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), wani bincike mai abubuwa takwas tare da maki daga 0 zuwa 24, wani kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi don tantance yiwuwar bashin barci. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Janairun 2007 daga Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis ya nuna cewa gwajin amylase na enzyme za a iya amfani da shi wajen nuna rashin barci, yayin da enzyme ɗin ke ƙara aikinsa dangane da tsawon lokacin da aka hana mutum barci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2007 |title=First Biomarker for Human Sleepiness Identified |url=https://record.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/8539.html |publisher=[[Washington University in St. Louis]]}}</ref> An gano cewa sinadarin orexin yana da tasiri sosai wajen sarrafa bacci. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2009 daga Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis ya haskaka muhimman alaƙa tsakanin bashin barci, orexin, da amyloid beta, tare da shawarar cewa ci gaban [[cutar Alzheimer]] na iya zama sakamakon bashin barci na yau da kullun ko kuma yawan lokacin farkawa. <ref name="kang">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kang JE, Lim MM, Bateman RJ, Lee JJ, Smyth LP, Cirrito JR, Fujiki N, Nishino S, Holtzman DM |date=November 2009 |title=Amyloid-beta dynamics are regulated by orexin and the sleep-wake cycle |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5955 |pages=1005–7 |bibcode=2009Sci...326.1005K |doi=10.1126/science.1180962 |pmc=2789838 |pmid=19779148}}</ref> == Phosphorylation na sunadaran == A cikin beraye, akwai sunadarai 80 a cikin kwakwalwa, waɗanda ake kira "masu buƙatar index phosphoproteins na barci" (SNIPPs), waɗanda ke ƙara zama masu phosphorylation a lokacin farkawa, kuma ana cire su daga phosphorylation a lokacin barci. Ana samun taimakon phosphorylation ta hanyar kwayar halittar Sik3. Wani nau'in linzamin dakin gwaje-gwaje (mai suna Sleepy) yana da sigar da aka canza ta wannan furotin, wanda ake kira SLEEPY, inda furotin ɗin ya fi aiki fiye da sigar yau da kullun. Wannan yana haifar da beraye suna nuna ƙarin ayyukan barci a hankali yayin barcin da ba na REM ba - wata alama mai aminci cewa ana samun ƙarin barci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2023)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Hana kwayar halittar Sik3 yana rage yawan sinadarin phosphorylation da kuma ayyukan raƙuman ruwa a hankali a cikin beraye na yau da kullun da waɗanda aka gyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang Z, Ma J, Miyoshi C, Li Y, Sato M, Ogawa Y, Lou T, Ma C, Gao X, Lee C, Fujiyama T, Yang X, Zhou S, Hotta-Hirashima N, Klewe-Nebenius D, Ikkyu A, Kakizaki M, Kanno S, Cao L, Takahashi S, Peng J, Yu Y, Funato H, Yanagisawa M, Liu Q |date=June 2018 |title=Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of the molecular substrates of sleep need |journal=Nature |volume=558 |issue=7710 |pages=435–439 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..435W |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0218-8 |pmc=6350790 |pmid=29899451}}</ref> == Manazarta == pz9m1dhvjwlfj1bkr8xutv5b1hli3qe 0 157370 856759 2026-06-14T10:15:13Z Mustysummy 21281 SABUWAR MUKALA 856759 wikitext text/x-wiki cututtukani ne da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cutar ko kwayar cuta da sauro ke yaduwa. Kusan mutane miliyan 700 suna kamuwa da cututtukan sauro a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da kusan mutuwar mutum miliyan daya. Cututtukan da sauro ke yaduwa sun haɗa da zazzabin cizon sauro, dengue, Kwayar cutar Nilu ta Yamma, chikungunya, zazzabin rawaya, Filariasis, Tularemia, Dirofilariasis, encephalitis na Japan, Saint Louis, encepfalitis na Yamma, encephlitis na Gabas, encephalalitis na Venezuela, Ross River, zazzabi na Barmah Forest, enceptalitis, da Zika, [1] da kuma sabon Kwayar cutar Keystone da aka gano Keystone.[2] Wani shiri na farko da ƙungiyar bincike ta Australiya ta yi jayayya cewa Mycobacterium ulcerans, kwayar cutar Buruli ulcer kuma sauro ne ke yaduwa.[3] Babu wata shaida har zuwa Afrilu 2020 [yana buƙatar sabuntawa] cewa sauro na iya yaduwar COVID-19, kuma yana da matukar wuya wannan ya faru. ==Nau`o`in== Protozoa Sauro na mace na jinsin Anopheles na iya ɗaukar kwayar cuta zazzabin cizon sauro. Nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyar na Plasmodium suna haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin mutane: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodius ovale, Plasmodium knowlesi da Plasmodium vivax [1] (duba Plasmodium). A duk duniya, zazzabin cizon sauro shine babban dalilin mutuwar da ba ta dace ba, musamman a cikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar, tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 207 da suka mutu sama da rabin miliyan a cikin 2012, a cewar Rahoton Zazzabin Duniya na 2013 wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa miliyan daya tun daga shekarar 2018 a cewar kungiyar kula da kwari ta Amurka.[2] 03dco8amb1esobuaial3o29u9g8wkxn 856779 856759 2026-06-14T10:23:45Z Mustysummy 21281 SAKA MANAZARTA 856779 wikitext text/x-wiki cututtukani ne da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cutar ko kwayar cuta da sauro ke yaduwa. Kusan mutane miliyan 700 suna kamuwa da cututtukan sauro a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da kusan mutuwar mutum miliyan daya. Cututtukan da sauro ke yaduwa sun haɗa da zazzabin cizon sauro, dengue, Kwayar cutar Nilu ta Yamma, chikungunya, zazzabin rawaya, Filariasis, Tularemia, Dirofilariasis, encephalitis na Japan, Saint Louis, encepfalitis na Yamma, encephlitis na Gabas, encephalalitis na Venezuela, Ross River, zazzabi na Barmah Forest, enceptalitis, da Zika, <ref>http://www.mosquito.org/page/diseases</ref> da kuma sabon Kwayar cutar Keystone da aka gano Keystone.<ref>https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link</ref> Wani shiri na farko da ƙungiyar bincike ta Australiya ta yi jayayya cewa Mycobacterium ulcerans, kwayar cutar Buruli ulcer kuma sauro ne ke yaduwa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180215083912/http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/dtopics/mosquitoborne/diseases.html</ref> Babu wata shaida har zuwa Afrilu 2020 [yana buƙatar sabuntawa] cewa sauro na iya yaduwar COVID-19, kuma yana da matukar wuya wannan ya faru. ==Nau`o`in== Protozoa Sauro na mace na jinsin Anopheles na iya ɗaukar kwayar cuta zazzabin cizon sauro. Nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyar na Plasmodium suna haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin mutane: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodius ovale, Plasmodium knowlesi da Plasmodium vivax <ref>https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/malaria/en/</ref> (duba Plasmodium). A duk duniya, zazzabin cizon sauro shine babban dalilin mutuwar da ba ta dace ba, musamman a cikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar, tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 207 da suka mutu sama da rabin miliyan a cikin 2012, a cewar Rahoton Zazzabin Duniya na 2013 wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa miliyan daya tun daga shekarar 2018 a cewar kungiyar kula da kwari ta Amurka.[2] ==mANAZARTA== qvw67y0v6tbpguiz2rtr8rc2rh91bay 856782 856779 2026-06-14T10:24:49Z Mustysummy 21281 856782 wikitext text/x-wiki cututtukani ne da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cutar ko kwayar cuta da sauro ke yaduwa. Kusan mutane miliyan 700 suna kamuwa da cututtukan sauro a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da kusan mutuwar mutum miliyan daya. Cututtukan da sauro ke yaduwa sun haɗa da zazzabin cizon sauro, dengue, Kwayar cutar Nilu ta Yamma, chikungunya, zazzabin rawaya, Filariasis, Tularemia, Dirofilariasis, encephalitis na Japan, Saint Louis, encepfalitis na Yamma, encephlitis na Gabas, encephalalitis na Venezuela, Ross River, zazzabi na Barmah Forest, enceptalitis, da Zika, <ref>http://www.mosquito.org/page/diseases</ref> da kuma sabon Kwayar cutar Keystone da aka gano Keystone.<ref>https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link</ref> Wani shiri na farko da ƙungiyar bincike ta Australiya ta yi jayayya cewa Mycobacterium ulcerans, kwayar cutar Buruli ulcer kuma sauro ne ke yaduwa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180215083912/http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/dtopics/mosquitoborne/diseases.html</ref> Babu wata shaida har zuwa Afrilu 2020 [yana buƙatar sabuntawa] cewa sauro na iya yaduwar COVID-19, kuma yana da matukar wuya wannan ya faru. ==Nau`o`in== Protozoa Sauro na mace na jinsin Anopheles na iya ɗaukar kwayar cuta zazzabin cizon sauro. Nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyar na Plasmodium suna haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin mutane: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodius ovale, Plasmodium knowlesi da Plasmodium vivax <ref>https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/malaria/en/</ref> (duba Plasmodium). A duk duniya, zazzabin cizon sauro shine babban dalilin mutuwar da ba ta dace ba, musamman a cikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar, tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 207 da suka mutu sama da rabin miliyan a cikin 2012, a cewar Rahoton Zazzabin Duniya na 2013 wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa miliyan daya tun daga shekarar 2018 a cewar kungiyar kula da kwari ta Amurka.[2] ==Manazarta== p2xnwjzq9swdwsjqvxr7umk964dyu4m 856785 856782 2026-06-14T10:26:30Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 856785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}cututtukani ne da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cutar ko kwayar cuta da sauro ke yaduwa. Kusan mutane miliyan 700 suna kamuwa da cututtukan sauro a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da kusan mutuwar mutum miliyan daya. Cututtukan da sauro ke yaduwa sun haɗa da zazzabin cizon sauro, dengue, Kwayar cutar Nilu ta Yamma, chikungunya, zazzabin rawaya, Filariasis, Tularemia, Dirofilariasis, encephalitis na Japan, Saint Louis, encepfalitis na Yamma, encephlitis na Gabas, encephalalitis na Venezuela, Ross River, zazzabi na Barmah Forest, enceptalitis, da Zika, <ref>http://www.mosquito.org/page/diseases</ref> da kuma sabon Kwayar cutar Keystone da aka gano Keystone.<ref>https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/mosquito_as_deadly_menace#.Yweo2_DM88I.link</ref> Wani shiri na farko da ƙungiyar bincike ta Australiya ta yi jayayya cewa Mycobacterium ulcerans, kwayar cutar Buruli ulcer kuma sauro ne ke yaduwa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180215083912/http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/dtopics/mosquitoborne/diseases.html</ref> Babu wata shaida har zuwa Afrilu 2020 [yana buƙatar sabuntawa] cewa sauro na iya yaduwar COVID-19, kuma yana da matukar wuya wannan ya faru. ==Nau`o`in== Protozoa Sauro na mace na jinsin Anopheles na iya ɗaukar kwayar cuta zazzabin cizon sauro. Nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyar na Plasmodium suna haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin mutane: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodius ovale, Plasmodium knowlesi da Plasmodium vivax <ref>https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/malaria/en/</ref> (duba Plasmodium). A duk duniya, zazzabin cizon sauro shine babban dalilin mutuwar da ba ta dace ba, musamman a cikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar, tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 207 da suka mutu sama da rabin miliyan a cikin 2012, a cewar Rahoton Zazzabin Duniya na 2013 wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa miliyan daya tun daga shekarar 2018 a cewar kungiyar kula da kwari ta Amurka.[2] ==Manazarta== glw8pcj7buf9zi5xtjmenxronl9b70s 0 157371 856763 2026-06-14T10:16:12Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342432605|Gary Yohe]]" 856763 wikitext text/x-wiki   Gary Wynn Yohe shi ne Farfesa na Huffington Foundation na Tattalin Arziki da Nazarin Muhalli a Jami'ar Wesleyan, Middletown, Connecticut . Yana da digiri na PhD daga Jami'ar Yale . Yohe ya ƙware a fannin Ka'idar Microeconomic, ilimin albarkatun kasa, da tattalin arzikin muhalli.[1] Shi mai bincike ne kan tattalin arzikin canjin yanayi da kuma tsarin kimantawa. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, shi editan littafin "Aviing Dangerous Climate Change" ne kuma marubuci (tare da Edwin Mansfield) na "Microeconomics. Microeconomtics: Theory and Applications". Shi babban memba ne na Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) wanda aka ba shi rabon Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 2007 tare da Al Gore . [2] Ya kasance yana da hannu tare da IPCC tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran damar, a matsayin Babban Mawallafi na surori daban-daban guda huɗu a cikin Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC, kuma a matsayin Babban Mai Mawallafi don babi na ƙarshe na gudummawar Kungiyar Aiki ta II ga Rahoton Binkaya na Huɗu na IPCC. Yohe ya kuma yi aiki tare da Core Writing Team don shirya rahoton hadin kai gaba ɗaya don dukan Bincike.[3] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t24lwfo4f004dkpkmnhfpa7f6suhb8c 856771 856763 2026-06-14T10:22:00Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342432605|Gary Yohe]]" 856771 wikitext text/x-wiki   Gary Wynn Yohe shi ne Farfesa na Huffington Foundation na Tattalin Arziki da Nazarin Muhalli a Jami'ar Wesleyan, Middletown, Connecticut . Yana da digiri na PhD daga Jami'ar Yale . Yohe ya ƙware a fannin Ka'idar Microeconomic, ilimin albarkatun kasa, da tattalin arzikin muhalli.[1] Shi mai bincike ne kan tattalin arzikin canjin yanayi da kuma tsarin kimantawa. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, shi editan littafin "Aviing Dangerous Climate Change" ne kuma marubuci (tare da Edwin Mansfield) na "Microeconomics. Microeconomtics: Theory and Applications". Shi babban memba ne na Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) wanda aka ba shi rabon Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 2007 tare da Al Gore . [2] Ya kasance yana da hannu tare da IPCC tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran damar, a matsayin Babban Mawallafi na surori daban-daban guda huɗu a cikin Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC, kuma a matsayin Babban Mai Mawallafi don babi na ƙarshe na gudummawar Kungiyar Aiki ta II ga Rahoton Binkaya na Huɗu na IPCC. Yohe ya kuma yi aiki tare da Core Writing Team don shirya rahoton hadin kai gaba ɗaya don dukan Bincike.[3] Yohe ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Birnin New York akan Canjin Yanayi da Kwamitin Tsayawa kan Yanayin Dan Adam na Canjin Duniya na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa. [1] Har ila yau, memba ne na kwamitin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa kan Dimensions na Canjin Duniya.[2] Ya kuma kasance mataimakin shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi na Kasa ta Uku. Yana daya daga cikin masu sanya hannu hudu na budaddiyar wasika mai kwanan wata 12 ga Maris, 2010, game da kuskuren da za a iya yi a cikin Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC [1] kuma yana ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Amurka a kai a kai. [2] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p7sgoc7iconpi6788c9oekh157h7sko 856774 856771 2026-06-14T10:22:26Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342432605|Gary Yohe]]" 856774 wikitext text/x-wiki   Gary Wynn Yohe shi ne Farfesa na Huffington Foundation na Tattalin Arziki da Nazarin Muhalli a Jami'ar Wesleyan, Middletown, Connecticut . Yana da digiri na PhD daga Jami'ar Yale . Yohe ya ƙware a fannin Ka'idar Microeconomic, ilimin albarkatun kasa, da tattalin arzikin muhalli.[1] Shi mai bincike ne kan tattalin arzikin canjin yanayi da kuma tsarin kimantawa. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, shi editan littafin "Aviing Dangerous Climate Change" ne kuma marubuci (tare da Edwin Mansfield) na "Microeconomics. Microeconomtics: Theory and Applications". Shi babban memba ne na Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) wanda aka ba shi rabon Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 2007 tare da Al Gore . [2] Ya kasance yana da hannu tare da IPCC tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran damar, a matsayin Babban Mawallafi na surori daban-daban guda huɗu a cikin Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC, kuma a matsayin Babban Mai Mawallafi don babi na ƙarshe na gudummawar Kungiyar Aiki ta II ga Rahoton Binkaya na Huɗu na IPCC. Yohe ya kuma yi aiki tare da Core Writing Team don shirya rahoton hadin kai gaba ɗaya don dukan Bincike.[3] Yohe ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Birnin New York akan Canjin Yanayi da Kwamitin Tsayawa kan Yanayin Dan Adam na Canjin Duniya na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa. [1] Har ila yau, memba ne na kwamitin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa kan Dimensions na Canjin Duniya.[2] Ya kuma kasance mataimakin shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi na Kasa ta Uku. Yana daya daga cikin masu sanya hannu hudu na budaddiyar wasika mai kwanan wata 12 ga Maris, 2010, game da kuskuren da za a iya yi a cikin Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC [1] kuma yana ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Amurka a kai a kai. [2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tn2a5slxbh36ip4ju65oluxsjfy9cpi 0 157372 856766 2026-06-14T10:17:16Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358287408|Oliver Bearman]]" 856766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oliver James Bearman''' (; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2005) direban tsere ne na Burtaniya wanda ke fafatawa a Formula One na Haas . An haife shi kuma ya girma a Chelmsford, Bearman ya fara tseren karts yana da shekaru bakwai, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa na kasa da na nahiyar. Bayan kammala karatunsa zuwa ƙaramin tsari a shekarar 2020, Bearman ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a gasar zakarun Italiya ta F4 ta 2021, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarar ADAC F4 a wannan shekarar, duka biyu tare da Van Amersfoort. Daga nan sai ya shiga gasar FIA Formula 3 a shekarar 2022, inda ya kammala na uku a kakar wasa ta farko tare da Prema. Bearman ya ci gaba zuwa FIA Formula 2 a 2023, ya kammala na shida a wannan shekarar kuma ya lashe tseren da yawa a cikin yanayi biyu. Wani memba na Kwalejin Driver ta Ferrari tun 2022, Bearman ya kasance direban ajiya na Ferrari da Haas a 2024, ya maye gurbin Carlos Sainz Jr. a Saudi Arabia - yana yin Formula One na farko yana da shekaru goma sha takwas - da kuma Kevin Magnussen a Azerbaijan da São Paulo, ya zama direban mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa yin gasa ga Ferrari a tsohon. Bearman ya shiga Haas a matsayin direba na cikakken lokaci a cikin 2025 tare da Esteban Ocon . Bearman ya kwangila ya kasance a Haas har zuwa akalla ƙarshen kakar 2026. == Farkon rayuwar mutum == Oliver James Bearman was born on 8 May 2005 to David and Terri Bearman in Havering, London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=In profile: Oliver Bearman |url=https://www.fiaformula3.com/Latest/6wK9o5XmTgYSaLKDPi5ACS/in-profile-oliver-bearman |publisher=FIA Formula 3 Championship}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2026)">dubious</span></nowiki>&#x20;&#x2013; discuss''&#x5D;</sup> He has a younger brother, Thomas Bearman (who is also a racing driver), and a sister. His father is the founder and chief executive officer of the insurance firm Aventum Group.<ref name="Silverman" /> Bearman grew up in Chelmsford, Essex, where he attended King Edward VI Grammar School. Bearman left school at the age of sixteen to join the Ferrari Driver Academy in Modena, Italy. Bearman ya zaɓi 87 a matsayin lambar tserensa ta dindindin don Formula One, saboda shine lambar da ya fara amfani da ita a tseren kart.<ref name="F1number">{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Jonathan |date=4 July 2024 |title=Bearman explains F1 race number choice, reveals "amazing" Hamilton video |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/bearman-explains-f1-race-number-choice-as-he-reveals-amazing-hamilton-video/10631139/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926160931/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/bearman-explains-f1-race-number-choice-as-he-reveals-amazing-hamilton-video/10631139/ |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=[[Motorsport.com]] |publisher=[[Motorsport Network]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan tseren yara == === Karting (2013-2020) === Bearman ya fara karts a gasa a shekarar 2013, lokacin da ya yi tsere a gasar zakarun Trent Valley Kart Club . Daga nan sai ya koma yin gasa a gasar zakarun kasa ta Super 1, inda ya sami nasarar kammala matsayi na biyu a 2016 da 2017, yana tuki a cikin rukunin Cadet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super 1 National Honda Cadet Championship 2016 standings {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/super-1-national-honda-cadet-championship/2016/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212822/https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/super-1-national-honda-cadet-championship/2016/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[DriverDB.com]]}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya lashe Kartmasters British Grand Prix a shekarar 2017, kuma ya gama aikinsa na karting da karfi a shekarar 2019 tare da nasara a wasan karshe na IAME International, IAME Euro Series da IAME Winter Cup. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Kartmasters British GP - Honda Cadet |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/kartmasters-british-grand-prix---honda-cadet/2017 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAME International Final - X30 Junior 2019 standings {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/iame-international-final---x30-junior/2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212604/https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/iame-international-final---x30-junior/2019/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[DriverDB.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ollie Bearman {{!}} British Racing Driver {{!}} Formula 4 |url=https://www.olliebearman.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516213759/https://www.olliebearman.com/ |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Ollie Bearman |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bearman ya kuma lashe kofin hunturu na IAME da kuma Euro Series a cikin X30 Senior Category a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 IAME Winter Cup - X30 Senior |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/iame-winter-cup-x30-senior/2020 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin 4 (2020-2021) === ==== 2020: Farkon tsari na Junior ==== A cikin 2020, Bearman ya fara zama a cikin ADAC Formula 4 Championship tare da US Racing, yayin da yake tsere a zagaye uku na Italiyanci F4. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=27 July 2020 |title=Ollie Bearman to race in ADAC F4 opener with US Racing |url=https://formulascout.com/ollie-bearman-to-race-in-adac-f4-opener-with-us-racing/65103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201204111/https://formulascout.com/ollie-bearman-to-race-in-adac-f4-opener-with-us-racing/65103 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin jerin Jamusanci ya fara ne tare da maki na yau da kullun a zagaye na farko, kafin ya sami nasararsa ta farko a Hockenheimring. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2020 |title=The new stars who stood out on a big Formula 4 weekend |url=https://formulascout.com/the-new-stars-who-stood-out-on-a-big-formula-4-weekend/65723 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Erlösung für Bearman - Zweiter Sieg für Dürksen: Erster Sieg in der ADAC Formel 4 für Oliver Bearman auf dem Hockenheimring {{!}} ADAC Formel 4 |url=https://www.adac-motorsport.de/adac-formel-4/news/2020/erlosung-fur-bearman-zweiter-sieg-fur-durksen-erster-sieg-in-der-adac-formel-4-fur-oliver-bearman-auf-dem-hockenheimring |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827153624/https://www.adac-motorsport.de/adac-formel-4/news/2020/erlosung-fur-bearman-zweiter-sieg-fur-durksen-erster-sieg-in-der-adac-formel-4-fur-oliver-bearman-auf-dem-hockenheimring |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=www.adac-motorsport.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=19 September 2020 |title=Briton Ollie Bearman seizes maiden F4 win at Hockenheim |url=https://formulascout.com/briton-ollie-bearman-seizes-maiden-f4-win-at-hockenheim/68323 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Bearman ya biyo bayan hakan ta hanyar zira kwallaye biyu, daya a Nürburgring da Oschersleben. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=26 September 2020 |title=Edgar takes Nurburgring ADAC F4 victory in mixed conditions |url=https://formulascout.com/edgar-takes-nurburgring-adac-f4-victory-in-mixed-conditions/68618 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=8 December 2020 |title=Crawford resists Edgar in penultimate race to close on ADAC F4 title |url=https://formulascout.com/crawford-resists-edgar-in-penultimate-race-to-close-on-adac-f4-title/70661 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bearman ya kammala na bakwai a cikin matsayi tare da maki 144, a gaban abokin aikinsa Vladislav Lomko amma a bayan babban dan wasa da abokin aikinsa Tim Tramnitz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADAC Formula 4 Standings 2020 {{!}} Motorsport Stats |url=https://motorsportstats.com/series/ADAC%20Formula%204/standings/2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827153624/https://motorsportstats.com/series/ADAC%20Formula%204/standings/2020 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=motorsportstats.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=23 December 2020 |title=The standout Formula 4 drivers around the world in 2020 |url=https://formulascout.com/the-standout-formula-4-drivers-around-the-world-in-2020/73020 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin bayyanarsa a gasar zakarun Italiya, Bearman ya zira kwallaye biyu, tare da daya daga cikinsu ya zama nasarar tseren a Vallelunga, wanda ya kai shi ga kammala na goma a sakamakon karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=5 December 2020 |title=Bearman wins safety car-filled Italian F4 opener at Vallelunga |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-safety-car-filled-italian-f4-opener-at-vallelunga/72126 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204204439/https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-safety-car-filled-italian-f4-opener-at-vallelunga/72126 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== 2021: Gasar zakarun Maiden ==== [[Fayil:F4_Italy_2021_Spielberg_Nr._87_Bearman.jpg|left|thumb|Bearman tsere a gasar zakarun Italiya ta F4 ta 2021Gasar F4 ta Italiya ta 2021]] Don kakar 2021, Bearman ya sauya zuwa Van Amersfoort Racing don yin ayyuka biyu a duka gasar zakarun F4 ta Jamus da Italiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=26 January 2021 |title=Bearman switches to Van Amersfoort Racing for second year in F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-switches-to-van-amersfoort-racing-for-second-year-in-f4/74508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306234952/https://formulascout.com/bearman-switches-to-van-amersfoort-racing-for-second-year-in-f4/74508 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin jerin Italiyanci, Brit ya fara kakar wasa ta uku a Circuit Paul Ricard . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=15 May 2021 |title=Smal starts Italian F4 season with Paul Ricard victory |url=https://formulascout.com/smal-starts-italian-f4-season-with-paul-ricard-victory/78739 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan wani matsayi a wannan zagaye, Bearman ya tafi wani matsayi kuma ya ci nasara, wanda ya kasance na tara da bakwai tseren bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=16 May 2021 |title=Tramnitz controls third Italian F4 race at Paul Ricard to build points lead |url=https://formulascout.com/tramnitz-controls-third-italian-f4-race-at-paul-ricard-to-build-points-lead/78808 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da nasarori biyu a Misano, da hat-trick na nasara a Vallelunga Circuit da nasarori guda biyu a Imola.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=5 June 2021 |title=Bearman moves into Italian F4 lead with Misano win |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-moves-into-italian-f4-lead-with-misano-win/79644 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=6 June 2021 |title=Bearman extends Italian F4 lead with back-to-back Misano wins |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-extends-italian-f4-lead-with-back-to-back-misano-wins/79663 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Woollard |first=Craig |date=27 June 2021 |title=Bearman makes it five wins in a row in restarted Italian F4 race |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-makes-it-five-wins-in-a-row-in-restarted-italian-f4-race/80490 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2021 |title=Bearman wins, title rivals retire in Italian F4's Imola opener |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-title-rivals-retire-in-italian-f4s-imola-opener/81726 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010145016/https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-title-rivals-retire-in-italian-f4s-imola-opener/81726 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=25 July 2021 |title=Bearman extends Italian F4 lead to over 100 points with Imola win |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-extends-italian-f4-lead-to-over-100-points-with-imola-win/81765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010145017/https://formulascout.com/bearman-extends-italian-f4-lead-to-over-100-points-with-imola-win/81765 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, rashin cancanta daga tseren Imola na uku saboda rashin daidaito na injiniya yana nufin cewa Bearman ya rasa raƙumansa, bayan da ya lashe tseren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2 August 2021 |title=Bearman excluded from F4 win at Imola for non-compliant engine |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-excluded-from-f4-win-at-imola-for-non-compliant-engine/82135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010145019/https://formulascout.com/bearman-excluded-from-f4-win-at-imola-for-non-compliant-engine/82135 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba tare da ya damu ba, Bearman ya sami nasararsa ta takwas a kakar a tseren da ya biyo baya a Red Bull Ring, kuma ya biyo baya tare da wani matsayi a tseren na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bearman and double for Tramnitz at the Red Bull Ring in round 5 of the Italian F.4 Championship Powered by Abarth |url=https://nocache.media.stellantis.com/em-en/abarth/press/bearman-and-double-for-tramnitz-at-the-red-bull-ring-in-round-5-of-the-italian-f-4-championship-powered-by-abarth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827155130/https://nocache.media.stellantis.com/em-en/abarth/press/bearman-and-double-for-tramnitz-at-the-red-bull-ring-in-round-5-of-the-italian-f-4-championship-powered-by-abarth |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=nocache.media.stellantis.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=12 September 2021 |title=Tramnitz marvels in wild and wet Italian F4 race at Red Bull Ring |url=https://formulascout.com/tramnitz-marvels-in-wild-and-wet-italian-f4-race-at-red-bull-ring/83687 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> A zagaye na karshe na kakar a Mugello, duk da cewa bai zira kwallaye ba, Bearman ya lashe taken tare da matsayi na goma a tseren na uku, wanda ya sanya gasar daga kusantar abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa Tim Tramnitz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2021 |title=Exclusive: Ollie Bearman 'hoping to make positive impact' as he looks to secure 2022 FIA F3 Prema seat |url=https://f1feederseries.com/2021/11/04/ollie-bearman-hoping-to-make-positive-impact-as-he-looks-to-secure-2022-fia-f3-prema-seat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827153624/https://f1feederseries.com/2021/11/04/ollie-bearman-hoping-to-make-positive-impact-as-he-looks-to-secure-2022-fia-f3-prema-seat/ |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=F1 Feeder Series |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala kamfen dinsa a cikin cikakkiyar salon, inda ya lashe dukkan zagaye uku a lokacin wasan karshe a Monza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=30 October 2021 |title=Bearman takes thrilling win from Antonelli at Monza in Italian F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-takes-thrilling-win-from-antonelli-at-monza-in-italian-f4/85948 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=30 October 2021 |title=Bearman wins again at Monza as late safety car thwarts Antonelli |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-again-at-monza-as-late-safety-car-thwarts-antonelli/86016 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=31 October 2021 |title=Flawless Bearman completes Monza hat-trick in Italian F4 finale |url=https://formulascout.com/flawless-bearman-completes-monza-hat-trick-in-italian-f4-finale/86040 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bearman ya mamaye kakar wasa tare da nasarori goma sha ɗaya, goma sha biyar da maki 343, 111 a gaban abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=4 November 2021 |title=Paddock round-up: FREC and F4 in Monza, and a failed Festival defence |url=https://formulascout.com/paddock-round-up-frec-and-f4-in-monza-and-a-failed-festival-defence/86172 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Fayil:F4_Deutschland_2021_Spielberg_Nr._87_Bearman_2.jpg|thumb|Bearman tsere a gasar zakarun Formula 4 ta 20212021 ADAC Formula 4 Championship]] A gasar zakarun Jamus, Bearman ya fara kakar wasa tare da nasara sau biyu a zagaye na farko a Red Bull Ring, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=12 June 2021 |title=Bearman controls ADAC F4 opener ahead of frantic battles for points |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-controls-adac-f4-opener-ahead-of-frantic-battles-for-points/79835 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=12 June 2021 |title=Bearman doubles up in ADAC F4 opener at Red Bull Ring |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-doubles-up-in-adac-f4-opener-at-red-bull-ring/79859 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> kodayake haɗari da Luke Browning a farkon zagaye a Race 3 ya hana tsabtace tsabta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=13 June 2021 |title=Browning wins dramatic ADAC F4 race after Montoya gets penalty |url=https://formulascout.com/browning-wins-dramatic-adac-f4-race-after-montoya-gets-penalty/79872 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya yi koyi da aikinsa a zagaye na gaba a Zandvoort, inda ya sami nasara sau biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=10 July 2021 |title=Bearman beats Montoya to win again in ADAC F4 Zandvoort opener |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-beats-montoya-to-win-again-in-adac-f4-zandvoort-opener/81023 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=11 July 2021 |title=Bearman wins again at Zandvoort after safety car restart crash |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-again-at-zandvoort-after-safety-car-restart-crash/81064 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya sake samun nasara a Hockenheim, kuma duk da karin matsayi hudu a zagaye biyu na gaba, abokin hamayyar Tramnitz ya rufe rata tare da nasara uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=18 September 2021 |title=Bearman holds off US Racing trio to win ADAC F4 Hockenheim race one |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-holds-off-us-racing-trio-to-win-adac-f4-hockenheim-race-one/83913 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=24 October 2021 |title=Browning holds off Dufek to win third ADAC F4 race at Hockenheim |url=https://formulascout.com/browning-holds-off-dufek-to-win-third-adac-f4-race-at-hockenheim/85657 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> A wasan karshe na Nürburgring, ya lashe tseren na biyu, kuma matsayi na huɗu a Race 3 ya ba Bearman damar samun kambin ADAC F4.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=7 November 2021 |title=Dominant Bearman wins at wet Nurburgring to close on ADAC F4 title |url=https://formulascout.com/dominant-bearman-wins-at-wet-nurburgring-to-close-on-adac-f4-title/86372 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=7 November 2021 |title=Bearman and VAR take ADAC F4 titles as Bedrin wins season finale |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-takes-adac-f4-title-as-bedrin-wins-season-finale/86409 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wani lokaci ne mai ban mamaki ga Bearman, yana samun nasara shida, goma sha ɗaya da maki 295 a kan hanyar zama direba na farko da ya lashe lambobin Formula 4 biyu a jere a cikin shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2021 |title=OLIVER BEARMAN: DER CHAMPION DER ADAC FORMEL 4 IM PORTRÄT |url=https://www.motorsport-xl.de/news/2021/Formel-4/Oliver-Bearman-Der-Champion-der-ADAC-Formel-4-im-Portraet-44356.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602120130/https://www.motorsport-xl.de/news/2021/Formel-4/Oliver-Bearman-Der-Champion-der-ADAC-Formel-4-im-Portraet-44356.html |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Motorsport XL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=20 December 2021 |title=The route Bearman took to his momentous F4 title double |url=https://formulascout.com/the-route-bearman-took-to-his-momentous-f4-title-double/87620 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2021, a matsayin lada ga sunansa biyu na F4, an zabi Bearman don kyautar Autosport BRDC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=FOUR FINALISTS SELECTED FOR 2021 ASTON MARTIN AUTOSPORT BRDC AWARD |url=http://www.brdc.co.uk/Four-Finalists-Selected-for-2021-Aston-Martin-Autosport-BRDC-Award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405062917/http://www.brdc.co.uk/Four-Finalists-Selected-for-2021-Aston-Martin-Autosport-BRDC-Award |archive-date=5 April 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=British Racing Drivers' Club}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a watan Disamba na 2021, an ba Bearman lambar yabo ta Henry Surtees don mafi kyawun aikin da tauraruwar BRDC ta tashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=2021 BRDC ANNUAL AWARD WINNERS ANNOUNCED |url=http://www.brdc.co.uk/2021-BRDC-Annual-Award-Winners-Announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207153618/http://www.brdc.co.uk/2021-BRDC-Annual-Award-Winners-Announced |archive-date=7 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=British Racing Drivers' Club}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] e7ad0ryj7bdezp736a5vqzk8q8xhif4 856768 856766 2026-06-14T10:17:59Z Amadee619 37975 856768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''liver James Bearman''' (; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2005) direban tsere ne na Burtaniya wanda ke fafatawa a Formula One na Haas . An haife shi kuma ya girma a Chelmsford, Bearman ya fara tseren karts yana da shekaru bakwai, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa na kasa da na nahiyar. Bayan kammala karatunsa zuwa ƙaramin tsari a shekarar 2020, Bearman ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a gasar zakarun Italiya ta F4 ta 2021, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarar ADAC F4 a wannan shekarar, duka biyu tare da Van Amersfoort. Daga nan sai ya shiga gasar FIA Formula 3 a shekarar 2022, inda ya kammala na uku a kakar wasa ta farko tare da Prema. Bearman ya ci gaba zuwa FIA Formula 2 a 2023, ya kammala na shida a wannan shekarar kuma ya lashe tseren da yawa a cikin yanayi biyu. Wani memba na Kwalejin Driver ta Ferrari tun 2022, Bearman ya kasance direban ajiya na Ferrari da Haas a 2024, ya maye gurbin Carlos Sainz Jr. a Saudi Arabia - yana yin Formula One na farko yana da shekaru goma sha takwas - da kuma Kevin Magnussen a Azerbaijan da São Paulo, ya zama direban mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa yin gasa ga Ferrari a tsohon. Bearman ya shiga Haas a matsayin direba na cikakken lokaci a cikin 2025 tare da Esteban Ocon . Bearman ya kwangila ya kasance a Haas har zuwa akalla ƙarshen kakar 2026. == Farkon rayuwar mutum == Oliver James Bearman was born on 8 May 2005 to David and Terri Bearman in Havering, London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=In profile: Oliver Bearman |url=https://www.fiaformula3.com/Latest/6wK9o5XmTgYSaLKDPi5ACS/in-profile-oliver-bearman |publisher=FIA Formula 3 Championship}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2026)">dubious</span></nowiki>&#x20;&#x2013; discuss''&#x5D;</sup> He has a younger brother, Thomas Bearman (who is also a racing driver), and a sister. His father is the founder and chief executive officer of the insurance firm Aventum Group.<ref name="Silverman" /> Bearman grew up in Chelmsford, Essex, where he attended King Edward VI Grammar School. Bearman left school at the age of sixteen to join the Ferrari Driver Academy in Modena, Italy. Bearman ya zaɓi 87 a matsayin lambar tserensa ta dindindin don Formula One, saboda shine lambar da ya fara amfani da ita a tseren kart.<ref name="F1number">{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Jonathan |date=4 July 2024 |title=Bearman explains F1 race number choice, reveals "amazing" Hamilton video |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/bearman-explains-f1-race-number-choice-as-he-reveals-amazing-hamilton-video/10631139/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926160931/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/bearman-explains-f1-race-number-choice-as-he-reveals-amazing-hamilton-video/10631139/ |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=[[Motorsport.com]] |publisher=[[Motorsport Network]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan tseren yara == === Karting (2013-2020) === Bearman ya fara karts a gasa a shekarar 2013, lokacin da ya yi tsere a gasar zakarun Trent Valley Kart Club . Daga nan sai ya koma yin gasa a gasar zakarun kasa ta Super 1, inda ya sami nasarar kammala matsayi na biyu a 2016 da 2017, yana tuki a cikin rukunin Cadet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super 1 National Honda Cadet Championship 2016 standings {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/super-1-national-honda-cadet-championship/2016/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212822/https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/super-1-national-honda-cadet-championship/2016/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[DriverDB.com]]}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya lashe Kartmasters British Grand Prix a shekarar 2017, kuma ya gama aikinsa na karting da karfi a shekarar 2019 tare da nasara a wasan karshe na IAME International, IAME Euro Series da IAME Winter Cup. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Kartmasters British GP - Honda Cadet |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/kartmasters-british-grand-prix---honda-cadet/2017 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAME International Final - X30 Junior 2019 standings {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/iame-international-final---x30-junior/2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212604/https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/iame-international-final---x30-junior/2019/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[DriverDB.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ollie Bearman {{!}} British Racing Driver {{!}} Formula 4 |url=https://www.olliebearman.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516213759/https://www.olliebearman.com/ |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Ollie Bearman |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bearman ya kuma lashe kofin hunturu na IAME da kuma Euro Series a cikin X30 Senior Category a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 IAME Winter Cup - X30 Senior |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/iame-winter-cup-x30-senior/2020 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin 4 (2020-2021) === ==== 2020: Farkon tsari na Junior ==== A cikin 2020, Bearman ya fara zama a cikin ADAC Formula 4 Championship tare da US Racing, yayin da yake tsere a zagaye uku na Italiyanci F4. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=27 July 2020 |title=Ollie Bearman to race in ADAC F4 opener with US Racing |url=https://formulascout.com/ollie-bearman-to-race-in-adac-f4-opener-with-us-racing/65103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201204111/https://formulascout.com/ollie-bearman-to-race-in-adac-f4-opener-with-us-racing/65103 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin jerin Jamusanci ya fara ne tare da maki na yau da kullun a zagaye na farko, kafin ya sami nasararsa ta farko a Hockenheimring. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2020 |title=The new stars who stood out on a big Formula 4 weekend |url=https://formulascout.com/the-new-stars-who-stood-out-on-a-big-formula-4-weekend/65723 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Erlösung für Bearman - Zweiter Sieg für Dürksen: Erster Sieg in der ADAC Formel 4 für Oliver Bearman auf dem Hockenheimring {{!}} ADAC Formel 4 |url=https://www.adac-motorsport.de/adac-formel-4/news/2020/erlosung-fur-bearman-zweiter-sieg-fur-durksen-erster-sieg-in-der-adac-formel-4-fur-oliver-bearman-auf-dem-hockenheimring |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827153624/https://www.adac-motorsport.de/adac-formel-4/news/2020/erlosung-fur-bearman-zweiter-sieg-fur-durksen-erster-sieg-in-der-adac-formel-4-fur-oliver-bearman-auf-dem-hockenheimring |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=www.adac-motorsport.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=19 September 2020 |title=Briton Ollie Bearman seizes maiden F4 win at Hockenheim |url=https://formulascout.com/briton-ollie-bearman-seizes-maiden-f4-win-at-hockenheim/68323 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Bearman ya biyo bayan hakan ta hanyar zira kwallaye biyu, daya a Nürburgring da Oschersleben. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=26 September 2020 |title=Edgar takes Nurburgring ADAC F4 victory in mixed conditions |url=https://formulascout.com/edgar-takes-nurburgring-adac-f4-victory-in-mixed-conditions/68618 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=8 December 2020 |title=Crawford resists Edgar in penultimate race to close on ADAC F4 title |url=https://formulascout.com/crawford-resists-edgar-in-penultimate-race-to-close-on-adac-f4-title/70661 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bearman ya kammala na bakwai a cikin matsayi tare da maki 144, a gaban abokin aikinsa Vladislav Lomko amma a bayan babban dan wasa da abokin aikinsa Tim Tramnitz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADAC Formula 4 Standings 2020 {{!}} Motorsport Stats |url=https://motorsportstats.com/series/ADAC%20Formula%204/standings/2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827153624/https://motorsportstats.com/series/ADAC%20Formula%204/standings/2020 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=motorsportstats.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=23 December 2020 |title=The standout Formula 4 drivers around the world in 2020 |url=https://formulascout.com/the-standout-formula-4-drivers-around-the-world-in-2020/73020 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin bayyanarsa a gasar zakarun Italiya, Bearman ya zira kwallaye biyu, tare da daya daga cikinsu ya zama nasarar tseren a Vallelunga, wanda ya kai shi ga kammala na goma a sakamakon karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=5 December 2020 |title=Bearman wins safety car-filled Italian F4 opener at Vallelunga |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-safety-car-filled-italian-f4-opener-at-vallelunga/72126 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204204439/https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-safety-car-filled-italian-f4-opener-at-vallelunga/72126 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== 2021: Gasar zakarun Maiden ==== [[Fayil:F4_Italy_2021_Spielberg_Nr._87_Bearman.jpg|left|thumb|Bearman tsere a gasar zakarun Italiya ta F4 ta 2021Gasar F4 ta Italiya ta 2021]] Don kakar 2021, Bearman ya sauya zuwa Van Amersfoort Racing don yin ayyuka biyu a duka gasar zakarun F4 ta Jamus da Italiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=26 January 2021 |title=Bearman switches to Van Amersfoort Racing for second year in F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-switches-to-van-amersfoort-racing-for-second-year-in-f4/74508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306234952/https://formulascout.com/bearman-switches-to-van-amersfoort-racing-for-second-year-in-f4/74508 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin jerin Italiyanci, Brit ya fara kakar wasa ta uku a Circuit Paul Ricard . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=15 May 2021 |title=Smal starts Italian F4 season with Paul Ricard victory |url=https://formulascout.com/smal-starts-italian-f4-season-with-paul-ricard-victory/78739 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan wani matsayi a wannan zagaye, Bearman ya tafi wani matsayi kuma ya ci nasara, wanda ya kasance na tara da bakwai tseren bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=16 May 2021 |title=Tramnitz controls third Italian F4 race at Paul Ricard to build points lead |url=https://formulascout.com/tramnitz-controls-third-italian-f4-race-at-paul-ricard-to-build-points-lead/78808 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da nasarori biyu a Misano, da hat-trick na nasara a Vallelunga Circuit da nasarori guda biyu a Imola.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=5 June 2021 |title=Bearman moves into Italian F4 lead with Misano win |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-moves-into-italian-f4-lead-with-misano-win/79644 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=6 June 2021 |title=Bearman extends Italian F4 lead with back-to-back Misano wins |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-extends-italian-f4-lead-with-back-to-back-misano-wins/79663 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Woollard |first=Craig |date=27 June 2021 |title=Bearman makes it five wins in a row in restarted Italian F4 race |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-makes-it-five-wins-in-a-row-in-restarted-italian-f4-race/80490 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2021 |title=Bearman wins, title rivals retire in Italian F4's Imola opener |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-title-rivals-retire-in-italian-f4s-imola-opener/81726 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010145016/https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-title-rivals-retire-in-italian-f4s-imola-opener/81726 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=25 July 2021 |title=Bearman extends Italian F4 lead to over 100 points with Imola win |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-extends-italian-f4-lead-to-over-100-points-with-imola-win/81765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010145017/https://formulascout.com/bearman-extends-italian-f4-lead-to-over-100-points-with-imola-win/81765 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, rashin cancanta daga tseren Imola na uku saboda rashin daidaito na injiniya yana nufin cewa Bearman ya rasa raƙumansa, bayan da ya lashe tseren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2 August 2021 |title=Bearman excluded from F4 win at Imola for non-compliant engine |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-excluded-from-f4-win-at-imola-for-non-compliant-engine/82135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010145019/https://formulascout.com/bearman-excluded-from-f4-win-at-imola-for-non-compliant-engine/82135 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba tare da ya damu ba, Bearman ya sami nasararsa ta takwas a kakar a tseren da ya biyo baya a Red Bull Ring, kuma ya biyo baya tare da wani matsayi a tseren na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bearman and double for Tramnitz at the Red Bull Ring in round 5 of the Italian F.4 Championship Powered by Abarth |url=https://nocache.media.stellantis.com/em-en/abarth/press/bearman-and-double-for-tramnitz-at-the-red-bull-ring-in-round-5-of-the-italian-f-4-championship-powered-by-abarth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827155130/https://nocache.media.stellantis.com/em-en/abarth/press/bearman-and-double-for-tramnitz-at-the-red-bull-ring-in-round-5-of-the-italian-f-4-championship-powered-by-abarth |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=nocache.media.stellantis.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=12 September 2021 |title=Tramnitz marvels in wild and wet Italian F4 race at Red Bull Ring |url=https://formulascout.com/tramnitz-marvels-in-wild-and-wet-italian-f4-race-at-red-bull-ring/83687 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> A zagaye na karshe na kakar a Mugello, duk da cewa bai zira kwallaye ba, Bearman ya lashe taken tare da matsayi na goma a tseren na uku, wanda ya sanya gasar daga kusantar abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa Tim Tramnitz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2021 |title=Exclusive: Ollie Bearman 'hoping to make positive impact' as he looks to secure 2022 FIA F3 Prema seat |url=https://f1feederseries.com/2021/11/04/ollie-bearman-hoping-to-make-positive-impact-as-he-looks-to-secure-2022-fia-f3-prema-seat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827153624/https://f1feederseries.com/2021/11/04/ollie-bearman-hoping-to-make-positive-impact-as-he-looks-to-secure-2022-fia-f3-prema-seat/ |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=F1 Feeder Series |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala kamfen dinsa a cikin cikakkiyar salon, inda ya lashe dukkan zagaye uku a lokacin wasan karshe a Monza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=30 October 2021 |title=Bearman takes thrilling win from Antonelli at Monza in Italian F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-takes-thrilling-win-from-antonelli-at-monza-in-italian-f4/85948 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=30 October 2021 |title=Bearman wins again at Monza as late safety car thwarts Antonelli |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-again-at-monza-as-late-safety-car-thwarts-antonelli/86016 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=31 October 2021 |title=Flawless Bearman completes Monza hat-trick in Italian F4 finale |url=https://formulascout.com/flawless-bearman-completes-monza-hat-trick-in-italian-f4-finale/86040 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bearman ya mamaye kakar wasa tare da nasarori goma sha ɗaya, goma sha biyar da maki 343, 111 a gaban abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=4 November 2021 |title=Paddock round-up: FREC and F4 in Monza, and a failed Festival defence |url=https://formulascout.com/paddock-round-up-frec-and-f4-in-monza-and-a-failed-festival-defence/86172 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Fayil:F4_Deutschland_2021_Spielberg_Nr._87_Bearman_2.jpg|thumb|Bearman tsere a gasar zakarun Formula 4 ta 20212021 ADAC Formula 4 Championship]] A gasar zakarun Jamus, Bearman ya fara kakar wasa tare da nasara sau biyu a zagaye na farko a Red Bull Ring, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=12 June 2021 |title=Bearman controls ADAC F4 opener ahead of frantic battles for points |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-controls-adac-f4-opener-ahead-of-frantic-battles-for-points/79835 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=12 June 2021 |title=Bearman doubles up in ADAC F4 opener at Red Bull Ring |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-doubles-up-in-adac-f4-opener-at-red-bull-ring/79859 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> kodayake haɗari da Luke Browning a farkon zagaye a Race 3 ya hana tsabtace tsabta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=13 June 2021 |title=Browning wins dramatic ADAC F4 race after Montoya gets penalty |url=https://formulascout.com/browning-wins-dramatic-adac-f4-race-after-montoya-gets-penalty/79872 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya yi koyi da aikinsa a zagaye na gaba a Zandvoort, inda ya sami nasara sau biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=10 July 2021 |title=Bearman beats Montoya to win again in ADAC F4 Zandvoort opener |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-beats-montoya-to-win-again-in-adac-f4-zandvoort-opener/81023 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=11 July 2021 |title=Bearman wins again at Zandvoort after safety car restart crash |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-again-at-zandvoort-after-safety-car-restart-crash/81064 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya sake samun nasara a Hockenheim, kuma duk da karin matsayi hudu a zagaye biyu na gaba, abokin hamayyar Tramnitz ya rufe rata tare da nasara uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=18 September 2021 |title=Bearman holds off US Racing trio to win ADAC F4 Hockenheim race one |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-holds-off-us-racing-trio-to-win-adac-f4-hockenheim-race-one/83913 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=24 October 2021 |title=Browning holds off Dufek to win third ADAC F4 race at Hockenheim |url=https://formulascout.com/browning-holds-off-dufek-to-win-third-adac-f4-race-at-hockenheim/85657 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> A wasan karshe na Nürburgring, ya lashe tseren na biyu, kuma matsayi na huɗu a Race 3 ya ba Bearman damar samun kambin ADAC F4.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=7 November 2021 |title=Dominant Bearman wins at wet Nurburgring to close on ADAC F4 title |url=https://formulascout.com/dominant-bearman-wins-at-wet-nurburgring-to-close-on-adac-f4-title/86372 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=7 November 2021 |title=Bearman and VAR take ADAC F4 titles as Bedrin wins season finale |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-takes-adac-f4-title-as-bedrin-wins-season-finale/86409 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wani lokaci ne mai ban mamaki ga Bearman, yana samun nasara shida, goma sha ɗaya da maki 295 a kan hanyar zama direba na farko da ya lashe lambobin Formula 4 biyu a jere a cikin shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2021 |title=OLIVER BEARMAN: DER CHAMPION DER ADAC FORMEL 4 IM PORTRÄT |url=https://www.motorsport-xl.de/news/2021/Formel-4/Oliver-Bearman-Der-Champion-der-ADAC-Formel-4-im-Portraet-44356.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602120130/https://www.motorsport-xl.de/news/2021/Formel-4/Oliver-Bearman-Der-Champion-der-ADAC-Formel-4-im-Portraet-44356.html |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Motorsport XL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=20 December 2021 |title=The route Bearman took to his momentous F4 title double |url=https://formulascout.com/the-route-bearman-took-to-his-momentous-f4-title-double/87620 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2021, a matsayin lada ga sunansa biyu na F4, an zabi Bearman don kyautar Autosport BRDC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=FOUR FINALISTS SELECTED FOR 2021 ASTON MARTIN AUTOSPORT BRDC AWARD |url=http://www.brdc.co.uk/Four-Finalists-Selected-for-2021-Aston-Martin-Autosport-BRDC-Award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405062917/http://www.brdc.co.uk/Four-Finalists-Selected-for-2021-Aston-Martin-Autosport-BRDC-Award |archive-date=5 April 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=British Racing Drivers' Club}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a watan Disamba na 2021, an ba Bearman lambar yabo ta Henry Surtees don mafi kyawun aikin da tauraruwar BRDC ta tashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=2021 BRDC ANNUAL AWARD WINNERS ANNOUNCED |url=http://www.brdc.co.uk/2021-BRDC-Annual-Award-Winners-Announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207153618/http://www.brdc.co.uk/2021-BRDC-Annual-Award-Winners-Announced |archive-date=7 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=British Racing Drivers' Club}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] qbg080bbcbsl9a2eojgs15n8pbpuxgm 856769 856768 2026-06-14T10:18:26Z Amadee619 37975 856769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''liver James Bearman''' (; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2005) direban tsere ne na Burtaniya wanda ke fafatawa a Formula One na Haas . An haife shi kuma ya girma a Chelmsford, Bearman ya fara tseren karts yana da shekaru bakwai, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa na kasa da na nahiyar. Bayan kammala karatunsa zuwa ƙaramin tsari a shekarar 2020, Bearman ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a gasar zakarun Italiya ta F4 ta 2021, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarar ADAC F4 a wannan shekarar, duka biyu tare da Van Amersfoort. Daga nan sai ya shiga gasar FIA Formula 3 a shekarar 2022, inda ya kammala na uku a kakar wasa ta farko tare da Prema. Bearman ya ci gaba zuwa FIA Formula 2 a 2023, ya kammala na shida a wannan shekarar kuma ya lashe tseren da yawa a cikin yanayi biyu. Wani memba na Kwalejin Driver ta Ferrari tun 2022, Bearman ya kasance direban ajiya na Ferrari da Haas a 2024, ya maye gurbin Carlos Sainz Jr. a Saudi Arabia - yana yin Formula One na farko yana da shekaru goma sha takwas - da kuma Kevin Magnussen a Azerbaijan da São Paulo, ya zama direban mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa yin gasa ga Ferrari a tsohon. Bearman ya shiga Haas a matsayin direba na cikakken lokaci a cikin 2025 tare da Esteban Ocon . Bearman ya kwangila ya kasance a Haas har zuwa akalla ƙarshen kakar 2026. == Farkon rayuwar mutum == Oliver James Bearman was born on 8 May 2005 to David and Terri Bearman in Havering, London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=In profile: Oliver Bearman |url=https://www.fiaformula3.com/Latest/6wK9o5XmTgYSaLKDPi5ACS/in-profile-oliver-bearman |publisher=FIA Formula 3 Championship}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2026)">dubious</span></nowiki>&#x20;&#x2013; discuss''&#x5D;</sup> He has a younger brother, Thomas Bearman (who is also a racing driver), and a sister. His father is the founder and chief executive officer of the insurance firm Aventum Group.<ref name="Silverman" /> Bearman grew up in Chelmsford, Essex, where he attended King Edward VI Grammar School. Bearman left school at the age of sixteen to join the Ferrari Driver Academy in Modena, Italy. Bearman ya zaɓi 87 a matsayin lambar tserensa ta dindindin don Formula One, saboda shine lambar da ya fara amfani da ita a tseren kart.<ref name="F1number">{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Jonathan |date=4 July 2024 |title=Bearman explains F1 race number choice, reveals "amazing" Hamilton video |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/bearman-explains-f1-race-number-choice-as-he-reveals-amazing-hamilton-video/10631139/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926160931/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/bearman-explains-f1-race-number-choice-as-he-reveals-amazing-hamilton-video/10631139/ |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=[[Motorsport.com]] |publisher=[[Motorsport Network]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan tseren yara == === Karting (2013-2020) === Bearman ya fara karts a gasa a shekarar 2013, lokacin da ya yi tsere a gasar zakarun Trent Valley Kart Club . Daga nan sai ya koma yin gasa a gasar zakarun kasa ta Super 1, inda ya sami nasarar kammala matsayi na biyu a 2016 da 2017, yana tuki a cikin rukunin Cadet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super 1 National Honda Cadet Championship 2016 standings {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/super-1-national-honda-cadet-championship/2016/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212822/https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/super-1-national-honda-cadet-championship/2016/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[DriverDB.com]]}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya lashe Kartmasters British Grand Prix a shekarar 2017, kuma ya gama aikinsa na karting da karfi a shekarar 2019 tare da nasara a wasan karshe na IAME International, IAME Euro Series da IAME Winter Cup. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Kartmasters British GP - Honda Cadet |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/kartmasters-british-grand-prix---honda-cadet/2017 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAME International Final - X30 Junior 2019 standings {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/iame-international-final---x30-junior/2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212604/https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/iame-international-final---x30-junior/2019/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[DriverDB.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ollie Bearman {{!}} British Racing Driver {{!}} Formula 4 |url=https://www.olliebearman.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516213759/https://www.olliebearman.com/ |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Ollie Bearman |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bearman ya kuma lashe kofin hunturu na IAME da kuma Euro Series a cikin X30 Senior Category a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 IAME Winter Cup - X30 Senior |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/iame-winter-cup-x30-senior/2020 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin 4 (2020-2021) === ==== 2020: Farkon tsari na Junior ==== A cikin 2020, Bearman ya fara zama a cikin ADAC Formula 4 Championship tare da US Racing, yayin da yake tsere a zagaye uku na Italiyanci F4. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=27 July 2020 |title=Ollie Bearman to race in ADAC F4 opener with US Racing |url=https://formulascout.com/ollie-bearman-to-race-in-adac-f4-opener-with-us-racing/65103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201204111/https://formulascout.com/ollie-bearman-to-race-in-adac-f4-opener-with-us-racing/65103 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin jerin Jamusanci ya fara ne tare da maki na yau da kullun a zagaye na farko, kafin ya sami nasararsa ta farko a Hockenheimring. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2020 |title=The new stars who stood out on a big Formula 4 weekend |url=https://formulascout.com/the-new-stars-who-stood-out-on-a-big-formula-4-weekend/65723 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Erlösung für Bearman - Zweiter Sieg für Dürksen: Erster Sieg in der ADAC Formel 4 für Oliver Bearman auf dem Hockenheimring {{!}} ADAC Formel 4 |url=https://www.adac-motorsport.de/adac-formel-4/news/2020/erlosung-fur-bearman-zweiter-sieg-fur-durksen-erster-sieg-in-der-adac-formel-4-fur-oliver-bearman-auf-dem-hockenheimring |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827153624/https://www.adac-motorsport.de/adac-formel-4/news/2020/erlosung-fur-bearman-zweiter-sieg-fur-durksen-erster-sieg-in-der-adac-formel-4-fur-oliver-bearman-auf-dem-hockenheimring |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=www.adac-motorsport.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=19 September 2020 |title=Briton Ollie Bearman seizes maiden F4 win at Hockenheim |url=https://formulascout.com/briton-ollie-bearman-seizes-maiden-f4-win-at-hockenheim/68323 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Bearman ya biyo bayan hakan ta hanyar zira kwallaye biyu, daya a Nürburgring da Oschersleben. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=26 September 2020 |title=Edgar takes Nurburgring ADAC F4 victory in mixed conditions |url=https://formulascout.com/edgar-takes-nurburgring-adac-f4-victory-in-mixed-conditions/68618 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=8 December 2020 |title=Crawford resists Edgar in penultimate race to close on ADAC F4 title |url=https://formulascout.com/crawford-resists-edgar-in-penultimate-race-to-close-on-adac-f4-title/70661 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bearman ya kammala na bakwai a cikin matsayi tare da maki 144, a gaban abokin aikinsa Vladislav Lomko amma a bayan babban dan wasa da abokin aikinsa Tim Tramnitz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADAC Formula 4 Standings 2020 {{!}} Motorsport Stats |url=https://motorsportstats.com/series/ADAC%20Formula%204/standings/2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827153624/https://motorsportstats.com/series/ADAC%20Formula%204/standings/2020 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=motorsportstats.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=23 December 2020 |title=The standout Formula 4 drivers around the world in 2020 |url=https://formulascout.com/the-standout-formula-4-drivers-around-the-world-in-2020/73020 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin bayyanarsa a gasar zakarun Italiya, Bearman ya zira kwallaye biyu, tare da daya daga cikinsu ya zama nasarar tseren a Vallelunga, wanda ya kai shi ga kammala na goma a sakamakon karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=5 December 2020 |title=Bearman wins safety car-filled Italian F4 opener at Vallelunga |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-safety-car-filled-italian-f4-opener-at-vallelunga/72126 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204204439/https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-safety-car-filled-italian-f4-opener-at-vallelunga/72126 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== 2021: Gasar zakarun Maiden ==== [[Fayil:F4_Italy_2021_Spielberg_Nr._87_Bearman.jpg|left|thumb|Bearman tsere a gasar zakarun Italiya ta F4 ta 2021Gasar F4 ta Italiya ta 2021]] Don kakar 2021, Bearman ya sauya zuwa Van Amersfoort Racing don yin ayyuka biyu a duka gasar zakarun F4 ta Jamus da Italiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=26 January 2021 |title=Bearman switches to Van Amersfoort Racing for second year in F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-switches-to-van-amersfoort-racing-for-second-year-in-f4/74508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306234952/https://formulascout.com/bearman-switches-to-van-amersfoort-racing-for-second-year-in-f4/74508 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin jerin Italiyanci, Brit ya fara kakar wasa ta uku a Circuit Paul Ricard . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=15 May 2021 |title=Smal starts Italian F4 season with Paul Ricard victory |url=https://formulascout.com/smal-starts-italian-f4-season-with-paul-ricard-victory/78739 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan wani matsayi a wannan zagaye, Bearman ya tafi wani matsayi kuma ya ci nasara, wanda ya kasance na tara da bakwai tseren bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=16 May 2021 |title=Tramnitz controls third Italian F4 race at Paul Ricard to build points lead |url=https://formulascout.com/tramnitz-controls-third-italian-f4-race-at-paul-ricard-to-build-points-lead/78808 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da nasarori biyu a Misano, da hat-trick na nasara a Vallelunga Circuit da nasarori guda biyu a Imola.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=5 June 2021 |title=Bearman moves into Italian F4 lead with Misano win |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-moves-into-italian-f4-lead-with-misano-win/79644 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=6 June 2021 |title=Bearman extends Italian F4 lead with back-to-back Misano wins |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-extends-italian-f4-lead-with-back-to-back-misano-wins/79663 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Woollard |first=Craig |date=27 June 2021 |title=Bearman makes it five wins in a row in restarted Italian F4 race |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-makes-it-five-wins-in-a-row-in-restarted-italian-f4-race/80490 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2021 |title=Bearman wins, title rivals retire in Italian F4's Imola opener |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-title-rivals-retire-in-italian-f4s-imola-opener/81726 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010145016/https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-title-rivals-retire-in-italian-f4s-imola-opener/81726 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=25 July 2021 |title=Bearman extends Italian F4 lead to over 100 points with Imola win |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-extends-italian-f4-lead-to-over-100-points-with-imola-win/81765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010145017/https://formulascout.com/bearman-extends-italian-f4-lead-to-over-100-points-with-imola-win/81765 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, rashin cancanta daga tseren Imola na uku saboda rashin daidaito na injiniya yana nufin cewa Bearman ya rasa raƙumansa, bayan da ya lashe tseren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2 August 2021 |title=Bearman excluded from F4 win at Imola for non-compliant engine |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-excluded-from-f4-win-at-imola-for-non-compliant-engine/82135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010145019/https://formulascout.com/bearman-excluded-from-f4-win-at-imola-for-non-compliant-engine/82135 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba tare da ya damu ba, Bearman ya sami nasararsa ta takwas a kakar a tseren da ya biyo baya a Red Bull Ring, kuma ya biyo baya tare da wani matsayi a tseren na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bearman and double for Tramnitz at the Red Bull Ring in round 5 of the Italian F.4 Championship Powered by Abarth |url=https://nocache.media.stellantis.com/em-en/abarth/press/bearman-and-double-for-tramnitz-at-the-red-bull-ring-in-round-5-of-the-italian-f-4-championship-powered-by-abarth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827155130/https://nocache.media.stellantis.com/em-en/abarth/press/bearman-and-double-for-tramnitz-at-the-red-bull-ring-in-round-5-of-the-italian-f-4-championship-powered-by-abarth |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=nocache.media.stellantis.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=12 September 2021 |title=Tramnitz marvels in wild and wet Italian F4 race at Red Bull Ring |url=https://formulascout.com/tramnitz-marvels-in-wild-and-wet-italian-f4-race-at-red-bull-ring/83687 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> A zagaye na karshe na kakar a Mugello, duk da cewa bai zira kwallaye ba, Bearman ya lashe taken tare da matsayi na goma a tseren na uku, wanda ya sanya gasar daga kusantar abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa Tim Tramnitz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2021 |title=Exclusive: Ollie Bearman 'hoping to make positive impact' as he looks to secure 2022 FIA F3 Prema seat |url=https://f1feederseries.com/2021/11/04/ollie-bearman-hoping-to-make-positive-impact-as-he-looks-to-secure-2022-fia-f3-prema-seat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827153624/https://f1feederseries.com/2021/11/04/ollie-bearman-hoping-to-make-positive-impact-as-he-looks-to-secure-2022-fia-f3-prema-seat/ |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=F1 Feeder Series |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala kamfen dinsa a cikin cikakkiyar salon, inda ya lashe dukkan zagaye uku a lokacin wasan karshe a Monza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=30 October 2021 |title=Bearman takes thrilling win from Antonelli at Monza in Italian F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-takes-thrilling-win-from-antonelli-at-monza-in-italian-f4/85948 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=30 October 2021 |title=Bearman wins again at Monza as late safety car thwarts Antonelli |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-again-at-monza-as-late-safety-car-thwarts-antonelli/86016 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=31 October 2021 |title=Flawless Bearman completes Monza hat-trick in Italian F4 finale |url=https://formulascout.com/flawless-bearman-completes-monza-hat-trick-in-italian-f4-finale/86040 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bearman ya mamaye kakar wasa tare da nasarori goma sha ɗaya, goma sha biyar da maki 343, 111 a gaban abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=4 November 2021 |title=Paddock round-up: FREC and F4 in Monza, and a failed Festival defence |url=https://formulascout.com/paddock-round-up-frec-and-f4-in-monza-and-a-failed-festival-defence/86172 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Fayil:F4_Deutschland_2021_Spielberg_Nr._87_Bearman_2.jpg|thumb|Bearman tsere a gasar zakarun Formula 4 ta 20212021 ADAC Formula 4 Championship]] A gasar zakarun Jamus, Bearman ya fara kakar wasa tare da nasara sau biyu a zagaye na farko a Red Bull Ring, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=12 June 2021 |title=Bearman controls ADAC F4 opener ahead of frantic battles for points |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-controls-adac-f4-opener-ahead-of-frantic-battles-for-points/79835 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=12 June 2021 |title=Bearman doubles up in ADAC F4 opener at Red Bull Ring |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-doubles-up-in-adac-f4-opener-at-red-bull-ring/79859 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> kodayake haɗari da Luke Browning a farkon zagaye a Race 3 ya hana tsabtace tsabta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=13 June 2021 |title=Browning wins dramatic ADAC F4 race after Montoya gets penalty |url=https://formulascout.com/browning-wins-dramatic-adac-f4-race-after-montoya-gets-penalty/79872 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya yi koyi da aikinsa a zagaye na gaba a Zandvoort, inda ya sami nasara sau biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=10 July 2021 |title=Bearman beats Montoya to win again in ADAC F4 Zandvoort opener |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-beats-montoya-to-win-again-in-adac-f4-zandvoort-opener/81023 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=11 July 2021 |title=Bearman wins again at Zandvoort after safety car restart crash |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-wins-again-at-zandvoort-after-safety-car-restart-crash/81064 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya sake samun nasara a Hockenheim, kuma duk da karin matsayi hudu a zagaye biyu na gaba, abokin hamayyar Tramnitz ya rufe rata tare da nasara uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=18 September 2021 |title=Bearman holds off US Racing trio to win ADAC F4 Hockenheim race one |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-holds-off-us-racing-trio-to-win-adac-f4-hockenheim-race-one/83913 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=24 October 2021 |title=Browning holds off Dufek to win third ADAC F4 race at Hockenheim |url=https://formulascout.com/browning-holds-off-dufek-to-win-third-adac-f4-race-at-hockenheim/85657 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> A wasan karshe na Nürburgring, ya lashe tseren na biyu, kuma matsayi na huɗu a Race 3 ya ba Bearman damar samun kambin ADAC F4.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=7 November 2021 |title=Dominant Bearman wins at wet Nurburgring to close on ADAC F4 title |url=https://formulascout.com/dominant-bearman-wins-at-wet-nurburgring-to-close-on-adac-f4-title/86372 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=7 November 2021 |title=Bearman and VAR take ADAC F4 titles as Bedrin wins season finale |url=https://formulascout.com/bearman-takes-adac-f4-title-as-bedrin-wins-season-finale/86409 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wani lokaci ne mai ban mamaki ga Bearman, yana samun nasara shida, goma sha ɗaya da maki 295 a kan hanyar zama direba na farko da ya lashe lambobin Formula 4 biyu a jere a cikin shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2021 |title=OLIVER BEARMAN: DER CHAMPION DER ADAC FORMEL 4 IM PORTRÄT |url=https://www.motorsport-xl.de/news/2021/Formel-4/Oliver-Bearman-Der-Champion-der-ADAC-Formel-4-im-Portraet-44356.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602120130/https://www.motorsport-xl.de/news/2021/Formel-4/Oliver-Bearman-Der-Champion-der-ADAC-Formel-4-im-Portraet-44356.html |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Motorsport XL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gascoigne |first=Roger |date=20 December 2021 |title=The route Bearman took to his momentous F4 title double |url=https://formulascout.com/the-route-bearman-took-to-his-momentous-f4-title-double/87620 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2021, a matsayin lada ga sunansa biyu na F4, an zabi Bearman don kyautar Autosport BRDC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=FOUR FINALISTS SELECTED FOR 2021 ASTON MARTIN AUTOSPORT BRDC AWARD |url=http://www.brdc.co.uk/Four-Finalists-Selected-for-2021-Aston-Martin-Autosport-BRDC-Award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405062917/http://www.brdc.co.uk/Four-Finalists-Selected-for-2021-Aston-Martin-Autosport-BRDC-Award |archive-date=5 April 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=British Racing Drivers' Club}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a watan Disamba na 2021, an ba Bearman lambar yabo ta Henry Surtees don mafi kyawun aikin da tauraruwar BRDC ta tashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=2021 BRDC ANNUAL AWARD WINNERS ANNOUNCED |url=http://www.brdc.co.uk/2021-BRDC-Annual-Award-Winners-Announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207153618/http://www.brdc.co.uk/2021-BRDC-Annual-Award-Winners-Announced |archive-date=7 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=British Racing Drivers' Club}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] kaay9h7c2g1cgjs51nbcbr2mqcnz9mi 0 157373 856777 2026-06-14T10:22:36Z Ammarpad 4826 Ammarpad moved page [[Abdullah maute]] to [[Abdullah Maute]]: gyara suna 856777 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Abdullah Maute]] nyxf15slt7480ethe7d6nbaj5wzxp8i 0 157374 856787 2026-06-14T10:31:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355530443|Hexavalent vaccine]]" 856787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''allurar rigakafin hexavalent''', ko '''Allurar rigakafi ta 6-in-1''', allurar rigakawa ce ta haɗu tare da allurar rigakanci guda shida da aka haɗa cikin ɗaya, wanda aka nufa don kare mutane daga cututtuka da yawa.<ref name="pmid30083617">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Orsi A, Azzari C, Bozzola E, Chiamenti G, Chirico G, Esposito S, Francia F, Lopalco P, Prato R, Russo R, Villani A, Franco E |date=June 2018 |title=Hexavalent vaccines: characteristics of available products and practical considerations from a panel of Italian experts |journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=E107–E119 |pmc=6069402 |pmid=30083617}}</ref> Kalmar yawanci tana nufin allurar rigakafin yara wanda ke karewa daga [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], pertussis, poliomyelitis, [[Haemophilus influenzae|haemophilus B]], da [[Hepatitis B]], <ref name="vk" /> <ref name="pmid30083617" /> wanda ake amfani dashi a kasashe sama da 90 a duniya ciki har da Turai, Kanada, Australia, Jordan, da New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Obando-Pacheco P, Rivero-Calle I, Gómez-Rial J, Rodríguez-Tenreiro Sánchez C, Martinón-Torres F |date=August 2018 |title=New perspectives for hexavalent vaccines |journal=Vaccine |volume=36 |issue=36 |pages=5485–5494 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.063 |pmid=28676382 |s2cid=4384043}}</ref> == Tsarin == An san allurar rigakafin da diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus b conjugate [meningococcal protein conjugate] da kuma allurar rigar hepatitis b [recombinant].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2018 |title=Vaxelis Approval History |url=https://www.drugs.com/history/vaxelis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017052525/https://www.drugs.com/history/vaxelis.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Drugs.com}}</ref> An kuma san allurar rigakafin ruwa a taƙaice kamar DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib ko DTPa-HepP-IPV. Tsarin alama sun haɗa da Hexavac, Hexaxim, Hexyon, da Vaxelis wanda Sanofi Pasteur ya ƙera.<ref name="Hexavac EPAR">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=Hexavac EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017053939/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hexaxim H-W-2495 |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/hexaxim-h-w-2495 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002181211/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/hexaxim-h-w-2495 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref name="Hexyon EPAR">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Hexyon EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625104554/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref name="Vaxelis EPAR">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Vaxelis EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017045354/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Akwai tsari na kashi biyu da aka sani a taƙaice kamar DTaP-IPV-HepB / Hib ko DTPa-HBV-IPV / Hib. Ya ƙunshi dakatar da diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, da rigakafin cutar shan inna (DTaP-IPV-HepB ko DTPa-HBV-IPV) wanda ake amfani da shi don sake gina lyophilised (mai daskarewa) ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' irin B (Hib) foda. Tsarin alama tare da ɓangaren 3-antigen pertussis, Infanrix hexa, <ref name="Infanrix Hexa EPAR">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Infanrix Hexa EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625092519/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> GlaxoSmithKline ne ya ƙera shi. == Al'umma da al'adu == === Matsayi na Shari'a === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da izinin talla don Hexavac <ref name="Hexavac EPAR">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=Hexavac EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017053939/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac "Hexavac EPAR"]. </cite></ref> da Infanrix hexa. <ref name="Infanrix Hexa EPAR">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Infanrix Hexa EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625092519/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa "Infanrix Hexa EPAR"]. </cite></ref> An dakatar da amincewar tallace-tallace ga Hexavac a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005, bisa ga shawarar kwamitin hukumar don kayan magani don amfani da mutum (CHMP) saboda bambancin kariya ta dogon lokaci daga cutar hepatitis B. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, masana'anta Sanofi Pasteur da son rai ya janye samfurin daga kasuwa.<ref name="Hexavac statement">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2012 |title=Public statement on Hexavac [diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliomyelitis, hepatitis b (recombinant) and ''Haemophilus influenzae'' type b conjugate vaccine, adjuvanted] Withdrawal of marketing authorisation in the European Union |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-hexavac-withdrawal-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221174116/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-hexavac-withdrawal-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta janye izinin talla a hukumance a watan Yunin 2012.<ref name="Hexavac statement" /><ref name="Hexavac EPAR">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=Hexavac EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017053939/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac "Hexavac EPAR"]. </cite></ref> A watan Yunin 2012, Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turai (EMA) ta ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na farko game da Hexaxim don amfani a waje da EU, tare da hadin gwiwar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), amma daga baya ta janye ra'ayin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Medicines Agency |date=14 June 2016 |title=Hexaxim: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/hexaxim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803091635/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/hexaxim |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=European Medicines Agency}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, an ba da izinin talla a cikin EU ga Hexyon <ref name="Hexyon EPAR">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Hexyon EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625104554/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon "Hexyon EPAR"]. </cite></ref> da Hexacima. <ref name="Hexacima EPAR">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Hexacima EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexacima |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235841/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexacima |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, an ba da izinin talla a cikin EU ga Vaxelis . <ref name="Vaxelis EPAR">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Vaxelis EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017045354/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis "Vaxelis EPAR"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Syed YY |date=February 2017 |title=DTaP5-HB-IPV-Hib Vaccine (Vaxelis): A Review of its Use in Primary and Booster Vaccination |journal=Paediatr Drugs |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.1007/s40272-016-0208-y |pmid=28035545 |s2cid=25164446}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta ba da lasisi ga rigakafin rigakafin diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da acellular pertussis (DTaP) da aka adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus (IPV), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate (meningococcal protein conjugate) da kuma maganin rigakafin hepatitis B (HepB) (recombinant), DTaP-IPV-HibB (Vaxelis), don amfani da kashi uku, jerin jarirai, watanni shida.[1][2] A watan Yunin 2019, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan Rigakafi (ACIP) sun kada kuri'a don hada DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB a cikin Shirin Allurar rigakafin Yara na Tarayya (VFC). [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0n6vauo803ke1bu6awms4dpukkb3jbs 856792 856787 2026-06-14T10:34:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allurar rigakafin hexavalent''', ko '''Allurar rigakafi ta 6-in-1''', allurar rigakawa ce ta haɗu tare da allurar rigakanci guda shida da aka haɗa cikin ɗaya, wanda aka nufa don kare mutane daga cututtuka da yawa.<ref name="pmid30083617">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Orsi A, Azzari C, Bozzola E, Chiamenti G, Chirico G, Esposito S, Francia F, Lopalco P, Prato R, Russo R, Villani A, Franco E |date=June 2018 |title=Hexavalent vaccines: characteristics of available products and practical considerations from a panel of Italian experts |journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=E107–E119 |pmc=6069402 |pmid=30083617}}</ref> Kalmar yawanci tana nufin allurar rigakafin yara wanda ke karewa daga [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], pertussis, poliomyelitis, [[Haemophilus influenzae|haemophilus B]], da [[Hepatitis B]], <ref name="vk" /> <ref name="pmid30083617" /> wanda ake amfani dashi a kasashe sama da 90 a duniya ciki har da Turai, Kanada, Australia, Jordan, da New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Obando-Pacheco P, Rivero-Calle I, Gómez-Rial J, Rodríguez-Tenreiro Sánchez C, Martinón-Torres F |date=August 2018 |title=New perspectives for hexavalent vaccines |journal=Vaccine |volume=36 |issue=36 |pages=5485–5494 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.063 |pmid=28676382 |s2cid=4384043}}</ref> == Tsarin == An san allurar rigakafin da diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus b conjugate [meningococcal protein conjugate] da kuma allurar rigar hepatitis b [recombinant].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2018 |title=Vaxelis Approval History |url=https://www.drugs.com/history/vaxelis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017052525/https://www.drugs.com/history/vaxelis.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Drugs.com}}</ref> An kuma san allurar rigakafin ruwa a taƙaice kamar DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib ko DTPa-HepP-IPV. Tsarin alama sun haɗa da Hexavac, Hexaxim, Hexyon, da Vaxelis wanda Sanofi Pasteur ya ƙera.<ref name="Hexavac EPAR">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=Hexavac EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017053939/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hexaxim H-W-2495 |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/hexaxim-h-w-2495 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002181211/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/hexaxim-h-w-2495 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref name="Hexyon EPAR">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Hexyon EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625104554/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref name="Vaxelis EPAR">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Vaxelis EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017045354/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Akwai tsari na kashi biyu da aka sani a taƙaice kamar DTaP-IPV-HepB / Hib ko DTPa-HBV-IPV / Hib. Ya ƙunshi dakatar da diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, da rigakafin cutar shan inna (DTaP-IPV-HepB ko DTPa-HBV-IPV) wanda ake amfani da shi don sake gina lyophilised (mai daskarewa) ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' irin B (Hib) foda. Tsarin alama tare da ɓangaren 3-antigen pertussis, Infanrix hexa, <ref name="Infanrix Hexa EPAR">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Infanrix Hexa EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625092519/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> GlaxoSmithKline ne ya ƙera shi. == Al'umma da al'adu == === Matsayi na Shari'a === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da izinin talla don Hexavac <ref name="Hexavac EPAR">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=Hexavac EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017053939/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac "Hexavac EPAR"]. </cite></ref> da Infanrix hexa. <ref name="Infanrix Hexa EPAR">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Infanrix Hexa EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625092519/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa "Infanrix Hexa EPAR"]. </cite></ref> An dakatar da amincewar tallace-tallace ga Hexavac a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005, bisa ga shawarar kwamitin hukumar don kayan magani don amfani da mutum (CHMP) saboda bambancin kariya ta dogon lokaci daga cutar hepatitis B. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, masana'anta Sanofi Pasteur da son rai ya janye samfurin daga kasuwa.<ref name="Hexavac statement">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2012 |title=Public statement on Hexavac [diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliomyelitis, hepatitis b (recombinant) and ''Haemophilus influenzae'' type b conjugate vaccine, adjuvanted] Withdrawal of marketing authorisation in the European Union |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-hexavac-withdrawal-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221174116/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-hexavac-withdrawal-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta janye izinin talla a hukumance a watan Yunin 2012.<ref name="Hexavac statement" /><ref name="Hexavac EPAR">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=Hexavac EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017053939/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac "Hexavac EPAR"]. </cite></ref> A watan Yunin 2012, Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turai (EMA) ta ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na farko game da Hexaxim don amfani a waje da EU, tare da hadin gwiwar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), amma daga baya ta janye ra'ayin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Medicines Agency |date=14 June 2016 |title=Hexaxim: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/hexaxim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803091635/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/hexaxim |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=European Medicines Agency}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, an ba da izinin talla a cikin EU ga Hexyon <ref name="Hexyon EPAR">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Hexyon EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625104554/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon "Hexyon EPAR"]. </cite></ref> da Hexacima. <ref name="Hexacima EPAR">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Hexacima EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexacima |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235841/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexacima |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, an ba da izinin talla a cikin EU ga Vaxelis . <ref name="Vaxelis EPAR">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Vaxelis EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017045354/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis "Vaxelis EPAR"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Syed YY |date=February 2017 |title=DTaP5-HB-IPV-Hib Vaccine (Vaxelis): A Review of its Use in Primary and Booster Vaccination |journal=Paediatr Drugs |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.1007/s40272-016-0208-y |pmid=28035545 |s2cid=25164446}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta ba da lasisi ga rigakafin rigakafin diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da acellular pertussis (DTaP) da aka adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus (IPV), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate (meningococcal protein conjugate) da kuma maganin rigakafin hepatitis B (HepB) (recombinant), DTaP-IPV-HibB (Vaxelis), don amfani da kashi uku, jerin jarirai, watanni shida.[1][2] A watan Yunin 2019, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan Rigakafi (ACIP) sun kada kuri'a don hada DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB a cikin Shirin Allurar rigakafin Yara na Tarayya (VFC). [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 44g4xj235r718ryi712wqeifmlpzbxs 856798 856792 2026-06-14T10:36:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 856798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Allurar rigakafin hexavalent''', ko '''Allurar rigakafi ta 6-in-1''', allurar rigakawa ce ta haɗu tare da allurar rigakanci guda shida da aka haɗa cikin ɗaya, wanda aka nufa don kare mutane daga cututtuka da yawa.<ref name="pmid30083617">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Orsi A, Azzari C, Bozzola E, Chiamenti G, Chirico G, Esposito S, Francia F, Lopalco P, Prato R, Russo R, Villani A, Franco E |date=June 2018 |title=Hexavalent vaccines: characteristics of available products and practical considerations from a panel of Italian experts |journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=E107–E119 |pmc=6069402 |pmid=30083617}}</ref> Kalmar yawanci tana nufin allurar rigakafin yara wanda ke karewa daga [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], pertussis, poliomyelitis, [[Haemophilus influenzae|haemophilus B]], da [[Hepatitis B]], <ref name="vk" /> <ref name="pmid30083617" /> wanda ake amfani dashi a kasashe sama da 90 a duniya ciki har da Turai, Kanada, Australia, Jordan, da New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Obando-Pacheco P, Rivero-Calle I, Gómez-Rial J, Rodríguez-Tenreiro Sánchez C, Martinón-Torres F |date=August 2018 |title=New perspectives for hexavalent vaccines |journal=Vaccine |volume=36 |issue=36 |pages=5485–5494 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.063 |pmid=28676382 |s2cid=4384043}}</ref> == Tsarin == An san allurar rigakafin da diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus b conjugate [meningococcal protein conjugate] da kuma allurar rigar hepatitis b [recombinant].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2018 |title=Vaxelis Approval History |url=https://www.drugs.com/history/vaxelis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017052525/https://www.drugs.com/history/vaxelis.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Drugs.com}}</ref> An kuma san allurar rigakafin ruwa a taƙaice kamar DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib ko DTPa-HepP-IPV. Tsarin alama sun haɗa da Hexavac, Hexaxim, Hexyon, da Vaxelis wanda Sanofi Pasteur ya ƙera.<ref name="Hexavac EPAR">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=Hexavac EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017053939/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hexaxim H-W-2495 |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/hexaxim-h-w-2495 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002181211/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/hexaxim-h-w-2495 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref name="Hexyon EPAR">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Hexyon EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625104554/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref name="Vaxelis EPAR">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Vaxelis EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017045354/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Akwai tsari na kashi biyu da aka sani a taƙaice kamar DTaP-IPV-HepB / Hib ko DTPa-HBV-IPV / Hib. Ya ƙunshi dakatar da diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, da rigakafin cutar shan inna (DTaP-IPV-HepB ko DTPa-HBV-IPV) wanda ake amfani da shi don sake gina lyophilised (mai daskarewa) ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' irin B (Hib) foda. Tsarin alama tare da ɓangaren 3-antigen pertussis, Infanrix hexa, <ref name="Infanrix Hexa EPAR">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Infanrix Hexa EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625092519/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> GlaxoSmithKline ne ya ƙera shi. == Al'umma da al'adu == === Matsayi na Shari'a === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da izinin talla don Hexavac <ref name="Hexavac EPAR">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=Hexavac EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017053939/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac "Hexavac EPAR"]. </cite></ref> da Infanrix hexa. <ref name="Infanrix Hexa EPAR">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Infanrix Hexa EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625092519/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/infanrix-hexa "Infanrix Hexa EPAR"]. </cite></ref> An dakatar da amincewar tallace-tallace ga Hexavac a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005, bisa ga shawarar kwamitin hukumar don kayan magani don amfani da mutum (CHMP) saboda bambancin kariya ta dogon lokaci daga cutar hepatitis B. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, masana'anta Sanofi Pasteur da son rai ya janye samfurin daga kasuwa.<ref name="Hexavac statement">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2012 |title=Public statement on Hexavac [diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliomyelitis, hepatitis b (recombinant) and ''Haemophilus influenzae'' type b conjugate vaccine, adjuvanted] Withdrawal of marketing authorisation in the European Union |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-hexavac-withdrawal-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221174116/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-hexavac-withdrawal-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta janye izinin talla a hukumance a watan Yunin 2012.<ref name="Hexavac statement" /><ref name="Hexavac EPAR">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=Hexavac EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017053939/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexavac "Hexavac EPAR"]. </cite></ref> A watan Yunin 2012, Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turai (EMA) ta ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na farko game da Hexaxim don amfani a waje da EU, tare da hadin gwiwar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), amma daga baya ta janye ra'ayin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Medicines Agency |date=14 June 2016 |title=Hexaxim: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/hexaxim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803091635/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/hexaxim |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=European Medicines Agency}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, an ba da izinin talla a cikin EU ga Hexyon <ref name="Hexyon EPAR">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Hexyon EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625104554/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexyon "Hexyon EPAR"]. </cite></ref> da Hexacima. <ref name="Hexacima EPAR">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Hexacima EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexacima |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235841/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/hexacima |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016, an ba da izinin talla a cikin EU ga Vaxelis . <ref name="Vaxelis EPAR">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Vaxelis EPAR |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017045354/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis "Vaxelis EPAR"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Syed YY |date=February 2017 |title=DTaP5-HB-IPV-Hib Vaccine (Vaxelis): A Review of its Use in Primary and Booster Vaccination |journal=Paediatr Drugs |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.1007/s40272-016-0208-y |pmid=28035545 |s2cid=25164446}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta ba da lasisi ga rigakafin rigakafin diphtheria da tetanus toxoids da acellular pertussis (DTaP) da aka adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus (IPV), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate (meningococcal protein conjugate) da kuma maganin rigakafin hepatitis B (HepB) (recombinant), DTaP-IPV-HibB (Vaxelis), don amfani da kashi uku, jerin jarirai, watanni shida.[1][2] A watan Yunin 2019, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan Rigakafi (ACIP) sun kada kuri'a don hada DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB a cikin Shirin Allurar rigakafin Yara na Tarayya (VFC). [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jw8cr9f8vee5fvexyp4y6agnr6kvj9q 0 157375 856789 2026-06-14T10:32:14Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356577501|Amalgamation House]]" 856789 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan Amalgamation, wanda kuma ake kira Ginin Amalgamation. Ginin Amalgamation, tsari ne na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Marina a Ikot Abasi, [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi da itace, tubali, da ƙarfe, an san shi da wurin da Ubangiji Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard ya haɗu da Arewa da Kudancin Protectorates a shekara ta 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheal A. |first=G. Iboh |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://reportafrique.com/news/akwa-ibom-restore-1914-amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Report Afrique news report}}</ref> An kafa Gidan Amalgamation a lokacin da aka haɗa Najeriya. Yana nuna alamar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudanci. Gidan Amalgamation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar sashen ayyukan jama'a na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya (PWD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asuquo |first=Bassey |title=Amalgamation House: Seat Of Colonial Government |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=straightnewsng.com}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 1914. Tana cikin Ikot Abasi, wanda ke da tushe mai karfi na mulkin mallaka kuma yana kusa da babban birnin tattalin arzikin kasar a lokacin, [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. [[Fayil:The_Amalgamation_House.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Amalgamation]] == Tarihi da siyasa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1914, Ubangiji Lugard ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta hada kan Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya a wannan wuri. Flora Shaw, matarsa, ta kirkiro sunan "Nijeriya" a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://discoverakwaibom.com/heritage-sites/amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Discover Akwa Ibom heritage}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1970, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo da Phillip Effiong sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wacce ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya a wannan shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Halayen gine-gine == Ginin yana nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina tare da bene na katako mai bango, ginshiƙan katako, windows masu tsayi, da rufin ƙarfe. Yana nuna ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th karni na zane-zane na wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arowosegbe |first=Eniola |title=Take a trip down History lane when you visit the Amalgamation house |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/museums/take-a-trip-down-history-lane-when-you-visit-the-amalgamation-house |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Hotel.ng guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Straightnewng.com}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon Amalgamation, muna da gidan alamar bawa, inda aka yi wa bayi alama kafin a tura su zuwa gadar babu dawowa == Yanayi da yanayin == An ɗaga shi a kan tubalan kankare a cikin fili mai buɗewa, tsarin yana da inuwa da bishiyoyi da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya lalace a tsawon lokaci. Ginin katako da rufin suna nuna alamun lalacewa, kuma zane-zane a bangon tubali da ciki sun lalace sosai. Sauran gine-ginen tarihi, kamar gidan Lugard, ofishin mulkin mallaka, da kuma kusa da "Bridge of No Return," ba a kiyaye su sosai a shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Kwarewar baƙo da samun dama == Shafin yana da kusan awa daya daga Uyo; Amalgamation House yana karɓar baƙi na lokaci-lokaci da masu jagorantar gida. Kwarewar baƙo tana fuskantar raguwa biyo bayan rashin alamun da suka dace da wuraren baƙo waɗanda ke taimaka wa baƙi su sami ƙwarewa lokacin da suka ziyarta. Samun damar shiga gidan yana ingantawa bayan inganta hanyoyin, kodayake har yanzu ba shi da kayan aikin yawon bude ido na yau da kullun. == Kokarin kiyayewa == A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen neman masana masu gyarawa waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon gine-ginen asali na asali ta amfani da kayan da suka dace. Duk da wadannan tsare-tsaren, lalacewar jiki ta ci gaba, tana nuna ƙalubale masu yawa a cikin kiyaye wuraren tarihi a Najeriya. == Muhimmancin gado == Ana kiran gidan Amalgamation a matsayin "Aso Rock of the South," wanda ke nuna hadin kan kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka. Yanayin da aka yi watsi da shi yana nuna rashin alaƙa tsakanin muhimmancin alama da ainihin adanawa. Matsayin ginin a cikin kafa da sake haɗuwa da Najeriya ya nuna shi a matsayin shafin da ke da zurfin al'adu da tarihi. == Manazarta == 5s6p6v49gt2ucq418tsehsp7dn2q3ci 856790 856789 2026-06-14T10:33:23Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 856790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan Amalgamation, wanda kuma ake kira Ginin Amalgamation. Ginin Amalgamation, tsari ne na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Marina a Ikot Abasi, [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi da itace, tubali, da ƙarfe, an san shi da wurin da Ubangiji Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard ya haɗu da Arewa da Kudancin Protectorates a shekara ta 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheal A. |first=G. Iboh |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://reportafrique.com/news/akwa-ibom-restore-1914-amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Report Afrique news report}}</ref> An kafa Gidan Amalgamation a lokacin da aka haɗa Najeriya. Yana nuna alamar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudanci. Gidan Amalgamation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar sashen ayyukan jama'a na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya (PWD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asuquo |first=Bassey |title=Amalgamation House: Seat Of Colonial Government |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=straightnewsng.com}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 1914. Tana cikin Ikot Abasi, wanda ke da tushe mai karfi na mulkin mallaka kuma yana kusa da babban birnin tattalin arzikin kasar a lokacin, [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. [[Fayil:The_Amalgamation_House.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Amalgamation]] == Tarihi da siyasa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1914, Ubangiji Lugard ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta hada kan Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya a wannan wuri. Flora Shaw, matarsa, ta kirkiro sunan "Nijeriya" a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://discoverakwaibom.com/heritage-sites/amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Discover Akwa Ibom heritage}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1970, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo da Phillip Effiong sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wacce ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya a wannan shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Halayen gine-gine == Ginin yana nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina tare da bene na katako mai bango, ginshiƙan katako, windows masu tsayi, da rufin ƙarfe. Yana nuna ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th karni na zane-zane na wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arowosegbe |first=Eniola |title=Take a trip down History lane when you visit the Amalgamation house |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/museums/take-a-trip-down-history-lane-when-you-visit-the-amalgamation-house |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Hotel.ng guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Straightnewng.com}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon Amalgamation, muna da gidan alamar bawa, inda aka yi wa bayi alama kafin a tura su zuwa gadar babu dawowa == Yanayi da yanayin == An ɗaga shi a kan tubalan kankare a cikin fili mai buɗewa, tsarin yana da inuwa da bishiyoyi da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya lalace a tsawon lokaci. Ginin katako da rufin suna nuna alamun lalacewa, kuma zane-zane a bangon tubali da ciki sun lalace sosai. Sauran gine-ginen tarihi, kamar gidan Lugard, ofishin mulkin mallaka, da kuma kusa da "Bridge of No Return," ba a kiyaye su sosai a shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Kwarewar baƙo da samun dama == Shafin yana da kusan awa daya daga Uyo; Amalgamation House yana karɓar baƙi na lokaci-lokaci da masu jagorantar gida. Kwarewar baƙo tana fuskantar raguwa biyo bayan rashin alamun da suka dace da wuraren baƙo waɗanda ke taimaka wa baƙi su sami ƙwarewa lokacin da suka ziyarta. Samun damar shiga gidan yana ingantawa bayan inganta hanyoyin, kodayake har yanzu ba shi da kayan aikin yawon bude ido na yau da kullun. == Kokarin kiyayewa == A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen neman masana masu gyarawa waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon gine-ginen asali na asali ta amfani da kayan da suka dace. Duk da wadannan tsare-tsaren, lalacewar jiki ta ci gaba, tana nuna ƙalubale masu yawa a cikin kiyaye wuraren tarihi a Najeriya. == Muhimmancin gado == Ana kiran gidan Amalgamation a matsayin "Aso Rock of the South," wanda ke nuna hadin kan kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka. Yanayin da aka yi watsi da shi yana nuna rashin alaƙa tsakanin muhimmancin alama da ainihin adanawa. Matsayin ginin a cikin kafa da sake haɗuwa da Najeriya ya nuna shi a matsayin shafin da ke da zurfin al'adu da tarihi. == Manazarta == 3w78he3wjqpkba5gg0gz8cs74ze4ysf 0 157376 856791 2026-06-14T10:33:51Z Final coat001 30807 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359283069|Görel Johnsen]]" 856791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Görel Kristina Hanser''' (née '''Johnsen'''; 21 Yuni 1949 - 13 Yuni 2026) ta kasance manajan kiɗa da mai zane-zane na Sweden. Ta kasance sananniya saboda kasancewa manajan ƙungiyar pop ta Sweden ABBA da membobinta. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Polar Music kuma ta kasance sakatariyar Stig Anderson . == Tarihi == An haifi Johnsen a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1949 a Skultorp, kusa da Skövde a [[Sweden]] . A shekara ta 1980, ta auri ɗan jarida kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Anders Hanser, wanda ta sadu da shi yayin da yake rufe ABBA don jerin rediyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anders Hanser |url=https://abbasite.com/people/anders-hanser/ |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Abbasite.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palm |first=Carl Magnus |date=2010-03-29 |title=From ABBA To Mamma Mia! |url=https://www.carlmagnuspalm.com/abba/books/from-abba-to-mamma-mia |archive-date= |website=carlmagnuspalm.com}}</ref> Johnsen ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2026, yana da shekaru 76. Membobin kungiyar ABBA Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson da Anni-Frid Lyngstad ne suka sanar da mutuwarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Görel Hanser |url=https://abbasite.com/people/gorel-hanser/ |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Abbasite.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Johnsen ya fara aiki a ofisoshin kamfanin wallafe-wallafen Stig Anderson Sweden Music da kamfanin rikodin Polar Music a watan Satumbar 1969. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2026-09-13 |title=ABBA in mourning - Görel Hanser dead |journal=Sweden Harald}}</ref> Bayan wani lokaci ta zama sakatariyar Anderson. Bayan 'yan shekaru a cikin shekarun 1970 ta zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin kungiyar kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Polar Music . A cikin shekarun ABBA, ta kula da lambobin sadarwa tare da lakabi da yawa a duniya waɗanda suka saki rikodin ƙungiyar. Ta kuma zama manajan ABBA, tana hulɗa da manema labarai kuma tana tare da su a kan yawon shakatawa da tafiye-tafiye na gabatarwa. A cikin tsari, ta zama abokiyar sirri na kowane memba. A shekara ta 1979, ABBA ta rubuta kuma ta rubuta "Sång Till Görel" tare da Stig "Stikkan" Anderson kuma an ba da kyauta ga Görel a ranar haihuwarta ta 30. An buga rikodin 12" a cikin vinyl mai launin shudi a cikin kwafin 50 kawai (ko da yake wasu kafofin sun ce zai iya zama har zuwa 150) kuma an ba da shi ga Görel da abokai. An haramta waƙar da za a buga a rediyo. Waƙar, da aka rera a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden, tana da ban dariya game da yadda kowa ke buƙatar Görel a ofishin. Taken ba shi da kyau; "Ina Görel yake, in ce, ina bukatar taimakon ta". Rubuce-rubucen yana daya daga cikin wadanda aka fi nema bayan bayanan ABBA - yana samun dubban daloli a gwanjo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABBA & Stikkan* – Sång Till Görel |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/592226-ABBA-Stikkan-S%C3%A5ng-Till-G%C3%B6rel |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Discogs.com}}</ref> Bayan rabuwar ABBA, Johnsen ya ci gaba da aiki ga Sweden Music da Polar na 'yan shekaru. A shekara ta 1987, ta fara kamfaninta na Music & Artist Service Görel Hanser . Ita da ma'aikatanta galibi sun shagala da kula da cikakkun bayanai game da aikin Benny Andersson, gami da Andersson / Ulvaeus musicals. Ta kuma kula da al'amuran da suka shafi kasuwancin ABBA a madadin Björn Ulvaeus da Andersson. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, ta wakilci ABBA a bikin cika shekaru 25 na Official International ABBA Fan Club a Roosendaal, Netherlands. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Görel Hanser |url=https://www.abbafanclub.nl/about_us/gorel_interview.php |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Abbafanclub.nl}}</ref> A cikin 2018, an ba Johnsen Grammis . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] dsaf3jf4q6mf6o5b884luxc24fqrn5z 856820 856791 2026-06-14T10:48:22Z Final coat001 30807 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359283069|Görel Johnsen]]" 856820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Görel Kristina Hanser''' (née '''Johnsen'''; 21 Yuni 1949 - 13 Yuni 2026) ta kasance manajan kiɗa da mai zane-zane na Sweden. Ta kasance sananniya saboda kasancewa manajan ƙungiyar pop ta Sweden ABBA da membobinta. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Polar Music kuma ta kasance sakatariyar Stig Anderson . == Tarihi == An haifi Johnsen a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1949 a Skultorp, kusa da Skövde a [[Sweden]] . A shekara ta 1980, ta auri ɗan jarida kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Anders Hanser, wanda ta sadu da shi yayin da yake rufe ABBA don jerin rediyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anders Hanser |url=https://abbasite.com/people/anders-hanser/ |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Abbasite.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palm |first=Carl Magnus |date=2010-03-29 |title=From ABBA To Mamma Mia! |url=https://www.carlmagnuspalm.com/abba/books/from-abba-to-mamma-mia |archive-date= |website=carlmagnuspalm.com}}</ref> Johnsen ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2026, yana da shekaru 76. Membobin kungiyar ABBA Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson da Anni-Frid Lyngstad ne suka sanar da mutuwarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Görel Hanser |url=https://abbasite.com/people/gorel-hanser/ |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Abbasite.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Johnsen ya fara aiki a ofisoshin kamfanin wallafe-wallafen Stig Anderson Sweden Music da kamfanin rikodin Polar Music a watan Satumbar 1969. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2026-09-13 |title=ABBA in mourning - Görel Hanser dead |journal=Sweden Harald}}</ref> Bayan wani lokaci ta zama sakatariyar Anderson. Bayan 'yan shekaru a cikin shekarun 1970 ta zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin kungiyar kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Polar Music . A cikin shekarun ABBA, ta kula da lambobin sadarwa tare da lakabi da yawa a duniya waɗanda suka saki rikodin ƙungiyar. Ta kuma zama manajan ABBA, tana hulɗa da manema labarai kuma tana tare da su a kan yawon shakatawa da tafiye-tafiye na gabatarwa. A cikin tsari, ta zama abokiyar sirri na kowane memba. A shekara ta 1979, ABBA ta rubuta kuma ta rubuta "Sång Till Görel" tare da Stig "Stikkan" Anderson kuma an ba da kyauta ga Görel a ranar haihuwarta ta 30. An buga rikodin 12" a cikin vinyl mai launin shudi a cikin kwafin 50 kawai (ko da yake wasu kafofin sun ce zai iya zama har zuwa 150) kuma an ba da shi ga Görel da abokai. An haramta waƙar da za a buga a rediyo. Waƙar, da aka rera a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden, tana da ban dariya game da yadda kowa ke buƙatar Görel a ofishin. Taken ba shi da kyau; "Ina Görel yake, in ce, ina bukatar taimakon ta". Rubuce-rubucen yana daya daga cikin wadanda aka fi nema bayan bayanan ABBA - yana samun dubban daloli a gwanjo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABBA & Stikkan* – Sång Till Görel |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/592226-ABBA-Stikkan-S%C3%A5ng-Till-G%C3%B6rel |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Discogs.com}}</ref> Bayan rabuwar ABBA, Johnsen ya ci gaba da aiki ga Sweden Music da Polar na 'yan shekaru. A shekara ta 1987, ta fara kamfaninta na Waka da aikin zane-zane Görel Hanser . Ita da ma'aikatanta galibi sun shagala da kula da cikakkun bayanai game da aikin Benny Andersson, gami da Andersson / Ulvaeus musicals. Ta kuma kula da al'amuran da suka shafi kasuwancin ABBA a madadin Björn Ulvaeus da Andersson. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, ta wakilci ABBA a bikin cika shekaru 25 na Official International ABBA Fan Club a Roosendaal, Netherlands. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Görel Hanser |url=https://www.abbafanclub.nl/about_us/gorel_interview.php |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Abbafanclub.nl}}</ref> A cikin 2018, an ba Johnsen Grammis . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 06i7x6y0npn88p2z0j723aft0kd3k6s 856827 856820 2026-06-14T10:50:15Z Final coat001 30807 856827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Görel Kristina Hanser''' (née '''Johnsen'''; 21 Yuni 1949 - 13 Yuni 2026) ta kasance manajan kiɗa da mai zane-zane na Sweden. Ta kasance sananniya saboda kasancewa manajan ƙungiyar pop ta Sweden ABBA da membobinta. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Polar Music kuma ta kasance sakatariyar Stig Anderson . == Tarihi == An haifi Johnsen a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1949 a Skultorp, kusa da Skövde a [[Sweden]] . A shekara ta 1980, ta auri ɗan jarida kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Anders Hanser, wanda ta sadu da shi yayin da yake rufe ABBA don jerin rediyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anders Hanser |url=https://abbasite.com/people/anders-hanser/ |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Abbasite.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palm |first=Carl Magnus |date=2010-03-29 |title=From ABBA To Mamma Mia! |url=https://www.carlmagnuspalm.com/abba/books/from-abba-to-mamma-mia |archive-date= |website=carlmagnuspalm.com}}</ref> Johnsen ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2026, yana da shekaru 76. Membobin kungiyar ABBA Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson da Anni-Frid Lyngstad ne suka sanar da mutuwarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Görel Hanser |url=https://abbasite.com/people/gorel-hanser/ |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Abbasite.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Johnsen ya fara aiki a ofisoshin kamfanin wallafe-wallafen Stig Anderson Sweden Music da kamfanin rikodin Polar Music a watan Satumbar 1969. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2026-09-13 |title=ABBA in mourning - Görel Hanser dead |journal=Sweden Harald}}</ref> Bayan wani lokaci ta zama sakatariyar Anderson. Bayan 'yan shekaru a cikin shekarun 1970 ta zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin kungiyar kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Polar Music . A cikin shekarun ABBA, ta kula da lambobin sadarwa tare da lakabi da yawa a duniya waɗanda suka saki rikodin ƙungiyar. Ta kuma zama manajan ABBA, tana hulɗa da manema labarai kuma tana tare da su a kan yawon shakatawa da tafiye-tafiye na gabatarwa. A cikin tsari, ta zama abokiyar sirri na kowane memba. A shekara ta 1979, ABBA ta rubuta kuma ta rubuta "Sång Till Görel" tare da Stig "Stikkan" Anderson kuma an ba da kyauta ga Görel a ranar haihuwarta ta 30. An buga rikodin 12" a cikin vinyl mai launin shudi a cikin kwafin 50 kawai (ko da yake wasu kafofin sun ce zai iya zama har zuwa 150) kuma an ba da shi ga Görel da abokai. An haramta waƙar da za a buga a rediyo. Waƙar, da aka rera a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden, tana da ban dariya game da yadda kowa ke buƙatar Görel a ofishin. Taken ba shi da kyau; "Ina Görel yake, in ce, ina bukatar taimakon ta". Rubuce-rubucen yana daya daga cikin wadanda aka fi nema bayan bayanan ABBA - yana samun dubban daloli a gwanjo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABBA & Stikkan* – Sång Till Görel |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/592226-ABBA-Stikkan-S%C3%A5ng-Till-G%C3%B6rel |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Discogs.com}}</ref> Bayan rabuwar ABBA, Johnsen ya ci gaba da aiki ga Sweden Music da Polar na 'yan shekaru. A shekara ta 1987, ta fara kamfaninta na Waka da aikin zane-zane Görel Hanser . Ita da ma'aikatanta galibi sun shagala da kula da cikakkun bayanai game da aikin Benny Andersson, gami da Andersson / Ulvaeus musicals. Ta kuma kula da al'amuran da suka shafi kasuwancin ABBA a madadin Björn Ulvaeus da Andersson. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, ta wakilci ABBA a bikin cika shekaru 25 na Official International ABBA Fan Club a Roosendaal, Netherlands. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Görel Hanser |url=https://www.abbafanclub.nl/about_us/gorel_interview.php |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=Abbafanclub.nl}}</ref> A cikin 2018, an ba Johnsen Grammis . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] lyrn4gsf0mahrjio6tv9qflo6a8134v 0 157377 856793 2026-06-14T10:34:41Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 856793 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan sauro wani nau'i ne na labule ko tufa da aka lulluɓe da kewaye a kan gado ko wurin kwana don ba da kariya ga mai barci kariya daga cizo da cizo daga sauro, [1] kwari, da sauran kwari masu kwari, don haka a kan cututtukan da za su iya ɗauka. Misalan irin waɗannan cututtukan da za a iya karewa daga kwari sun haɗa da zazzabin cizon sauro, zazzabin dengue, zazzabin rawaya, cutar zika, cutar Chagas, da nau'o'in ciwon daji daban-daban, gami da cutar ta West Nile. Don zama mai tasiri, raga na sauro dole ne ya kasance mai kyau don cire irin waɗannan kwari ba tare da rufe ganuwa ko iska ba zuwa matakan da ba a yarda da su ba. Ya kamata a yi net ɗin da auduga mai tsayi ko zaren roba don ba da damar motsi na iska. Fararen net yana bawa mai amfani damar ganin sauro a bango. Netting tare da ramuka 285 a kowace murabba'in inci yana da kyau saboda yana da numfashi sosai amma zai hana ko da mafi ƙanƙanta sauro shiga.[1] Yana yiwuwa a kara tasirin sauro sosai ta hanyar kula da shi da maganin kashe kwari ko mai hana kwari. ==Tarihi== Ana amfani da netting na sauro galibi don kariya daga kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, Anopheles gambiae . Rubuce-rubucen farko na alamun cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ya faru tun daga farkon 2700 KZ daga China. Ba a gano kwayar cutar ba, musamman zazzabin cizon sauro na tsuntsaye, har zuwa 1897 lokacin da Sir Ronald Ross ya gano sauro a matsayin kwayar cutar zazzabin.[1] oh9ebi43zry561qizvit5x9nd5zez9x 856800 856793 2026-06-14T10:37:51Z Mustysummy 21281 Saka manazarta 856800 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan sauro wani nau'i ne na labule ko tufa da aka lulluɓe da kewaye a kan gado ko wurin kwana don ba da kariya ga mai barci kariya daga cizo da cizo daga sauro, kwari, da sauran kwari masu kwari, don haka a kan cututtukan da za su iya ɗauka. Misalan irin waɗannan cututtukan da za a iya karewa daga kwari sun haɗa da zazzabin cizon sauro, zazzabin dengue, zazzabin rawaya, cutar zika, cutar Chagas, da nau'o'in ciwon daji daban-daban, gami da cutar ta West Nile.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100304133031/http://www.mosquito-netting.com/</ref> Don zama mai tasiri, raga na sauro dole ne ya kasance mai kyau don cire irin waɗannan kwari ba tare da rufe ganuwa ko iska ba zuwa matakan da ba a yarda da su ba. Ya kamata a yi net ɗin da auduga mai tsayi ko zaren roba don ba da damar motsi na iska. Fararen net yana bawa mai amfani damar ganin sauro a bango. Netting tare da ramuka 285 a kowace murabba'in inci yana da kyau saboda yana da numfashi sosai amma zai hana ko da mafi ƙanƙanta sauro shiga.<ref>https://www.iamat.org/how-to-choose-a-good-mosquito-net</ref> Yana yiwuwa a kara tasirin sauro sosai ta hanyar kula da shi da maganin kashe kwari ko mai hana kwari. ==Tarihi== Ana amfani da netting na sauro galibi don kariya daga kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, Anopheles gambiae . Rubuce-rubucen farko na alamun cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ya faru tun daga farkon 2700 KZ daga China. Ba a gano kwayar cutar ba, musamman zazzabin cizon sauro na tsuntsaye, har zuwa 1897 lokacin da Sir Ronald Ross ya gano sauro a matsayin kwayar cutar zazzabin.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825508</ref> 4snk05n9gd1f1vwh2zwgj1de40m65da 856803 856800 2026-06-14T10:39:45Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 856803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Gidan sauro wani nau'i ne na labule ko tufa da aka lulluɓe da kewaye a kan gado ko wurin kwana don ba da kariya ga mai barci kariya daga cizo da cizo daga sauro, kwari, da sauran kwari masu kwari, don haka a kan cututtukan da za su iya ɗauka. Misalan irin waɗannan cututtukan da za a iya karewa daga kwari sun haɗa da zazzabin cizon sauro, zazzabin dengue, zazzabin rawaya, cutar zika, cutar Chagas, da nau'o'in ciwon daji daban-daban, gami da cutar ta West Nile.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100304133031/http://www.mosquito-netting.com/</ref> Don zama mai tasiri, raga na sauro dole ne ya kasance mai kyau don cire irin waɗannan kwari ba tare da rufe ganuwa ko iska ba zuwa matakan da ba a yarda da su ba. Ya kamata a yi net ɗin da auduga mai tsayi ko zaren roba don ba da damar motsi na iska. Fararen net yana bawa mai amfani damar ganin sauro a bango. Netting tare da ramuka 285 a kowace murabba'in inci yana da kyau saboda yana da numfashi sosai amma zai hana ko da mafi ƙanƙanta sauro shiga.<ref>https://www.iamat.org/how-to-choose-a-good-mosquito-net</ref> Yana yiwuwa a kara tasirin sauro sosai ta hanyar kula da shi da maganin kashe kwari ko mai hana kwari. ==Tarihi== Ana amfani da netting na sauro galibi don kariya daga kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, Anopheles gambiae . Rubuce-rubucen farko na alamun cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ya faru tun daga farkon 2700 KZ daga China. Ba a gano kwayar cutar ba, musamman zazzabin cizon sauro na tsuntsaye, har zuwa 1897 lokacin da Sir Ronald Ross ya gano sauro a matsayin kwayar cutar zazzabin.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825508</ref> 01bsjtb4vfjfe0wclgdoxykoz0u9vw2 0 157378 856794 2026-06-14T10:34:52Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310469468|Voice of the Free]]" 856794 wikitext text/x-wiki Voice of the Free (VF) kungiya ce mai ba da agaji a Philippines da aka kafa a shekarar 1991. VF tana aiki don jin daɗin baƙi da aka ware, musamman waɗanda ke aiki a bangarorin da ba a sani ba na al'ada ba. Kungiyar tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan aikin gida, aikin yara, da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara.[1] == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Ci Gaba, ce ta ba da lasisi kuma ta amince da VF don samar da "kula da gidaje da shirye-shiryen al'umma da ayyuka ga mata da yara a cikin yanayi mai wahala An fi sanin wannan kungiyar da aikin da aka rubuta tare da ma'aikatan gida a Philippines, musamman a turawa ga Dokar Ma'aikatan Gida ko Dokar Kasambahay . Bugu da kari, tana ba da sabis ga wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane ta hanyar gudanar da gidajen Halfway da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Sama ta Philippines da Hukumar Kula Da Filin Jiragen Sama na Manila suka gina. == Manazarta == c9so5eyedp2zpmi97wn68ktyksa7rj2 856799 856794 2026-06-14T10:37:46Z Fateema777 31445 Karamin gyara 856799 wikitext text/x-wiki Voice of the Free (VF) kungiya ce mai ba da agaji a Philippines da aka kafa a shekarar 1991. VF tana aiki don jin daɗin baƙi da aka ware, musamman waɗanda ke aiki a bangarorin da ba a sani ba na al'ada ba. Kungiyar tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan aikin gida, aikin yara, da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara.[1] == Bayani == Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Ci Gaba, ce ta ba da lasisi kuma ta amince da VF don samar da "kula da gidaje da shirye-shiryen al'umma da ayyuka ga mata da yara a cikin yanayi mai wahala An fi sanin wannan kungiyar da aikin da aka rubuta tare da ma'aikatan gida a Philippines, musamman a turawa ga Dokar Ma'aikatan Gida ko Dokar Kasambahay . Bugu da kari, tana ba da sabis ga wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane ta hanyar gudanar da gidajen Halfway da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Sama ta Philippines da Hukumar Kula Da Filin Jiragen Sama na Manila suka gina. == Manazarta == 2iprcaze82hagnqmpjlvjaya17almg9 856807 856799 2026-06-14T10:41:24Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310469468|Voice of the Free]]" 856807 wikitext text/x-wiki Voice of the Free (VF) kungiya ce mai ba da agaji a Philippines da aka kafa a shekarar 1991. VF tana aiki don jin daɗin baƙi da aka ware, musamman waɗanda ke aiki a bangarorin da ba a sani ba na al'ada ba. Kungiyar tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan aikin gida, aikin yara, da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara.[1] == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Ci Gaba, ce ta ba da lasisi kuma ta amince da VF don samar da "kula da gidaje da shirye-shiryen al'umma da ayyuka ga mata da yara a cikin yanayi mai wahala An fi sanin wannan kungiyar da aikin da aka rubuta tare da ma'aikatan gida a Philippines, musamman a turawa ga Dokar Ma'aikatan Gida ko Dokar Kasambahay . Bugu da kari, tana ba da sabis ga wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane ta hanyar gudanar da gidajen Halfway da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Sama ta Philippines da Hukumar Kula Da Filin Jiragen Sama na Manila suka gina. == Tarihi == Maria Cecilia Flores-Obanda ce ta kafa wannan kungiyar a shekarar 1991 a matsayin Visayan Forum Foundation Inc. (VFF), kungiyar da ba ta da riba. VFF tana cikin birnin Quezon kuma ta ceci kuma ta taimaka wa fiye da mutane 60,000 da ke fama da fataucin mutane.[1] Taron Visayan yanzu yana da ofishinsa na kasa a Manila da kuma cibiyar sadarwa ta ma'aikata sama da 70, ofisoshin yanki shida, da wuraren aikin bakwai.[1] == Manazarta == qhm0flc0vrfnmqcjs1x24i6g5sgxjtg 0 157379 856802 2026-06-14T10:39:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359083958|Jesse Marsch]]" 856802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jesse''' / Marsch ( / ˈdʒɛsi ˈmɑːrʃ / JESS - ee JESS ; <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2024 |title=Jesse Marsch opens up on Leeds failure, Haaland & USMNT {{!}} CBS Sports Kickin' It {{!}} Episode 15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNv6qyeg_DE&t=34s |access-date=April 29, 2024 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Soccer on CBS Sports|CBS Sports Golazo]]}}</ref> an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1973) ƙwararren kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Amurka kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine babban kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Kanada . Marsch ya buga wasanni 14 a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a Major League Soccer (MLS) tare da DC United, Chicago Fire, da Chivas USA, inda ya lashe kofuna uku na gasar lig da kofuna huɗu na US Open Cup, da kuma lashe wasanni biyu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka . A shekarar 2010, Marsch ya yi ritaya daga aikinsa na wasa ya zama koci, inda ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin Bob Bradley wanda ya kai zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu. Daga nan ya zama kocin farko na [[CF Montreal|Montreal Impact]] bayan shiga gasar MLS a 2012. A shekarar 2015, bayan shekara guda yana mataimakin koci ga ƙungiyar da ya yi karatu a jami'ar Princeton Tigers, an ɗauke Marsch a matsayin babban kocin New York Red Bulls kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa rabin farko na kakar wasa ta MLS ta 2018. A shekararsa ta farko yana horar da ƙungiyar, Red Bulls ta lashe gasar Supporters' Shield kuma an naɗa Marsch a matsayin Kocin Shekara ta MLS . Yana da tarihin mafi yawan nasarorin da koci ya samu a tarihin gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa . A shekarar 2018, an naɗa Marsch a matsayin mataimakin koci a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Jamus RB Leipzig a ƙarƙashin Ralf Rangnick ; ƙungiyar ta zo ta uku a gasar, ta zo ta biyu a gasar German Cup, kuma ta fafata a gasar UEFA Europa League . A kakar wasa mai zuwa, an naɗa Marsch a matsayin magajin [[Marco Rose]] a matsayin kocin Red Bull Salzburg a gasar Bundesliga ta Austria ; ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa gasar lig da kofin sau biyu a jere, yayin da Salzburg ta buga wasannin rukuni [[UEFA Champions League|na gasar zakarun Turai]] a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya koma RB Leipzig a matsayin kocin ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2021-22, ya bar ƙungiyar bisa amincewar juna a watan Disamba sannan ya koma [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] a watan Fabrairu. Leeds ta kore shi a watan Fabrairun 2023 kuma ya zama kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kanada a watan Mayun 2024, inda daga baya ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa matsayi na huɗu a gasar Copa América ta 2024 . == Sana'ar wasa == === Kwaleji === Marsch ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Jami'ar Princeton, inda ya kasance ɗan Amurka a shekarar 1995 bayan ya zura kwallaye 16 a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya da kuma ɗan wasan gaba. === Ƙwararren === DC United ta zaɓi Marsch (mataimakin kocinsu shine kocinsa a Princeton, Bob Bradley ) a zagaye na uku na gasar MLS College Draft ta 1996. Marsch ya shafe kakar wasa biyu masu zuwa tare da DC United, amma ya buga wasanni 15 kacal. Mataimakin kocin DC Bob Bradley, wanda aka naɗa don jagorantar faɗaɗa Chicago Fire, ya sayi Marsch jim kaɗan bayan Fadada Draft don musanya AJ Wood da kuma zaɓen zagaye na biyu a gasar College Draft ta 1998. Nan da nan Marsch ya zama na yau da kullun a Chicago kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban jigo a cikin jerin 'yan wasansu har zuwa 2005. Ya taimaka wa Fire zuwa gasar MLS ta 1998, inda ya ba shi gasar zakarun lig uku a cikin shekaru uku. Yayin da yake tare da Chicago, ya kuma lashe gasar US Open a 1998, 2000 da 2003 . Bayan kakar wasa ta 2005, an mayar da Marsch zuwa Chivas USA, inda Bradley yake koyarwa a lokacin. A lokacin, ya bar Fire a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa jagoranci a kulob din a wasannin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun da ya buga da 'yan wasa 200 (yanzu yana matsayi na shida a bayan CJ Brown, Logan Pause, Gonzalo Segares, Zach Thornton da Chris Armas ). Marsch yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da suka buga wasa a kowanne kakar wasa 14 na farko na Major League Soccer . A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2010, ya sanar da yin ritaya bayan shekaru hudu tare da Chivas don shiga aikin koyarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2010 |title=MLS Original Jesse Marsch Retires; Joins U.S. National Team Staff |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/mls-original-jesse-marsch-retires-joins-u-s-national-team-staff/n-3960628 |website=OurSports Central}}</ref> === RB Leipzig === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] smxclxdj6zh0t6geyjqclvcubyzd55l 856805 856802 2026-06-14T10:40:17Z Engineer014 44591 856805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jesse''' / Marsch ( / ˈdʒɛsi ˈmɑːrʃ / JESS - ee JESS ; <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2024 |title=Jesse Marsch opens up on Leeds failure, Haaland & USMNT {{!}} CBS Sports Kickin' It {{!}} Episode 15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNv6qyeg_DE&t=34s |access-date=April 29, 2024 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Soccer on CBS Sports|CBS Sports Golazo]]}}</ref> an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1973) ƙwararren kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Amurka kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine babban kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Kanada . Marsch ya buga wasanni 14 a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a Major League Soccer (MLS) tare da DC United, Chicago Fire, da Chivas USA, inda ya lashe kofuna uku na gasar lig da kofuna huɗu na US Open Cup, da kuma lashe wasanni biyu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka . A shekarar 2010, Marsch ya yi ritaya daga aikinsa na wasa ya zama koci, inda ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin Bob Bradley wanda ya kai zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu. Daga nan ya zama kocin farko na [[CF Montreal|Montreal Impact]] bayan shiga gasar MLS a 2012. A shekarar 2015, bayan shekara guda yana mataimakin koci ga ƙungiyar da ya yi karatu a jami'ar Princeton Tigers, an ɗauke Marsch a matsayin babban kocin New York Red Bulls kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa rabin farko na kakar wasa ta MLS ta 2018. A shekararsa ta farko yana horar da ƙungiyar, Red Bulls ta lashe gasar Supporters' Shield kuma an naɗa Marsch a matsayin Kocin Shekara ta MLS . Yana da tarihin mafi yawan nasarorin da koci ya samu a tarihin gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa . A shekarar 2018, an naɗa Marsch a matsayin mataimakin koci a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Jamus RB Leipzig a ƙarƙashin Ralf Rangnick ; ƙungiyar ta zo ta uku a gasar, ta zo ta biyu a gasar German Cup, kuma ta fafata a gasar UEFA Europa League . A kakar wasa mai zuwa, an naɗa Marsch a matsayin magajin [[Marco Rose]] a matsayin kocin Red Bull Salzburg a gasar Bundesliga ta Austria ; ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa gasar lig da kofin sau biyu a jere, yayin da Salzburg ta buga wasannin rukuni [[UEFA Champions League|na gasar zakarun Turai]] a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya koma RB Leipzig a matsayin kocin ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2021-22, ya bar ƙungiyar bisa amincewar juna a watan Disamba sannan ya koma [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] a watan Fabrairu. Leeds ta kore shi a watan Fabrairun 2023 kuma ya zama kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kanada a watan Mayun 2024, inda daga baya ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa matsayi na huɗu a gasar Copa América ta 2024 . == Sana'ar wasa == === Kwaleji === Marsch ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Jami'ar Princeton, inda ya kasance ɗan Amurka a shekarar 1995 bayan ya zura kwallaye 16 a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya da kuma ɗan wasan gaba. === Ƙwararren === DC United ta zaɓi Marsch (mataimakin kocinsu shine kocinsa a Princeton, Bob Bradley ) a zagaye na uku na gasar MLS College Draft ta 1996. Marsch ya shafe kakar wasa biyu masu zuwa tare da DC United, amma ya buga wasanni 15 kacal. Mataimakin kocin DC Bob Bradley, wanda aka naɗa don jagorantar faɗaɗa Chicago Fire, ya sayi Marsch jim kaɗan bayan Fadada Draft don musanya AJ Wood da kuma zaɓen zagaye na biyu a gasar College Draft ta 1998. Nan da nan Marsch ya zama na yau da kullun a Chicago kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban jigo a cikin jerin 'yan wasansu har zuwa 2005. Ya taimaka wa Fire zuwa gasar MLS ta 1998, inda ya ba shi gasar zakarun lig uku a cikin shekaru uku. Yayin da yake tare da Chicago, ya kuma lashe gasar US Open a 1998, 2000 da 2003 . Bayan kakar wasa ta 2005, an mayar da Marsch zuwa Chivas USA, inda Bradley yake koyarwa a lokacin. A lokacin, ya bar Fire a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa jagoranci a kulob din a wasannin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun da ya buga da 'yan wasa 200 (yanzu yana matsayi na shida a bayan CJ Brown, Logan Pause, Gonzalo Segares, Zach Thornton da Chris Armas ). Marsch yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da suka buga wasa a kowanne kakar wasa 14 na farko na Major League Soccer . A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2010, ya sanar da yin ritaya bayan shekaru hudu tare da Chivas don shiga aikin koyarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2010 |title=MLS Original Jesse Marsch Retires; Joins U.S. National Team Staff |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/mls-original-jesse-marsch-retires-joins-u-s-national-team-staff/n-3960628 |website=OurSports Central}}</ref> === RB Leipzig === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 3te4dzfxniu789d72t8sdfav0yq9eef 0 157380 856816 2026-06-14T10:46:39Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327468068|Sunday Jack Akpan]]" 856816 wikitext text/x-wiki   Sunday Jack Akpan (an haife shi a Najeriya a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1940) masanin zane-zane ne Na Najeriya wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar Afirka ta zamani na mai sana'a na zamani".[1] An san shi da aikinsa a cikin siminti, inda yake yin siffofi na gargajiya na shugabannin kabilanci da sauran adadi, galibi a matsayin zane-zane na kabari, wanda ya zana. Ya kuma kirkiro wasu nau'ikan Fasahar kasuwanci, gami da siffofin addini da alamun kasuwanci.[2] An nuna aikinsa a Venice Biennale da Cibiyar Pompidou a Paris, da sauran wuraren. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Akpan a Ikot Ide Etuk Udo, a cikin gundumar [[Ibesikpo-Asutan|Ibesikpo]], Najeriya a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1940. Ba a san matakin nasarar da aka samu a ilimin Akpan a halin yanzu ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peters |first=Edem |date=20 November 2018 |title=Experience |url=https://papers.iafor.org/submission45704/ |journal=The Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2019: Official Conference Proceedings |issn=2187-4751}}</ref> Ranar Lahadi Jack Akpan ya koya wa Mista Albert Edet Essien tubali. Wannan gogewa ya taimaka masa ya jagoranci ci gaba a cikin kwarewarsa na siminti wajen sassaƙa manyan siffofinsa. == Ayyuka == Akpan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani bayan yaƙi wanda ya mai da hankali kan zane-zane, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan |url=https://www.artprice.com/artist/230905/sunday-jack-akpan/biography}}</ref> ta amfani da siminti don ƙirƙirar siffofin gargajiya da zane-zane na kabari. Yawancin siffofinsa na shugabannin kabilun Afirka ne kuma manyan siffofi ne, kuma suna nuna sha'awarsa ga tarihin al'adun Afirka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Meneguzzo |first=Marco |date=January 2002 |title=Sunday Jack Akpan |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/sunday-jack-akpan-207081/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=ArtForum}}</ref> Akpan yana cikin manyan masu zane-zane 100,000 a duniya, amma mafi kyawun matsayi da lokacinsa a cikin aikinsa ya kasance a shekara ta 2001.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Artfacts}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun fi nunawa a cikin nune-nunen rukuni tare da ayyukan masu fasaha ciki har da Frédéric Bruly Bouabré, [[Chéri Samba]], da Bodys Isek Kingelez . <ref name=":2" /> Nuninsa na farko na hukuma ya kasance a 1989 a Paris a "Magiciens De La Terre" a Cibiyar Pompidou a Paris. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Artfacts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 "Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking"]. ''Artfacts''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2001, an nuna aikinsa a "La Biennale di Venezia" a [[Venezia|Venice]], Italiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2016 |title=Magiciens de la Terre |url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/magiciens-de-la-terre/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Contemporary&}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Meneguzzo |first=Marco |date=January 2002 |title=Sunday Jack Akpan |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/sunday-jack-akpan-207081/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=ArtForum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMeneguzzo2002">Meneguzzo, Marco (January 2002). [https://www.artforum.com/events/sunday-jack-akpan-207081/ "Sunday Jack Akpan"]. ''ArtForum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> An haɗa aikin Akpan a cikin "Africa Remix", wani nune-nunen da ya zagaya wurare daban-daban ciki har da Museum Kunstpalast a [[Düsseldorf]] (2004), Hayward Gallery a London (2005), Cibiyar Pompidou a Paris (2005), Moderna Museet a Sweden (2006), Mori Art Museum a [[Tokyo]] (2006) da Johannesburg Art Gallery (2007). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Remix. Information and Photo Tour by Universes in Universe |url=http://universes-in-universe.de/specials/africa-remix/english.htm |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=universes-in-universe.de}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an haɗa aikin Akpan a cikin nune-nunen "Incarnations, le corps dans la collection" (Jiki a cikin tarin) a Musée d'Art Contemporain a [[Lyon]], Faransa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Artfacts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 "Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking"]. ''Artfacts''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Incarnations |url=https://www.mac-lyon.com/sites/mac/files/2023-09/maclyon_pressrelease_incarnations_le_corps_dans_la_collection_acte2_0.pdf |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=MACLyon}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Horniman a London.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |title=Cement Sculpture in Nigeria and its Antecedents |url=http://www.rawvision.com/rawvision/current/sundayjackakpan/sundayjackakpan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309171158/http://www.rawvision.com/rawvision/current/sundayjackakpan/sundayjackakpan.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=20 April 2015 |website=rawvision.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan zane-zane == === Fasahar Jama'a === '''''Iyalin Afirka''''' (1986) - Wani mutum-mutumi a cikin siminti da aka fentin a Freiberg am Neckar, Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - African Family |url=https://www.artatsite.com/Afrika/details/Akpan-Sunday-Jack-Afrikahaus-Freiberg-Neckar-ArtAtSite.html |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Art@Site}}</ref> No Title (1994) - wani mutum-mutumi a cikin siminti mai launi na mazajen Afirka masu iko da kyawawan tufafi da ke fuskantar gaba, amma kuma suna neman kulawa daga masu wucewa. Wannan zane-zane yana gaban ofisoshi a Akebonocho, Tachikawa-shi, Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - No Title |url=https://www.artatsite.com/Tokyo/details/Akpan-Sunday-Jack-No-Title-Tachikawa-shi-statue-sculpture-Tokyo-Japan-Art-at-Site.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Art@site}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] bkmn3y0fapsmwyo2z1vh281lr88ldhm 856818 856816 2026-06-14T10:47:25Z Muhammad mamman danumma 35709 856818 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Sunday Jack Akpan (an haife shi a Najeriya a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1940) masanin zane-zane ne Na Najeriya wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar Afirka ta zamani na mai sana'a na zamani".[1] An san shi da aikinsa a cikin siminti, inda yake yin siffofi na gargajiya na shugabannin kabilanci da sauran adadi, galibi a matsayin zane-zane na kabari, wanda ya zana. Ya kuma kirkiro wasu nau'ikan Fasahar kasuwanci, gami da siffofin addini da alamun kasuwanci.[2] An nuna aikinsa a Venice Biennale da Cibiyar Pompidou a Paris, da sauran wuraren. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Akpan a Ikot Ide Etuk Udo, a cikin gundumar [[Ibesikpo-Asutan|Ibesikpo]], Najeriya a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1940. Ba a san matakin nasarar da aka samu a ilimin Akpan a halin yanzu ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peters |first=Edem |date=20 November 2018 |title=Experience |url=https://papers.iafor.org/submission45704/ |journal=The Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2019: Official Conference Proceedings |issn=2187-4751}}</ref> Ranar Lahadi Jack Akpan ya koya wa Mista Albert Edet Essien tubali. Wannan gogewa ya taimaka masa ya jagoranci ci gaba a cikin kwarewarsa na siminti wajen sassaƙa manyan siffofinsa. == Ayyuka == Akpan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani bayan yaƙi wanda ya mai da hankali kan zane-zane, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan |url=https://www.artprice.com/artist/230905/sunday-jack-akpan/biography}}</ref> ta amfani da siminti don ƙirƙirar siffofin gargajiya da zane-zane na kabari. Yawancin siffofinsa na shugabannin kabilun Afirka ne kuma manyan siffofi ne, kuma suna nuna sha'awarsa ga tarihin al'adun Afirka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Meneguzzo |first=Marco |date=January 2002 |title=Sunday Jack Akpan |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/sunday-jack-akpan-207081/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=ArtForum}}</ref> Akpan yana cikin manyan masu zane-zane 100,000 a duniya, amma mafi kyawun matsayi da lokacinsa a cikin aikinsa ya kasance a shekara ta 2001.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Artfacts}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun fi nunawa a cikin nune-nunen rukuni tare da ayyukan masu fasaha ciki har da Frédéric Bruly Bouabré, [[Chéri Samba]], da Bodys Isek Kingelez . <ref name=":2" /> Nuninsa na farko na hukuma ya kasance a 1989 a Paris a "Magiciens De La Terre" a Cibiyar Pompidou a Paris. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Artfacts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 "Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking"]. ''Artfacts''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2001, an nuna aikinsa a "La Biennale di Venezia" a [[Venezia|Venice]], Italiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2016 |title=Magiciens de la Terre |url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/magiciens-de-la-terre/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Contemporary&}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Meneguzzo |first=Marco |date=January 2002 |title=Sunday Jack Akpan |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/sunday-jack-akpan-207081/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=ArtForum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMeneguzzo2002">Meneguzzo, Marco (January 2002). [https://www.artforum.com/events/sunday-jack-akpan-207081/ "Sunday Jack Akpan"]. ''ArtForum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> An haɗa aikin Akpan a cikin "Africa Remix", wani nune-nunen da ya zagaya wurare daban-daban ciki har da Museum Kunstpalast a [[Düsseldorf]] (2004), Hayward Gallery a London (2005), Cibiyar Pompidou a Paris (2005), Moderna Museet a Sweden (2006), Mori Art Museum a [[Tokyo]] (2006) da Johannesburg Art Gallery (2007). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Remix. Information and Photo Tour by Universes in Universe |url=http://universes-in-universe.de/specials/africa-remix/english.htm |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=universes-in-universe.de}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an haɗa aikin Akpan a cikin nune-nunen "Incarnations, le corps dans la collection" (Jiki a cikin tarin) a Musée d'Art Contemporain a [[Lyon]], Faransa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Artfacts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://artfacts.net/artist/sunday-jack-akpan/22888 "Sunday Jack Akpan - ranking"]. ''Artfacts''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Incarnations |url=https://www.mac-lyon.com/sites/mac/files/2023-09/maclyon_pressrelease_incarnations_le_corps_dans_la_collection_acte2_0.pdf |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=MACLyon}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Horniman a London.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |title=Cement Sculpture in Nigeria and its Antecedents |url=http://www.rawvision.com/rawvision/current/sundayjackakpan/sundayjackakpan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309171158/http://www.rawvision.com/rawvision/current/sundayjackakpan/sundayjackakpan.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=20 April 2015 |website=rawvision.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan zane-zane == === Fasahar Jama'a === '''''Iyalin Afirka''''' (1986) - Wani mutum-mutumi a cikin siminti da aka fentin a Freiberg am Neckar, Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - African Family |url=https://www.artatsite.com/Afrika/details/Akpan-Sunday-Jack-Afrikahaus-Freiberg-Neckar-ArtAtSite.html |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=Art@Site}}</ref> No Title (1994) - wani mutum-mutumi a cikin siminti mai launi na mazajen Afirka masu iko da kyawawan tufafi da ke fuskantar gaba, amma kuma suna neman kulawa daga masu wucewa. Wannan zane-zane yana gaban ofisoshi a Akebonocho, Tachikawa-shi, Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday Jack Akpan - No Title |url=https://www.artatsite.com/Tokyo/details/Akpan-Sunday-Jack-No-Title-Tachikawa-shi-statue-sculpture-Tokyo-Japan-Art-at-Site.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Art@site}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] kw4hqv33bosfefi7ykgpvh8qpozn0vw 0 157381 856822 2026-06-14T10:48:38Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358879499|Mohamed Ouahbi]]" 856822 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mohamed Ouahbi ɗan ƙasar Belgium ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Morocco ne wanda ke kula da ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Morocco. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Farkon Rayuwa da ilimi === An haifi Mohamed Ouahbi a cikin gundumar "Cité des Ânes" ta Schaerbeek, a cikin yankin Brussels-Capital, a cikin dangin Maroko-Riffian daga Nador . Ya girma kuma ya halarci makaranta a Brussels . [1] A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma kawai, Ouahbi ya ci gaba da sha'awar kwallon kafa a lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1986. Iyalin Ouahbi sun goyi bayan Belgium, amma musamman sun samo asali ne ga Atlas Lions wanda ya kai zagaye na 16. Daga baya, Ouahbi ya fara karatu don ya zama malami a Schaerbeek, yana fatan wata rana ya hada sana'arsa da sha'awar kwallon kafa.[1] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 4eocckw3f0k3a76i56lr443ce9zvo6u 856833 856822 2026-06-14T10:55:44Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358879499|Mohamed Ouahbi]]" 856833 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mohamed Ouahbi ɗan ƙasar Belgium ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Morocco ne wanda ke kula da ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Morocco. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Farkon Rayuwa da ilimi === An haifi Mohamed Ouahbi a cikin gundumar "Cité des Ânes" ta Schaerbeek, a cikin yankin Brussels-Capital, a cikin dangin Maroko-Riffian daga Nador . Ya girma kuma ya halarci makaranta a Brussels . [1] A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma kawai, Ouahbi ya ci gaba da sha'awar kwallon kafa a lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1986. Iyalin Ouahbi sun goyi bayan Belgium, amma musamman sun samo asali ne ga Atlas Lions wanda ya kai zagaye na 16. Daga baya, Ouahbi ya fara karatu don ya zama malami a Schaerbeek, yana fatan wata rana ya hada sana'arsa da sha'awar kwallon kafa.[1] == Ayyukan horarwa == === Farkon fara horarwa Maccabi Brussels === Ouahbi ya fara aikin horarwa yana da shekara 21, a shekarar 1997, ya shiga Maccabi Brussels inda ya horar da kungiyoyin matasa. [1] Ya shafe shekaru shida a can, yana tsara zaman horo na shekaru da suka dace da kuma samun ƙwarewar tsari na farko a lura da mai kunnawa, tsarawa, da kimantawa.[2] Ya yi aiki a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa tare da 'yan wasa na asali daban-daban, ya jaddada hadawa da haɗin kai ta hanyar wasanni. Wannan lokacin ya ba shi damar bunkasa jagoranci da ƙwarewar sadarwa, ya ware ra'ayoyi, da kuma ba da fifiko ga ilmantarwa da ilimi akan tsananin gasa.[1] Kodayake sakamakon wasanni sun kasance na biyu ga burin ilimi na kulob din, wannan matakin ya zama tushe ga falsafar kocin Ouahbi, yana tsara tsarin koyarwarsa da shirya shi don matsayi a makarantun matasa masu girma, wanda ya haifar da aikinsa na baya tare da kungiyoyin kwararru a Brussels.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 9ompf8l6y003m9t1d684mu5taayfu2b 0 157382 856824 2026-06-14T10:49:19Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: '''Rikodin ninkaya na kasar Djibouti''' sune mafi kyawun kokari da sakamako da masu ninkaya daga [[Djibouti]] suka taba yi, wadanda [[Fédération Djiboutienne de Natation]] ta amince da su kuma ta tabbatar da su. Dukkan rikodin an kafa su ne a wasan karshe (finals) sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. ==Babban Filin Gasa (50 m)== ===Maza=== {{Swimmingrecordlisttop|meet=yes|club=yes}} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 01 |event = 50 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = 25.27 |r... 856824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rikodin ninkaya na kasar Djibouti''' sune mafi kyawun kokari da sakamako da masu ninkaya daga [[Djibouti]] suka taba yi, wadanda [[Fédération Djiboutienne de Natation]] ta amince da su kuma ta tabbatar da su. Dukkan rikodin an kafa su ne a wasan karshe (finals) sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. ==Babban Filin Gasa (50 m)== ===Maza=== {{Swimmingrecordlisttop|meet=yes|club=yes}} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 01 |event = 50 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = 25.27 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Houmed |lastname = Barkat |namearticle = |club = Club Des Nageurs De Paris |date = 7 February 2026 |meet = CNO Meeting |city = Saint-Germain-En-Laye |country = FRA |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=51|publisher=liveffn.com|date=7 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 02 |event = 100 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = 56.22 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Houmed |lastname = Barkat |namearticle = |club = {{flagu|Djibouti}} |date = 30 July 2025 |meet = Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya (World Championships) |city = Singapore |country = SGP |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011900010101EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 03 |event = 200 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 04 |event = 400 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 05 |event = 800 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 06 |event = 1500 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} |-bgcolor=#DDDDDD |colspan=9| |- {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 07 |event = 50 m rigingine (backstroke) |time = 30.68 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Houmed |lastname = Barkat |namearticle = |club = Club Des Nageurs De Paris |date = 6 February 2026 |meet = CNO Meeting |city = Saint-Germain-En-Laye |country = FRA |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Backstroke Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=61|publisher=liveffn.com|date=6 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 08 |event = 100 m rigingine (backstroke) |time = 1:12.17 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Houmed |lastname = Barkat |namearticle = |club = {{flagu|Djibouti}} |date = 12 March 2024 |meet = Wasannin Afirka (African Games) |city = Accra |country = GHA |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Backstroke Heats Results Summary|url=https://results.accra2023ag.com/wrs/resAG2023/pdf/AG2023/SW/AG2023_SW_C74%20-%20Men's%20100m%20Backstroke_SWM041300.pdf|publisher=accra2023ag.com|date=12 March 2024|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 09 |event = 200 m rigingine (backstroke) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} |-bgcolor=#DDDDDD |colspan=9| |- {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 10 |event = 50 m salon kwado (breaststroke) |time = 34.93 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Mohamed |lastname = Abdourahman |namearticle = |club = {{flagu|Djibouti}} |date = 30 July 2013 |meet = Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya (World Championships) |city = Barcelona |country = ESP |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Breaststroke Heats Result|url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=[[Omega SA|Omega Timing]]|date=30 July 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133918/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} sm1itl1a7nsl3l89eprn71lw9wxc4t2 856826 856824 2026-06-14T10:49:42Z Sirjat 20447 856826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rikodin ninkaya na kasar Djibouti''' sune mafi kyawun kokari da sakamako da masu ninkaya daga [[Djibouti]] suka taba yi, wadanda [[Fédération Djiboutienne de Natation]] ta amince da su kuma ta tabbatar da su. Dukkan rikodin an kafa su ne a wasan karshe (finals) sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. ==Babban Filin Gasa (50 m)== ===Maza=== {{Swimmingrecordlisttop|meet=yes|club=yes}} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 01 |event = 50 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = 25.27 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Houmed |lastname = Barkat |namearticle = |club = Club Des Nageurs De Paris |date = 7 February 2026 |meet = CNO Meeting |city = Saint-Germain-En-Laye |country = FRA |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=51|publisher=liveffn.com|date=7 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 02 |event = 100 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = 56.22 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Houmed |lastname = Barkat |namearticle = |club = {{flagu|Djibouti}} |date = 30 July 2025 |meet = Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya (World Championships) |city = Singapore |country = SGP |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011900010101EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 03 |event = 200 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 04 |event = 400 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 05 |event = 800 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 06 |event = 1500 m salon kowane iri (freestyle) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} |-bgcolor=#DDDDDD |colspan=9| |- {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 07 |event = 50 m rigingine (backstroke) |time = 30.68 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Houmed |lastname = Barkat |namearticle = |club = Club Des Nageurs De Paris |date = 6 February 2026 |meet = CNO Meeting |city = Saint-Germain-En-Laye |country = FRA |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Backstroke Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=61|publisher=liveffn.com|date=6 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 08 |event = 100 m rigingine (backstroke) |time = 1:12.17 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Houmed |lastname = Barkat |namearticle = |club = {{flagu|Djibouti}} |date = 12 March 2024 |meet = Wasannin Afirka (African Games) |city = Accra |country = GHA |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Backstroke Heats Results Summary|url=https://results.accra2023ag.com/wrs/resAG2023/pdf/AG2023/SW/AG2023_SW_C74%20-%20Men's%20100m%20Backstroke_SWM041300.pdf|publisher=accra2023ag.com|date=12 March 2024|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> }} {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 09 |event = 200 m rigingine (backstroke) |time = |recordinfo = |firstname = |lastname = |namearticle = |club = |date = |meet = |city = |country = |ref = }} |-bgcolor=#DDDDDD |colspan=9| |- {{Swimmingrecord |eventsort = 10 |event = 50 m salon kwado (breaststroke) |time = 34.93 |recordinfo = h |firstname = Mohamed |lastname = Abdourahman |namearticle = |club = {{flagu|Djibouti}} |date = 30 July 2013 |meet = Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya (World Championships) |city = Barcelona |country = ESP |ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Breaststroke Heats Result|url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=[[Omega SA|Omega Timing]]|date=30 July 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133918/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} 9q3lq8nrs00aa5n8t4v4xasamvq9n0p 856830 856826 2026-06-14T10:53:37Z Sirjat 20447 /* Maza */ 856830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rikodin ninkaya na kasar Djibouti''' sune mafi kyawun kokari da sakamako da masu ninkaya daga [[Djibouti]] suka taba yi, wadanda [[Fédération Djiboutienne de Natation]] ta amince da su kuma ta tabbatar da su. Dukkan rikodin an kafa su ne a wasan karshe (finals) sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. ==Babban Filin Gasa (50 m)== fyp5bis9pchv0wpdft6i2vzf1ecueof 856831 856830 2026-06-14T10:53:49Z Sirjat 20447 /* Babban Filin Gasa (50 m) */ 856831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rikodin ninkaya na kasar Djibouti''' sune mafi kyawun kokari da sakamako da masu ninkaya daga [[Djibouti]] suka taba yi, wadanda [[Fédération Djiboutienne de Natation]] ta amince da su kuma ta tabbatar da su. Dukkan rikodin an kafa su ne a wasan karshe (finals) sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. ==Babban Filin Gasa (50 m)== ===Maza=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 25.27 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 7 February 2026 | CNO Meeting | Saint-Germain-En-Laye, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=51|publisher=liveffn.com|date=7 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | 56.22 | Houmed Barkat | Djibouti | 30 July 2025 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Singapore, SGP | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011900010101EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | 30.68 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 6 February 2026 | CNO Meeting | Saint-Germain-En-Laye, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Backstroke Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=61|publisher=liveffn.com|date=6 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m rigingine | 1:12.17 | Houmed Barkat | Djibouti | 12 March 2024 | Wasannin Afirka | Accra, GHA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Backstroke Heats Results Summary|url=https://results.accra2023ag.com/wrs/resAG2023/pdf/AG2023/SW/AG2023_SW_C74%20-%20Men's%20100m%20Backstroke_SWM041300.pdf|publisher=accra2023ag.com|date=12 March 2024|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | 34.93 | Mohamed Abdourahman | Djibouti | 30 July 2013 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Barcelona, ESP | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Breaststroke Heats Result|url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133918/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 26.94 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 17 May 2025 | Mare Nostrum | Monte Carlo, MON | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Butterfly Heats Results|url=https://www.swimrankings.net/index.php?page=meetDetail&meetId=652886&gender=1&styleId=15|work=swimrankings.net|date=17 May 2025|access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 1:11.67 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 13 August 2022 | Wasannin Hadin Kan Musulunci | Konya, TUR | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://konya2021.com/img/swimming_full_results.pdf|title=Results Book Swimming - 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games|work=konya2021.com|access-date=15 March 2025|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828062841/https://konya2021.com/img/swimming_full_results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} 86jaorwl4uts4hwpt7y4hsg2mkwrfkl 856834 856831 2026-06-14T10:56:52Z Sirjat 20447 /* Maza */ 856834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rikodin ninkaya na kasar Djibouti''' sune mafi kyawun kokari da sakamako da masu ninkaya daga [[Djibouti]] suka taba yi, wadanda [[Fédération Djiboutienne de Natation]] ta amince da su kuma ta tabbatar da su. Dukkan rikodin an kafa su ne a wasan karshe (finals) sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. ==Babban Filin Gasa (50 m)== ===Maza=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 25.27 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 7 February 2026 | CNO Meeting | Saint-Germain-En-Laye, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=51|publisher=liveffn.com|date=7 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | 56.22 | Houmed Barkat | Djibouti | 30 July 2025 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Singapore, SGP | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011900010101EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | 30.68 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 6 February 2026 | CNO Meeting | Saint-Germain-En-Laye, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Backstroke Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=61|publisher=liveffn.com|date=6 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m rigingine | 1:12.17 | Houmed Barkat | Djibouti | 12 March 2024 | Wasannin Afirka | Accra, GHA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Backstroke Heats Results Summary|url=https://results.accra2023ag.com/wrs/resAG2023/pdf/AG2023/SW/AG2023_SW_C74%20-%20Men's%20100m%20Backstroke_SWM041300.pdf|publisher=accra2023ag.com|date=12 March 2024|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | 34.93 | Mohamed Abdourahman | Djibouti | 30 July 2013 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Barcelona, ESP | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Breaststroke Heats Result|url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133918/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 26.94 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 17 May 2025 | Mare Nostrum | Monte Carlo, MON | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Butterfly Heats Results|url=https://www.swimrankings.net/index.php?page=meetDetail&meetId=652886&gender=1&styleId=15|work=swimrankings.net|date=17 May 2025|access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 1:11.67 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 13 August 2022 | Wasannin Hadin Kan Musulunci | Konya, TUR | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://konya2021.com/img/swimming_full_results.pdf|title=Results Book Swimming - 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games|work=konya2021.com|access-date=15 March 2025|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828062841/https://konya2021.com/img/swimming_full_results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} ===Mata=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 37.16 | Safia Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 27 July 2019 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Gwangju, KOR | <ref>{{cite web|title=Women's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070201EB01FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|work=Omega Timing|date=27 July 2019|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | 48.58 | Safia Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 21 August 2019 | Wasannin Afirka | Casablanca, MAR | <ref>{{cite web|title=2019 African Games Swimming Results All Day|url=http://www.frmnatation.com/sites/default/files/RESULTAT%20AFRICAIN%20GAME%20GLOBALE.pdf|publisher=FRMN|date=24 August 2019|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} mu5vd3krhnwy8p0bjsvx8zwpwydo68y 856837 856834 2026-06-14T10:58:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Mata */ 856837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rikodin ninkaya na kasar Djibouti''' sune mafi kyawun kokari da sakamako da masu ninkaya daga [[Djibouti]] suka taba yi, wadanda [[Fédération Djiboutienne de Natation]] ta amince da su kuma ta tabbatar da su. Dukkan rikodin an kafa su ne a wasan karshe (finals) sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. ==Babban Filin Gasa (50 m)== ===Maza=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 25.27 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 7 February 2026 | CNO Meeting | Saint-Germain-En-Laye, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=51|publisher=liveffn.com|date=7 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | 56.22 | Houmed Barkat | Djibouti | 30 July 2025 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Singapore, SGP | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011900010101EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | 30.68 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 6 February 2026 | CNO Meeting | Saint-Germain-En-Laye, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Backstroke Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=61|publisher=liveffn.com|date=6 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m rigingine | 1:12.17 | Houmed Barkat | Djibouti | 12 March 2024 | Wasannin Afirka | Accra, GHA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Backstroke Heats Results Summary|url=https://results.accra2023ag.com/wrs/resAG2023/pdf/AG2023/SW/AG2023_SW_C74%20-%20Men's%20100m%20Backstroke_SWM041300.pdf|publisher=accra2023ag.com|date=12 March 2024|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | 34.93 | Mohamed Abdourahman | Djibouti | 30 July 2013 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Barcelona, ESP | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Breaststroke Heats Result|url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133918/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 26.94 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 17 May 2025 | Mare Nostrum | Monte Carlo, MON | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Butterfly Heats Results|url=https://www.swimrankings.net/index.php?page=meetDetail&meetId=652886&gender=1&styleId=15|work=swimrankings.net|date=17 May 2025|access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 1:11.67 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 13 August 2022 | Wasannin Hadin Kan Musulunci | Konya, TUR | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://konya2021.com/img/swimming_full_results.pdf|title=Results Book Swimming - 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games|work=konya2021.com|access-date=15 March 2025|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828062841/https://konya2021.com/img/swimming_full_results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} ===Mata=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 37.16 | Safia Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 27 July 2019 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Gwangju, KOR | <ref>{{cite web|title=Women's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070201EB01FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|work=Omega Timing|date=27 July 2019|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | 48.58 | Safia Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 21 August 2019 | Wasannin Afirka | Casablanca, MAR | <ref>{{cite web|title=2019 African Games Swimming Results All Day|url=http://www.frmnatation.com/sites/default/files/RESULTAT%20AFRICAIN%20GAME%20GLOBALE.pdf|publisher=FRMN|date=24 August 2019|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} == Gajeren Fili (25 m) == ===Maza=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 24.71 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 1 February 2026 | Challenge Series - Finales | Paris, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92405&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=51|publisher=liveffn.com|date=1 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | 56.77 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 11 December 2024 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Budapest, HUN | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011800080101EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=Omega Timing|date=11 December 2024|accessdate=11 December 2024}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | 30.36 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 1 February 2026 | Challenge Series - Finales | Paris, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Backstroke Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92405&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=61|publisher=liveffn.com|date=1 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | 37.02 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 20 December 2021 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Abu Dhabi, UAE | <ref>[https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190103EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf Heats results]</ref> |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 26.63 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 31 January 2026 | Challenge Series - Finales | Paris, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Butterfly Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92405&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=81|publisher=liveffn.com|date=31 January 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 1:02.12 | Ahmed Mohamed Abro Borhane | Djibouti | 12 December 2012 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Istanbul, TUR | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Butterfly Heats Results|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010C010D00030D00FFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Omega Timing|date=12 December 2012|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×50 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×50 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} ===Mata=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 33.61 | Naima-Zahra Amison | Djibouti | 25 November 2023 | Africa Aquatics Zone III Championships | Kigali, RWA | {{cn|date=December 2023}} |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | 1:25.01 | Naima-Zahra Amison | Djibouti | 17 December 2021 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Abu Dhabi, UAE | <ref>{{cite web|title=Women's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|work=Omega Timing|date=17 December 2021|access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×50 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×50 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} phrp5rq2eukodtxkyhe1nlfrclvwllj 856839 856837 2026-06-14T10:59:50Z Sirjat 20447 /* Mata */ 856839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rikodin ninkaya na kasar Djibouti''' sune mafi kyawun kokari da sakamako da masu ninkaya daga [[Djibouti]] suka taba yi, wadanda [[Fédération Djiboutienne de Natation]] ta amince da su kuma ta tabbatar da su. Dukkan rikodin an kafa su ne a wasan karshe (finals) sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. ==Babban Filin Gasa (50 m)== ===Maza=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 25.27 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 7 February 2026 | CNO Meeting | Saint-Germain-En-Laye, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=51|publisher=liveffn.com|date=7 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | 56.22 | Houmed Barkat | Djibouti | 30 July 2025 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Singapore, SGP | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011900010101EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | 30.68 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 6 February 2026 | CNO Meeting | Saint-Germain-En-Laye, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Backstroke Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92073&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=61|publisher=liveffn.com|date=6 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m rigingine | 1:12.17 | Houmed Barkat | Djibouti | 12 March 2024 | Wasannin Afirka | Accra, GHA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Backstroke Heats Results Summary|url=https://results.accra2023ag.com/wrs/resAG2023/pdf/AG2023/SW/AG2023_SW_C74%20-%20Men's%20100m%20Backstroke_SWM041300.pdf|publisher=accra2023ag.com|date=12 March 2024|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | 34.93 | Mohamed Abdourahman | Djibouti | 30 July 2013 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Barcelona, ESP | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Breaststroke Heats Result|url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Omega Timing|date=30 July 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133918/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010D020100020900FFFFFFFFFFFF02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 26.94 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 17 May 2025 | Mare Nostrum | Monte Carlo, MON | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Butterfly Heats Results|url=https://www.swimrankings.net/index.php?page=meetDetail&meetId=652886&gender=1&styleId=15|work=swimrankings.net|date=17 May 2025|access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 1:11.67 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 13 August 2022 | Wasannin Hadin Kan Musulunci | Konya, TUR | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://konya2021.com/img/swimming_full_results.pdf|title=Results Book Swimming - 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games|work=konya2021.com|access-date=15 March 2025|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828062841/https://konya2021.com/img/swimming_full_results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} ===Mata=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 37.16 | Safia Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 27 July 2019 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Gwangju, KOR | <ref>{{cite web|title=Women's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070201EB01FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|work=Omega Timing|date=27 July 2019|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | 48.58 | Safia Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 21 August 2019 | Wasannin Afirka | Casablanca, MAR | <ref>{{cite web|title=2019 African Games Swimming Results All Day|url=http://www.frmnatation.com/sites/default/files/RESULTAT%20AFRICAIN%20GAME%20GLOBALE.pdf|publisher=FRMN|date=24 August 2019|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} == Gajeren Fili (25 m) == ===Maza=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 24.71 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 1 February 2026 | Challenge Series - Finales | Paris, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92405&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=51|publisher=liveffn.com|date=1 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | 56.77 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 11 December 2024 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Budapest, HUN | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011800080101EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=Omega Timing|date=11 December 2024|accessdate=11 December 2024}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | 30.36 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 1 February 2026 | Challenge Series - Finales | Paris, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Backstroke Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92405&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=61|publisher=liveffn.com|date=1 February 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | 37.02 | Houmed Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 20 December 2021 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Abu Dhabi, UAE | <ref>[https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190103EB0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf Heats results]</ref> |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 26.63 | Houmed Barkat | Club Des Nageurs De Paris | 31 January 2026 | Challenge Series - Finales | Paris, FRA | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 50m Butterfly Heats Results|url=https://www.liveffn.com/cgi-bin/resultats.php?competition=92405&langue=fra&go=epreuve&epreuve=81|publisher=liveffn.com|date=31 January 2026|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | 1:02.12 | Ahmed Mohamed Abro Borhane | Djibouti | 12 December 2012 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Istanbul, TUR | <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Butterfly Heats Results|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010C010D00030D00FFFFFFFFFFFF02|publisher=Omega Timing|date=12 December 2012|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×50 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×50 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} ===Mata=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Gasa !! Lokaci !! Suna !! Kulob / Kasa !! Rana !! Gasar da aka yi !! Wuri !! Manazarta |- | 50 m salon kowane iri | 33.61 | Naima-Zahra Amison | Djibouti | 25 November 2023 | Africa Aquatics Zone III Championships | Kigali, RWA | {{cn|date=December 2023}} |- | 100 m salon kowane iri | 1:25.01 | Naima-Zahra Amison | Djibouti | 17 December 2021 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | Abu Dhabi, UAE | <ref>{{cite web|title=Women's 100m Freestyle Heats Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011500190201EC0101FFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|work=Omega Timing|date=17 December 2021|access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> |- | 200 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 800 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1500 m salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m rigingine | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon kwado | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 50 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m salon malam-bude-littafi | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 100 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 200 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 400 m gaurayen salon ninkaya | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×50 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×200 m raga-raga salon kowane iri | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×50 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 4×100 m raga-raga salon gauraye | — | — | — | — | — | — | |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 5wprh1su40vdxz2o9zyuh3azh8fuapo 0 157383 856832 2026-06-14T10:55:40Z Mustysummy 21281 Sabuwar mukala 856832 wikitext text/x-wiki Nijar ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka da ke Afirka ta Yamma kuma tana da Libya, Chadi, Najeriya, Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso, da Aljeriya a matsayin ƙasashe makwabta. Nijar yanki ne na Faransa wanda ya sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960 kuma harshen hukuma shi ne Faransanci. Nijar tana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.267, duk da haka, kashi 80% na yankin ƙasar ta ya bazu ta cikin hamadar Sahara. Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga Satumba, , Nijar tana da yawan mutane 25,30. [1] Nijar tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya tare da 2/3 na yawan mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasa da layin talauci Nijar tana fuskantar tashin hankali a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata kuma wannan tashin hankali ya haifar da rashin iyawar mutane don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Don haka, tsarin kiwon lafiya a Nijar yana daya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙasƙanci a kan Ci gaban Dan Adam tare da ƙalubalen kuɗi, albarkatun ɗan adam da ƙalubalanci na ƙasa. Wannan tashin hankali ya kara tsananta wadannan kalubalen a samar da kiwon lafiya.[1] Lafiyar jama'a a Nijar tana fama da rashin albarkatu da kuma ƙananan masu ba da kiwon lafiya dangane da yawan jama'a. Wasu magunguna ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su samuwa. A Nijar, ci gaba a fannonin kiwon lafiya da tattalin arziki sun kasance marasa kulawa da kalubale. Nijar koyaushe tana cikin matsayi a ko kusa da ƙasan Ci gaban Dan Adam na Shirin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Rashin tsaro na abinci da cututtukan cututtuka a Nijar sun ba da gudummawa ga wasu mutuwar apical da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a duniya kuma suna da mafi girman yawan haihuwa a duniya. Ƙarin yawan jama'a ya yi barazanar ci gaba da mamaye tsarin kiwon lafiya na Nijar da al'ummomin da suka fi kamuwa da cutar. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative [1] ya gano cewa Nijar tana cika kashi 73.8% na abin da ya kamata ta cika don haƙƙin kiwon lafiya bisa ga matakin samun kudin shiga. [2] Lokacin kallon haƙƙin kiwon lafiya game da yara, Nijar ta kai kashi 94.8% na abin da ake tsammani bisa ga kuɗin da take samu a yanzu.[2] Game da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya tsakanin manya, ƙasar ta kai kashi 100.0% na abin da ake tsammani bisa ga matakin samun kudin shiga na ƙasar.[2] Nijar ta fada cikin rukunin "mummunan" yayin kimanta haƙƙin kiwon lafiya na haihuwa saboda al'ummar tana cika kashi 26.7% kawai na abin da ake sa ran al'ummar za ta cimma bisa ga albarkatun (kudin shiga) da take da su.[3] 0gdookutg5er5tdtf3btan913d0wu4g 856838 856832 2026-06-14T10:59:32Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 856838 wikitext text/x-wiki Nijar ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka da ke Afirka ta Yamma kuma tana da Libya, Chadi, Najeriya, Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso, da Aljeriya a matsayin ƙasashe makwabta. Nijar yanki ne na Faransa wanda ya sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960 kuma harshen hukuma shi ne Faransanci. Nijar tana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.267, duk da haka, kashi 80% na yankin ƙasar ta ya bazu ta cikin hamadar Sahara. Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga Satumba, , Nijar tana da yawan mutane 25,30. <ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/niger-population</ref> Nijar tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya tare da 2/3 na yawan mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasa da layin talauci<ref>http://www.recaonline.org/</ref> Nijar tana fuskantar tashin hankali a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata kuma wannan tashin hankali ya haifar da rashin iyawar mutane don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Don haka, tsarin kiwon lafiya a Nijar yana daya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙasƙanci a kan Ci gaban Dan Adam tare da ƙalubalen kuɗi, albarkatun ɗan adam da ƙalubalanci na ƙasa. Wannan tashin hankali ya kara tsananta wadannan kalubalen a samar da kiwon lafiya.<ref>https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/</ref> Lafiyar jama'a a Nijar tana fama da rashin albarkatu da kuma ƙananan masu ba da kiwon lafiya dangane da yawan jama'a. Wasu magunguna ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su samuwa. A Nijar, ci gaba a fannonin kiwon lafiya da tattalin arziki sun kasance marasa kulawa da kalubale. Nijar koyaushe tana cikin matsayi a ko kusa da ƙasan Ci gaban Dan Adam na Shirin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Rashin tsaro na abinci da cututtukan cututtuka a Nijar sun ba da gudummawa ga wasu mutuwar apical da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a duniya kuma suna da mafi girman yawan haihuwa a duniya. Ƙarin yawan jama'a ya yi barazanar ci gaba da mamaye tsarin kiwon lafiya na Nijar da al'ummomin da suka fi kamuwa da cutar. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative <ref>https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/</ref> ya gano cewa Nijar tana cika kashi 73.8% na abin da ya kamata ta cika don haƙƙin kiwon lafiya bisa ga matakin samun kudin shiga. Lokacin kallon haƙƙin kiwon lafiya game da yara, Nijar ta kai kashi 94.8% na abin da ake tsammani bisa ga kuɗin da take samu a yanzu.[2] Game da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya tsakanin manya, ƙasar ta kai kashi 100.0% na abin da ake tsammani bisa ga matakin samun kudin shiga na ƙasar.[2] Nijar ta fada cikin rukunin "mummunan" yayin kimanta haƙƙin kiwon lafiya na haihuwa saboda al'ummar tana cika kashi 26.7% kawai na abin da ake sa ran al'ummar za ta cimma bisa ga albarkatun (kudin shiga) da take da su<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220324233849/https://rightstracker.org/</ref ==Manazarta== r7ef49gn6lslpnqiw787axmq8hez9m9 856846 856838 2026-06-14T11:01:58Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 856846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Nijar ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka da ke Afirka ta Yamma kuma tana da Libya, Chadi, Najeriya, Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso, da Aljeriya a matsayin ƙasashe makwabta. Nijar yanki ne na Faransa wanda ya sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960 kuma harshen hukuma shi ne Faransanci. Nijar tana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.267, duk da haka, kashi 80% na yankin ƙasar ta ya bazu ta cikin hamadar Sahara. Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga Satumba, , Nijar tana da yawan mutane 25,30. <ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/niger-population</ref> Nijar tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya tare da 2/3 na yawan mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasa da layin talauci<ref>http://www.recaonline.org/</ref> Nijar tana fuskantar tashin hankali a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata kuma wannan tashin hankali ya haifar da rashin iyawar mutane don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Don haka, tsarin kiwon lafiya a Nijar yana daya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙasƙanci a kan Ci gaban Dan Adam tare da ƙalubalen kuɗi, albarkatun ɗan adam da ƙalubalanci na ƙasa. Wannan tashin hankali ya kara tsananta wadannan kalubalen a samar da kiwon lafiya.<ref>https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/</ref> Lafiyar jama'a a Nijar tana fama da rashin albarkatu da kuma ƙananan masu ba da kiwon lafiya dangane da yawan jama'a. Wasu magunguna ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su samuwa. A Nijar, ci gaba a fannonin kiwon lafiya da tattalin arziki sun kasance marasa kulawa da kalubale. Nijar koyaushe tana cikin matsayi a ko kusa da ƙasan Ci gaban Dan Adam na Shirin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Rashin tsaro na abinci da cututtukan cututtuka a Nijar sun ba da gudummawa ga wasu mutuwar apical da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a duniya kuma suna da mafi girman yawan haihuwa a duniya. Ƙarin yawan jama'a ya yi barazanar ci gaba da mamaye tsarin kiwon lafiya na Nijar da al'ummomin da suka fi kamuwa da cutar. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative <ref>https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/</ref> ya gano cewa Nijar tana cika kashi 73.8% na abin da ya kamata ta cika don haƙƙin kiwon lafiya bisa ga matakin samun kudin shiga. Lokacin kallon haƙƙin kiwon lafiya game da yara, Nijar ta kai kashi 94.8% na abin da ake tsammani bisa ga kuɗin da take samu a yanzu.[2] Game da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya tsakanin manya, ƙasar ta kai kashi 100.0% na abin da ake tsammani bisa ga matakin samun kudin shiga na ƙasar.[2] Nijar ta fada cikin rukunin "mummunan" yayin kimanta haƙƙin kiwon lafiya na haihuwa saboda al'ummar tana cika kashi 26.7% kawai na abin da ake sa ran al'ummar za ta cimma bisa ga albarkatun (kudin shiga) da take da su<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220324233849/https://rightstracker.org/</ref ==Manazarta== rs7owjidd8jl1smgyhu9ec00qvg5hgs 0 157384 856835 2026-06-14T10:57:22Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255360970|College of Health and Sport Sciences]]" 856835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:College_of_Health_Sciences_BH.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar CHS.]] Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar Bahrain. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar Bahrain a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara.<ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> eb1a4c28hp5k7lquqggnwf870engg9e 856836 856835 2026-06-14T10:58:09Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255360970|College of Health and Sport Sciences]]" 856836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:College_of_Health_Sciences_BH.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar CHS.]] Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar Bahrain. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar Bahrain a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara.<ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> nujkoo8pzl5mmitnwwpixnei4uk3863 856840 856836 2026-06-14T10:59:56Z Dev ammar 21046 856840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar Bahrain. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar Bahrain a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara.<ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> oygmujzr54csfzmadantei3twald8nn 856843 856840 2026-06-14T11:01:29Z Dev ammar 21046 856843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar Bahrain. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar Bahrain a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara. <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == dpccm4lh6qiiumckbi5d80ciw9hd86y 856845 856843 2026-06-14T11:01:53Z Dev ammar 21046 856845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar [[Bahrain]]. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar Bahrain a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara. <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == 5cx6gwt2pl1z1o5eqel5anvv8gxgfl0 856847 856845 2026-06-14T11:02:14Z Dev ammar 21046 856847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar [[Bahrain]]. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a [[Chicago]]. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar Bahrain a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara. <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == i84fm83rg0ycp24zu0q8qd7p1sx0y3w 856848 856847 2026-06-14T11:02:36Z Dev ammar 21046 856848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar [[Bahrain]]. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar [[Amurka]] ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a [[Chicago]]. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar Bahrain a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara. <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == 7okqtis258tvwm0y10xy9o8rvwmwa1n 856850 856848 2026-06-14T11:02:55Z Dev ammar 21046 856850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar [[Bahrain]]. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar [[Amurka]] ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a [[Chicago]]. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar [[Bahrain]] a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara. <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin Bahrain. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == 1jpq61nq268u49up2b9kxjb4zt9lwcb 856851 856850 2026-06-14T11:03:55Z Dev ammar 21046 856851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar [[Bahrain]]. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar [[Amurka]] ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a [[Chicago]]. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar [[Bahrain]] a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara. <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin [[Bahrain]]. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == bd6tpui0zifpyz2iqg3x1j0smbihfmt 856852 856851 2026-06-14T11:04:26Z Dev ammar 21046 856852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni''' (Larabci: كلية العلوم الصحية والرياضية) babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar [[Bahrain]]. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar [[Amurka]] ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a [[Chicago]]. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar [[Bahrain]] a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara. <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin [[Bahrain]]. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == sp19nwp9t2ntatkw5ts758wtd6f5dv4 856853 856852 2026-06-14T11:04:46Z Dev ammar 21046 856853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni''' babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar [[Bahrain]]. == Tarihi == Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar [[Amurka]] ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a [[Chicago]]. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar [[Bahrain]] a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara. <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}</ref> == Darussan == Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . <ref name="UoB">{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science "University of Bahrain - Health Science"]. </cite></ref> == Cibiyar == Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin [[Bahrain]]. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya. Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. <ref name="Location" /> An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Location" /> == Manazarta == 0yjsv41hh2co89n7qhh09gg986aiqv5 0 157385 856841 2026-06-14T11:00:41Z Najaatuhd 25547 Sabon shafi: '''Harry Barry''' 856841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Barry''' 244dbuvvltm4ste4iwaw3w03i65p6gs 856842 856841 2026-06-14T11:00:58Z Najaatuhd 25547 856842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Barry''' Harry Barry marubuci ɗan Irish ne kuma likitan likita wanda ke zaune a County Louth. Yana da sha'awa ta musamman a fannin lafiyar hankali kuma yana da gogewa sosai a cikin al'amuransa na magance al'amura kamar baƙin ciki, jaraba da damuwa. Ya rubuta labarai da yawa don The Irish Independent[1] da littattafai goma sha ɗaya 50urb3hfzfrsrptxjex7f6b2ypitvx8 856844 856842 2026-06-14T11:01:44Z Najaatuhd 25547 856844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Barry''' Harry Barry marubuci ɗan Irish ne kuma likitan likita wanda ke zaune a County Louth. Yana da sha'awa ta musamman a fannin lafiyar hankali kuma yana da gogewa sosai a cikin al'amuransa na magance al'amura kamar baƙin ciki, jaraba da damuwa. Ya rubuta labarai da yawa don The Irish Independent[1] da littattafai goma sha ɗaya '''Aiki''' mhuega11i05b85hb0g4yt7sneowvdn2 856849 856844 2026-06-14T11:02:55Z Najaatuhd 25547 856849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Barry''' Harry Barry marubuci ɗan Irish ne kuma likitan likita wanda ke zaune a County Louth. Yana da sha'awa ta musamman a fannin lafiyar hankali kuma yana da gogewa sosai a cikin al'amuransa na magance al'amura kamar baƙin ciki, jaraba da damuwa. Ya rubuta labarai da yawa don The Irish Independent[1] da littattafai goma sha ɗaya '''Aiki''' Barry ya yi ritaya daga zama cikakken GP a 2013 don mai da hankali kan lafiyar hankali. A yanzu shi mai ba da shawara ne kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma marubuci kuma marubuci kuma malamin yada labarai na jama'a[2]. 0rrnsco35uko0ecqbtw868axvdl9bjn 856854 856849 2026-06-14T11:05:13Z Najaatuhd 25547 856854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Barry''' Harry Barry marubuci ɗan Irish ne kuma likitan likita wanda ke zaune a County Louth. Yana da sha'awa ta musamman a fannin lafiyar hankali kuma yana da gogewa sosai a cikin al'amuransa na magance al'amura kamar baƙin ciki, jaraba da damuwa. Ya rubuta labarai da yawa don The Irish Independent<ref>http://www.independent.ie/topics/Harry+Barry</ref> da littattafai goma sha ɗaya '''Aiki''' Barry ya yi ritaya daga zama cikakken GP a 2013 don mai da hankali kan lafiyar hankali. A yanzu shi mai ba da shawara ne kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma marubuci kuma marubuci kuma malamin yada labarai na jama'a<ref>"Harry Barry – Dalkey Book Festival". Retrieved 28 October 2023.</ref> gmbn31yoex61m97eg32r3tls87rwksa 856855 856854 2026-06-14T11:05:37Z Najaatuhd 25547 856855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Barry''' Harry Barry marubuci ɗan Irish ne kuma likitan likita wanda ke zaune a County Louth. Yana da sha'awa ta musamman a fannin lafiyar hankali kuma yana da gogewa sosai a cikin al'amuransa na magance al'amura kamar baƙin ciki, jaraba da damuwa. Ya rubuta labarai da yawa don The Irish Independent<ref>http://www.independent.ie/topics/Harry+Barry</ref> da littattafai goma sha ɗaya '''Aiki''' Barry ya yi ritaya daga zama cikakken GP a 2013 don mai da hankali kan lafiyar hankali. A yanzu shi mai ba da shawara ne kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma marubuci kuma marubuci kuma malamin yada labarai na jama'a<ref>"Harry Barry – Dalkey Book Festival". Retrieved 28 October 2023.</ref> == manazarta == m8fajss308zd26zlx2qmr6buwp78dw6 0 157386 856857 2026-06-14T11:07:01Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nis... 856857 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. == Water resources == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Groundwater === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> co4wutnce7n4jzhwspxqish2dxzey4x 856859 856857 2026-06-14T11:07:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Groundwater */ 856859 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. == Water resources == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Groundwater === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} hlor3f97vre88pinci40wtc85iipe3o 856862 856859 2026-06-14T11:08:42Z Sirjat 20447 /* Surface water */ 856862 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. == Water resources == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Groundwater === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Flood and rainwater harvesting === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Seawater desalination === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Water reuse === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa 0nu1e0rk1acjs0sv45xw3qevk2n2em5 856864 856862 2026-06-14T11:09:04Z Sirjat 20447 /* Groundwater */ 856864 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. == Water resources == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Flood and rainwater harvesting === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Seawater desalination === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Water reuse === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa cadc42fwj3xf8l4esvm0fiax6xos89q 856867 856864 2026-06-14T11:09:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Water resources */ 856867 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Flood and rainwater harvesting === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Seawater desalination === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Water reuse === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa 5wrxaf6jitddeldh08f0svpiaa8ft9g 856869 856867 2026-06-14T11:09:53Z Sirjat 20447 /* Flood and rainwater harvesting */ 856869 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Seawater desalination === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Water reuse === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa 1dfh2itnmdm1jl9s5o6edqev2vzk9o4 856873 856869 2026-06-14T11:10:51Z Sirjat 20447 /* Surface water */ 856873 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Seawater desalination === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Water reuse === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa azfjp3dvlw3optqb4x5dfnupdj3zt6v 856876 856873 2026-06-14T11:11:19Z Sirjat 20447 /* Seawater desalination */ 856876 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Water reuse === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa 7nx9ig0nuwjj0pm6gpeh6xeuolm1af8 856877 856876 2026-06-14T11:11:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Water reuse */ 856877 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa 9cstwt0avcpmiv7ofk0ogn0ejyqyf2o 856881 856877 2026-06-14T11:14:18Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sake amfani da ruwa */ 856881 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia 4mfawkzs52r2jf8sk3vxutpqi7j0nd1 856882 856881 2026-06-14T11:14:40Z Sirjat 20447 /* Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi */ 856882 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani twcyyvef976d3ww4gl9g6qxon705oig 856885 856882 2026-06-14T11:16:49Z Sirjat 20447 856885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani nysdyzagwm1iw6ez5ax6yfdixqhy75a 856886 856885 2026-06-14T11:17:11Z Sirjat 20447 /* Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi */ 856886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani 9m5q0h3xm0bcg54rflntl24n5bhktnz 856891 856886 2026-06-14T11:20:07Z Sirjat 20447 /* Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi */ 856891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m^³ na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m^³ daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m^³ daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani i1laxki8yl75nadzjgfgkjk660l3pdx 856894 856891 2026-06-14T11:22:04Z Sirjat 20447 /* Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek */ 856894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m^³ na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m^³ daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m^³ daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a Namibia. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sashen Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Sashen Daidaita Ruwan Karkara da Tsaftace Muhalli ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd |url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225829/http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> NamWater kamfani ne na gwamnati mai samar da ruwa da yawa wanda ke kula da madatsun ruwa, pipelines (hanyoyin bututun ruwa) da masana'antar tace ruwa a fadin kasar. An kafa shi a shekarar 1997, yana samarwa da sayar da ruwa ga mahakar ma'adinai, gami da hukumomin gundumomi wadanda su kuma suke rarrabawa da sayar da ruwan ga gidaje, kasuwanci da ofisoshi a yankunan da suke yi wa hidima.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=66}} A yankunan karkara, Hukumar Samar da Ruwan Karkara ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. == Kayan Aiki == NamWater tana kula da madatsun ruwa 16, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa 14 (wadanda ake kira "hanyoyin sadarwar samar da ruwa") da masana'antar tace ruwa 16. Hanyoyin rarraba ruwan sune kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Networks |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Suna !! Manfata !! Tsawo (km) !! Karfin aiki m³/h !! Shekarar farawa |- | Tsarin Berg Aukas-Grootfontein || Canja wurin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Mahakar Berg Aukas da ke Gundumar Grootfontein zuwa Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas domin samarwa ga Tsakiyar Yankunan Namibia a lokutan karancin ruwa. || 18 || 720 || 1998 |- | Tsarin Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar Skorpion da garin Rosh Pinah. || 42 || 870 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Koichab Pan-Lüderitz || Samar da ruwan sha daga Koichab Aquifer zuwa Lüderitz. || 120 || 200 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Naute-Keetmanshoop || Samar da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop a Kudancin Namibia da ruwan ban ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa na Naute da ke kasa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Naute. || 44 || 400 || 1972 |- | Tsarin Omatako-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Omatako zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach. || 94 || 720 || 1984 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich || Samar da ruwan sha ga Mahakar Langer Heinrich, wato mahakar sinadarin uranium. || 82 || 205 || 2006 |- | Tsarin Swakoppoort-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach don samarwa yankin Windhoek, tare da zabin tura ruwan ta hanyar karfin maganadisu (gravity flow) daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort. || 54 || 1450 || 1979/2004 |- | Hanyar Calueque–Oshakati || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana da ke kan iyakar Angola ta hanyar Ogongo zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa ta Oshakati don bukatun ruwan sha, dabbobi da ban ruwa. Bututun ya lalace a shekarar 1988 lokacin yakin Angola da Afirka ta Kudu. || 150 || b.u. || 1997 (Hanyar Ogongo-Oshakati) |- | Hanyar Grootfontein-Omatako || Wani babban bangare na Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas wanda ba a kammala ba, kuma a yanzu ba a amfani da shi. || 300 || 7,200 || 1987 |- | Tsarin Kuiseb-Mile7 || Samar da ruwan sha ga Walvis Bay. || 30 || 800 || b.u. |- | Tsarin Omafo-Eenhana || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Omafo zuwa Eenhana. || 48 || 20 || 1995 |- | Tsarin Omdel-Swakopmund || Samar da ruwan sha ga Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis da mahakar uranium na Rössing da Langer Heinrich. || 115 || 685 || 1975 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Rössing || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar uranium na Arandis & Rössing. || 55 || 1,100 || 1976 |- | Tsarin Von Bach-Windhoek || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Windhoek. || 62 || 2,740 || 1971/1981 |} == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani hqmisuxtz9y9g9epgkzj5u5zmrokizo 856898 856894 2026-06-14T11:24:49Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kayan Aiki */ 856898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m^³ na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m^³ daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m^³ daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a Namibia. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sashen Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Sashen Daidaita Ruwan Karkara da Tsaftace Muhalli ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd |url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225829/http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> NamWater kamfani ne na gwamnati mai samar da ruwa da yawa wanda ke kula da madatsun ruwa, pipelines (hanyoyin bututun ruwa) da masana'antar tace ruwa a fadin kasar. An kafa shi a shekarar 1997, yana samarwa da sayar da ruwa ga mahakar ma'adinai, gami da hukumomin gundumomi wadanda su kuma suke rarrabawa da sayar da ruwan ga gidaje, kasuwanci da ofisoshi a yankunan da suke yi wa hidima.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=66}} A yankunan karkara, Hukumar Samar da Ruwan Karkara ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. == Kayan Aiki == NamWater tana kula da madatsun ruwa 16, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa 14 (wadanda ake kira "hanyoyin sadarwar samar da ruwa") da masana'antar tace ruwa 16. Hanyoyin rarraba ruwan sune kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Networks |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Suna !! Manfata !! Tsawo (km) !! Karfin aiki m³/h !! Shekarar farawa |- | Tsarin Berg Aukas-Grootfontein || Canja wurin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Mahakar Berg Aukas da ke Gundumar Grootfontein zuwa Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas domin samarwa ga Tsakiyar Yankunan Namibia a lokutan karancin ruwa. || 18 || 720 || 1998 |- | Tsarin Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar Skorpion da garin Rosh Pinah. || 42 || 870 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Koichab Pan-Lüderitz || Samar da ruwan sha daga Koichab Aquifer zuwa Lüderitz. || 120 || 200 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Naute-Keetmanshoop || Samar da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop a Kudancin Namibia da ruwan ban ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa na Naute da ke kasa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Naute. || 44 || 400 || 1972 |- | Tsarin Omatako-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Omatako zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach. || 94 || 720 || 1984 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich || Samar da ruwan sha ga Mahakar Langer Heinrich, wato mahakar sinadarin uranium. || 82 || 205 || 2006 |- | Tsarin Swakoppoort-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach don samarwa yankin Windhoek, tare da zabin tura ruwan ta hanyar karfin maganadisu (gravity flow) daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort. || 54 || 1450 || 1979/2004 |- | Hanyar Calueque–Oshakati || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana da ke kan iyakar Angola ta hanyar Ogongo zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa ta Oshakati don bukatun ruwan sha, dabbobi da ban ruwa. Bututun ya lalace a shekarar 1988 lokacin yakin Angola da Afirka ta Kudu. || 150 || b.u. || 1997 (Hanyar Ogongo-Oshakati) |- | Hanyar Grootfontein-Omatako || Wani babban bangare na Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas wanda ba a kammala ba, kuma a yanzu ba a amfani da shi. || 300 || 7,200 || 1987 |- | Tsarin Kuiseb-Mile7 || Samar da ruwan sha ga Walvis Bay. || 30 || 800 || b.u. |- | Tsarin Omafo-Eenhana || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Omafo zuwa Eenhana. || 48 || 20 || 1995 |- | Tsarin Omdel-Swakopmund || Samar da ruwan sha ga Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis da mahakar uranium na Rössing da Langer Heinrich. || 115 || 685 || 1975 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Rössing || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar uranium na Arandis & Rössing. || 55 || 1,100 || 1976 |- | Tsarin Von Bach-Windhoek || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Windhoek. || 62 || 2,740 || 1971/1981 |} == Tarihi == [[File:Goreangabdam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwan Goreangab kusa da Windhoek, kallon can kasar nesa da birnin.]] A Windhoek, ruwan karkashin kasa ne kusan kadai tushen ruwa har zuwa shekarar 1958 lokacin da aka gina wata karamar madatsar ruwa a saman kasa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, a can kasa da Windhoek. An kuma gina masana'antar tace ruwa ta gargajiya domin tace ruwan saman kasa daga wannan madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1960, aka kaddamar da Masana'antar Tace Ruwan Sifata ta Gammams kusa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, tana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a can kasa da madatsar ruwan. Bayan haka, an raba gurbataccen ruwan masana'antu da na gida a masana'antar tace ruwan sifata. Masana'antar da ke tace ruwan gida an inganta ta ta yadda za a iya sake tace ruwanta a cikin masana'antar tace ruwa da ke akwai.<ref name="Pisani" /> An kuma inganta masana'antar tace ruwan, ta yadda za ta iya sake tace gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a layi guda, tare da layin da ke akwai na danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab. Ta haka ne aka haifi Masana'antar Sake Dawo da Ruwa ta Goreangab a shekarar 1968. An gauraya ruwanta da ruwa daga rijiyoyin birnin kuma aka rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sha ga mazaunan birnin.<ref name="Pisani" /> Lokacin da birnin ya ci gaba da fadada, hukumar gundumar ta fara karbar ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da ke da tazarar kilomita 170 a arewacin Windhoek wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1970. Shirin Jagoran Ruwa na shekarar 1974 ya yi hasashen Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas zai samar da ruwa ga tsakiyar yankin Namibia daga Kogin Okavango, kimanin kilomita 750 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar Angola. An fara gina hanyar ruwan a karshen shekarun 1970 a matakai da dama daga Kudu zuwa Arewa, da farko an hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da sabuwar madatsar ruwa ta Omatako da ke can Arewa a kan tazarar kilomita 94, sannan aka hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Omataku da Grootfontein a kan tazarar wani kilomita 300. Sai dai kuma, mataki na gaba kuma na karshe na shirin wanda zai hada Grootfontein da Kogin Okavango kusa da Rundu ba a taba gina shi ba. Madatsar Ruwa ta Omatako, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1981, yanzu tana karbar ruwan ambaliya ne kawai kuma mafi yawancin lokuta tana bushewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE OMATAKO DAM – SARTORIUS VON BACH DAM COMPONENTS OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL WATER CARRIER Brochure issued for the opening of the scheme on 4 May 1984. |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=1984 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarun 1990, birnin ya gabatar da tsarin farashin ruwa mai tsauri da shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa wadanda suka rage amfani da ruwa sosai. Amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane mutumi a gidaje ya ragu daga lita 201 a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 117 a shekarar 1996/97, wani bangare saboda gabatar da harajin fari mai tsada sosai. Lokacin da aka dawo da daidaitaccen farashin ruwa a shekarar 1997/98, amfani da ruwa ya karu zuwa lita 130 ga mutum daya a rana. Jimillar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum hadda na kasuwanci da masana'antu ya nuna raguwa daga lita 322 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 201 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1997/98. Kamar yadda binciken Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa domin Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ya nuna, an rage amfani da ruwa a duk fannoni, wanda hakan babban rabo ne domin rage amfani da ruwa a gine-ginen gwamnati ba abu ne mai sauki ba. A makarantu, gine-ginen gwamnati da lambunan gundumomi, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, an rage amfani da ruwa da kusan kashi 50%. Wadannan tanade-tanade sun dage gina sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa da kusan shekaru 10.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=10–38 |date=1999}}</ref> Amma duk da wadannan tanade-tanade, ana bukatar karin ruwa. Saboda haka, an kusan ninka karfin masana'antar har sau uku a shekarar 2002, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar samar da fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na bukatar ruwan birnin tare da rage wa albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima lodi.<ref name="Pisani" /> [[File:Karte Vorstadt Windhoek-Goreangab.png|thumb|left|Yankin magudanar ruwa na madatsar ruwan Goreangab ya cika da gine-ginen birni sosai, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan taswira.]] Domin dorewar amincewar jama'a, ana sanya idanu kan ingancin ruwa a Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Goreangab a kai-a kai bayan kowane mataki na tacewa. Idan aka samu wata matsala ta inganci, masana'antar tana komawa tsarin sake tace ruwan (recycle mode) kuma ba a rarraba ruwan. == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani 9ld3xok4kvxxettogofksh6nkm0vgxm 856899 856898 2026-06-14T11:25:47Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihi */ 856899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m^³ na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m^³ daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m^³ daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a Namibia. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sashen Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Sashen Daidaita Ruwan Karkara da Tsaftace Muhalli ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd |url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225829/http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> NamWater kamfani ne na gwamnati mai samar da ruwa da yawa wanda ke kula da madatsun ruwa, pipelines (hanyoyin bututun ruwa) da masana'antar tace ruwa a fadin kasar. An kafa shi a shekarar 1997, yana samarwa da sayar da ruwa ga mahakar ma'adinai, gami da hukumomin gundumomi wadanda su kuma suke rarrabawa da sayar da ruwan ga gidaje, kasuwanci da ofisoshi a yankunan da suke yi wa hidima.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=66}} A yankunan karkara, Hukumar Samar da Ruwan Karkara ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. == Kayan Aiki == NamWater tana kula da madatsun ruwa 16, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa 14 (wadanda ake kira "hanyoyin sadarwar samar da ruwa") da masana'antar tace ruwa 16. Hanyoyin rarraba ruwan sune kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Networks |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Suna !! Manfata !! Tsawo (km) !! Karfin aiki m³/h !! Shekarar farawa |- | Tsarin Berg Aukas-Grootfontein || Canja wurin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Mahakar Berg Aukas da ke Gundumar Grootfontein zuwa Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas domin samarwa ga Tsakiyar Yankunan Namibia a lokutan karancin ruwa. || 18 || 720 || 1998 |- | Tsarin Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar Skorpion da garin Rosh Pinah. || 42 || 870 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Koichab Pan-Lüderitz || Samar da ruwan sha daga Koichab Aquifer zuwa Lüderitz. || 120 || 200 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Naute-Keetmanshoop || Samar da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop a Kudancin Namibia da ruwan ban ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa na Naute da ke kasa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Naute. || 44 || 400 || 1972 |- | Tsarin Omatako-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Omatako zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach. || 94 || 720 || 1984 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich || Samar da ruwan sha ga Mahakar Langer Heinrich, wato mahakar sinadarin uranium. || 82 || 205 || 2006 |- | Tsarin Swakoppoort-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach don samarwa yankin Windhoek, tare da zabin tura ruwan ta hanyar karfin maganadisu (gravity flow) daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort. || 54 || 1450 || 1979/2004 |- | Hanyar Calueque–Oshakati || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana da ke kan iyakar Angola ta hanyar Ogongo zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa ta Oshakati don bukatun ruwan sha, dabbobi da ban ruwa. Bututun ya lalace a shekarar 1988 lokacin yakin Angola da Afirka ta Kudu. || 150 || b.u. || 1997 (Hanyar Ogongo-Oshakati) |- | Hanyar Grootfontein-Omatako || Wani babban bangare na Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas wanda ba a kammala ba, kuma a yanzu ba a amfani da shi. || 300 || 7,200 || 1987 |- | Tsarin Kuiseb-Mile7 || Samar da ruwan sha ga Walvis Bay. || 30 || 800 || b.u. |- | Tsarin Omafo-Eenhana || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Omafo zuwa Eenhana. || 48 || 20 || 1995 |- | Tsarin Omdel-Swakopmund || Samar da ruwan sha ga Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis da mahakar uranium na Rössing da Langer Heinrich. || 115 || 685 || 1975 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Rössing || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar uranium na Arandis & Rössing. || 55 || 1,100 || 1976 |- | Tsarin Von Bach-Windhoek || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Windhoek. || 62 || 2,740 || 1971/1981 |} == Tarihi == [[File:Goreangabdam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwan Goreangab kusa da Windhoek, kallon can kasar nesa da birnin.]] A Windhoek, ruwan karkashin kasa ne kusan kadai tushen ruwa har zuwa shekarar 1958 lokacin da aka gina wata karamar madatsar ruwa a saman kasa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, a can kasa da Windhoek. An kuma gina masana'antar tace ruwa ta gargajiya domin tace ruwan saman kasa daga wannan madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1960, aka kaddamar da Masana'antar Tace Ruwan Sifata ta Gammams kusa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, tana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a can kasa da madatsar ruwan. Bayan haka, an raba gurbataccen ruwan masana'antu da na gida a masana'antar tace ruwan sifata. Masana'antar da ke tace ruwan gida an inganta ta ta yadda za a iya sake tace ruwanta a cikin masana'antar tace ruwa da ke akwai.<ref name="Pisani" /> An kuma inganta masana'antar tace ruwan, ta yadda za ta iya sake tace gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a layi guda, tare da layin da ke akwai na danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab. Ta haka ne aka haifi Masana'antar Sake Dawo da Ruwa ta Goreangab a shekarar 1968. An gauraya ruwanta da ruwa daga rijiyoyin birnin kuma aka rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sha ga mazaunan birnin.<ref name="Pisani" /> Lokacin da birnin ya ci gaba da fadada, hukumar gundumar ta fara karbar ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da ke da tazarar kilomita 170 a arewacin Windhoek wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1970. Shirin Jagoran Ruwa na shekarar 1974 ya yi hasashen Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas zai samar da ruwa ga tsakiyar yankin Namibia daga Kogin Okavango, kimanin kilomita 750 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar Angola. An fara gina hanyar ruwan a karshen shekarun 1970 a matakai da dama daga Kudu zuwa Arewa, da farko an hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da sabuwar madatsar ruwa ta Omatako da ke can Arewa a kan tazarar kilomita 94, sannan aka hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Omataku da Grootfontein a kan tazarar wani kilomita 300. Sai dai kuma, mataki na gaba kuma na karshe na shirin wanda zai hada Grootfontein da Kogin Okavango kusa da Rundu ba a taba gina shi ba. Madatsar Ruwa ta Omatako, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1981, yanzu tana karbar ruwan ambaliya ne kawai kuma mafi yawancin lokuta tana bushewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE OMATAKO DAM – SARTORIUS VON BACH DAM COMPONENTS OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL WATER CARRIER Brochure issued for the opening of the scheme on 4 May 1984. |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=1984 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarun 1990, birnin ya gabatar da tsarin farashin ruwa mai tsauri da shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa wadanda suka rage amfani da ruwa sosai. Amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane mutumi a gidaje ya ragu daga lita 201 a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 117 a shekarar 1996/97, wani bangare saboda gabatar da harajin fari mai tsada sosai. Lokacin da aka dawo da daidaitaccen farashin ruwa a shekarar 1997/98, amfani da ruwa ya karu zuwa lita 130 ga mutum daya a rana. Jimillar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum hadda na kasuwanci da masana'antu ya nuna raguwa daga lita 322 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 201 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1997/98. Kamar yadda binciken Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa domin Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ya nuna, an rage amfani da ruwa a duk fannoni, wanda hakan babban rabo ne domin rage amfani da ruwa a gine-ginen gwamnati ba abu ne mai sauki ba. A makarantu, gine-ginen gwamnati da lambunan gundumomi, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, an rage amfani da ruwa da kusan kashi 50%. Wadannan tanade-tanade sun dage gina sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa da kusan shekaru 10.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=10–38 |date=1999}}</ref> Amma duk da wadannan tanade-tanade, ana bukatar karin ruwa. Saboda haka, an kusan ninka karfin masana'antar har sau uku a shekarar 2002, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar samar da fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na bukatar ruwan birnin tare da rage wa albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima lodi.<ref name="Pisani" /> [[File:Karte Vorstadt Windhoek-Goreangab.png|thumb|left|Yankin magudanar ruwa na madatsar ruwan Goreangab ya cika da gine-ginen birni sosai, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan taswira.]] Domin dorewar amincewar jama'a, ana sanya idanu kan ingancin ruwa a Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Goreangab a kai-a kai bayan kowane mataki na tacewa. Idan aka samu wata matsala ta inganci, masana'antar tana komawa tsarin sake tace ruwan (recycle mode) kuma ba a rarraba ruwan. A cewar Pisani "Mazauna Windhoek cikin lokaci sun saba da ra'ayin cewa sake amfani da ruwan sha yana cikin tsarin samar musu da ruwa. A gaskiya ma, sun girma suna alfahari da cewa birninsu a fannoni da dama yana gaba da duniya wajen sake dawo da ruwa kai tsaye."<ref name="Pisani">{{cite web |author=Petrus L. Du Pisani |title=Surviving in an arid land: Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab Reclamation Plant |url=http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |publisher=Arid Lands Newsletter No.56 |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=November–December 2004}}</ref> An tallafa wa inganta masana'antar ne wani bangare ta hanyar Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) da Jamus ta hanyar bankin ci gaba na KfW. A cikin kimantawarta ta baya kan aikin, KfW ta lura cewa masana'antar ta fuskanci matsalolin fasaha na gaske da rufewa na dan lokaci na tsawon shekaru bakwai har sai da ta fara aiki yadda ya kamata. KfW ta lura cewa a cikin tsarin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, ya kamata a yi fiye da haka don rage amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutumi a Windhoek da kuma kare Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab daga gurbataccen ruwa, misali ta hanyar kafa shiyyar kariya mai takaita ayyuka a kewayen madatsar ruwan. Ta kuma lura cewa masana'antar ta cimma burinta na rage lodi a kan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex Post-Evaluierung: Kurzbericht Namibia: Abwasserrückgewinnung Windhoek |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/Evaluierung/Ergebnisse-und-Publikationen/PDF-Dokumente-L-P/Namibia_Abwasser_Windhoe_2011.pdf |publisher=KfW |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2011}}</ref> == Fannonin kudi == Namibia tana kashe kusan kashi 3% na Jimillar Abubuwan da Kasar ke Fitarwa (Gross Domestic Product) wajen gudanar da ayyukan kamfanonin ruwanta. Wannan shi ne mafi girman kaso a tsakanin daukacin kasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=56}} Ga kowane mutum, Namibia tana kashe kusan dala 80 na Amurka (US$) duk shekara wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, yayin da sauran kasashe a yankin ke kashe tsakanin dala 1 zuwa 10 na Amurka. Samar da hanyar samun ruwan kamfani a Namibia yana cin kudin dalar Amurka 4,000 ga kowane mutum a matsakaici.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|pp=60-61}} === Samar da Kudi === Babban kaso na wadannan kudade kamfanin NamWater ne ke daukar nauyinsa. NamWater yana mika kudaden ayyukansa gaba daya ga abokan cinikinsa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, wasu abokan ciniki sun gaza biyan kudaden ruwansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin kyawun gudanar da kudi. Sai dai kuma, tun daga shekarar 2003 kamfanin ya gyaru ta fannin kudi, har ma da rage kudaden da ake kashewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Plan |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616192722/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau NamWater yana samarwa kansa kudi mafi yawancin lokuta ta hanyar takardun kudi (notes) da ake bayarwa a kasuwar hannun jari ta Namibia. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kudin ruwa da aka biya a kan takardun kudi na shekaru biyar da aka bayar a daidai wannan shekarar ya kai kashi 9.05 cikin dari kuma kamfanin yana da darajar BBB daga hukumar tantancewa ta Fitch.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fitch Ratings |title=FITCH RATES NAMWATER'S NAD200M SENIOR UNSECURED BONDS 'BBB' |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/bond/Fitch%20NamWater%202015%20Report.pdf |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=12 May 2015}}</ref> === Farashin Ruwa === Farashin ruwa a Namibia yana cikin mafi tsada a Afirka. Sashe na farko na farashin ruwan gidaje a Windhoek yana cin kudin N$13.86 (USD 0.92) a kowace mita mai siffar daki (cubic metre) a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namibia: Windhoek Faces 10 Percent Water Increase |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606080132.html |newspaper=Namibian |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Farashin ruwan ya hada da tsayayyen kudin kowane wata na N$74.43 (USD 5) wanda bai danganta da yawan amfani da ruwa ba. Sashe na farko na amfani da ruwa ya hada da amfanin yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane gida a rana, adadin da yake da yawa ga kananan gidaje amma yana iya yin kadan ga manyan gidaje. == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani inbq5kp0duevfqn1hhvlxvjbbx2oani 856901 856899 2026-06-14T11:26:12Z Sirjat 20447 /* Farashin Ruwa */ 856901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m^³ na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m^³ daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m^³ daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a Namibia. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sashen Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Sashen Daidaita Ruwan Karkara da Tsaftace Muhalli ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd |url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225829/http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> NamWater kamfani ne na gwamnati mai samar da ruwa da yawa wanda ke kula da madatsun ruwa, pipelines (hanyoyin bututun ruwa) da masana'antar tace ruwa a fadin kasar. An kafa shi a shekarar 1997, yana samarwa da sayar da ruwa ga mahakar ma'adinai, gami da hukumomin gundumomi wadanda su kuma suke rarrabawa da sayar da ruwan ga gidaje, kasuwanci da ofisoshi a yankunan da suke yi wa hidima.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=66}} A yankunan karkara, Hukumar Samar da Ruwan Karkara ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. == Kayan Aiki == NamWater tana kula da madatsun ruwa 16, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa 14 (wadanda ake kira "hanyoyin sadarwar samar da ruwa") da masana'antar tace ruwa 16. Hanyoyin rarraba ruwan sune kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Networks |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Suna !! Manfata !! Tsawo (km) !! Karfin aiki m³/h !! Shekarar farawa |- | Tsarin Berg Aukas-Grootfontein || Canja wurin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Mahakar Berg Aukas da ke Gundumar Grootfontein zuwa Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas domin samarwa ga Tsakiyar Yankunan Namibia a lokutan karancin ruwa. || 18 || 720 || 1998 |- | Tsarin Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar Skorpion da garin Rosh Pinah. || 42 || 870 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Koichab Pan-Lüderitz || Samar da ruwan sha daga Koichab Aquifer zuwa Lüderitz. || 120 || 200 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Naute-Keetmanshoop || Samar da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop a Kudancin Namibia da ruwan ban ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa na Naute da ke kasa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Naute. || 44 || 400 || 1972 |- | Tsarin Omatako-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Omatako zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach. || 94 || 720 || 1984 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich || Samar da ruwan sha ga Mahakar Langer Heinrich, wato mahakar sinadarin uranium. || 82 || 205 || 2006 |- | Tsarin Swakoppoort-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach don samarwa yankin Windhoek, tare da zabin tura ruwan ta hanyar karfin maganadisu (gravity flow) daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort. || 54 || 1450 || 1979/2004 |- | Hanyar Calueque–Oshakati || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana da ke kan iyakar Angola ta hanyar Ogongo zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa ta Oshakati don bukatun ruwan sha, dabbobi da ban ruwa. Bututun ya lalace a shekarar 1988 lokacin yakin Angola da Afirka ta Kudu. || 150 || b.u. || 1997 (Hanyar Ogongo-Oshakati) |- | Hanyar Grootfontein-Omatako || Wani babban bangare na Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas wanda ba a kammala ba, kuma a yanzu ba a amfani da shi. || 300 || 7,200 || 1987 |- | Tsarin Kuiseb-Mile7 || Samar da ruwan sha ga Walvis Bay. || 30 || 800 || b.u. |- | Tsarin Omafo-Eenhana || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Omafo zuwa Eenhana. || 48 || 20 || 1995 |- | Tsarin Omdel-Swakopmund || Samar da ruwan sha ga Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis da mahakar uranium na Rössing da Langer Heinrich. || 115 || 685 || 1975 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Rössing || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar uranium na Arandis & Rössing. || 55 || 1,100 || 1976 |- | Tsarin Von Bach-Windhoek || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Windhoek. || 62 || 2,740 || 1971/1981 |} == Tarihi == [[File:Goreangabdam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwan Goreangab kusa da Windhoek, kallon can kasar nesa da birnin.]] A Windhoek, ruwan karkashin kasa ne kusan kadai tushen ruwa har zuwa shekarar 1958 lokacin da aka gina wata karamar madatsar ruwa a saman kasa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, a can kasa da Windhoek. An kuma gina masana'antar tace ruwa ta gargajiya domin tace ruwan saman kasa daga wannan madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1960, aka kaddamar da Masana'antar Tace Ruwan Sifata ta Gammams kusa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, tana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a can kasa da madatsar ruwan. Bayan haka, an raba gurbataccen ruwan masana'antu da na gida a masana'antar tace ruwan sifata. Masana'antar da ke tace ruwan gida an inganta ta ta yadda za a iya sake tace ruwanta a cikin masana'antar tace ruwa da ke akwai.<ref name="Pisani" /> An kuma inganta masana'antar tace ruwan, ta yadda za ta iya sake tace gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a layi guda, tare da layin da ke akwai na danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab. Ta haka ne aka haifi Masana'antar Sake Dawo da Ruwa ta Goreangab a shekarar 1968. An gauraya ruwanta da ruwa daga rijiyoyin birnin kuma aka rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sha ga mazaunan birnin.<ref name="Pisani" /> Lokacin da birnin ya ci gaba da fadada, hukumar gundumar ta fara karbar ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da ke da tazarar kilomita 170 a arewacin Windhoek wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1970. Shirin Jagoran Ruwa na shekarar 1974 ya yi hasashen Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas zai samar da ruwa ga tsakiyar yankin Namibia daga Kogin Okavango, kimanin kilomita 750 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar Angola. An fara gina hanyar ruwan a karshen shekarun 1970 a matakai da dama daga Kudu zuwa Arewa, da farko an hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da sabuwar madatsar ruwa ta Omatako da ke can Arewa a kan tazarar kilomita 94, sannan aka hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Omataku da Grootfontein a kan tazarar wani kilomita 300. Sai dai kuma, mataki na gaba kuma na karshe na shirin wanda zai hada Grootfontein da Kogin Okavango kusa da Rundu ba a taba gina shi ba. Madatsar Ruwa ta Omatako, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1981, yanzu tana karbar ruwan ambaliya ne kawai kuma mafi yawancin lokuta tana bushewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE OMATAKO DAM – SARTORIUS VON BACH DAM COMPONENTS OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL WATER CARRIER Brochure issued for the opening of the scheme on 4 May 1984. |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=1984 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarun 1990, birnin ya gabatar da tsarin farashin ruwa mai tsauri da shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa wadanda suka rage amfani da ruwa sosai. Amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane mutumi a gidaje ya ragu daga lita 201 a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 117 a shekarar 1996/97, wani bangare saboda gabatar da harajin fari mai tsada sosai. Lokacin da aka dawo da daidaitaccen farashin ruwa a shekarar 1997/98, amfani da ruwa ya karu zuwa lita 130 ga mutum daya a rana. Jimillar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum hadda na kasuwanci da masana'antu ya nuna raguwa daga lita 322 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 201 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1997/98. Kamar yadda binciken Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa domin Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ya nuna, an rage amfani da ruwa a duk fannoni, wanda hakan babban rabo ne domin rage amfani da ruwa a gine-ginen gwamnati ba abu ne mai sauki ba. A makarantu, gine-ginen gwamnati da lambunan gundumomi, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, an rage amfani da ruwa da kusan kashi 50%. Wadannan tanade-tanade sun dage gina sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa da kusan shekaru 10.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=10–38 |date=1999}}</ref> Amma duk da wadannan tanade-tanade, ana bukatar karin ruwa. Saboda haka, an kusan ninka karfin masana'antar har sau uku a shekarar 2002, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar samar da fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na bukatar ruwan birnin tare da rage wa albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima lodi.<ref name="Pisani" /> [[File:Karte Vorstadt Windhoek-Goreangab.png|thumb|left|Yankin magudanar ruwa na madatsar ruwan Goreangab ya cika da gine-ginen birni sosai, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan taswira.]] Domin dorewar amincewar jama'a, ana sanya idanu kan ingancin ruwa a Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Goreangab a kai-a kai bayan kowane mataki na tacewa. Idan aka samu wata matsala ta inganci, masana'antar tana komawa tsarin sake tace ruwan (recycle mode) kuma ba a rarraba ruwan. A cewar Pisani "Mazauna Windhoek cikin lokaci sun saba da ra'ayin cewa sake amfani da ruwan sha yana cikin tsarin samar musu da ruwa. A gaskiya ma, sun girma suna alfahari da cewa birninsu a fannoni da dama yana gaba da duniya wajen sake dawo da ruwa kai tsaye."<ref name="Pisani">{{cite web |author=Petrus L. Du Pisani |title=Surviving in an arid land: Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab Reclamation Plant |url=http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |publisher=Arid Lands Newsletter No.56 |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=November–December 2004}}</ref> An tallafa wa inganta masana'antar ne wani bangare ta hanyar Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) da Jamus ta hanyar bankin ci gaba na KfW. A cikin kimantawarta ta baya kan aikin, KfW ta lura cewa masana'antar ta fuskanci matsalolin fasaha na gaske da rufewa na dan lokaci na tsawon shekaru bakwai har sai da ta fara aiki yadda ya kamata. KfW ta lura cewa a cikin tsarin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, ya kamata a yi fiye da haka don rage amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutumi a Windhoek da kuma kare Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab daga gurbataccen ruwa, misali ta hanyar kafa shiyyar kariya mai takaita ayyuka a kewayen madatsar ruwan. Ta kuma lura cewa masana'antar ta cimma burinta na rage lodi a kan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex Post-Evaluierung: Kurzbericht Namibia: Abwasserrückgewinnung Windhoek |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/Evaluierung/Ergebnisse-und-Publikationen/PDF-Dokumente-L-P/Namibia_Abwasser_Windhoe_2011.pdf |publisher=KfW |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2011}}</ref> == Fannonin kudi == Namibia tana kashe kusan kashi 3% na Jimillar Abubuwan da Kasar ke Fitarwa (Gross Domestic Product) wajen gudanar da ayyukan kamfanonin ruwanta. Wannan shi ne mafi girman kaso a tsakanin daukacin kasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=56}} Ga kowane mutum, Namibia tana kashe kusan dala 80 na Amurka (US$) duk shekara wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, yayin da sauran kasashe a yankin ke kashe tsakanin dala 1 zuwa 10 na Amurka. Samar da hanyar samun ruwan kamfani a Namibia yana cin kudin dalar Amurka 4,000 ga kowane mutum a matsakaici.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|pp=60-61}} === Samar da Kudi === Babban kaso na wadannan kudade kamfanin NamWater ne ke daukar nauyinsa. NamWater yana mika kudaden ayyukansa gaba daya ga abokan cinikinsa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, wasu abokan ciniki sun gaza biyan kudaden ruwansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin kyawun gudanar da kudi. Sai dai kuma, tun daga shekarar 2003 kamfanin ya gyaru ta fannin kudi, har ma da rage kudaden da ake kashewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Plan |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616192722/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau NamWater yana samarwa kansa kudi mafi yawancin lokuta ta hanyar takardun kudi (notes) da ake bayarwa a kasuwar hannun jari ta Namibia. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kudin ruwa da aka biya a kan takardun kudi na shekaru biyar da aka bayar a daidai wannan shekarar ya kai kashi 9.05 cikin dari kuma kamfanin yana da darajar BBB daga hukumar tantancewa ta Fitch.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fitch Ratings |title=FITCH RATES NAMWATER'S NAD200M SENIOR UNSECURED BONDS 'BBB' |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/bond/Fitch%20NamWater%202015%20Report.pdf |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=12 May 2015}}</ref> === Farashin Ruwa === Farashin ruwa a Namibia yana cikin mafi tsada a Afirka. Sashe na farko na farashin ruwan gidaje a Windhoek yana cin kudin N$13.86 (USD 0.92) a kowace mita mai siffar daki (cubic metre) a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namibia: Windhoek Faces 10 Percent Water Increase |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606080132.html |newspaper=Namibian |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Farashin ruwan ya hada da tsayayyen kudin kowane wata na N$74.43 (USD 5) wanda bai danganta da yawan amfani da ruwa ba. Sashe na farko na amfani da ruwa ya hada da amfanin yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane gida a rana, adadin da yake da yawa ga kananan gidaje amma yana iya yin kadan ga manyan gidaje.Amfani da ruwa mafi girma ana cajinsa ne a farashi mafi tsada wanda ya kasance N$20.93 a kowace mita mai siffar daki (USD 1.40) a shekarar 2015. Hukumar gundumar tana lissafa kudin ruwa tare da na wutar lantarki, kwashe shara da harajin dukiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Windhoek: Understand your statement |url=http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224052638/http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mazauna matsugunai na wucin gadi suna samun ruwa ne ta hanyar famfunan gwamnati na bai-daya wadanda ke sanye da mita mai biyan kudi tukunna (prepaid water meters). Abokan ciniki masu amfani da prepaid suna biyan kusan dalar Amurka 1.9 ga kowace kilolita (mita mai siffar daki), ko kuma kusan dalar Amurka 0.038 ga kowace jidda mai lita 20. <ref>{{cite web |author1=Chris Heymans |author2=Kathy Eales |author3=Richard Franceys |title=Prepaid Water in Windhoek: Case Study, in: The Limits and Possibilities of Prepaid Water in Urban Africa:Lessons from the Field |url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Windhoek-Africa-Prepaid-Water-Case-Study-2014.pdf |publisher=Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=August 2014}}</ref> Farashin ruwa a sauran hukumomin gundumomi ya bambanta. Wadancan gundumomi da ke karbar ruwa mai yawa daga NamWater, wanda ya hada da dukkan manyan gundumomi, dole ne su dawo da kudaden samar da ruwa mai yawa tare da kudin rarraba ruwa ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar su na kansu. Kadan daga cikin kananan gundumomi da ke da nasu tushen ruwa ba sa karkashin wannan takaitawa. Misali, hukumar gundumar Oranjemund tana ba da ruwa ne kyauta don haka tana da mafi girman amfani da ruwa a kasar da ke da mamaki kwarai da lita 2,667 ga mutum daya a rana. Farashin ruwa mai yawa da NamWater ke cajinsa ya bambanta kadan a fadin kasar dangane da kudin samar da shi ga takamaiman wuri, amma wadannan bambance-bambance ba a mika su gaba daya ga gundumomi ba. Don haka NamWater yana tallafawa yankunan da ke da tsadar samar da ruwa ta hanyar amfani da rarar kudaden da aka samu daga yankunan da ke da karancin tsadar samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=3–37 |date=1999}}</ref> == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani 5mvsktv7jvor05vwtda1xeyd29i1u42 856903 856901 2026-06-14T11:27:51Z Sirjat 20447 /* Farashin Ruwa */ 856903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Namibia ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m^³ na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m^³ daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m^³ daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a Namibia. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sashen Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Sashen Daidaita Ruwan Karkara da Tsaftace Muhalli ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd |url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225829/http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> NamWater kamfani ne na gwamnati mai samar da ruwa da yawa wanda ke kula da madatsun ruwa, pipelines (hanyoyin bututun ruwa) da masana'antar tace ruwa a fadin kasar. An kafa shi a shekarar 1997, yana samarwa da sayar da ruwa ga mahakar ma'adinai, gami da hukumomin gundumomi wadanda su kuma suke rarrabawa da sayar da ruwan ga gidaje, kasuwanci da ofisoshi a yankunan da suke yi wa hidima.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=66}} A yankunan karkara, Hukumar Samar da Ruwan Karkara ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. == Kayan Aiki == NamWater tana kula da madatsun ruwa 16, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa 14 (wadanda ake kira "hanyoyin sadarwar samar da ruwa") da masana'antar tace ruwa 16. Hanyoyin rarraba ruwan sune kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Networks |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Suna !! Manfata !! Tsawo (km) !! Karfin aiki m³/h !! Shekarar farawa |- | Tsarin Berg Aukas-Grootfontein || Canja wurin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Mahakar Berg Aukas da ke Gundumar Grootfontein zuwa Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas domin samarwa ga Tsakiyar Yankunan Namibia a lokutan karancin ruwa. || 18 || 720 || 1998 |- | Tsarin Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar Skorpion da garin Rosh Pinah. || 42 || 870 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Koichab Pan-Lüderitz || Samar da ruwan sha daga Koichab Aquifer zuwa Lüderitz. || 120 || 200 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Naute-Keetmanshoop || Samar da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop a Kudancin Namibia da ruwan ban ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa na Naute da ke kasa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Naute. || 44 || 400 || 1972 |- | Tsarin Omatako-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Omatako zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach. || 94 || 720 || 1984 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich || Samar da ruwan sha ga Mahakar Langer Heinrich, wato mahakar sinadarin uranium. || 82 || 205 || 2006 |- | Tsarin Swakoppoort-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach don samarwa yankin Windhoek, tare da zabin tura ruwan ta hanyar karfin maganadisu (gravity flow) daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort. || 54 || 1450 || 1979/2004 |- | Hanyar Calueque–Oshakati || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana da ke kan iyakar Angola ta hanyar Ogongo zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa ta Oshakati don bukatun ruwan sha, dabbobi da ban ruwa. Bututun ya lalace a shekarar 1988 lokacin yakin Angola da Afirka ta Kudu. || 150 || b.u. || 1997 (Hanyar Ogongo-Oshakati) |- | Hanyar Grootfontein-Omatako || Wani babban bangare na Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas wanda ba a kammala ba, kuma a yanzu ba a amfani da shi. || 300 || 7,200 || 1987 |- | Tsarin Kuiseb-Mile7 || Samar da ruwan sha ga Walvis Bay. || 30 || 800 || b.u. |- | Tsarin Omafo-Eenhana || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Omafo zuwa Eenhana. || 48 || 20 || 1995 |- | Tsarin Omdel-Swakopmund || Samar da ruwan sha ga Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis da mahakar uranium na Rössing da Langer Heinrich. || 115 || 685 || 1975 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Rössing || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar uranium na Arandis & Rössing. || 55 || 1,100 || 1976 |- | Tsarin Von Bach-Windhoek || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Windhoek. || 62 || 2,740 || 1971/1981 |} == Tarihi == [[File:Goreangabdam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwan Goreangab kusa da Windhoek, kallon can kasar nesa da birnin.]] A Windhoek, ruwan karkashin kasa ne kusan kadai tushen ruwa har zuwa shekarar 1958 lokacin da aka gina wata karamar madatsar ruwa a saman kasa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, a can kasa da Windhoek. An kuma gina masana'antar tace ruwa ta gargajiya domin tace ruwan saman kasa daga wannan madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1960, aka kaddamar da Masana'antar Tace Ruwan Sifata ta Gammams kusa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, tana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a can kasa da madatsar ruwan. Bayan haka, an raba gurbataccen ruwan masana'antu da na gida a masana'antar tace ruwan sifata. Masana'antar da ke tace ruwan gida an inganta ta ta yadda za a iya sake tace ruwanta a cikin masana'antar tace ruwa da ke akwai.<ref name="Pisani" /> An kuma inganta masana'antar tace ruwan, ta yadda za ta iya sake tace gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a layi guda, tare da layin da ke akwai na danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab. Ta haka ne aka haifi Masana'antar Sake Dawo da Ruwa ta Goreangab a shekarar 1968. An gauraya ruwanta da ruwa daga rijiyoyin birnin kuma aka rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sha ga mazaunan birnin.<ref name="Pisani" /> Lokacin da birnin ya ci gaba da fadada, hukumar gundumar ta fara karbar ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da ke da tazarar kilomita 170 a arewacin Windhoek wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1970. Shirin Jagoran Ruwa na shekarar 1974 ya yi hasashen Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas zai samar da ruwa ga tsakiyar yankin Namibia daga Kogin Okavango, kimanin kilomita 750 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar Angola. An fara gina hanyar ruwan a karshen shekarun 1970 a matakai da dama daga Kudu zuwa Arewa, da farko an hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da sabuwar madatsar ruwa ta Omatako da ke can Arewa a kan tazarar kilomita 94, sannan aka hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Omataku da Grootfontein a kan tazarar wani kilomita 300. Sai dai kuma, mataki na gaba kuma na karshe na shirin wanda zai hada Grootfontein da Kogin Okavango kusa da Rundu ba a taba gina shi ba. Madatsar Ruwa ta Omatako, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1981, yanzu tana karbar ruwan ambaliya ne kawai kuma mafi yawancin lokuta tana bushewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE OMATAKO DAM – SARTORIUS VON BACH DAM COMPONENTS OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL WATER CARRIER Brochure issued for the opening of the scheme on 4 May 1984. |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=1984 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarun 1990, birnin ya gabatar da tsarin farashin ruwa mai tsauri da shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa wadanda suka rage amfani da ruwa sosai. Amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane mutumi a gidaje ya ragu daga lita 201 a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 117 a shekarar 1996/97, wani bangare saboda gabatar da harajin fari mai tsada sosai. Lokacin da aka dawo da daidaitaccen farashin ruwa a shekarar 1997/98, amfani da ruwa ya karu zuwa lita 130 ga mutum daya a rana. Jimillar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum hadda na kasuwanci da masana'antu ya nuna raguwa daga lita 322 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 201 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1997/98. Kamar yadda binciken Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa domin Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ya nuna, an rage amfani da ruwa a duk fannoni, wanda hakan babban rabo ne domin rage amfani da ruwa a gine-ginen gwamnati ba abu ne mai sauki ba. A makarantu, gine-ginen gwamnati da lambunan gundumomi, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, an rage amfani da ruwa da kusan kashi 50%. Wadannan tanade-tanade sun dage gina sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa da kusan shekaru 10.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=10–38 |date=1999}}</ref> Amma duk da wadannan tanade-tanade, ana bukatar karin ruwa. Saboda haka, an kusan ninka karfin masana'antar har sau uku a shekarar 2002, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar samar da fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na bukatar ruwan birnin tare da rage wa albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima lodi.<ref name="Pisani" /> [[File:Karte Vorstadt Windhoek-Goreangab.png|thumb|left|Yankin magudanar ruwa na madatsar ruwan Goreangab ya cika da gine-ginen birni sosai, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan taswira.]] Domin dorewar amincewar jama'a, ana sanya idanu kan ingancin ruwa a Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Goreangab a kai-a kai bayan kowane mataki na tacewa. Idan aka samu wata matsala ta inganci, masana'antar tana komawa tsarin sake tace ruwan (recycle mode) kuma ba a rarraba ruwan. A cewar Pisani "Mazauna Windhoek cikin lokaci sun saba da ra'ayin cewa sake amfani da ruwan sha yana cikin tsarin samar musu da ruwa. A gaskiya ma, sun girma suna alfahari da cewa birninsu a fannoni da dama yana gaba da duniya wajen sake dawo da ruwa kai tsaye."<ref name="Pisani">{{cite web |author=Petrus L. Du Pisani |title=Surviving in an arid land: Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab Reclamation Plant |url=http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |publisher=Arid Lands Newsletter No.56 |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=November–December 2004}}</ref> An tallafa wa inganta masana'antar ne wani bangare ta hanyar Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) da Jamus ta hanyar bankin ci gaba na KfW. A cikin kimantawarta ta baya kan aikin, KfW ta lura cewa masana'antar ta fuskanci matsalolin fasaha na gaske da rufewa na dan lokaci na tsawon shekaru bakwai har sai da ta fara aiki yadda ya kamata. KfW ta lura cewa a cikin tsarin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, ya kamata a yi fiye da haka don rage amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutumi a Windhoek da kuma kare Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab daga gurbataccen ruwa, misali ta hanyar kafa shiyyar kariya mai takaita ayyuka a kewayen madatsar ruwan. Ta kuma lura cewa masana'antar ta cimma burinta na rage lodi a kan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex Post-Evaluierung: Kurzbericht Namibia: Abwasserrückgewinnung Windhoek |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/Evaluierung/Ergebnisse-und-Publikationen/PDF-Dokumente-L-P/Namibia_Abwasser_Windhoe_2011.pdf |publisher=KfW |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2011}}</ref> == Fannonin kudi == Namibia tana kashe kusan kashi 3% na Jimillar Abubuwan da Kasar ke Fitarwa (Gross Domestic Product) wajen gudanar da ayyukan kamfanonin ruwanta. Wannan shi ne mafi girman kaso a tsakanin daukacin kasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=56}} Ga kowane mutum, Namibia tana kashe kusan dala 80 na Amurka (US$) duk shekara wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, yayin da sauran kasashe a yankin ke kashe tsakanin dala 1 zuwa 10 na Amurka. Samar da hanyar samun ruwan kamfani a Namibia yana cin kudin dalar Amurka 4,000 ga kowane mutum a matsakaici.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|pp=60-61}} === Samar da Kudi === Babban kaso na wadannan kudade kamfanin NamWater ne ke daukar nauyinsa. NamWater yana mika kudaden ayyukansa gaba daya ga abokan cinikinsa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, wasu abokan ciniki sun gaza biyan kudaden ruwansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin kyawun gudanar da kudi. Sai dai kuma, tun daga shekarar 2003 kamfanin ya gyaru ta fannin kudi, har ma da rage kudaden da ake kashewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Plan |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616192722/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau NamWater yana samarwa kansa kudi mafi yawancin lokuta ta hanyar takardun kudi (notes) da ake bayarwa a kasuwar hannun jari ta Namibia. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kudin ruwa da aka biya a kan takardun kudi na shekaru biyar da aka bayar a daidai wannan shekarar ya kai kashi 9.05 cikin dari kuma kamfanin yana da darajar BBB daga hukumar tantancewa ta Fitch.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fitch Ratings |title=FITCH RATES NAMWATER'S NAD200M SENIOR UNSECURED BONDS 'BBB' |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/bond/Fitch%20NamWater%202015%20Report.pdf |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=12 May 2015}}</ref> === Farashin Ruwa === Farashin ruwa a Namibia yana cikin mafi tsada a Afirka. Sashe na farko na farashin ruwan gidaje a Windhoek yana cin kudin N$13.86 (USD 0.92) a kowace mita mai siffar daki (cubic metre) a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namibia: Windhoek Faces 10 Percent Water Increase |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606080132.html |newspaper=Namibian |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Farashin ruwan ya hada da tsayayyen kudin kowane wata na N$74.43 (USD 5) wanda bai danganta da yawan amfani da ruwa ba. Sashe na farko na amfani da ruwa ya hada da amfanin yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane gida a rana, adadin da yake da yawa ga kananan gidaje amma yana iya yin kadan ga manyan gidaje.Amfani da ruwa mafi girma ana cajinsa ne a farashi mafi tsada wanda ya kasance N$20.93 a kowace mita mai siffar daki (USD 1.40) a shekarar 2015. Hukumar gundumar tana lissafa kudin ruwa tare da na wutar lantarki, kwashe shara da harajin dukiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Windhoek: Understand your statement |url=http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224052638/http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mazauna matsugunai na wucin gadi suna samun ruwa ne ta hanyar famfunan gwamnati na bai-daya wadanda ke sanye da mita mai biyan kudi tukunna (prepaid water meters). Abokan ciniki masu amfani da prepaid suna biyan kusan dalar Amurka 1.9 ga kowace kilolita (mita mai siffar daki), ko kuma kusan dalar Amurka 0.038 ga kowace jidda mai lita 20. <ref>{{cite web |author1=Chris Heymans |author2=Kathy Eales |author3=Richard Franceys |title=Prepaid Water in Windhoek: Case Study, in: The Limits and Possibilities of Prepaid Water in Urban Africa:Lessons from the Field |url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Windhoek-Africa-Prepaid-Water-Case-Study-2014.pdf |publisher=Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=August 2014}}</ref> Farashin ruwa a sauran hukumomin gundumomi ya bambanta. Wadancan gundumomi da ke karbar ruwa mai yawa daga NamWater, wanda ya hada da dukkan manyan gundumomi, dole ne su dawo da kudaden samar da ruwa mai yawa tare da kudin rarraba ruwa ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar su na kansu. Kadan daga cikin kananan gundumomi da ke da nasu tushen ruwa ba sa karkashin wannan takaitawa. Misali, hukumar gundumar Oranjemund tana ba da ruwa ne kyauta don haka tana da mafi girman amfani da ruwa a kasar da ke da mamaki kwarai da lita 2,667 ga mutum daya a rana. Farashin ruwa mai yawa da NamWater ke cajinsa ya bambanta kadan a fadin kasar dangane da kudin samar da shi ga takamaiman wuri, amma wadannan bambance-bambance ba a mika su gaba daya ga gundumomi ba. Don haka NamWater yana tallafawa yankunan da ke da tsadar samar da ruwa ta hanyar amfani da rarar kudaden da aka samu daga yankunan da ke da karancin tsadar samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=3–37 |date=1999}}</ref> ==Tsabtace Muhalli== Idan aka kwatanta da ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen inganta samun ruwan sha mai tsabta, Namibiya tana baya wajen samar da isasshen tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="UN2011" /> Wannan ya haɗa da makarantu 298 da ba su da wuraren bayan gida.<ref name="N2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&pagetype=storydetail&category_id=1 |title=More than 1 million Namibians defecate in open |last=Tjihenuna |first=Theresia |date=2 April 2014 |work=The Namibian}}</ref> Sama da kashi 50% na mutuwar yara suna da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsabtace muhalli, ko tsafta; kashi 23% na mutuwar yara daga gudawa ne kawai. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta gano cewa akwai “rikicin tsabtace muhalli” a ƙasar.<ref name="RedAlert" /> [[File:Agglomeration um den Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|Unguwar talakawa kusa da Bendin Goreangab]] Banda gidajen masu kuɗi da matsakaita, tsabtace muhalli bai wadatu ba a yawancin unguwanni. Bayan-gidan da ake amfani da ruwa (flush toilets) suna da tsada sosai ga yawancin mazauna unguwannin talakawa saboda yawan ruwan da suke bukata da kuma kuɗin shigarwa. Sakamakon haka, samun tsabtace muhalli mai inganci bai ƙaru sosai ba tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai: A yankunan karkara na Namibiya a shekarar 2008, kashi 13% na al’umma ne kawai ke da tsabtace muhalli fiye da na asali, daga kashi 8% a 1990. Yawancin mazauna Namibiya suna amfani da “bayan-gidan tashi” (flying toilets), wato jakunkunan roba da ake yin bayan gida a ciki sannan a jefa su cikin daji.<ref name="N2008">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&txttnews%5Bttnews%5D=42630&nocache=1 |title=Namibia is lagging behind on sanitation |last=Cloete |first=Luqman |date=28 April 2008 |work=The Namibian}}</ref> Yin amfani da fili kusa da gidaje wajen yin fitsari da bayan gida abu ne gama gari,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deffner |first1=Jutta |last2=Mazambani |first2=Clarence |title=Participatory empirical research on water and sanitation demand in central northern Namibia: A method for technology development with a user perspective |url=http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7deffner.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322212906/http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7_deffner.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |publisher=Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE), CuveWaters Papers No. 7 |access-date=18 June 2016 |date=September 2010 |page=17}}</ref> kuma an gano shi a matsayin babban barazana ga lafiya.<ref name="N2014" /> Manufar Tsabtace Muhalli ta Ƙasa 2010-15 ta kiyasta cewa za a kashe N$1.64&nbsp;biliyan a cikin shekaru biyar domin cimma burin wannan tsari ta hanyar aiwatar da shirin guda 186. Tsarin ya kuma nuna cewa ba zai yiwu gwamnati ta iya ɗaukar waɗannan kuɗaɗen ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia: National Sanitation Strategy 2010/11-2014/15 |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |publisher=Republic of Namibia: Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=September 2009 |archive-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615205006/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani k3mxkpr17y2pzggfmo0phhj503x7mlj 856952 856903 2026-06-14T11:43:13Z Sirjat 20447 856952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Namibia]] ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m^³ na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m^³ daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m^³ daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a Namibia. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sashen Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Sashen Daidaita Ruwan Karkara da Tsaftace Muhalli ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd |url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225829/http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> NamWater kamfani ne na gwamnati mai samar da ruwa da yawa wanda ke kula da madatsun ruwa, pipelines (hanyoyin bututun ruwa) da masana'antar tace ruwa a fadin kasar. An kafa shi a shekarar 1997, yana samarwa da sayar da ruwa ga mahakar ma'adinai, gami da hukumomin gundumomi wadanda su kuma suke rarrabawa da sayar da ruwan ga gidaje, kasuwanci da ofisoshi a yankunan da suke yi wa hidima.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=66}} A yankunan karkara, Hukumar Samar da Ruwan Karkara ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. == Kayan Aiki == NamWater tana kula da madatsun ruwa 16, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa 14 (wadanda ake kira "hanyoyin sadarwar samar da ruwa") da masana'antar tace ruwa 16. Hanyoyin rarraba ruwan sune kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Networks |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Suna !! Manfata !! Tsawo (km) !! Karfin aiki m³/h !! Shekarar farawa |- | Tsarin Berg Aukas-Grootfontein || Canja wurin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Mahakar Berg Aukas da ke Gundumar Grootfontein zuwa Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas domin samarwa ga Tsakiyar Yankunan Namibia a lokutan karancin ruwa. || 18 || 720 || 1998 |- | Tsarin Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar Skorpion da garin Rosh Pinah. || 42 || 870 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Koichab Pan-Lüderitz || Samar da ruwan sha daga Koichab Aquifer zuwa Lüderitz. || 120 || 200 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Naute-Keetmanshoop || Samar da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop a Kudancin Namibia da ruwan ban ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa na Naute da ke kasa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Naute. || 44 || 400 || 1972 |- | Tsarin Omatako-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Omatako zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach. || 94 || 720 || 1984 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich || Samar da ruwan sha ga Mahakar Langer Heinrich, wato mahakar sinadarin uranium. || 82 || 205 || 2006 |- | Tsarin Swakoppoort-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach don samarwa yankin Windhoek, tare da zabin tura ruwan ta hanyar karfin maganadisu (gravity flow) daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort. || 54 || 1450 || 1979/2004 |- | Hanyar Calueque–Oshakati || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana da ke kan iyakar Angola ta hanyar Ogongo zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa ta Oshakati don bukatun ruwan sha, dabbobi da ban ruwa. Bututun ya lalace a shekarar 1988 lokacin yakin Angola da Afirka ta Kudu. || 150 || b.u. || 1997 (Hanyar Ogongo-Oshakati) |- | Hanyar Grootfontein-Omatako || Wani babban bangare na Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas wanda ba a kammala ba, kuma a yanzu ba a amfani da shi. || 300 || 7,200 || 1987 |- | Tsarin Kuiseb-Mile7 || Samar da ruwan sha ga Walvis Bay. || 30 || 800 || b.u. |- | Tsarin Omafo-Eenhana || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Omafo zuwa Eenhana. || 48 || 20 || 1995 |- | Tsarin Omdel-Swakopmund || Samar da ruwan sha ga Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis da mahakar uranium na Rössing da Langer Heinrich. || 115 || 685 || 1975 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Rössing || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar uranium na Arandis & Rössing. || 55 || 1,100 || 1976 |- | Tsarin Von Bach-Windhoek || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Windhoek. || 62 || 2,740 || 1971/1981 |} == Tarihi == [[File:Goreangabdam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwan Goreangab kusa da Windhoek, kallon can kasar nesa da birnin.]] A Windhoek, ruwan karkashin kasa ne kusan kadai tushen ruwa har zuwa shekarar 1958 lokacin da aka gina wata karamar madatsar ruwa a saman kasa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, a can kasa da Windhoek. An kuma gina masana'antar tace ruwa ta gargajiya domin tace ruwan saman kasa daga wannan madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1960, aka kaddamar da Masana'antar Tace Ruwan Sifata ta Gammams kusa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, tana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a can kasa da madatsar ruwan. Bayan haka, an raba gurbataccen ruwan masana'antu da na gida a masana'antar tace ruwan sifata. Masana'antar da ke tace ruwan gida an inganta ta ta yadda za a iya sake tace ruwanta a cikin masana'antar tace ruwa da ke akwai.<ref name="Pisani" /> An kuma inganta masana'antar tace ruwan, ta yadda za ta iya sake tace gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a layi guda, tare da layin da ke akwai na danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab. Ta haka ne aka haifi Masana'antar Sake Dawo da Ruwa ta Goreangab a shekarar 1968. An gauraya ruwanta da ruwa daga rijiyoyin birnin kuma aka rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sha ga mazaunan birnin.<ref name="Pisani" /> Lokacin da birnin ya ci gaba da fadada, hukumar gundumar ta fara karbar ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da ke da tazarar kilomita 170 a arewacin Windhoek wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1970. Shirin Jagoran Ruwa na shekarar 1974 ya yi hasashen Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas zai samar da ruwa ga tsakiyar yankin Namibia daga Kogin Okavango, kimanin kilomita 750 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar Angola. An fara gina hanyar ruwan a karshen shekarun 1970 a matakai da dama daga Kudu zuwa Arewa, da farko an hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da sabuwar madatsar ruwa ta Omatako da ke can Arewa a kan tazarar kilomita 94, sannan aka hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Omataku da Grootfontein a kan tazarar wani kilomita 300. Sai dai kuma, mataki na gaba kuma na karshe na shirin wanda zai hada Grootfontein da Kogin Okavango kusa da Rundu ba a taba gina shi ba. Madatsar Ruwa ta Omatako, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1981, yanzu tana karbar ruwan ambaliya ne kawai kuma mafi yawancin lokuta tana bushewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE OMATAKO DAM – SARTORIUS VON BACH DAM COMPONENTS OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL WATER CARRIER Brochure issued for the opening of the scheme on 4 May 1984. |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=1984 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarun 1990, birnin ya gabatar da tsarin farashin ruwa mai tsauri da shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa wadanda suka rage amfani da ruwa sosai. Amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane mutumi a gidaje ya ragu daga lita 201 a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 117 a shekarar 1996/97, wani bangare saboda gabatar da harajin fari mai tsada sosai. Lokacin da aka dawo da daidaitaccen farashin ruwa a shekarar 1997/98, amfani da ruwa ya karu zuwa lita 130 ga mutum daya a rana. Jimillar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum hadda na kasuwanci da masana'antu ya nuna raguwa daga lita 322 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 201 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1997/98. Kamar yadda binciken Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa domin Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ya nuna, an rage amfani da ruwa a duk fannoni, wanda hakan babban rabo ne domin rage amfani da ruwa a gine-ginen gwamnati ba abu ne mai sauki ba. A makarantu, gine-ginen gwamnati da lambunan gundumomi, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, an rage amfani da ruwa da kusan kashi 50%. Wadannan tanade-tanade sun dage gina sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa da kusan shekaru 10.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=10–38 |date=1999}}</ref> Amma duk da wadannan tanade-tanade, ana bukatar karin ruwa. Saboda haka, an kusan ninka karfin masana'antar har sau uku a shekarar 2002, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar samar da fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na bukatar ruwan birnin tare da rage wa albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima lodi.<ref name="Pisani" /> [[File:Karte Vorstadt Windhoek-Goreangab.png|thumb|left|Yankin magudanar ruwa na madatsar ruwan Goreangab ya cika da gine-ginen birni sosai, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan taswira.]] Domin dorewar amincewar jama'a, ana sanya idanu kan ingancin ruwa a Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Goreangab a kai-a kai bayan kowane mataki na tacewa. Idan aka samu wata matsala ta inganci, masana'antar tana komawa tsarin sake tace ruwan (recycle mode) kuma ba a rarraba ruwan. A cewar Pisani "Mazauna Windhoek cikin lokaci sun saba da ra'ayin cewa sake amfani da ruwan sha yana cikin tsarin samar musu da ruwa. A gaskiya ma, sun girma suna alfahari da cewa birninsu a fannoni da dama yana gaba da duniya wajen sake dawo da ruwa kai tsaye."<ref name="Pisani">{{cite web |author=Petrus L. Du Pisani |title=Surviving in an arid land: Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab Reclamation Plant |url=http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |publisher=Arid Lands Newsletter No.56 |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=November–December 2004}}</ref> An tallafa wa inganta masana'antar ne wani bangare ta hanyar Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) da Jamus ta hanyar bankin ci gaba na KfW. A cikin kimantawarta ta baya kan aikin, KfW ta lura cewa masana'antar ta fuskanci matsalolin fasaha na gaske da rufewa na dan lokaci na tsawon shekaru bakwai har sai da ta fara aiki yadda ya kamata. KfW ta lura cewa a cikin tsarin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, ya kamata a yi fiye da haka don rage amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutumi a Windhoek da kuma kare Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab daga gurbataccen ruwa, misali ta hanyar kafa shiyyar kariya mai takaita ayyuka a kewayen madatsar ruwan. Ta kuma lura cewa masana'antar ta cimma burinta na rage lodi a kan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex Post-Evaluierung: Kurzbericht Namibia: Abwasserrückgewinnung Windhoek |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/Evaluierung/Ergebnisse-und-Publikationen/PDF-Dokumente-L-P/Namibia_Abwasser_Windhoe_2011.pdf |publisher=KfW |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2011}}</ref> == Fannonin kudi == Namibia tana kashe kusan kashi 3% na Jimillar Abubuwan da Kasar ke Fitarwa (Gross Domestic Product) wajen gudanar da ayyukan kamfanonin ruwanta. Wannan shi ne mafi girman kaso a tsakanin daukacin kasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=56}} Ga kowane mutum, Namibia tana kashe kusan dala 80 na Amurka (US$) duk shekara wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, yayin da sauran kasashe a yankin ke kashe tsakanin dala 1 zuwa 10 na Amurka. Samar da hanyar samun ruwan kamfani a Namibia yana cin kudin dalar Amurka 4,000 ga kowane mutum a matsakaici.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|pp=60-61}} === Samar da Kudi === Babban kaso na wadannan kudade kamfanin NamWater ne ke daukar nauyinsa. NamWater yana mika kudaden ayyukansa gaba daya ga abokan cinikinsa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, wasu abokan ciniki sun gaza biyan kudaden ruwansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin kyawun gudanar da kudi. Sai dai kuma, tun daga shekarar 2003 kamfanin ya gyaru ta fannin kudi, har ma da rage kudaden da ake kashewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Plan |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616192722/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau NamWater yana samarwa kansa kudi mafi yawancin lokuta ta hanyar takardun kudi (notes) da ake bayarwa a kasuwar hannun jari ta Namibia. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kudin ruwa da aka biya a kan takardun kudi na shekaru biyar da aka bayar a daidai wannan shekarar ya kai kashi 9.05 cikin dari kuma kamfanin yana da darajar BBB daga hukumar tantancewa ta Fitch.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fitch Ratings |title=FITCH RATES NAMWATER'S NAD200M SENIOR UNSECURED BONDS 'BBB' |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/bond/Fitch%20NamWater%202015%20Report.pdf |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=12 May 2015}}</ref> === Farashin Ruwa === Farashin ruwa a Namibia yana cikin mafi tsada a Afirka. Sashe na farko na farashin ruwan gidaje a Windhoek yana cin kudin N$13.86 (USD 0.92) a kowace mita mai siffar daki (cubic metre) a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namibia: Windhoek Faces 10 Percent Water Increase |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606080132.html |newspaper=Namibian |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Farashin ruwan ya hada da tsayayyen kudin kowane wata na N$74.43 (USD 5) wanda bai danganta da yawan amfani da ruwa ba. Sashe na farko na amfani da ruwa ya hada da amfanin yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane gida a rana, adadin da yake da yawa ga kananan gidaje amma yana iya yin kadan ga manyan gidaje.Amfani da ruwa mafi girma ana cajinsa ne a farashi mafi tsada wanda ya kasance N$20.93 a kowace mita mai siffar daki (USD 1.40) a shekarar 2015. Hukumar gundumar tana lissafa kudin ruwa tare da na wutar lantarki, kwashe shara da harajin dukiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Windhoek: Understand your statement |url=http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224052638/http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mazauna matsugunai na wucin gadi suna samun ruwa ne ta hanyar famfunan gwamnati na bai-daya wadanda ke sanye da mita mai biyan kudi tukunna (prepaid water meters). Abokan ciniki masu amfani da prepaid suna biyan kusan dalar Amurka 1.9 ga kowace kilolita (mita mai siffar daki), ko kuma kusan dalar Amurka 0.038 ga kowace jidda mai lita 20. <ref>{{cite web |author1=Chris Heymans |author2=Kathy Eales |author3=Richard Franceys |title=Prepaid Water in Windhoek: Case Study, in: The Limits and Possibilities of Prepaid Water in Urban Africa:Lessons from the Field |url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Windhoek-Africa-Prepaid-Water-Case-Study-2014.pdf |publisher=Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=August 2014}}</ref> Farashin ruwa a sauran hukumomin gundumomi ya bambanta. Wadancan gundumomi da ke karbar ruwa mai yawa daga NamWater, wanda ya hada da dukkan manyan gundumomi, dole ne su dawo da kudaden samar da ruwa mai yawa tare da kudin rarraba ruwa ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar su na kansu. Kadan daga cikin kananan gundumomi da ke da nasu tushen ruwa ba sa karkashin wannan takaitawa. Misali, hukumar gundumar Oranjemund tana ba da ruwa ne kyauta don haka tana da mafi girman amfani da ruwa a kasar da ke da mamaki kwarai da lita 2,667 ga mutum daya a rana. Farashin ruwa mai yawa da NamWater ke cajinsa ya bambanta kadan a fadin kasar dangane da kudin samar da shi ga takamaiman wuri, amma wadannan bambance-bambance ba a mika su gaba daya ga gundumomi ba. Don haka NamWater yana tallafawa yankunan da ke da tsadar samar da ruwa ta hanyar amfani da rarar kudaden da aka samu daga yankunan da ke da karancin tsadar samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=3–37 |date=1999}}</ref> ==Tsabtace Muhalli== Idan aka kwatanta da ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen inganta samun ruwan sha mai tsabta, Namibiya tana baya wajen samar da isasshen tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="UN2011" /> Wannan ya haɗa da makarantu 298 da ba su da wuraren bayan gida.<ref name="N2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&pagetype=storydetail&category_id=1 |title=More than 1 million Namibians defecate in open |last=Tjihenuna |first=Theresia |date=2 April 2014 |work=The Namibian}}</ref> Sama da kashi 50% na mutuwar yara suna da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsabtace muhalli, ko tsafta; kashi 23% na mutuwar yara daga gudawa ne kawai. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta gano cewa akwai “rikicin tsabtace muhalli” a ƙasar.<ref name="RedAlert" /> [[File:Agglomeration um den Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|Unguwar talakawa kusa da Bendin Goreangab]] Banda gidajen masu kuɗi da matsakaita, tsabtace muhalli bai wadatu ba a yawancin unguwanni. Bayan-gidan da ake amfani da ruwa (flush toilets) suna da tsada sosai ga yawancin mazauna unguwannin talakawa saboda yawan ruwan da suke bukata da kuma kuɗin shigarwa. Sakamakon haka, samun tsabtace muhalli mai inganci bai ƙaru sosai ba tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai: A yankunan karkara na Namibiya a shekarar 2008, kashi 13% na al’umma ne kawai ke da tsabtace muhalli fiye da na asali, daga kashi 8% a 1990. Yawancin mazauna Namibiya suna amfani da “bayan-gidan tashi” (flying toilets), wato jakunkunan roba da ake yin bayan gida a ciki sannan a jefa su cikin daji.<ref name="N2008">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&txttnews%5Bttnews%5D=42630&nocache=1 |title=Namibia is lagging behind on sanitation |last=Cloete |first=Luqman |date=28 April 2008 |work=The Namibian}}</ref> Yin amfani da fili kusa da gidaje wajen yin fitsari da bayan gida abu ne gama gari,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deffner |first1=Jutta |last2=Mazambani |first2=Clarence |title=Participatory empirical research on water and sanitation demand in central northern Namibia: A method for technology development with a user perspective |url=http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7deffner.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322212906/http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7_deffner.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |publisher=Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE), CuveWaters Papers No. 7 |access-date=18 June 2016 |date=September 2010 |page=17}}</ref> kuma an gano shi a matsayin babban barazana ga lafiya.<ref name="N2014" /> Manufar Tsabtace Muhalli ta Ƙasa 2010-15 ta kiyasta cewa za a kashe N$1.64&nbsp;biliyan a cikin shekaru biyar domin cimma burin wannan tsari ta hanyar aiwatar da shirin guda 186. Tsarin ya kuma nuna cewa ba zai yiwu gwamnati ta iya ɗaukar waɗannan kuɗaɗen ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia: National Sanitation Strategy 2010/11-2014/15 |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |publisher=Republic of Namibia: Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=September 2009 |archive-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615205006/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani s3h77633s4ms9k50wufji4hq71mzv52 856953 856952 2026-06-14T11:43:25Z Sirjat 20447 856953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Namibiya]] ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m^³ na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m^³ daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m^³ daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a Namibia. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sashen Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Sashen Daidaita Ruwan Karkara da Tsaftace Muhalli ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd |url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225829/http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> NamWater kamfani ne na gwamnati mai samar da ruwa da yawa wanda ke kula da madatsun ruwa, pipelines (hanyoyin bututun ruwa) da masana'antar tace ruwa a fadin kasar. An kafa shi a shekarar 1997, yana samarwa da sayar da ruwa ga mahakar ma'adinai, gami da hukumomin gundumomi wadanda su kuma suke rarrabawa da sayar da ruwan ga gidaje, kasuwanci da ofisoshi a yankunan da suke yi wa hidima.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=66}} A yankunan karkara, Hukumar Samar da Ruwan Karkara ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. == Kayan Aiki == NamWater tana kula da madatsun ruwa 16, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa 14 (wadanda ake kira "hanyoyin sadarwar samar da ruwa") da masana'antar tace ruwa 16. Hanyoyin rarraba ruwan sune kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Networks |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Suna !! Manfata !! Tsawo (km) !! Karfin aiki m³/h !! Shekarar farawa |- | Tsarin Berg Aukas-Grootfontein || Canja wurin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Mahakar Berg Aukas da ke Gundumar Grootfontein zuwa Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas domin samarwa ga Tsakiyar Yankunan Namibia a lokutan karancin ruwa. || 18 || 720 || 1998 |- | Tsarin Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar Skorpion da garin Rosh Pinah. || 42 || 870 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Koichab Pan-Lüderitz || Samar da ruwan sha daga Koichab Aquifer zuwa Lüderitz. || 120 || 200 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Naute-Keetmanshoop || Samar da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop a Kudancin Namibia da ruwan ban ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa na Naute da ke kasa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Naute. || 44 || 400 || 1972 |- | Tsarin Omatako-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Omatako zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach. || 94 || 720 || 1984 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich || Samar da ruwan sha ga Mahakar Langer Heinrich, wato mahakar sinadarin uranium. || 82 || 205 || 2006 |- | Tsarin Swakoppoort-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach don samarwa yankin Windhoek, tare da zabin tura ruwan ta hanyar karfin maganadisu (gravity flow) daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort. || 54 || 1450 || 1979/2004 |- | Hanyar Calueque–Oshakati || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana da ke kan iyakar Angola ta hanyar Ogongo zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa ta Oshakati don bukatun ruwan sha, dabbobi da ban ruwa. Bututun ya lalace a shekarar 1988 lokacin yakin Angola da Afirka ta Kudu. || 150 || b.u. || 1997 (Hanyar Ogongo-Oshakati) |- | Hanyar Grootfontein-Omatako || Wani babban bangare na Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas wanda ba a kammala ba, kuma a yanzu ba a amfani da shi. || 300 || 7,200 || 1987 |- | Tsarin Kuiseb-Mile7 || Samar da ruwan sha ga Walvis Bay. || 30 || 800 || b.u. |- | Tsarin Omafo-Eenhana || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Omafo zuwa Eenhana. || 48 || 20 || 1995 |- | Tsarin Omdel-Swakopmund || Samar da ruwan sha ga Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis da mahakar uranium na Rössing da Langer Heinrich. || 115 || 685 || 1975 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Rössing || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar uranium na Arandis & Rössing. || 55 || 1,100 || 1976 |- | Tsarin Von Bach-Windhoek || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Windhoek. || 62 || 2,740 || 1971/1981 |} == Tarihi == [[File:Goreangabdam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwan Goreangab kusa da Windhoek, kallon can kasar nesa da birnin.]] A Windhoek, ruwan karkashin kasa ne kusan kadai tushen ruwa har zuwa shekarar 1958 lokacin da aka gina wata karamar madatsar ruwa a saman kasa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, a can kasa da Windhoek. An kuma gina masana'antar tace ruwa ta gargajiya domin tace ruwan saman kasa daga wannan madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1960, aka kaddamar da Masana'antar Tace Ruwan Sifata ta Gammams kusa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, tana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a can kasa da madatsar ruwan. Bayan haka, an raba gurbataccen ruwan masana'antu da na gida a masana'antar tace ruwan sifata. Masana'antar da ke tace ruwan gida an inganta ta ta yadda za a iya sake tace ruwanta a cikin masana'antar tace ruwa da ke akwai.<ref name="Pisani" /> An kuma inganta masana'antar tace ruwan, ta yadda za ta iya sake tace gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a layi guda, tare da layin da ke akwai na danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab. Ta haka ne aka haifi Masana'antar Sake Dawo da Ruwa ta Goreangab a shekarar 1968. An gauraya ruwanta da ruwa daga rijiyoyin birnin kuma aka rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sha ga mazaunan birnin.<ref name="Pisani" /> Lokacin da birnin ya ci gaba da fadada, hukumar gundumar ta fara karbar ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da ke da tazarar kilomita 170 a arewacin Windhoek wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1970. Shirin Jagoran Ruwa na shekarar 1974 ya yi hasashen Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas zai samar da ruwa ga tsakiyar yankin Namibia daga Kogin Okavango, kimanin kilomita 750 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar Angola. An fara gina hanyar ruwan a karshen shekarun 1970 a matakai da dama daga Kudu zuwa Arewa, da farko an hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da sabuwar madatsar ruwa ta Omatako da ke can Arewa a kan tazarar kilomita 94, sannan aka hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Omataku da Grootfontein a kan tazarar wani kilomita 300. Sai dai kuma, mataki na gaba kuma na karshe na shirin wanda zai hada Grootfontein da Kogin Okavango kusa da Rundu ba a taba gina shi ba. Madatsar Ruwa ta Omatako, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1981, yanzu tana karbar ruwan ambaliya ne kawai kuma mafi yawancin lokuta tana bushewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE OMATAKO DAM – SARTORIUS VON BACH DAM COMPONENTS OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL WATER CARRIER Brochure issued for the opening of the scheme on 4 May 1984. |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=1984 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarun 1990, birnin ya gabatar da tsarin farashin ruwa mai tsauri da shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa wadanda suka rage amfani da ruwa sosai. Amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane mutumi a gidaje ya ragu daga lita 201 a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 117 a shekarar 1996/97, wani bangare saboda gabatar da harajin fari mai tsada sosai. Lokacin da aka dawo da daidaitaccen farashin ruwa a shekarar 1997/98, amfani da ruwa ya karu zuwa lita 130 ga mutum daya a rana. Jimillar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum hadda na kasuwanci da masana'antu ya nuna raguwa daga lita 322 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 201 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1997/98. Kamar yadda binciken Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa domin Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ya nuna, an rage amfani da ruwa a duk fannoni, wanda hakan babban rabo ne domin rage amfani da ruwa a gine-ginen gwamnati ba abu ne mai sauki ba. A makarantu, gine-ginen gwamnati da lambunan gundumomi, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, an rage amfani da ruwa da kusan kashi 50%. Wadannan tanade-tanade sun dage gina sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa da kusan shekaru 10.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=10–38 |date=1999}}</ref> Amma duk da wadannan tanade-tanade, ana bukatar karin ruwa. Saboda haka, an kusan ninka karfin masana'antar har sau uku a shekarar 2002, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar samar da fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na bukatar ruwan birnin tare da rage wa albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima lodi.<ref name="Pisani" /> [[File:Karte Vorstadt Windhoek-Goreangab.png|thumb|left|Yankin magudanar ruwa na madatsar ruwan Goreangab ya cika da gine-ginen birni sosai, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan taswira.]] Domin dorewar amincewar jama'a, ana sanya idanu kan ingancin ruwa a Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Goreangab a kai-a kai bayan kowane mataki na tacewa. Idan aka samu wata matsala ta inganci, masana'antar tana komawa tsarin sake tace ruwan (recycle mode) kuma ba a rarraba ruwan. A cewar Pisani "Mazauna Windhoek cikin lokaci sun saba da ra'ayin cewa sake amfani da ruwan sha yana cikin tsarin samar musu da ruwa. A gaskiya ma, sun girma suna alfahari da cewa birninsu a fannoni da dama yana gaba da duniya wajen sake dawo da ruwa kai tsaye."<ref name="Pisani">{{cite web |author=Petrus L. Du Pisani |title=Surviving in an arid land: Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab Reclamation Plant |url=http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |publisher=Arid Lands Newsletter No.56 |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=November–December 2004}}</ref> An tallafa wa inganta masana'antar ne wani bangare ta hanyar Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) da Jamus ta hanyar bankin ci gaba na KfW. A cikin kimantawarta ta baya kan aikin, KfW ta lura cewa masana'antar ta fuskanci matsalolin fasaha na gaske da rufewa na dan lokaci na tsawon shekaru bakwai har sai da ta fara aiki yadda ya kamata. KfW ta lura cewa a cikin tsarin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, ya kamata a yi fiye da haka don rage amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutumi a Windhoek da kuma kare Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab daga gurbataccen ruwa, misali ta hanyar kafa shiyyar kariya mai takaita ayyuka a kewayen madatsar ruwan. Ta kuma lura cewa masana'antar ta cimma burinta na rage lodi a kan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex Post-Evaluierung: Kurzbericht Namibia: Abwasserrückgewinnung Windhoek |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/Evaluierung/Ergebnisse-und-Publikationen/PDF-Dokumente-L-P/Namibia_Abwasser_Windhoe_2011.pdf |publisher=KfW |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2011}}</ref> == Fannonin kudi == Namibia tana kashe kusan kashi 3% na Jimillar Abubuwan da Kasar ke Fitarwa (Gross Domestic Product) wajen gudanar da ayyukan kamfanonin ruwanta. Wannan shi ne mafi girman kaso a tsakanin daukacin kasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=56}} Ga kowane mutum, Namibia tana kashe kusan dala 80 na Amurka (US$) duk shekara wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, yayin da sauran kasashe a yankin ke kashe tsakanin dala 1 zuwa 10 na Amurka. Samar da hanyar samun ruwan kamfani a Namibia yana cin kudin dalar Amurka 4,000 ga kowane mutum a matsakaici.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|pp=60-61}} === Samar da Kudi === Babban kaso na wadannan kudade kamfanin NamWater ne ke daukar nauyinsa. NamWater yana mika kudaden ayyukansa gaba daya ga abokan cinikinsa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, wasu abokan ciniki sun gaza biyan kudaden ruwansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin kyawun gudanar da kudi. Sai dai kuma, tun daga shekarar 2003 kamfanin ya gyaru ta fannin kudi, har ma da rage kudaden da ake kashewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Plan |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616192722/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau NamWater yana samarwa kansa kudi mafi yawancin lokuta ta hanyar takardun kudi (notes) da ake bayarwa a kasuwar hannun jari ta Namibia. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kudin ruwa da aka biya a kan takardun kudi na shekaru biyar da aka bayar a daidai wannan shekarar ya kai kashi 9.05 cikin dari kuma kamfanin yana da darajar BBB daga hukumar tantancewa ta Fitch.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fitch Ratings |title=FITCH RATES NAMWATER'S NAD200M SENIOR UNSECURED BONDS 'BBB' |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/bond/Fitch%20NamWater%202015%20Report.pdf |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=12 May 2015}}</ref> === Farashin Ruwa === Farashin ruwa a Namibia yana cikin mafi tsada a Afirka. Sashe na farko na farashin ruwan gidaje a Windhoek yana cin kudin N$13.86 (USD 0.92) a kowace mita mai siffar daki (cubic metre) a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namibia: Windhoek Faces 10 Percent Water Increase |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606080132.html |newspaper=Namibian |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Farashin ruwan ya hada da tsayayyen kudin kowane wata na N$74.43 (USD 5) wanda bai danganta da yawan amfani da ruwa ba. Sashe na farko na amfani da ruwa ya hada da amfanin yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane gida a rana, adadin da yake da yawa ga kananan gidaje amma yana iya yin kadan ga manyan gidaje.Amfani da ruwa mafi girma ana cajinsa ne a farashi mafi tsada wanda ya kasance N$20.93 a kowace mita mai siffar daki (USD 1.40) a shekarar 2015. Hukumar gundumar tana lissafa kudin ruwa tare da na wutar lantarki, kwashe shara da harajin dukiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Windhoek: Understand your statement |url=http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224052638/http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mazauna matsugunai na wucin gadi suna samun ruwa ne ta hanyar famfunan gwamnati na bai-daya wadanda ke sanye da mita mai biyan kudi tukunna (prepaid water meters). Abokan ciniki masu amfani da prepaid suna biyan kusan dalar Amurka 1.9 ga kowace kilolita (mita mai siffar daki), ko kuma kusan dalar Amurka 0.038 ga kowace jidda mai lita 20. <ref>{{cite web |author1=Chris Heymans |author2=Kathy Eales |author3=Richard Franceys |title=Prepaid Water in Windhoek: Case Study, in: The Limits and Possibilities of Prepaid Water in Urban Africa:Lessons from the Field |url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Windhoek-Africa-Prepaid-Water-Case-Study-2014.pdf |publisher=Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=August 2014}}</ref> Farashin ruwa a sauran hukumomin gundumomi ya bambanta. Wadancan gundumomi da ke karbar ruwa mai yawa daga NamWater, wanda ya hada da dukkan manyan gundumomi, dole ne su dawo da kudaden samar da ruwa mai yawa tare da kudin rarraba ruwa ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar su na kansu. Kadan daga cikin kananan gundumomi da ke da nasu tushen ruwa ba sa karkashin wannan takaitawa. Misali, hukumar gundumar Oranjemund tana ba da ruwa ne kyauta don haka tana da mafi girman amfani da ruwa a kasar da ke da mamaki kwarai da lita 2,667 ga mutum daya a rana. Farashin ruwa mai yawa da NamWater ke cajinsa ya bambanta kadan a fadin kasar dangane da kudin samar da shi ga takamaiman wuri, amma wadannan bambance-bambance ba a mika su gaba daya ga gundumomi ba. Don haka NamWater yana tallafawa yankunan da ke da tsadar samar da ruwa ta hanyar amfani da rarar kudaden da aka samu daga yankunan da ke da karancin tsadar samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=3–37 |date=1999}}</ref> ==Tsabtace Muhalli== Idan aka kwatanta da ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen inganta samun ruwan sha mai tsabta, Namibiya tana baya wajen samar da isasshen tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="UN2011" /> Wannan ya haɗa da makarantu 298 da ba su da wuraren bayan gida.<ref name="N2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&pagetype=storydetail&category_id=1 |title=More than 1 million Namibians defecate in open |last=Tjihenuna |first=Theresia |date=2 April 2014 |work=The Namibian}}</ref> Sama da kashi 50% na mutuwar yara suna da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsabtace muhalli, ko tsafta; kashi 23% na mutuwar yara daga gudawa ne kawai. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta gano cewa akwai “rikicin tsabtace muhalli” a ƙasar.<ref name="RedAlert" /> [[File:Agglomeration um den Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|Unguwar talakawa kusa da Bendin Goreangab]] Banda gidajen masu kuɗi da matsakaita, tsabtace muhalli bai wadatu ba a yawancin unguwanni. Bayan-gidan da ake amfani da ruwa (flush toilets) suna da tsada sosai ga yawancin mazauna unguwannin talakawa saboda yawan ruwan da suke bukata da kuma kuɗin shigarwa. Sakamakon haka, samun tsabtace muhalli mai inganci bai ƙaru sosai ba tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai: A yankunan karkara na Namibiya a shekarar 2008, kashi 13% na al’umma ne kawai ke da tsabtace muhalli fiye da na asali, daga kashi 8% a 1990. Yawancin mazauna Namibiya suna amfani da “bayan-gidan tashi” (flying toilets), wato jakunkunan roba da ake yin bayan gida a ciki sannan a jefa su cikin daji.<ref name="N2008">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&txttnews%5Bttnews%5D=42630&nocache=1 |title=Namibia is lagging behind on sanitation |last=Cloete |first=Luqman |date=28 April 2008 |work=The Namibian}}</ref> Yin amfani da fili kusa da gidaje wajen yin fitsari da bayan gida abu ne gama gari,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deffner |first1=Jutta |last2=Mazambani |first2=Clarence |title=Participatory empirical research on water and sanitation demand in central northern Namibia: A method for technology development with a user perspective |url=http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7deffner.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322212906/http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7_deffner.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |publisher=Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE), CuveWaters Papers No. 7 |access-date=18 June 2016 |date=September 2010 |page=17}}</ref> kuma an gano shi a matsayin babban barazana ga lafiya.<ref name="N2014" /> Manufar Tsabtace Muhalli ta Ƙasa 2010-15 ta kiyasta cewa za a kashe N$1.64&nbsp;biliyan a cikin shekaru biyar domin cimma burin wannan tsari ta hanyar aiwatar da shirin guda 186. Tsarin ya kuma nuna cewa ba zai yiwu gwamnati ta iya ɗaukar waɗannan kuɗaɗen ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia: National Sanitation Strategy 2010/11-2014/15 |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |publisher=Republic of Namibia: Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=September 2009 |archive-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615205006/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani frpxf19v56u937ddnq9v8lbczrlp98a 0 157387 856860 2026-06-14T11:08:11Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347609381|Danielzinho (footballer, born 1994)]]" 856860 wikitext text/x-wiki   Daniel de Oliveira Sertanejo (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 1994), wanda aka fi sani da Danielzinho, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club São Paulo . == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === An haife shi a Andradina, São Paulo, Danielzinho ya fara aikinsa tare da Itapirense, kuma ya fara buga wasan farko tare da kungiyar a 2011 Campeonato Paulista Série A3. Ya koma Marília a shekarar 2012, inda ya kwashe wani lokaci tare da kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 kuma ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa kafin ya shiga Atletico Mineiro, inda ya koma kungiyar matasa.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] ayypf4qmwvk4jg7cmd7zb5mv4rn7zgz 856884 856860 2026-06-14T11:16:00Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347609381|Danielzinho (footballer, born 1994)]]" 856884 wikitext text/x-wiki   Daniel de Oliveira Sertanejo (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 1994), wanda aka fi sani da Danielzinho, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club São Paulo . == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === An haife shi a Andradina, São Paulo, Danielzinho ya fara aikinsa tare da Itapirense, kuma ya fara buga wasan farko tare da kungiyar a 2011 Campeonato Paulista Série A3. Ya koma Marília a shekarar 2012, inda ya kwashe wani lokaci tare da kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 kuma ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa kafin ya shiga Atletico Mineiro, inda ya koma kungiyar matasa.[1] === Atletico Mineiro === Danielzinho ya fara buga wa tawagarsa ta farko - da Série A - ta farko a Galo a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2013, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Fernandinho a wasan 0-0 a gida da Corinthians. [1] A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, bayan wasa daya kawai tare da babban tawagar, an sanar da shi a Boa Esporte a aro.[2] watan Yulin 2015, Danielzinho ya koma dan wasan Série B na Paraná a kan aro har zuwa karshen shekara.[1] A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2016, ya shiga Ferroviária kuma a cikin yarjejeniyar wucin gadi don Campeonato Paulista na 2016. [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] j5fx4cj0qyumgvcri208oazoi4n6dd7 0 157388 856861 2026-06-14T11:08:12Z Najaatuhd 25547 Kirkira shafi 856861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' f7drg7hvorv0afwsve2edbohpib49vu 856865 856861 2026-06-14T11:09:05Z Najaatuhd 25547 856865 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. 791nq7ucpmlyqmo46heyxivuuvd9cu6 856870 856865 2026-06-14T11:10:09Z Najaatuhd 25547 856870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' lwyvtsspa4hwjcv3spes17mu8bge8b2 856872 856870 2026-06-14T11:10:24Z Najaatuhd 25547 856872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.[1] Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa f2adyq37q10jrisil7vkay3w6wtgu4q 856875 856872 2026-06-14T11:11:03Z Najaatuhd 25547 856875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.[1] Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] h4foya88ieo1xuykeatv8otzx3pil4n 856879 856875 2026-06-14T11:12:50Z Najaatuhd 25547 856879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.[1] Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] == smith &jones == 85gk067gvc1i7mg5op43dt1l9ginv6c 856880 856879 2026-06-14T11:13:56Z Najaatuhd 25547 856880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.[1] Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.[5] Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.[6] Asibitin yana da wurare a Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. 7q9vsdwko394myjt4xxqynla3nz5jj1 856883 856880 2026-06-14T11:15:07Z Najaatuhd 25547 856883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.[1] Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.[5] Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.[6] Asibitin yana da wurare a Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. A ƙarshen 2009, yayin hira da NCRV, Bakker ya yi ƙaryar cewa godiya ga asibitinsa ne ya yi nasarar gabatar da Shirin Mataki na goma sha biyu zuwa Netherlands, wanda ya bi kansa a Scotland, duk da cewa ya riga ya kasance a Netherlands kafin asibitinsa. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikicin haya, Bakker ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Smith & Jones a watan Satumba 2010. Asibitin da kansa ya rufe jim kaɗan bayan haka.[7] b7hunp5sxvo25x77r59audcwo425jf8 856887 856883 2026-06-14T11:17:12Z Najaatuhd 25547 856887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.[1] Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.[5] Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.[6] Asibitin yana da wurare a Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. A ƙarshen 2009, yayin hira da NCRV, Bakker ya yi ƙaryar cewa godiya ga asibitinsa ne ya yi nasarar gabatar da Shirin Mataki na goma sha biyu zuwa Netherlands, wanda ya bi kansa a Scotland, duk da cewa ya riga ya kasance a Netherlands kafin asibitinsa. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikicin haya, Bakker ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Smith & Jones a watan Satumba 2010. Asibitin da kansa ya rufe jim kaɗan bayan haka.[7] == laifi da hukunci == fe2cdn0anuex3uw419uq3xlj3ph97hr 856888 856887 2026-06-14T11:18:28Z Najaatuhd 25547 856888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.[1] Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.[5] Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.[6] Asibitin yana da wurare a Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. A ƙarshen 2009, yayin hira da NCRV, Bakker ya yi ƙaryar cewa godiya ga asibitinsa ne ya yi nasarar gabatar da Shirin Mataki na goma sha biyu zuwa Netherlands, wanda ya bi kansa a Scotland, duk da cewa ya riga ya kasance a Netherlands kafin asibitinsa. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikicin haya, Bakker ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Smith & Jones a watan Satumba 2010. Asibitin da kansa ya rufe jim kaɗan bayan haka.[7] == laifi da hukunci == A ƙarshen 2010, Bakker da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinsa mata sun zarge shi da cin zarafin jima'i.[8] Bayan binciken mataimakin tawagar Amsterdam, an kama Bakker a watan Afrilun 2011 kuma an tsare shi. A lokacin shari'ar a watan Maris 2012, Bakker ya yarda cewa ya yi lalata da wasu abokan cinikinsa, amma ya musanta cewa cin zarafi ya shafi jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba. A cikin watan Afrilun 2012, kotu ta samu Bakker da laifin lalata da kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma haramcin shekaru goma daga aiwatar da aikinsa a matsayin likitan tabin hankali[9]. Asibitinsa, Smith & Jones, an riga an ayyana fatara a cikin Maris 2011.[10] An sake Bakker daga kurkuku a watan Satumba na 2014. An kama Bakker akan sabbin tuhume-tuhume na fyade da kuma keta dokar hana sana'ar sa a shekarar 2019.[11] Daga baya an yanke masa hukunci kan laifin fyade kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 4.5 a gidan yari a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021.[11] Bayan da aka daukaka kara, an rage masa hukuncin daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari. Daga baya, an sake Bakker daga kurkuku a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2022. 65bilad6i0va4mzme7zblsunfd75onk 856890 856888 2026-06-14T11:20:03Z Najaatuhd 25547 856890 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.[1] Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.[5] Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.[6] Asibitin yana da wurare a Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. A ƙarshen 2009, yayin hira da NCRV, Bakker ya yi ƙaryar cewa godiya ga asibitinsa ne ya yi nasarar gabatar da Shirin Mataki na goma sha biyu zuwa Netherlands, wanda ya bi kansa a Scotland, duk da cewa ya riga ya kasance a Netherlands kafin asibitinsa. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikicin haya, Bakker ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Smith & Jones a watan Satumba 2010. Asibitin da kansa ya rufe jim kaɗan bayan haka.[7] == laifi da hukunci == A ƙarshen 2010, Bakker da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinsa mata sun zarge shi da cin zarafin jima'i.[8] Bayan binciken mataimakin tawagar Amsterdam, an kama Bakker a watan Afrilun 2011 kuma an tsare shi. A lokacin shari'ar a watan Maris 2012, Bakker ya yarda cewa ya yi lalata da wasu abokan cinikinsa, amma ya musanta cewa cin zarafi ya shafi jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba. A cikin watan Afrilun 2012, kotu ta samu Bakker da laifin lalata da kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma haramcin shekaru goma daga aiwatar da aikinsa a matsayin likitan tabin hankali[9]. Asibitinsa, Smith & Jones, an riga an ayyana fatara a cikin Maris 2011.[10] An sake Bakker daga kurkuku a watan Satumba na 2014. An kama Bakker akan sabbin tuhume-tuhume na fyade da kuma keta dokar hana sana'ar sa a shekarar 2019.[11] Daga baya an yanke masa hukunci kan laifin fyade kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 4.5 a gidan yari a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021.[11] Bayan da aka daukaka kara, an rage masa hukuncin daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari. Daga baya, an sake Bakker daga kurkuku a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2022. == aikin Goliath == 4ohkmtf21o0zlcr0czv6x2wao72nce4 856893 856890 2026-06-14T11:21:28Z Najaatuhd 25547 856893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.[1] Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.[5] Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.[6] Asibitin yana da wurare a Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. A ƙarshen 2009, yayin hira da NCRV, Bakker ya yi ƙaryar cewa godiya ga asibitinsa ne ya yi nasarar gabatar da Shirin Mataki na goma sha biyu zuwa Netherlands, wanda ya bi kansa a Scotland, duk da cewa ya riga ya kasance a Netherlands kafin asibitinsa. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikicin haya, Bakker ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Smith & Jones a watan Satumba 2010. Asibitin da kansa ya rufe jim kaɗan bayan haka.[7] == laifi da hukunci == A ƙarshen 2010, Bakker da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinsa mata sun zarge shi da cin zarafin jima'i.[8] Bayan binciken mataimakin tawagar Amsterdam, an kama Bakker a watan Afrilun 2011 kuma an tsare shi. A lokacin shari'ar a watan Maris 2012, Bakker ya yarda cewa ya yi lalata da wasu abokan cinikinsa, amma ya musanta cewa cin zarafi ya shafi jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba. A cikin watan Afrilun 2012, kotu ta samu Bakker da laifin lalata da kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma haramcin shekaru goma daga aiwatar da aikinsa a matsayin likitan tabin hankali[9]. Asibitinsa, Smith & Jones, an riga an ayyana fatara a cikin Maris 2011.[10] An sake Bakker daga kurkuku a watan Satumba na 2014. An kama Bakker akan sabbin tuhume-tuhume na fyade da kuma keta dokar hana sana'ar sa a shekarar 2019.[11] Daga baya an yanke masa hukunci kan laifin fyade kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 4.5 a gidan yari a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021.[11] Bayan da aka daukaka kara, an rage masa hukuncin daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari. Daga baya, an sake Bakker daga kurkuku a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2022. == aikin Goliath == A cikin 2018, Keith Bakker ya kafa kuma ya ƙaddamar da "Goliath project 2018". The asali "Goliath project" aka kaddamar a 2000 da shi kuma. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan ainihin aikin Goliath shine kula da lafiyar kan iyaka a cikin Tarayyar Turai bisa la'akari da sashi na 86 na yarjejeniyar Turai.[12] Sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa, manyan asibitocin Burtaniya guda biyu, Castle Craig da ƙungiyar Priory, sun sami damar kula da marasa lafiya na Dutch a Burtaniya.[13] Aikin Goliath 2018 ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara / mai fafutuka wacce ke mai da hankali kan kula da jaraba ta hanyar likitanci ga fursunoni a cikin Tarayyar Turai. Tushen ƙoƙarin nasu shine labarin na 3 na kundin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU.[14] 9by5l6xo507wr0albjy8zrfvwie70zi 856900 856893 2026-06-14T11:25:57Z Najaatuhd 25547 856900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.[5] Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.Asibitin yana da wurare an Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. A ƙarshen 2009, yayin hira da NCRV, Bakker ya yi ƙaryar cewa godiya ga asibitinsa ne ya yi nasarar gabatar da Shirin Mataki na goma sha biyu zuwa Netherlands, wanda ya bi kansa a Scotland, duk da cewa ya riga ya kasance a Netherlands kafin asibitinsa. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikicin haya, Bakker ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Smith & Jones a watan Satumba 2010. Asibitin da kansa ya rufe jim kaɗan bayan haka. == laifi da hukunci == A ƙarshen 2010, Bakker da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinsa mata sun zarge shi da cin zarafin jima'i.[8] Bayan binciken mataimakin tawagar Amsterdam, an kama Bakker a watan Afrilun 2011 kuma an tsare shi. A lokacin shari'ar a watan Maris 2012, Bakker ya yarda cewa ya yi lalata da wasu abokan cinikinsa, amma ya musanta cewa cin zarafi ya shafi jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba. A cikin watan Afrilun 2012, kotu ta samu Bakker da laifin lalata da kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma haramcin shekaru goma daga aiwatar da aikinsa a matsayin likitan tabin hankali. Asibitinsa, Smith & Jones, an riga an ayyana fatara a cikin Maris 2011. A sake Bakker daga kurkuku a watan Satumba na 2014. An kama Bakker akan sabbin tuhume-tuhume na fyade da kuma keta dokar hana sana'ar sa a shekarar 2019. baya an yanke masa hukunci kan laifin fyade kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 4.5 a gidan yari a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021. Bayan da aka daukaka kara, a rage masa hukuncin daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari. Daga baya, an sake Bakker daga kurkuku a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2022. == aikin Goliath == A cikin 2018, Keith Bakker ya kafa kuma ya ƙaddamar da "Goliath project 2018". The asali "Goliath project" aka kaddamar a 2000 da shi kuma. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan ainihin aikin Goliath shine kula da lafiyar kan iyaka a cikin Tarayyar Turai bisa la'akari da sashi na 86 na yarjejeniyar Turai.Sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa, manyan asibitocin Burtaniya guda biyu, Castle Craig da ƙungiyar Priory, sun sami damar kula da marasa lafiya na Dutch a Burtaniya. Aikin Goliath 2018 ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara / mai fafutuka wacce ke mai da hankali kan kula da jaraba ta hanyar likitanci ga fursunoni a cikin Tarayyar Turai. Tushen ƙoƙarin nasu shine labarin na 3 na kundin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU. h6pemrtunh7n8n6dt5r6b2bxynsuffl 856902 856900 2026-06-14T11:26:43Z Najaatuhd 25547 856902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985.<ref><ref></ref></ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau [2] daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.[3][4] == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.[5] Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.Asibitin yana da wurare an Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. A ƙarshen 2009, yayin hira da NCRV, Bakker ya yi ƙaryar cewa godiya ga asibitinsa ne ya yi nasarar gabatar da Shirin Mataki na goma sha biyu zuwa Netherlands, wanda ya bi kansa a Scotland, duk da cewa ya riga ya kasance a Netherlands kafin asibitinsa. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikicin haya, Bakker ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Smith & Jones a watan Satumba 2010. Asibitin da kansa ya rufe jim kaɗan bayan haka. == laifi da hukunci == A ƙarshen 2010, Bakker da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinsa mata sun zarge shi da cin zarafin jima'i.[8] Bayan binciken mataimakin tawagar Amsterdam, an kama Bakker a watan Afrilun 2011 kuma an tsare shi. A lokacin shari'ar a watan Maris 2012, Bakker ya yarda cewa ya yi lalata da wasu abokan cinikinsa, amma ya musanta cewa cin zarafi ya shafi jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba. A cikin watan Afrilun 2012, kotu ta samu Bakker da laifin lalata da kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma haramcin shekaru goma daga aiwatar da aikinsa a matsayin likitan tabin hankali. Asibitinsa, Smith & Jones, an riga an ayyana fatara a cikin Maris 2011. A sake Bakker daga kurkuku a watan Satumba na 2014. An kama Bakker akan sabbin tuhume-tuhume na fyade da kuma keta dokar hana sana'ar sa a shekarar 2019. baya an yanke masa hukunci kan laifin fyade kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 4.5 a gidan yari a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021. Bayan da aka daukaka kara, a rage masa hukuncin daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari. Daga baya, an sake Bakker daga kurkuku a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2022. == aikin Goliath == A cikin 2018, Keith Bakker ya kafa kuma ya ƙaddamar da "Goliath project 2018". The asali "Goliath project" aka kaddamar a 2000 da shi kuma. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan ainihin aikin Goliath shine kula da lafiyar kan iyaka a cikin Tarayyar Turai bisa la'akari da sashi na 86 na yarjejeniyar Turai.Sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa, manyan asibitocin Burtaniya guda biyu, Castle Craig da ƙungiyar Priory, sun sami damar kula da marasa lafiya na Dutch a Burtaniya. Aikin Goliath 2018 ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara / mai fafutuka wacce ke mai da hankali kan kula da jaraba ta hanyar likitanci ga fursunoni a cikin Tarayyar Turai. Tushen ƙoƙarin nasu shine labarin na 3 na kundin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU. nytp1bm2nbtxhs8ojhrhuccff43h3cr 856908 856902 2026-06-14T11:32:28Z Najaatuhd 25547 856908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985.<ref>When the game never ends". ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. November 15, 2007</ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau <ref>"Keith Bakker in tranen over slachtoffers". ''Algemeen Dagblad'' (in Dutch). August 31, 2016 [2012-03-12]. Retrieved March 24, 2023</ref>daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.<ref>"Veroordeelde verslavingshulpverlener Keith Bakker (64) overleden". ''NOS Nieuws'' (in Dutch). April 7, 2025. Retrieved April 8, 2025</ref><ref>Verslavingsgoeroe Keith Bakker (1960 - 2025) wist duistere kant als manipulator lang met charmes te verhullen | Binnenland | Telegraaf.nl". ''De Telegraaf'' (in Dutch). April 7, 2025. Retrieved April 8,2025.</ref> == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.<ref>Kuo, Li C. (June 1, 2006). "Europe Opens Its First Game Addiction Clinic". ''GameSpy''. Retrieved July 14, 2010.</ref>Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.Asibitin yana da wurare an Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. A ƙarshen 2009, yayin hira da NCRV, Bakker ya yi ƙaryar cewa godiya ga asibitinsa ne ya yi nasarar gabatar da Shirin Mataki na goma sha biyu zuwa Netherlands, wanda ya bi kansa a Scotland, duk da cewa ya riga ya kasance a Netherlands kafin asibitinsa. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikicin haya, Bakker ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Smith & Jones a watan Satumba 2010. Asibitin da kansa ya rufe jim kaɗan bayan haka. == laifi da hukunci == A ƙarshen 2010, Bakker da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinsa mata sun zarge shi da cin zarafin jima'i.[8] Bayan binciken mataimakin tawagar Amsterdam, an kama Bakker a watan Afrilun 2011 kuma an tsare shi. A lokacin shari'ar a watan Maris 2012, Bakker ya yarda cewa ya yi lalata da wasu abokan cinikinsa, amma ya musanta cewa cin zarafi ya shafi jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba. A cikin watan Afrilun 2012, kotu ta samu Bakker da laifin lalata da kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma haramcin shekaru goma daga aiwatar da aikinsa a matsayin likitan tabin hankali. Asibitinsa, Smith & Jones, an riga an ayyana fatara a cikin Maris 2011. A sake Bakker daga kurkuku a watan Satumba na 2014. An kama Bakker akan sabbin tuhume-tuhume na fyade da kuma keta dokar hana sana'ar sa a shekarar 2019. baya an yanke masa hukunci kan laifin fyade kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 4.5 a gidan yari a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021. Bayan da aka daukaka kara, a rage masa hukuncin daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari. Daga baya, an sake Bakker daga kurkuku a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2022. == aikin Goliath == A cikin 2018, Keith Bakker ya kafa kuma ya ƙaddamar da "Goliath project 2018". The asali "Goliath project" aka kaddamar a 2000 da shi kuma. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan ainihin aikin Goliath shine kula da lafiyar kan iyaka a cikin Tarayyar Turai bisa la'akari da sashi na 86 na yarjejeniyar Turai.Sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa, manyan asibitocin Burtaniya guda biyu, Castle Craig da ƙungiyar Priory, sun sami damar kula da marasa lafiya na Dutch a Burtaniya. Aikin Goliath 2018 ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara / mai fafutuka wacce ke mai da hankali kan kula da jaraba ta hanyar likitanci ga fursunoni a cikin Tarayyar Turai. Tushen ƙoƙarin nasu shine labarin na 3 na kundin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU. fqkecblby8h6glxvnwbwcgcpve825lb 856910 856908 2026-06-14T11:33:09Z Najaatuhd 25547 856910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Benjamin Bakker''' Keith Benjamin Bakker (Nuwamba 24, 1960 - Afrilu 7, 2025) ya kasance wani Ba'amurke-Yaren mutanen Holland mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma an yanke masa hukunci. Ya ƙware a gyaran ƙwayoyi kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Netherlands don asibitin gyaran jarabarsa, Smith & Jones, da kuma bayyanar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Holland da yawa. An yankewa Bakker hukuncin zaman gidan yari saboda cin zarafin wasu tsoffin abokan cinikinsa mata, kuma an tsare shi daga Afrilu 2011 zuwa Satumba 2014. An yanke wa Bakker hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021, kan laifin fyade ga karamar yarinya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 4.5. '''Rayuwar Sirri da mutuwa''' Bakker ya girma a Westport, Connecticut. Ya fara shan barasa da muggan kwayoyi tun yana matashi, kuma ya yi amfani da tabar heroin a karon farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta sha takwas. A cikin 1980s, Bakker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hanya, yana tafiya tare da Michael Jackson, Prince, da Bruce Springsteen, da sauransu.Bakker ya zo Amsterdam a shekara ta 1985.<ref>When the game never ends". ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. November 15, 2007</ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shaye-shayen kwayoyi ya ci gaba, kuma ya kamu da cutar kanjamau <ref>"Keith Bakker in tranen over slachtoffers". ''Algemeen Dagblad'' (in Dutch). August 31, 2016 [2012-03-12]. Retrieved March 24, 2023</ref>daga wani sirinji mai cutar. A cikin 1989, ya sadu da wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Youth With A Mission, wanda ya taimaka masa ya daina shan kwayoyi, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. Daga baya, Bakker ya zama manajan masana'antar kiɗa A cikin 1996, Bakker ya sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ya sami bugun zuciya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, amma ya tsira. Bayan wata daya, Bakker ya daina amfani da kwayoyi bayan ya zauna a asibiti da kuma bin tsarin jiyya na Model na Minnesota a Scotland. Bakker ya mutu daga raunin zuciya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 64.<ref>"Veroordeelde verslavingshulpverlener Keith Bakker (64) overleden". ''NOS Nieuws'' (in Dutch). April 7, 2025. Retrieved April 8, 2025</ref><ref>Verslavingsgoeroe Keith Bakker (1960 - 2025) wist duistere kant als manipulator lang met charmes te verhullen | Binnenland | Telegraaf.nl". ''De Telegraaf'' (in Dutch). April 7, 2025. Retrieved April 8,2025.</ref> == smith &jones == A cikin 2004, Bakker ya buɗe asibitin Smith & Jones don mutanen da ke da muggan ƙwayoyi ko barasa. A cikin 2006 ya zama asibiti na farko a Turai don mai da hankali kan mutanen da ke da jarabar wasan bidiyo.<ref>Kuo, Li C. (June 1, 2006). "Europe Opens Its First Game Addiction Clinic". ''GameSpy''. Retrieved July 14, 2010.</ref>Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa na neman ƙarin magani ga wani abokin ciniki da yake jiyya don shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi kuma ya tsara masa wani shiri na musamman bayan ya kasa fitar da taimako.Asibitin yana da wurare an Amsterdam da Wassenaar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Bakker kuma ya bayyana akai-akai akan nunin talbijin na Dutch da jerin abubuwan gaskiya. Ya kasance bako akai-akai akan Spuiten en Slikken a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren jaraba, da kuma horar da matasa masu wahala (da danginsu) a cikin Van etter tot engel da Abubuwan Iyali. 2008 kuma an ga sakin tarihin Bakker mai suna Pushing the Limits, wanda marubucin Dutch Leon Verdonschot ya rubuta. A ƙarshen 2009, yayin hira da NCRV, Bakker ya yi ƙaryar cewa godiya ga asibitinsa ne ya yi nasarar gabatar da Shirin Mataki na goma sha biyu zuwa Netherlands, wanda ya bi kansa a Scotland, duk da cewa ya riga ya kasance a Netherlands kafin asibitinsa. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikicin haya, Bakker ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Smith & Jones a watan Satumba 2010. Asibitin da kansa ya rufe jim kaɗan bayan haka. == laifi da hukunci == A ƙarshen 2010, Bakker da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinsa mata sun zarge shi da cin zarafin jima'i.[8] Bayan binciken mataimakin tawagar Amsterdam, an kama Bakker a watan Afrilun 2011 kuma an tsare shi. A lokacin shari'ar a watan Maris 2012, Bakker ya yarda cewa ya yi lalata da wasu abokan cinikinsa, amma ya musanta cewa cin zarafi ya shafi jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba. A cikin watan Afrilun 2012, kotu ta samu Bakker da laifin lalata da kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma haramcin shekaru goma daga aiwatar da aikinsa a matsayin likitan tabin hankali. Asibitinsa, Smith & Jones, an riga an ayyana fatara a cikin Maris 2011. A sake Bakker daga kurkuku a watan Satumba na 2014. An kama Bakker akan sabbin tuhume-tuhume na fyade da kuma keta dokar hana sana'ar sa a shekarar 2019. baya an yanke masa hukunci kan laifin fyade kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 4.5 a gidan yari a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021. Bayan da aka daukaka kara, a rage masa hukuncin daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari. Daga baya, an sake Bakker daga kurkuku a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2022. == aikin Goliath == A cikin 2018, Keith Bakker ya kafa kuma ya ƙaddamar da "Goliath project 2018". The asali "Goliath project" aka kaddamar a 2000 da shi kuma. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan ainihin aikin Goliath shine kula da lafiyar kan iyaka a cikin Tarayyar Turai bisa la'akari da sashi na 86 na yarjejeniyar Turai.Sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa, manyan asibitocin Burtaniya guda biyu, Castle Craig da ƙungiyar Priory, sun sami damar kula da marasa lafiya na Dutch a Burtaniya. Aikin Goliath 2018 ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara / mai fafutuka wacce ke mai da hankali kan kula da jaraba ta hanyar likitanci ga fursunoni a cikin Tarayyar Turai. Tushen ƙoƙarin nasu shine labarin na 3 na kundin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU. == manazarta == 5okpue19fe0uc9rsn6hftd17xo14br2 0 157389 856863 2026-06-14T11:08:58Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356383755|Jon Aramburu]]" 856863 wikitext text/x-wiki Jon Mikel Aramburu Mejías (an haife shi 23 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Venezuela wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Real Sociedad ta La Liga da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Venezuela. Aramburu ya kasance wani ɓangare na makarantar matasa ta Real Sociedad a Spain daga 2016 zuwa 2017, amma saboda dokokin [[FIFA]] dole ne ya koma Venezuela. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real |trans-title=Aramburu dreams of returning to Real |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |language=es}}</ref> Ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Deportivo La Guaira, kuma ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi tare da su a 2020 inda suka lashe gasar Primera ta Venezuela ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabedra |first=Fabiola |date=21 July 2022 |title=Jon Aramburu probará suerte en el extranjero |url=https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/deportes/jon-aramburu-probara-suerte-en-el-extranjero/ |website=Últimas Noticias}}</ref> === Real Unión === A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2022, ya koma ƙungiyar Real Unión ta Sipaniya a gasar Primera Federación na tsawon kakar wasa biyu tare da zaɓin samun matsayi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jon Mikel Aramburu, nuevo jugador del Real Unión – Real Unión Club |url=https://realunionclub.com/jon-mikel-aramburu-nuevo-jugador-del-real-union/}}</ref> === Real Sociedad === A ranar 1 ga Agusta 2023, ya sanya hannu da Real Sociedad B akan kwantiragin shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Real Sociedad oficializó la firma del defensor vinotinto Jon Aramburu y estará jugando en el Sanse |url=https://onefootball.com/fr/news/real-sociedad-oficializo-la-firma-del-defensor-vinotinto-jon-aramburu-y-estara-jugando-en-el-sanse-37956415 |website=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2023, ya fara buga wa ƙungiyarsa ta farko wasa a Copa del Rey da Buñol a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venezuela − J. Aramburu |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jon-mikel-aramburu-mejias/600975/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar [[La Liga]] yana bugawa Real Sociedad wasa a ranar 20 ga Janairun 2024 a wasan da suka yi da [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]], inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga mintuna 45 na farko. Bayan 'yan makonni, ya fara buga [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai]], inda ya buga a minti na 87 da [[Paris Saint-Germain|PSG]] a zagaye na 16. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Aramburu a Venezuela, asalinsa Basque ne ta hanyar kakanninsa, kuma yana da 'yan ƙasa biyu a Spain. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real |trans-title=Aramburu dreams of returning to Real |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html "Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real"] &#x5B;Aramburu dreams of returning to Real&#x5D;. ''Mundo Deportivo'' (in Spanish). 13 November 2021.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya buga wa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Venezuela wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2019 . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">an buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma buga wa gasar Maurice Revello Tournaments ta 2022 da 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Vinotinto juvenil tiene sus convocados para el Torneo Maurice Revello - lavinotinto.com |url=https://www.lavinotinto.com/la-vinotinto-juvenil-tiene-sus-convocados-para-el-torneo-maurice-revello/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venezuela squad for the 2023 Maurice Revello Tournament |url=https://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=5473 |website=www.festival-foot-espoirs.com}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Venezuela wasa a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 0-0 da Guatemala a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reis |first=Fabiana Dos |date=21 June 2023 |title=Martínez, Pereira, Marqués y Aramburu: así vivieron su debut vinotinto |url=https://idiomafutve.com/martinez-pereira-marques-y-aramburu-asi-vivieron-su-debut-vinotinto/ |website=Idioma FutVE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] sdzg536dzqwgajr280jy4g5nue53r75 856868 856863 2026-06-14T11:09:46Z Dev ammar 21046 856868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jon Mikel Aramburu Mejías''' (an haife shi 23 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Venezuela wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Real Sociedad ta La Liga da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Venezuela. Aramburu ya kasance wani ɓangare na makarantar matasa ta Real Sociedad a Spain daga 2016 zuwa 2017, amma saboda dokokin [[FIFA]] dole ne ya koma Venezuela. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real |trans-title=Aramburu dreams of returning to Real |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |language=es}}</ref> Ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Deportivo La Guaira, kuma ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi tare da su a 2020 inda suka lashe gasar Primera ta Venezuela ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabedra |first=Fabiola |date=21 July 2022 |title=Jon Aramburu probará suerte en el extranjero |url=https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/deportes/jon-aramburu-probara-suerte-en-el-extranjero/ |website=Últimas Noticias}}</ref> === Real Unión === A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2022, ya koma ƙungiyar Real Unión ta Sipaniya a gasar Primera Federación na tsawon kakar wasa biyu tare da zaɓin samun matsayi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jon Mikel Aramburu, nuevo jugador del Real Unión – Real Unión Club |url=https://realunionclub.com/jon-mikel-aramburu-nuevo-jugador-del-real-union/}}</ref> === Real Sociedad === A ranar 1 ga Agusta 2023, ya sanya hannu da Real Sociedad B akan kwantiragin shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Real Sociedad oficializó la firma del defensor vinotinto Jon Aramburu y estará jugando en el Sanse |url=https://onefootball.com/fr/news/real-sociedad-oficializo-la-firma-del-defensor-vinotinto-jon-aramburu-y-estara-jugando-en-el-sanse-37956415 |website=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2023, ya fara buga wa ƙungiyarsa ta farko wasa a Copa del Rey da Buñol a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venezuela − J. Aramburu |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jon-mikel-aramburu-mejias/600975/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar [[La Liga]] yana bugawa Real Sociedad wasa a ranar 20 ga Janairun 2024 a wasan da suka yi da [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]], inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga mintuna 45 na farko. Bayan 'yan makonni, ya fara buga [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai]], inda ya buga a minti na 87 da [[Paris Saint-Germain|PSG]] a zagaye na 16. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Aramburu a Venezuela, asalinsa Basque ne ta hanyar kakanninsa, kuma yana da 'yan ƙasa biyu a Spain. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real |trans-title=Aramburu dreams of returning to Real |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html "Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real"] &#x5B;Aramburu dreams of returning to Real&#x5D;. ''Mundo Deportivo'' (in Spanish). 13 November 2021.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya buga wa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Venezuela wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2019 . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">an buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma buga wa gasar Maurice Revello Tournaments ta 2022 da 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Vinotinto juvenil tiene sus convocados para el Torneo Maurice Revello - lavinotinto.com |url=https://www.lavinotinto.com/la-vinotinto-juvenil-tiene-sus-convocados-para-el-torneo-maurice-revello/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venezuela squad for the 2023 Maurice Revello Tournament |url=https://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=5473 |website=www.festival-foot-espoirs.com}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Venezuela wasa a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 0-0 da Guatemala a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reis |first=Fabiana Dos |date=21 June 2023 |title=Martínez, Pereira, Marqués y Aramburu: así vivieron su debut vinotinto |url=https://idiomafutve.com/martinez-pereira-marques-y-aramburu-asi-vivieron-su-debut-vinotinto/ |website=Idioma FutVE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] n4yu2g7ckjpx116z9mxut9dfamjvn4m 856874 856868 2026-06-14T11:10:51Z Dev ammar 21046 856874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jon Mikel Aramburu Mejías''' (an haife shi 23 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Venezuela]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Real Sociedad ta La Liga da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Venezuela]]. '''Aramburu''' ya kasance wani ɓangare na makarantar matasa ta Real Sociedad a Spain daga 2016 zuwa 2017, amma saboda dokokin [[FIFA]] dole ne ya koma Venezuela. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real |trans-title=Aramburu dreams of returning to Real |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |language=es}}</ref> Ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Deportivo La Guaira, kuma ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi tare da su a 2020 inda suka lashe gasar Primera ta Venezuela ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabedra |first=Fabiola |date=21 July 2022 |title=Jon Aramburu probará suerte en el extranjero |url=https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/deportes/jon-aramburu-probara-suerte-en-el-extranjero/ |website=Últimas Noticias}}</ref> === Real Unión === A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2022, ya koma ƙungiyar Real Unión ta Sipaniya a gasar Primera Federación na tsawon kakar wasa biyu tare da zaɓin samun matsayi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jon Mikel Aramburu, nuevo jugador del Real Unión – Real Unión Club |url=https://realunionclub.com/jon-mikel-aramburu-nuevo-jugador-del-real-union/}}</ref> === Real Sociedad === A ranar 1 ga Agusta 2023, ya sanya hannu da Real Sociedad B akan kwantiragin shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Real Sociedad oficializó la firma del defensor vinotinto Jon Aramburu y estará jugando en el Sanse |url=https://onefootball.com/fr/news/real-sociedad-oficializo-la-firma-del-defensor-vinotinto-jon-aramburu-y-estara-jugando-en-el-sanse-37956415 |website=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2023, ya fara buga wa ƙungiyarsa ta farko wasa a Copa del Rey da Buñol a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venezuela − J. Aramburu |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jon-mikel-aramburu-mejias/600975/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar [[La Liga]] yana bugawa Real Sociedad wasa a ranar 20 ga Janairun 2024 a wasan da suka yi da [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]], inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga mintuna 45 na farko. Bayan 'yan makonni, ya fara buga [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai]], inda ya buga a minti na 87 da [[Paris Saint-Germain|PSG]] a zagaye na 16. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Aramburu a Venezuela, asalinsa Basque ne ta hanyar kakanninsa, kuma yana da 'yan ƙasa biyu a Spain. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real |trans-title=Aramburu dreams of returning to Real |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html "Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real"] &#x5B;Aramburu dreams of returning to Real&#x5D;. ''Mundo Deportivo'' (in Spanish). 13 November 2021.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya buga wa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Venezuela wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2019 . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">an buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma buga wa gasar Maurice Revello Tournaments ta 2022 da 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Vinotinto juvenil tiene sus convocados para el Torneo Maurice Revello - lavinotinto.com |url=https://www.lavinotinto.com/la-vinotinto-juvenil-tiene-sus-convocados-para-el-torneo-maurice-revello/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venezuela squad for the 2023 Maurice Revello Tournament |url=https://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=5473 |website=www.festival-foot-espoirs.com}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Venezuela wasa a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 0-0 da Guatemala a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reis |first=Fabiana Dos |date=21 June 2023 |title=Martínez, Pereira, Marqués y Aramburu: así vivieron su debut vinotinto |url=https://idiomafutve.com/martinez-pereira-marques-y-aramburu-asi-vivieron-su-debut-vinotinto/ |website=Idioma FutVE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] r0qisxf0idq8fr3zxszo55zmtu83cdm 856878 856874 2026-06-14T11:12:08Z Dev ammar 21046 856878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jon Mikel Aramburu Mejías''' (an haife shi 23 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Venezuela]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Real Sociedad ta [[La Liga]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Venezuela]]. '''Aramburu''' ya kasance wani ɓangare na makarantar matasa ta Real Sociedad a Spain daga 2016 zuwa 2017, amma saboda dokokin [[FIFA]] dole ne ya koma Venezuela. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real |trans-title=Aramburu dreams of returning to Real |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |language=es}}</ref> Ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Deportivo La Guaira, kuma ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi tare da su a 2020 inda suka lashe gasar Primera ta Venezuela ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabedra |first=Fabiola |date=21 July 2022 |title=Jon Aramburu probará suerte en el extranjero |url=https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/deportes/jon-aramburu-probara-suerte-en-el-extranjero/ |website=Últimas Noticias}}</ref> === Real Unión === A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2022, ya koma ƙungiyar Real Unión ta Sipaniya a gasar Primera Federación na tsawon kakar wasa biyu tare da zaɓin samun matsayi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jon Mikel Aramburu, nuevo jugador del Real Unión – Real Unión Club |url=https://realunionclub.com/jon-mikel-aramburu-nuevo-jugador-del-real-union/}}</ref> === Real Sociedad === A ranar 1 ga Agusta 2023, ya sanya hannu da Real Sociedad B akan kwantiragin shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Real Sociedad oficializó la firma del defensor vinotinto Jon Aramburu y estará jugando en el Sanse |url=https://onefootball.com/fr/news/real-sociedad-oficializo-la-firma-del-defensor-vinotinto-jon-aramburu-y-estara-jugando-en-el-sanse-37956415 |website=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2023, ya fara buga wa ƙungiyarsa ta farko wasa a Copa del Rey da Buñol a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venezuela − J. Aramburu |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jon-mikel-aramburu-mejias/600975/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar [[La Liga]] yana bugawa Real Sociedad wasa a ranar 20 ga Janairun 2024 a wasan da suka yi da [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]], inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga mintuna 45 na farko. Bayan 'yan makonni, ya fara buga [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai]], inda ya buga a minti na 87 da [[Paris Saint-Germain|PSG]] a zagaye na 16. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Aramburu a Venezuela, asalinsa Basque ne ta hanyar kakanninsa, kuma yana da 'yan ƙasa biyu a Spain. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real |trans-title=Aramburu dreams of returning to Real |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20211113/1001712246/aramburu-suena-volver-real.html "Aramburu sueña con volver a la Real"] &#x5B;Aramburu dreams of returning to Real&#x5D;. ''Mundo Deportivo'' (in Spanish). 13 November 2021.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya buga wa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Venezuela wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2019 . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">an buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya kuma buga wa gasar Maurice Revello Tournaments ta 2022 da 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Vinotinto juvenil tiene sus convocados para el Torneo Maurice Revello - lavinotinto.com |url=https://www.lavinotinto.com/la-vinotinto-juvenil-tiene-sus-convocados-para-el-torneo-maurice-revello/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venezuela squad for the 2023 Maurice Revello Tournament |url=https://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=5473 |website=www.festival-foot-espoirs.com}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Venezuela wasa a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 0-0 da Guatemala a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reis |first=Fabiana Dos |date=21 June 2023 |title=Martínez, Pereira, Marqués y Aramburu: así vivieron su debut vinotinto |url=https://idiomafutve.com/martinez-pereira-marques-y-aramburu-asi-vivieron-su-debut-vinotinto/ |website=Idioma FutVE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] q58stlh7y5tz3yxnyud8a3zd7y18d5q 0 157390 856889 2026-06-14T11:19:06Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 856889 wikitext text/x-wiki Biodiversity shine bambancin rayuwa a Duniya. Ana iya auna shi a matakai daban-daban, alal misali, Bambancin kwayar halitta, bambancin jinsuna, Bambancin yanayi halittu da bambancin phylogenetic.[1] Ba a rarraba bambancin daidai a Duniya - ya fi girma a cikin wurare masu zafi sakamakon yanayin zafi da kuma yawan amfanin farko a yankin kusa da ma'auni. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ya rufe ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yankin duniya kuma yana ƙunshe da kusan kashi 50% na nau'in duniya.[2] Akwai gradients na latitudinal a cikin nau'o'in jinsuna daban-daban don nau'in ruwa da na ƙasa.[3] Tun lokacin da dabba-linkid="27" href="./Abiogenesis" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Abiogenesis">Rayuwa ta fara a Duniya, manyan mutane shuka da suka faru da kuma kananan abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da raguwa mai yawa da kwatsam a cikin halittu masu yawa. Phanerozoic aeon (shekaru miliyan 540 da suka gabata) sun nuna saurin ci gaba a cikin bambancin halittu ta hanyar Fashewar Cambrian. A wannan lokacin, yawancin phyla masu yawa sun fara bayyana. Shekaru miliyan 400 masu zuwa sun haɗa da maimaitawa, asarar halittu masu yawa. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru an rarraba su a matsayin abubuwan da suka haifar da halaka. A cikin Carboniferous, Rushewar gandun daji na iya haifar da babban asarar shuke-shuke da rayuwar dabbobi. Abubuwan da suka faru na Permian-Triassic, shekaru miliyan 251 da suka gabata, shine mafi muni; farfadowar dabbobi ya ɗauki shekaru miliyan 30 7yx5qyn2kjd3n09xtgkmxxe8x8b1vxf 856892 856889 2026-06-14T11:21:25Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 856892 wikitext text/x-wiki Biodiversity shine bambancin rayuwa a Duniya. Ana iya auna shi a matakai daban-daban, alal misali, Bambancin kwayar halitta, bambancin jinsuna, Bambancin yanayi halittu da bambancin phylogenetic. Ba a rarraba bambancin daidai a Duniya - ya fi girma a cikin wurare masu zafi sakamakon yanayin zafi da kuma yawan amfanin farko a yankin kusa da ma'auni. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ya rufe ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yankin duniya kuma yana ƙunshe da kusan kashi 50% na nau'in duniya.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9293027</ref> Akwai gradients na latitudinal a cikin nau'o'in jinsuna daban-daban don nau'in ruwa da na ƙasa.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F381004</ref> Tun lokacin da dabba-linkid="27" href="./Abiogenesis" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Abiogenesis">Rayuwa ta fara a Duniya, manyan mutane shuka da suka faru da kuma kananan abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da raguwa mai yawa da kwatsam a cikin halittu masu yawa. Phanerozoic aeon (shekaru miliyan 540 da suka gabata) sun nuna saurin ci gaba a cikin bambancin halittu ta hanyar Fashewar Cambrian. A wannan lokacin, yawancin phyla masu yawa sun fara bayyana. Shekaru miliyan 400 masu zuwa sun haɗa da maimaitawa, asarar halittu masu yawa. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru an rarraba su a matsayin abubuwan da suka haifar da halaka. A cikin Carboniferous, Rushewar gandun daji na iya haifar da babban asarar shuke-shuke da rayuwar dabbobi. Abubuwan da suka faru na Permian-Triassic, shekaru miliyan 251 da suka gabata, shine mafi muni; farfadowar dabbobi ya ɗauki shekaru miliyan 30 ==Manazarta== qsctau94qsf7ns9gycold069mywfu12 856895 856892 2026-06-14T11:22:46Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 856895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Biodiversity shine bambancin rayuwa a Duniya. Ana iya auna shi a matakai daban-daban, alal misali, Bambancin kwayar halitta, bambancin jinsuna, Bambancin yanayi halittu da bambancin phylogenetic. Ba a rarraba bambancin daidai a Duniya - ya fi girma a cikin wurare masu zafi sakamakon yanayin zafi da kuma yawan amfanin farko a yankin kusa da ma'auni. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ya rufe ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yankin duniya kuma yana ƙunshe da kusan kashi 50% na nau'in duniya.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9293027</ref> Akwai gradients na latitudinal a cikin nau'o'in jinsuna daban-daban don nau'in ruwa da na ƙasa.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1086%2F381004</ref> Tun lokacin da dabba-linkid="27" href="./Abiogenesis" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Abiogenesis">Rayuwa ta fara a Duniya, manyan mutane shuka da suka faru da kuma kananan abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da raguwa mai yawa da kwatsam a cikin halittu masu yawa. Phanerozoic aeon (shekaru miliyan 540 da suka gabata) sun nuna saurin ci gaba a cikin bambancin halittu ta hanyar Fashewar Cambrian. A wannan lokacin, yawancin phyla masu yawa sun fara bayyana. Shekaru miliyan 400 masu zuwa sun haɗa da maimaitawa, asarar halittu masu yawa. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru an rarraba su a matsayin abubuwan da suka haifar da halaka. A cikin Carboniferous, Rushewar gandun daji na iya haifar da babban asarar shuke-shuke da rayuwar dabbobi. Abubuwan da suka faru na Permian-Triassic, shekaru miliyan 251 da suka gabata, shine mafi muni; farfadowar dabbobi ya ɗauki shekaru miliyan 30 ==Manazarta== 8711cabj3e810jlj1f9d11qhlfzxahi 0 157391 856904 2026-06-14T11:28:43Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354942063|Physical activity]]" 856904 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''motsa jiki''' a matsayin duk wani motsi da tsokoki na ƙashi ke samarwa wanda ke buƙatar kashe kuzari . Motsa jiki ya ƙunshi dukkan ayyuka, a kowane lokaci na rana ko dare. Ya haɗa da [[motsa jiki]] na son rai da kuma ayyukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda aka haɗa cikin tsarin yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garland, Jr., T. |last2=Schutz, H. |last3=Chappell, M.A. |last4=Keeney, B.K. |last5=Meek, T.H. |last6=Copes, L.E. |last7=Acosta, W. |last8=Drenowatz, C. |last9=Maciel, R.C. |last10=van Dijk, G. |last11=Kotz, C.M. |last12=Eisenmann, J.C. |date=2011 |title=The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=214 |pages=206–229 |doi=10.1242/jeb.048397 |pmid=21177942}}</ref> Wannan aikin da aka haɗa ba za a iya tsara shi ba, a tsara shi, a maimaita shi ko kuma a yi shi da gangan don inganta [[lafiyar jiki]], kuma yana iya haɗawa da ayyuka kamar tafiya zuwa shagon gida, tsaftacewa, aiki, jigilar kaya da sauransu. Rashin motsa jiki yana da alaƙa da sakamako mara kyau [[Lafiya|na lafiya]], yayin da ƙaruwar motsa jiki na iya inganta lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa, da kuma lafiyar fahimta da ta zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ione Avila-Palencia |date=2018 |title=The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study |journal=Environment International |volume=120 |pages=199–206 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002 |pmid=30098553 |s2cid=51965322 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Akwai aƙalla jari guda takwas waɗanda ke aiki don ƙara yawan motsa jiki a matakin jama'a, gami da shirye-shiryen makarantu gabaɗaya, sufuri mai aiki, ƙirar birane mai aiki, kiwon lafiya, ilimin jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai, wasanni ga kowa, wuraren aiki da shirye-shiryen al'umma baki ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fenech |first=Amanda |last2=Chockalingam |first2=N. |last3=Formosa |first3=C. |last4=Gatt |first4=A. |date=1 January 2021 |title=Longitudinal effects of evidence-based physical education in Maltese children |journal=Child and Adolescent Obesity |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=98–116 |doi=10.1080/2574254X.2021.1915041 |s2cid=237846270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milton |first=Karen |last2=Cavill |first2=Nick |last3=Chalkley |first3=Anna |last4=Foster |first4=Charlie |last5=Gomersall |first5=Sjaan |last6=Hagstromer |first6=Maria |last7=Kelly |first7=Paul |last8=Kolbe-Alexander |first8=Tracy |last9=Mair |first9=Jacqueline |last10=McLaughlin |first10=Matthew |last11=Nobles |first11=James |date=2021-05-12 |title=Eight Investments That Work for Physical Activity |url=http://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jpah/aop/article-10.1123-jpah.2021-0112/article-10.1123-jpah.2021-0112.xml |journal=Journal of Physical Activity and Health |language=en-US |volume=-1 |issue=aop |pages=625–630 |doi=10.1123/jpah.2021-0112 |issn=1543-5474 |pmid=33984836 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Motsa jiki yana ƙara yawan kuzari kuma shine babban mai daidaita nauyin jiki (duba zagayowar Summermatter don ƙarin bayani). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=S |first=Summermatter |last2=C |first2=Handschin |date=November 2012 |title=PGC-1α and Exercise in the Control of Body Weight |journal=International Journal of Obesity |language=en |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1428–35 |doi=10.1038/ijo.2012.12 |pmid=22290535 |s2cid=26821676 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin mutane, bambance-bambance tsakanin mutane a yawan motsa jiki yana da tushen kwayoyin halitta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lightfoot, T.J. |last2=De Geus, E.J.C. |last3=Booth, F.W. |last4=Bray, M.S. |last5=den Hoed, M. |last6=Kaprio, J.A. |last7=Kelly, S.A. |last8=Pomp, D. |last9=Saul, M.C. |last10=Thomis, M.A. |last11=Garland, Jr., T. |last12=Bouchard, C. |date=2018 |title=Biological/genetic regulation of physical activity level: consensus from GenBioPAC |journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise |volume=50 |pages=863–873 |doi=10.1249/MSS.0000000000001499 |pmid=29166322 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Rashin fahimtar kalmomi == " [[Motsa jiki]] " da "motsa jiki" ana yawan amfani da su a madadin juna kuma galibi suna nufin motsa jiki da ake yi a lokacin hutu da babban manufar inganta ko kiyaye lafiyar jiki, aikin jiki, ko lafiya. Duk da haka, motsa jiki ba ''daidai'' yake da motsa jiki ba. An bayyana motsa jiki a matsayin ƙaramin rukuni na motsa jiki wanda aka tsara, aka tsara, aka maimaita, kuma aka yi shi da manufa ta ma'anar cewa inganta ko kula da ɗaya ko fiye da sassan motsa jiki shine manufar. Akasin haka, motsa jiki ya haɗa da motsa jiki amma kuma yana iya zama ba a tsara shi ba, ba a tsara shi ba, bazuwar kuma ba a yi shi da manufa ba saboda dalilai da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka fara shirye-shiryen motsa jiki masu nasara suna ci gaba da kasancewa da yawancinsu na tsawon akalla watanni uku. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Madigan |first=Claire |date=June 2021 |title=Effectiveness of interventions to maintain physical activity behavior (device-measured): Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/14816163 |journal=Obesity Reviews |language=en |volume=22 |issue=10 |doi=10.1111/obr.13304 |pmid=34129276 |s2cid=235437649}}</ref> == Tsanani == [[Fayil:Intensity_and_Energy_Expenditure.png|frame|Yawan ayyukan motsa jiki a kan ci gaba daga ɗabi'ar zaman gida zuwa motsa jiki mai ƙarfi.]] Motsa jiki na iya kasancewa a kowane irin ƙarfi, tun daga ƙaramin bugun tsoka zuwa cikakken gudu. Ana iya ɗaukar motsa jiki a matsayin ci gaba a aikace, tun daga salon rayuwa mara aiki zuwa manyan motsa jiki. Ana rarraba ƙarfin gwargwadon yadda ake kashe kuzari ta amfani da ma'aunin ƙarfi, daidai gwargwado na metabolism (METs). Faɗin rukunoni sune ɗabi'ar zaman gida, aiki mai sauƙi, aiki matsakaici, da aiki mai ƙarfi. === Misalai na aiki a kowane mataki === Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ɗauke da wasu misalan ayyukan motsa jiki a kowane matakin ƙarfi. Dangane da mutum da kuma ayyukan da ke tattare da su, ayyukan na iya yin karo da rukunan ƙarfi ko kuma su canza rukunan gaba ɗaya. == Ayyukan jiki a matsayin rigakafi da magani == Motsa jiki muhimmin ginshiki ne na lafiyar jama'a da kuma rigakafin [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa]] . An gano cewa rashin motsa jiki yana haifar da cututtuka iri-iri da ba sa yaduwa, ciki har da cututtukan zuciya, bugun jini, ciwon suga da kuma baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peters |first=Ruth |last2=EE |first2=Nicole |last3=Peters |first3=Jean |last4=Beckett |first4=Nigel |last5=Booth |first5=Andrew |last6=Rockwood |first6=Kenneth |last7=Anstey |first7=Kaarin J |date=2019-10-01 |title=Common risk factors for major noncommunicable disease, a systematic overview of reviews and commentary: the implied potential for targeted risk reduction |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2040622319880392 |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease |volume=10 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1177/2040622319880392 |pmc=6794648 |pmid=31662837}}</ref> Wani bincike kan kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya na cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa da kuma cututtukan kwakwalwa da suka samo asali daga rashin motsa jiki na 2020-30 ya gano cewa sabbin kamuwa da cututtuka miliyan 500 za su faru a duniya tsakanin 2020 da 2030 idan motsa jiki ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin yau. Wannan ya yi daidai da kuɗin magani sama da dala biliyan 300 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costa Santos |first=Andreia |last2=Willumsen |first2=Juana |last3=Meheus |first3=Filip |last4=Ilbawi |first4=Andre |last5=Bull |first5=Fiona C |date=2022-12-05 |title=The cost of inaction on physical inactivity to public health-care systems: a population-attributable fraction analysis |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=E32–E39 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00464-8 |pmc=9748301 |pmid=36480931}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, kashi 31% na manya da kashi 80% na matasa ba su cika matakan da aka ba da shawarar na motsa jiki ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical activity |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Nazari da yawa sun nuna tasirin amfani da motsa jiki ke da shi wajen rigakafi da magance cututtuka da yawa kamar [[Kiba]] da Ciwon hanji mai ban haushi An nuna cewa motsa jiki yana rage damuwa a matsayin yanayi (motsa jiki na mutum ɗaya, ba tare da ci gaba ba), damuwa a matsayin halin mutum (ci gaba da aiki, "motsa jiki" na wasu ayyukan jiki), alamun damuwa na psycho-physiological - hawan jini da bugun zuciya (matsakaicin motsa jiki na iya haifar da raguwar ƙarfin amsawar jiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma ƙarfafa murmurewa daga damuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci na ilimin halittar jiki (Biddle et al., 2000)). Bugu da ƙari, motsa jiki na gida an tabbatar da cewa yana da alaƙa da jin daɗin iyali da juriya, kuma motsa jiki tare da membobin iyali na iya haifar da ƙarfin girman tasirin. Ga mutanen da ke da mummunan yanayin damuwa da rashin lafiyar damuwa, dogaye da gajerun tafiya sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi tasiri; ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi, [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]] da kuma yawan rage darajar psychotic, motsa jiki da hawa keke da aka "yi" sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi tasiri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (February 2021)">Ana buƙatar ambaton likita</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An nuna cewa rage zaman da ake yi a wurin aiki yana magance ɗabi'un zama a wurin aiki. Duk da haka, akwai wasu hanyoyin da ba su da tsada wajen rage lokacin zama a wurin aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhavan Rad |first=Sanaz |last2=Kiwanuka |first2=Frank |last3=Korpelainen |first3=Raija |last4=Torkki |first4=Paulus |date=2022-06-30 |title=Evidence base of economic evaluations of workplace-based interventions reducing occupational sitting time: an integrative review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=12 |issue=6 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060139 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9247688 |pmid=35772822 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani bincike ya kiyasta darajar shekara-shekara ta PA da aka gudanar a Ingila a shekarar 2019 dangane da kula da lafiya da kuɗaɗen zamantakewa na cututtuka shida marasa yaduwa (cututtukan zuciya na ischemic, bugun jini na ischemic, ciwon suga na nau'in 2, ciwon hanji, ciwon nono da kuma babban ciwon damuwa) a kan fam miliyan 108.7. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=((Grellier, J.)), ((White, M. P.)), ((De Bell, S.)), ((Brousse, O.)), ((Elliott, L. R.)), ((Fleming, L. E.)), ((Heaviside, C.)), ((Simpson, C.)), ((Taylor, T.)), ((Wheeler, B. W.)), ((Lovell, R.)) |date=May 2024 |title=Valuing the health benefits of nature-based recreational physical activity in England |journal=Environment International |volume=187 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2024.108667 |issn=0160-4120 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} </ref> == Ayyukan motsa jiki a lokacin hutu da kuma tarin nau'ikan ma'ana daban-daban == [[Fayil:Model_of_the_field_of_physical_activity.pdf|thumb|Kwaikwayo a fannin motsa jiki dangane da tarin al'adun motsi masu nau'ikan ma'ana daban-daban. Daga: Lundvall & Schantz 2013.]] Za a iya raba nau'ikan motsa jiki daban-daban a lokacin hutu zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ayyuka waɗanda ke da ma'ana iri ɗaya a cikin nau'in ma'ana, samfurin se a hannun dama (Lundvall & Schantz 2013). Waɗannan nau'ikan ma'ana daban-daban sun ƙunshi (i) gasa da zakara, (ii) haɗuwar yanayi, (iii) kyawun gani, (iv) motsa jiki da wasa, (v) motsa jiki na yau da kullun da (vi) nau'ikan motsa jiki guda biyar daban-daban (aerobic, anaerobic, ƙarfi, sassauci da horo na daidaitawa). Yadda aka yi wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban magani tsawon lokaci daga 1813 zuwa yau a cikin mahallin horar da malamai don ilimin motsa jiki a cikin tsarin makarantun Sweden, farfesoshi na Sweden a fannin kimiyyar motsin ɗan adam Suzanne Lundvall & Peter Schantz (2013) sun bayyana yadda aka yi wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban magani tsawon lokaci daga 1813 zuwa yau a cikin mahallin horar da malamai don ilimin motsa jiki a cikin tsarin makarantun Sweden. == Shawarwari don motsa jiki (gami da barci da kuma rashin zama a gida) == === Shawarwari na duniya === [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ba da shawarar waɗannan abubuwa: 1. Manya 'yan shekara 18-64 ya kamata su yi aƙalla mintuna 150 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako ko kuma su yi aƙalla mintuna 75 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako ko kuma daidai gwargwado na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. 2. Ya kamata a yi motsa jiki a cikin aƙalla mintuna 10. 3. Domin ƙarin fa'idodi ga lafiya, manya ya kamata su ƙara yawan motsa jikinsu na motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi zuwa mintuna 300 a kowane mako, ko kuma su shiga cikin mintuna 150 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfi a kowane mako, ko kuma daidai gwargwado na motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi da ƙarfi. 4. Ya kamata a yi ayyukan ƙarfafa tsoka da suka haɗa da manyan ƙungiyoyin tsoka a cikin kwana 2 ko fiye a mako. ==== Manya masu shekaru 65+ ==== 1. Manya masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama ya kamata su yi aƙalla mintuna 150 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako ko kuma su yi aƙalla mintuna 75 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako ko kuma daidai gwargwado na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako. 2. Ya kamata a yi motsa jiki a cikin aƙalla mintuna 10. 3. Domin ƙarin fa'idodin lafiya, manya masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama ya kamata su ƙara yawan motsa jikinsu na motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi zuwa mintuna 300 a kowane mako, ko kuma su shiga cikin mintuna 150 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfi a kowane mako, ko kuma daidai gwargwado na motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi da ƙarfi. 4. Ya kamata manya na wannan rukunin shekaru, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfin motsi, su yi motsa jiki don inganta daidaito da kuma hana faɗuwa a cikin kwanaki 3 ko fiye a mako. 5. Ya kamata a yi ayyukan ƙarfafa tsoka da suka haɗa da manyan ƙungiyoyin tsoka, a cikin kwana 2 ko fiye a mako. 6. Idan manya na wannan rukunin shekaru ba za su iya yin motsa jiki da aka ba da shawarar ba saboda yanayin lafiya, ya kamata su kasance masu motsa jiki gwargwadon iyawarsu da yanayinsu. ==== Yara da Matasa masu shekaru 5-17 ==== 1. Ya kamata yara da matasa 'yan shekara 5-17 su tara aƙalla mintuna 60 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi zuwa matsakaici kowace rana. 2. Yawan motsa jiki sama da mintuna 60 yana ba da ƙarin fa'idodi ga lafiya. === Shawarwari na matakin ƙasa === Ostiraliya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia's Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines |access-date=2018-07-13 |website=The Department of Health Australia}}</ref> New Zealand, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Activity |url=https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-wellness/physical-activity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716203316/https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-wellness/physical-activity |archive-date=2022-07-16 |access-date=2018-07-13 |website=Ministry of Health}}</ref> Burtaniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK physical activity guidelines |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-physical-activity-guidelines |access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref> Kanada <ref>{{Cite web |title=CSEP {{!}} SCPE |url=https://csepguidelines.ca/ |access-date=2021-09-19 |website=csepguidelines.ca |language=en-US}}</ref>, Netherlands da Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2nd Edition |url=https://health.gov/our-work/physical-activity/current-guidelines |access-date=2020-12-04 |website=Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion}}</ref> suna daga cikin ƙasashen da suka bayar da shawarwarin motsa jiki. === Masu hasashen matakan motsa jiki === Adadin motsa jiki da al'umma ke gudanarwa - da kuma ta hanyar faɗaɗa, adadin wannan al'umma da ke isa ga jagororin ko wasu ƙa'idodi da aka ƙayyade - yana faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwa da dama, ciki har da alƙaluma (misali, shekaru, jinsi, ƙabila), yanayin lafiyar al'umma, al'amuran al'adu, da kuma yanayin muhallin kanta (misali kayayyakin more rayuwa da ke ba da damar motsa jiki). Ƙungiyoyin alƙaluma kuma na iya haɗuwa, suna ƙara haɗari ga mutanen da mata da waɗanda ba su da galihu a zamantakewa misali. Bincike ya nuna cewa yayin da samuwar muhalli na halitta (misali, wuraren shakatawa, dazuzzuka, ruwan cikin gida, da bakin teku) ke ƙaruwa, ana samun ƙarin ayyukan motsa jiki na lokacin hutu kamar tafiya da keke. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elliott |first=Lewis |last2=White |first2=Mathew |last3=Taylor |first3=Adrian |last4=Herbert |first4=Stephen |year=2015 |title=Energy expenditure on recreational visits to different natural environments |journal=Social Science and Medicine |volume=139 |pages=53–60 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.038 |pmid=26151390 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> An gano cewa yanayin yanayi yana hasashen ayyukan motsa jiki daban-daban a nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban. Misali, a cikin wani babban bincike da aka gudanar a Ingila, yawan zafin jiki da ƙarancin iska suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar ayyukan motsa jiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elliott |first=Lewis |last2=White |first2=Mathew |last3=Sarran |first3=Christopher |last4=Grellier |first4=James |last5=Garrett |first5=Jo |last6=Scoccimarro |first6=Enrico |last7=Smalley |first7=Alexander |last8=Fleming |first8=Lora |year=2019 |title=The effects of meteorological conditions and daylight on nature-based recreational physical activity in England |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/37275/1/Elliott%20-%202019%20-%20The%20effects%20of%20meteorological%20conditions%20and%20dayli.pdf |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |volume=42 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2019.05.005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A duk duniya, a shekarar 2016, bisa ga wani bincike da aka yi kan bincike 298 da aka gudanar kan yawan jama'a, kusan kashi 81% na ɗalibai 'yan shekara 11-17 ba su da isasshen motsa jiki. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Guthold |first=Regina |last2=Stevens |first2=Gretchen A. |last3=Riley |first3=Leanne M. |last4=Bull |first4=Fiona C. |date=2019-11-21 |title=Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants |url= |journal=The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=23–35 |doi=10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2 |issn=2352-4642 |pmc=6919336 |pmid=31761562}}</ref> Yankin da ya fi yawan rashin isasshen motsa jiki a shekarar 2016 shi ne yankin Asiya Pacific mai yawan masu samun kuɗi. <ref name=":1" /> === Tasirin lafiya === Motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana da alaƙa da fa'idodi da yawa na lafiya. A cewar jagororin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na 2020, motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin mace-mace mai yawa, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, hauhawar jini, ciwon suga na nau'in 2, da kuma wasu cututtukan daji da dama, yayin da kuma inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, aikin fahimta, da ingancin barci. Yawancin motsa jiki gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da fa'idodi mafi girma na lafiya, kodayake ko da ƙaramin ƙaruwa a cikin aiki tsakanin mutane marasa aiki yana ba da ci gaba mai ma'ana a cikin sakamakon lafiya. <ref name="WHO2020" /> Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar gurɓatar iska na iya canza waɗannan fa'idodin lafiya. Wani bita da nazari mai tsari na 2025 da ya shafi manya sama da miliyan 1.5 ya gano cewa yayin da motsa jiki na lokacin hutu ke da alaƙa da raguwar mace-mace a duk matakan fallasa, girman wannan fa'idar ya ragu a yawan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙanƙanta (PM _2.5 ). <ref name="Ku2025">{{Cite journal |last=Ku |first=Po-Wen |last2=Steptoe |first2=Andrew |last3=Hamer |first3=Mark |year=2025 |title=Does ambient PM2.5 reduce the protective association of leisure-time physical activity with mortality? A systematic review, meta-analysis, and individual-level pooled analysis of cohort studies involving 1.5 million adults |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=647 |doi=10.1186/s12916-025-04496-y |doi-access=free}}</ref> Musamman, raguwar haɗarin mace-mace ya kai kusan kashi 30% a yawan PM _2.5 a ƙasa da 25&nbsp;μg/ ^m3, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 12–15% a mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikinsa. <ref name="Ku2025" /> == A matsayin alamar lafiya == [[Fayil:Insufficient_physical_activity.png|thumb|Rashin isasshen motsa jiki a tsakanin manya (2016)]] An gabatar da aikin motsa jiki, wanda aka ƙware a cikin nau'in ma'aunin alamun motsa jiki (PAVS), a matsayin kayan aikin tantancewa a cikin binciken kulawa ta farko. <ref name="lin2022">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=C.Y. |last2=Gentile |first2=N.L. |last3=Bale |first3=L. |last4=Rice |first4=M. |last5=Lee |first5=S. |last6=Ray |first6=L.S. |last7=Ciol |first7=M.A. |date=2022 |title=Implementation of a Physical Activity Vital Sign in Primary Care: Associations Between Physical Activity, Demographic Characteristics, and Chronic Disease Burden |url=https://www.cdc.gov/Pcd/issues/2022/21_0457.htm |journal=Preventing Chronic Disease |volume=19 |issue=E33 |pages=E33 |doi=10.5888/pcd19.210457 |pmc=11272163 |pmid=35749145 |s2cid=249965817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ba da shawarar ya dace da BMI <ref name="greenwood2010">{{Cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=J.L.J. |last2=Joy |first2=E.A. |last3=Stanford |first3=J.B. |date=2010 |title=The Physical Activity Vital Sign: A Primary Care Tool to Guide Counseling for Obesity |journal=Journal of Physical Activity and Health |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=571–576 |doi=10.1123/jpah.7.5.571 |pmid=20864751}}</ref> da cututtuka na yau da kullun, idan aka haɗa shi da bayanan alƙaluma <ref name="lin2022" /> da kuma kayan aiki don gano marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su cika wasu ƙa'idodin motsa jiki ba. <ref name="ball2016">{{Cite journal |last=Ball |first=T.J. |last2=Joy |first2=E.A. |last3=Gren |first3=L.H. |last4=Shaw |first4=J.M. |year=2016 |title=Concurrent Validity of a Self-Reported Physical Activity "Vital Sign" Questionnaire With Adult Primary Care Patients |journal=Preventing Chronic Disease |volume=13 |pages=E16 |doi=10.5888/pcd13.150228 |pmc=4747440 |pmid=26851335}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana kimanta wannan ma'aunin ta hanyar tambayoyin likita da aka bayar da rahoton kai, wanda zai iya yin tasiri sosai ga inganci da amfani da PAVS a cikin tantance maganin asibiti. <ref name="lin2022" /> <ref name="ball2016" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pyupl98ivvo8sci75szg6z7cw9cu62j 856905 856904 2026-06-14T11:29:04Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An bayyana '''motsa jiki''' a matsayin duk wani motsi da tsokoki na ƙashi ke samarwa wanda ke buƙatar kashe kuzari . Motsa jiki ya ƙunshi dukkan ayyuka, a kowane lokaci na rana ko dare. Ya haɗa da [[motsa jiki]] na son rai da kuma ayyukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda aka haɗa cikin tsarin yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garland, Jr., T. |last2=Schutz, H. |last3=Chappell, M.A. |last4=Keeney, B.K. |last5=Meek, T.H. |last6=Copes, L.E. |last7=Acosta, W. |last8=Drenowatz, C. |last9=Maciel, R.C. |last10=van Dijk, G. |last11=Kotz, C.M. |last12=Eisenmann, J.C. |date=2011 |title=The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=214 |pages=206–229 |doi=10.1242/jeb.048397 |pmid=21177942}}</ref> Wannan aikin da aka haɗa ba za a iya tsara shi ba, a tsara shi, a maimaita shi ko kuma a yi shi da gangan don inganta [[lafiyar jiki]], kuma yana iya haɗawa da ayyuka kamar tafiya zuwa shagon gida, tsaftacewa, aiki, jigilar kaya da sauransu. Rashin motsa jiki yana da alaƙa da sakamako mara kyau [[Lafiya|na lafiya]], yayin da ƙaruwar motsa jiki na iya inganta lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa, da kuma lafiyar fahimta da ta zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ione Avila-Palencia |date=2018 |title=The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study |journal=Environment International |volume=120 |pages=199–206 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002 |pmid=30098553 |s2cid=51965322 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Akwai aƙalla jari guda takwas waɗanda ke aiki don ƙara yawan motsa jiki a matakin jama'a, gami da shirye-shiryen makarantu gabaɗaya, sufuri mai aiki, ƙirar birane mai aiki, kiwon lafiya, ilimin jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai, wasanni ga kowa, wuraren aiki da shirye-shiryen al'umma baki ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fenech |first=Amanda |last2=Chockalingam |first2=N. |last3=Formosa |first3=C. |last4=Gatt |first4=A. |date=1 January 2021 |title=Longitudinal effects of evidence-based physical education in Maltese children |journal=Child and Adolescent Obesity |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=98–116 |doi=10.1080/2574254X.2021.1915041 |s2cid=237846270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milton |first=Karen |last2=Cavill |first2=Nick |last3=Chalkley |first3=Anna |last4=Foster |first4=Charlie |last5=Gomersall |first5=Sjaan |last6=Hagstromer |first6=Maria |last7=Kelly |first7=Paul |last8=Kolbe-Alexander |first8=Tracy |last9=Mair |first9=Jacqueline |last10=McLaughlin |first10=Matthew |last11=Nobles |first11=James |date=2021-05-12 |title=Eight Investments That Work for Physical Activity |url=http://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jpah/aop/article-10.1123-jpah.2021-0112/article-10.1123-jpah.2021-0112.xml |journal=Journal of Physical Activity and Health |language=en-US |volume=-1 |issue=aop |pages=625–630 |doi=10.1123/jpah.2021-0112 |issn=1543-5474 |pmid=33984836 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Motsa jiki yana ƙara yawan kuzari kuma shine babban mai daidaita nauyin jiki (duba zagayowar Summermatter don ƙarin bayani). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=S |first=Summermatter |last2=C |first2=Handschin |date=November 2012 |title=PGC-1α and Exercise in the Control of Body Weight |journal=International Journal of Obesity |language=en |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1428–35 |doi=10.1038/ijo.2012.12 |pmid=22290535 |s2cid=26821676 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin mutane, bambance-bambance tsakanin mutane a yawan motsa jiki yana da tushen kwayoyin halitta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lightfoot, T.J. |last2=De Geus, E.J.C. |last3=Booth, F.W. |last4=Bray, M.S. |last5=den Hoed, M. |last6=Kaprio, J.A. |last7=Kelly, S.A. |last8=Pomp, D. |last9=Saul, M.C. |last10=Thomis, M.A. |last11=Garland, Jr., T. |last12=Bouchard, C. |date=2018 |title=Biological/genetic regulation of physical activity level: consensus from GenBioPAC |journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise |volume=50 |pages=863–873 |doi=10.1249/MSS.0000000000001499 |pmid=29166322 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Rashin fahimtar kalmomi == " [[Motsa jiki]] " da "motsa jiki" ana yawan amfani da su a madadin juna kuma galibi suna nufin motsa jiki da ake yi a lokacin hutu da babban manufar inganta ko kiyaye lafiyar jiki, aikin jiki, ko lafiya. Duk da haka, motsa jiki ba ''daidai'' yake da motsa jiki ba. An bayyana motsa jiki a matsayin ƙaramin rukuni na motsa jiki wanda aka tsara, aka tsara, aka maimaita, kuma aka yi shi da manufa ta ma'anar cewa inganta ko kula da ɗaya ko fiye da sassan motsa jiki shine manufar. Akasin haka, motsa jiki ya haɗa da motsa jiki amma kuma yana iya zama ba a tsara shi ba, ba a tsara shi ba, bazuwar kuma ba a yi shi da manufa ba saboda dalilai da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka fara shirye-shiryen motsa jiki masu nasara suna ci gaba da kasancewa da yawancinsu na tsawon akalla watanni uku. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Madigan |first=Claire |date=June 2021 |title=Effectiveness of interventions to maintain physical activity behavior (device-measured): Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/14816163 |journal=Obesity Reviews |language=en |volume=22 |issue=10 |doi=10.1111/obr.13304 |pmid=34129276 |s2cid=235437649}}</ref> == Tsanani == [[Fayil:Intensity_and_Energy_Expenditure.png|frame|Yawan ayyukan motsa jiki a kan ci gaba daga ɗabi'ar zaman gida zuwa motsa jiki mai ƙarfi.]] Motsa jiki na iya kasancewa a kowane irin ƙarfi, tun daga ƙaramin bugun tsoka zuwa cikakken gudu. Ana iya ɗaukar motsa jiki a matsayin ci gaba a aikace, tun daga salon rayuwa mara aiki zuwa manyan motsa jiki. Ana rarraba ƙarfin gwargwadon yadda ake kashe kuzari ta amfani da ma'aunin ƙarfi, daidai gwargwado na metabolism (METs). Faɗin rukunoni sune ɗabi'ar zaman gida, aiki mai sauƙi, aiki matsakaici, da aiki mai ƙarfi. === Misalai na aiki a kowane mataki === Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ɗauke da wasu misalan ayyukan motsa jiki a kowane matakin ƙarfi. Dangane da mutum da kuma ayyukan da ke tattare da su, ayyukan na iya yin karo da rukunan ƙarfi ko kuma su canza rukunan gaba ɗaya. == Ayyukan jiki a matsayin rigakafi da magani == Motsa jiki muhimmin ginshiki ne na lafiyar jama'a da kuma rigakafin [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa]] . An gano cewa rashin motsa jiki yana haifar da cututtuka iri-iri da ba sa yaduwa, ciki har da cututtukan zuciya, bugun jini, ciwon suga da kuma baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peters |first=Ruth |last2=EE |first2=Nicole |last3=Peters |first3=Jean |last4=Beckett |first4=Nigel |last5=Booth |first5=Andrew |last6=Rockwood |first6=Kenneth |last7=Anstey |first7=Kaarin J |date=2019-10-01 |title=Common risk factors for major noncommunicable disease, a systematic overview of reviews and commentary: the implied potential for targeted risk reduction |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2040622319880392 |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease |volume=10 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1177/2040622319880392 |pmc=6794648 |pmid=31662837}}</ref> Wani bincike kan kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya na cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa da kuma cututtukan kwakwalwa da suka samo asali daga rashin motsa jiki na 2020-30 ya gano cewa sabbin kamuwa da cututtuka miliyan 500 za su faru a duniya tsakanin 2020 da 2030 idan motsa jiki ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin yau. Wannan ya yi daidai da kuɗin magani sama da dala biliyan 300 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costa Santos |first=Andreia |last2=Willumsen |first2=Juana |last3=Meheus |first3=Filip |last4=Ilbawi |first4=Andre |last5=Bull |first5=Fiona C |date=2022-12-05 |title=The cost of inaction on physical inactivity to public health-care systems: a population-attributable fraction analysis |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=E32–E39 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00464-8 |pmc=9748301 |pmid=36480931}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, kashi 31% na manya da kashi 80% na matasa ba su cika matakan da aka ba da shawarar na motsa jiki ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical activity |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Nazari da yawa sun nuna tasirin amfani da motsa jiki ke da shi wajen rigakafi da magance cututtuka da yawa kamar [[Kiba]] da Ciwon hanji mai ban haushi An nuna cewa motsa jiki yana rage damuwa a matsayin yanayi (motsa jiki na mutum ɗaya, ba tare da ci gaba ba), damuwa a matsayin halin mutum (ci gaba da aiki, "motsa jiki" na wasu ayyukan jiki), alamun damuwa na psycho-physiological - hawan jini da bugun zuciya (matsakaicin motsa jiki na iya haifar da raguwar ƙarfin amsawar jiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma ƙarfafa murmurewa daga damuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci na ilimin halittar jiki (Biddle et al., 2000)). Bugu da ƙari, motsa jiki na gida an tabbatar da cewa yana da alaƙa da jin daɗin iyali da juriya, kuma motsa jiki tare da membobin iyali na iya haifar da ƙarfin girman tasirin. Ga mutanen da ke da mummunan yanayin damuwa da rashin lafiyar damuwa, dogaye da gajerun tafiya sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi tasiri; ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi, [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]] da kuma yawan rage darajar psychotic, motsa jiki da hawa keke da aka "yi" sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi tasiri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (February 2021)">Ana buƙatar ambaton likita</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An nuna cewa rage zaman da ake yi a wurin aiki yana magance ɗabi'un zama a wurin aiki. Duk da haka, akwai wasu hanyoyin da ba su da tsada wajen rage lokacin zama a wurin aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhavan Rad |first=Sanaz |last2=Kiwanuka |first2=Frank |last3=Korpelainen |first3=Raija |last4=Torkki |first4=Paulus |date=2022-06-30 |title=Evidence base of economic evaluations of workplace-based interventions reducing occupational sitting time: an integrative review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=12 |issue=6 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060139 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9247688 |pmid=35772822 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani bincike ya kiyasta darajar shekara-shekara ta PA da aka gudanar a Ingila a shekarar 2019 dangane da kula da lafiya da kuɗaɗen zamantakewa na cututtuka shida marasa yaduwa (cututtukan zuciya na ischemic, bugun jini na ischemic, ciwon suga na nau'in 2, ciwon hanji, ciwon nono da kuma babban ciwon damuwa) a kan fam miliyan 108.7. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=((Grellier, J.)), ((White, M. P.)), ((De Bell, S.)), ((Brousse, O.)), ((Elliott, L. R.)), ((Fleming, L. E.)), ((Heaviside, C.)), ((Simpson, C.)), ((Taylor, T.)), ((Wheeler, B. W.)), ((Lovell, R.)) |date=May 2024 |title=Valuing the health benefits of nature-based recreational physical activity in England |journal=Environment International |volume=187 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2024.108667 |issn=0160-4120 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} </ref> == Ayyukan motsa jiki a lokacin hutu da kuma tarin nau'ikan ma'ana daban-daban == [[Fayil:Model_of_the_field_of_physical_activity.pdf|thumb|Kwaikwayo a fannin motsa jiki dangane da tarin al'adun motsi masu nau'ikan ma'ana daban-daban. Daga: Lundvall & Schantz 2013.]] Za a iya raba nau'ikan motsa jiki daban-daban a lokacin hutu zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ayyuka waɗanda ke da ma'ana iri ɗaya a cikin nau'in ma'ana, samfurin se a hannun dama (Lundvall & Schantz 2013). Waɗannan nau'ikan ma'ana daban-daban sun ƙunshi (i) gasa da zakara, (ii) haɗuwar yanayi, (iii) kyawun gani, (iv) motsa jiki da wasa, (v) motsa jiki na yau da kullun da (vi) nau'ikan motsa jiki guda biyar daban-daban (aerobic, anaerobic, ƙarfi, sassauci da horo na daidaitawa). Yadda aka yi wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban magani tsawon lokaci daga 1813 zuwa yau a cikin mahallin horar da malamai don ilimin motsa jiki a cikin tsarin makarantun Sweden, farfesoshi na Sweden a fannin kimiyyar motsin ɗan adam Suzanne Lundvall & Peter Schantz (2013) sun bayyana yadda aka yi wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban magani tsawon lokaci daga 1813 zuwa yau a cikin mahallin horar da malamai don ilimin motsa jiki a cikin tsarin makarantun Sweden. == Shawarwari don motsa jiki (gami da barci da kuma rashin zama a gida) == === Shawarwari na duniya === [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ba da shawarar waɗannan abubuwa: 1. Manya 'yan shekara 18-64 ya kamata su yi aƙalla mintuna 150 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako ko kuma su yi aƙalla mintuna 75 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako ko kuma daidai gwargwado na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. 2. Ya kamata a yi motsa jiki a cikin aƙalla mintuna 10. 3. Domin ƙarin fa'idodi ga lafiya, manya ya kamata su ƙara yawan motsa jikinsu na motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi zuwa mintuna 300 a kowane mako, ko kuma su shiga cikin mintuna 150 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfi a kowane mako, ko kuma daidai gwargwado na motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi da ƙarfi. 4. Ya kamata a yi ayyukan ƙarfafa tsoka da suka haɗa da manyan ƙungiyoyin tsoka a cikin kwana 2 ko fiye a mako. ==== Manya masu shekaru 65+ ==== 1. Manya masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama ya kamata su yi aƙalla mintuna 150 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako ko kuma su yi aƙalla mintuna 75 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako ko kuma daidai gwargwado na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin mako. 2. Ya kamata a yi motsa jiki a cikin aƙalla mintuna 10. 3. Domin ƙarin fa'idodin lafiya, manya masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama ya kamata su ƙara yawan motsa jikinsu na motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi zuwa mintuna 300 a kowane mako, ko kuma su shiga cikin mintuna 150 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfi a kowane mako, ko kuma daidai gwargwado na motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi da ƙarfi. 4. Ya kamata manya na wannan rukunin shekaru, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfin motsi, su yi motsa jiki don inganta daidaito da kuma hana faɗuwa a cikin kwanaki 3 ko fiye a mako. 5. Ya kamata a yi ayyukan ƙarfafa tsoka da suka haɗa da manyan ƙungiyoyin tsoka, a cikin kwana 2 ko fiye a mako. 6. Idan manya na wannan rukunin shekaru ba za su iya yin motsa jiki da aka ba da shawarar ba saboda yanayin lafiya, ya kamata su kasance masu motsa jiki gwargwadon iyawarsu da yanayinsu. ==== Yara da Matasa masu shekaru 5-17 ==== 1. Ya kamata yara da matasa 'yan shekara 5-17 su tara aƙalla mintuna 60 na motsa jiki mai ƙarfi zuwa matsakaici kowace rana. 2. Yawan motsa jiki sama da mintuna 60 yana ba da ƙarin fa'idodi ga lafiya. === Shawarwari na matakin ƙasa === Ostiraliya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia's Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines |access-date=2018-07-13 |website=The Department of Health Australia}}</ref> New Zealand, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Activity |url=https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-wellness/physical-activity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716203316/https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-wellness/physical-activity |archive-date=2022-07-16 |access-date=2018-07-13 |website=Ministry of Health}}</ref> Burtaniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK physical activity guidelines |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-physical-activity-guidelines |access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref> Kanada <ref>{{Cite web |title=CSEP {{!}} SCPE |url=https://csepguidelines.ca/ |access-date=2021-09-19 |website=csepguidelines.ca |language=en-US}}</ref>, Netherlands da Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2nd Edition |url=https://health.gov/our-work/physical-activity/current-guidelines |access-date=2020-12-04 |website=Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion}}</ref> suna daga cikin ƙasashen da suka bayar da shawarwarin motsa jiki. === Masu hasashen matakan motsa jiki === Adadin motsa jiki da al'umma ke gudanarwa - da kuma ta hanyar faɗaɗa, adadin wannan al'umma da ke isa ga jagororin ko wasu ƙa'idodi da aka ƙayyade - yana faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwa da dama, ciki har da alƙaluma (misali, shekaru, jinsi, ƙabila), yanayin lafiyar al'umma, al'amuran al'adu, da kuma yanayin muhallin kanta (misali kayayyakin more rayuwa da ke ba da damar motsa jiki). Ƙungiyoyin alƙaluma kuma na iya haɗuwa, suna ƙara haɗari ga mutanen da mata da waɗanda ba su da galihu a zamantakewa misali. Bincike ya nuna cewa yayin da samuwar muhalli na halitta (misali, wuraren shakatawa, dazuzzuka, ruwan cikin gida, da bakin teku) ke ƙaruwa, ana samun ƙarin ayyukan motsa jiki na lokacin hutu kamar tafiya da keke. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elliott |first=Lewis |last2=White |first2=Mathew |last3=Taylor |first3=Adrian |last4=Herbert |first4=Stephen |year=2015 |title=Energy expenditure on recreational visits to different natural environments |journal=Social Science and Medicine |volume=139 |pages=53–60 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.038 |pmid=26151390 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> An gano cewa yanayin yanayi yana hasashen ayyukan motsa jiki daban-daban a nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban. Misali, a cikin wani babban bincike da aka gudanar a Ingila, yawan zafin jiki da ƙarancin iska suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar ayyukan motsa jiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elliott |first=Lewis |last2=White |first2=Mathew |last3=Sarran |first3=Christopher |last4=Grellier |first4=James |last5=Garrett |first5=Jo |last6=Scoccimarro |first6=Enrico |last7=Smalley |first7=Alexander |last8=Fleming |first8=Lora |year=2019 |title=The effects of meteorological conditions and daylight on nature-based recreational physical activity in England |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/37275/1/Elliott%20-%202019%20-%20The%20effects%20of%20meteorological%20conditions%20and%20dayli.pdf |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |volume=42 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2019.05.005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A duk duniya, a shekarar 2016, bisa ga wani bincike da aka yi kan bincike 298 da aka gudanar kan yawan jama'a, kusan kashi 81% na ɗalibai 'yan shekara 11-17 ba su da isasshen motsa jiki. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Guthold |first=Regina |last2=Stevens |first2=Gretchen A. |last3=Riley |first3=Leanne M. |last4=Bull |first4=Fiona C. |date=2019-11-21 |title=Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants |url= |journal=The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=23–35 |doi=10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2 |issn=2352-4642 |pmc=6919336 |pmid=31761562}}</ref> Yankin da ya fi yawan rashin isasshen motsa jiki a shekarar 2016 shi ne yankin Asiya Pacific mai yawan masu samun kuɗi. <ref name=":1" /> === Tasirin lafiya === Motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana da alaƙa da fa'idodi da yawa na lafiya. A cewar jagororin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na 2020, motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin mace-mace mai yawa, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, hauhawar jini, ciwon suga na nau'in 2, da kuma wasu cututtukan daji da dama, yayin da kuma inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, aikin fahimta, da ingancin barci. Yawancin motsa jiki gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da fa'idodi mafi girma na lafiya, kodayake ko da ƙaramin ƙaruwa a cikin aiki tsakanin mutane marasa aiki yana ba da ci gaba mai ma'ana a cikin sakamakon lafiya. <ref name="WHO2020" /> Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar gurɓatar iska na iya canza waɗannan fa'idodin lafiya. Wani bita da nazari mai tsari na 2025 da ya shafi manya sama da miliyan 1.5 ya gano cewa yayin da motsa jiki na lokacin hutu ke da alaƙa da raguwar mace-mace a duk matakan fallasa, girman wannan fa'idar ya ragu a yawan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙanƙanta (PM _2.5 ). <ref name="Ku2025">{{Cite journal |last=Ku |first=Po-Wen |last2=Steptoe |first2=Andrew |last3=Hamer |first3=Mark |year=2025 |title=Does ambient PM2.5 reduce the protective association of leisure-time physical activity with mortality? A systematic review, meta-analysis, and individual-level pooled analysis of cohort studies involving 1.5 million adults |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=647 |doi=10.1186/s12916-025-04496-y |doi-access=free}}</ref> Musamman, raguwar haɗarin mace-mace ya kai kusan kashi 30% a yawan PM _2.5 a ƙasa da 25&nbsp;μg/ ^m3, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 12–15% a mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikinsa. <ref name="Ku2025" /> == A matsayin alamar lafiya == [[Fayil:Insufficient_physical_activity.png|thumb|Rashin isasshen motsa jiki a tsakanin manya (2016)]] An gabatar da aikin motsa jiki, wanda aka ƙware a cikin nau'in ma'aunin alamun motsa jiki (PAVS), a matsayin kayan aikin tantancewa a cikin binciken kulawa ta farko. <ref name="lin2022">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=C.Y. |last2=Gentile |first2=N.L. |last3=Bale |first3=L. |last4=Rice |first4=M. |last5=Lee |first5=S. |last6=Ray |first6=L.S. |last7=Ciol |first7=M.A. |date=2022 |title=Implementation of a Physical Activity Vital Sign in Primary Care: Associations Between Physical Activity, Demographic Characteristics, and Chronic Disease Burden |url=https://www.cdc.gov/Pcd/issues/2022/21_0457.htm |journal=Preventing Chronic Disease |volume=19 |issue=E33 |pages=E33 |doi=10.5888/pcd19.210457 |pmc=11272163 |pmid=35749145 |s2cid=249965817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ba da shawarar ya dace da BMI <ref name="greenwood2010">{{Cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=J.L.J. |last2=Joy |first2=E.A. |last3=Stanford |first3=J.B. |date=2010 |title=The Physical Activity Vital Sign: A Primary Care Tool to Guide Counseling for Obesity |journal=Journal of Physical Activity and Health |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=571–576 |doi=10.1123/jpah.7.5.571 |pmid=20864751}}</ref> da cututtuka na yau da kullun, idan aka haɗa shi da bayanan alƙaluma <ref name="lin2022" /> da kuma kayan aiki don gano marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su cika wasu ƙa'idodin motsa jiki ba. <ref name="ball2016">{{Cite journal |last=Ball |first=T.J. |last2=Joy |first2=E.A. |last3=Gren |first3=L.H. |last4=Shaw |first4=J.M. |year=2016 |title=Concurrent Validity of a Self-Reported Physical Activity "Vital Sign" Questionnaire With Adult Primary Care Patients |journal=Preventing Chronic Disease |volume=13 |pages=E16 |doi=10.5888/pcd13.150228 |pmc=4747440 |pmid=26851335}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana kimanta wannan ma'aunin ta hanyar tambayoyin likita da aka bayar da rahoton kai, wanda zai iya yin tasiri sosai ga inganci da amfani da PAVS a cikin tantance maganin asibiti. <ref name="lin2022" /> <ref name="ball2016" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2e0bl3xysfw4vfu5wqbi6n3wjl8ithm 0 157392 856906 2026-06-14T11:31:49Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340528313|Chronic care management]]" 856906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kula da kulawa ta dindindin''' ya ƙunshi ayyukan kulawa da ilimi da [[Mai ba da kiwon lafiya|mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya]] ke gudanarwa don taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci]] yayin da yake ƙarfafa marasa lafiya su fahimci yanayin su kuma su rayu cikin nasara tare da shi. Cututtuka na yau da kullun da suka shafi kulawa na iya haɗawa da [[ciwon suga]], [[hawan jini]], [[lupus]], [[sclerosis da yawa]], da kuma [[Bugawar bacci|rashin bacci]] . Kula da kulawa ta dindindin daidai yake da kula da cututtuka na dogon lokaci. Aikin ya ƙunshi ƙarfafa marasa lafiya su ci gaba da yin jiyya da shiga tsakani da ake buƙata da kuma taimaka musu su cimma rayuwa mai gamsarwa da kyau. == Kulawa ta yau da kullun da tsarin likita == A tarihi, babu daidaito sosai a wurare daban-daban, masu ba da sabis da kuma kula da marasa lafiya na dogon lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, magungunan cututtuka na dogon lokaci galibi suna da rikitarwa, wanda ke sa ya yi wa marasa lafiya wahala su bi ka'idojin magani. Ingancin kulawar lafiya yawanci yana buƙatar dogon ziyara zuwa ofishin likita fiye da yadda aka saba a cikin kulawa mai tsanani. Bugu da ƙari, wajen magance cututtuka na yau da kullun, magani ɗaya, ko na likita ko na hali, na iya bambanta a cikin inganci dangane da lokacin da ake cikin rashin lafiyar ana ba da shawarar shiga tsakani. Rarraba kulawa haɗari ne ga marasa lafiya da cututtuka na yau da kullun, saboda sau da yawa cututtuka na yau da kullun da yawa suna tare, wani lamari da aka sani da [[Rashin lafiya da yawa|multimorbidity]] . Dole ne a yi shiga tsakani na iya buƙatar taimako daga ƙwararru da yawa waɗanda ƙila ba za su yi aiki tare ba, kuma don su yi tasiri, suna buƙatar haɗin kai na kusa da hankali. Bincike ya nuna cewa kulawa mai rarrabuwar kawuna ga masu cin gajiyar Medicare tare da cututtuka na yau da kullun da yawa suna da yuwuwar kasancewa a ɗakunan gaggawa kuma a kwantar da su fiye da wasu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Alissa Marie |date=2018 |title=Creators of the Contemporary in Africa |journal=Anthropology News |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=e278–e284 |doi=10.1111/an.939 |issn=1541-6151 |s2cid=150968303}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun na iya fuskantar mummunan yanayi a cikin tsarin kulawa na gaggawa na yanzu. A tarihi, biyan kuɗi yana da ƙalubale ga ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na kulawa. Kwanan nan Medicare ta fara biyan kuɗin ayyukan da suka shafi kula da lafiya na dogon lokaci. Medicare tana biyan kuɗin wata-wata ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka amince da magani na aƙalla mintuna 20 na ayyukan kiwon lafiya ta hanyar sadarwa . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Chronic Care Management Services |url=https://www.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/Medicare-Learning-Network-MLN/MLNProducts/Downloads/ChronicCareManagement.pdf |website=}}</ref> == Gudanar da kulawa ta kai-tsaye == Marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da yanayinsu, domin galibi su ne ke ba da magunguna a rayuwar yau da kullun. Haka kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sa ido kan lafiyarsu da canje-canje a lafiyarsu ta hanyar Lura da Rayuwa ta Yau da Kullum (ODLs). Bayanan da suka biyo baya na iya taimaka wa [[Kula da kai|kula da kansu]] da kuma kula da lafiya. == Muhimmanci == Wasu matsalolin da suka shafi rashin lafiya na yau da kullun ba na likita ba ne musamman, amma sun haɗa da hulɗar marasa lafiya da iyalai da wuraren aiki. Sau da yawa shiga tsakani yana buƙatar marasa lafiya da iyalai su yi canje-canje masu wahala a salon rayuwa. Marasa lafiya suna buƙatar a ilmantar da su game da fa'idodin magani da haɗarin rashin bin tsarin maganinsu yadda ya kamata. Suna buƙatar a ƙarfafa su su bi umarnin likita domin magani yawanci yana samar da ingantaccen yanayi, maimakon sakamakon da yawancin marasa lafiya ke so - magani. Kula da kulawa na yau da kullun yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su sa ido kan ci gaban su cikin tsari da kuma haɗa kai da ƙwararru don gano da magance duk wata matsala da suka fuskanta a cikin maganinsu. Daga abin da ke sama, zai bayyana cewa likitocin kula da marasa lafiya na dogon lokaci suna kula da marasa lafiya na farko sosai. Idan aka yi la'akari da bambancin yanayin matsalolin lafiya na dogon lokaci da kuma rawar da muhallin [[Magana da Jiki|zamantakewa]] ke takawa a cikin aikinsu, tsarin kulawa na halitta kawai ba shi da isasshen isa. Wani bincike a cikin ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da yawa ya nuna sakamako mai kyau ta hanyar rungumar rawar da ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma ke takawa don taimakawa marasa lafiya wajen inganta kula da cututtuka na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kangovi |first=Shreya |last2=Mitra |first2=Nandita |author-link2=Nandita Mitra |last3=Norton |first3=Lindsey |last4=Harte |first4=Rory |last5=Zhao |first5=Xinyi |last6=Carter |first6=Tamala |last7=Grande |first7=David |last8=Long |first8=Judith A. |date=2018-12-01 |title=Effect of Community Health Worker Support on Clinical Outcomes of Low-Income Patients Across Primary Care Facilities: A Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |language=en |volume=178 |issue=12 |pages=1635–1643 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4630 |issn=2168-6106 |pmc=6469661 |pmid=30422224}}</ref> Wannan ƙarin ga ƙungiyar kulawa zai iya ƙara ƙarin tsarin kulawa [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|na biopsychosocial]] a matsayin madadin. == Tarihi == Duk da cewa kulawar gaggawa ta shahara a duk fannin kula da lafiya har zuwa kwanan nan, nau'ikan kulawar da aka kula da su sun bayyana a cikin shekarun da suka gabata a ƙoƙarin inganta kulawa, rage amfani da sabis marasa amfani da kuma sarrafa hauhawar farashin. Duk da alƙawarin farko da aka yi, kulawar da aka kula ba ta cimma daidaiton kulawa ba. A zahiri, da alama tana jaddada manufofinta na kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, kulawar da aka kula ba ta magance sarkakiyar yanayi na yau da kullun ba, kuma don amfanin rage farashi, tana rage lokaci tare da marasa lafiya maimakon ƙara shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ware NC, Lachicotte WS, Kirschner SR, Cortes DE, Good BJ |date=March 2000 |title=Clinician experiences of managed mental health care: a rereading of the threat |journal=Med Anthropol Q |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.1525/maq.2000.14.1.3 |pmid=10812561}}</ref> == Tsarin kulawa na yau da kullun == A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, masu bincike sun fara ƙirƙiro samfuran kulawa don tantancewa da kuma magance marasa lafiya masu fama da rashin lafiya na tsawon lokaci. Masu bincike na ma'aikatan jinya, kamar S. Wellard, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wellard S |year=1998 |title=Constructions of chronic illness |journal=International Journal of Nursing Studies |volume=35 |issue=1–2 |pages=49–55 |citeseerx=10.1.1.540.4210 |doi=10.1016/S0020-7489(98)00013-3 |pmid=9695010}}</ref> CS Burckhardt, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burckhardt CS |date=September 1987 |title=Coping strategies of the chronically ill |journal=Nurs. Clin. North Am. |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=543–50 |doi=10.1016/S0029-6465(22)01305-6 |pmid=3649790 |s2cid=31337575}}</ref> C. Baker da PN Stern, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baker C, Stern PN |year=1993 |title=Finding meaning in chronic illness as the key to self-care |journal=Can J Nurs Res |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=23–36 |pmid=8118760}}</ref> da IM Lubkin da PD Larson, galibi suna kan gaba wajen kula da marasa lafiya da ke ci gaba da jiyya don cututtuka kamar su ciwon suga ko gazawar koda . Sun bayyana cewa marasa lafiyarsu sun fuskanci jerin "matakai", kuma a wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan marasa lafiyar sun mayar da martani ga irin wannan aikin daban. Mutane da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun, kamar C. Register da S. Wells, sun ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka fuskanta kuma sun ba da shawarwari game da yadda za a magance cututtuka na yau da kullun. Ƙungiyoyi sun yaɗu ga waɗanda ke da takamaiman yanayi ( Sjögren's syndrome, [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis / ciwon gajiya mai tsanani|chronic fatigue syndrome]], peripheral neuropathy, da sauransu), kuma waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun shiga aikin ba da shawara, sun yi aiki a matsayin wuraren tattara bayanai, kuma sun fara ba da kuɗaɗen bincike. Edward H. Wagner, MD, MPH, Darakta Emeritus na Cibiyar MacColl don Kirkirar Lafiya, kuma tsohon Darakta na shirin ƙasa na Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson "Inganta Kula da Cututtuka na Tsawon Lokaci", da kuma Mai Binciken Emeritus a Cibiyar Bincike ta Lafiya ta Kaiser Permanente Washington da ke Seattle, WA (wanda a da Cibiyar Bincike ta Lafiya ta Rukuni ce) sun ƙirƙiro [http://www.improvingchroniccare.org Tsarin Kulawa na Tsawon Lokaci], ko CCM. CCM ta taƙaita muhimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don inganta kulawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya a matakai daban-daban. Waɗannan abubuwan sune al'umma, tsarin kiwon lafiya, tallafin kula da kai, ƙirar tsarin bayarwa, tallafin yanke shawara da tsarin bayanai na asibiti. Ra'ayoyin canji bisa ga shaidu a ƙarƙashin kowane abu, tare da haɗin gwiwa, suna haɓaka hulɗa mai amfani tsakanin marasa lafiya masu ilimi waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin kulawarsu da masu samar da albarkatu da ƙwarewa. Ana iya amfani da Tsarin Kulawa na Tsawon Lokaci ga cututtuka daban-daban, saitunan kiwon lafiya da yawan jama'a da aka yi niyya. Babban abin da ke gaba shine marasa lafiya masu lafiya, masu samar da kayayyaki masu gamsuwa, da kuma tanadin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagner EH |year=1998 |title=Chronic disease management: what will it take to improve care for chronic illness? |url=http://www.acponline.org/journals/ecp/augsep98/cdm.htm |journal=Eff Clin Pract |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=2–4 |pmid=10345255 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704085857/http://www.acponline.org/journals/ecp/augsep98/cdm.htm |archive-date=2008-07-04 |access-date=2013-01-02}}</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20110219155735/http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/programs/ Shirin Kula da Kai na Stanford] shiri ne na kula da kai wanda ya dogara da al'umma wanda ke taimaka wa mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani su sami kwarin gwiwa a kan ikonsu na sarrafa alamun cutar da kuma yadda matsalolin lafiyarsu za su shafi rayuwarsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Lorig KR, Sobel DS, Stewart AL |date=January 1999 |title=Evidence suggesting that a chronic disease self-management program can improve health status while reducing hospitalization: a randomized trial |journal=[[Medical Care (journal)|Medical Care]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |doi=10.1097/00005650-199901000-00003 |pmid=10413387}}</ref> [http://www.partnershipforsolutions.org Partnership for Solutions], wani haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Johns Hopkins da Robert Wood Johnson, yana gudanar da bincike don inganta kulawa da ingancin rayuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiya na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anderson G, Knickman JR |year=2001 |title=Changing the chronic care system to meet people's needs |journal=Health Aff (Millwood) |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=146–60 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.20.6.146 |pmid=11816653 |doi-access=free}}</ref> JO Prochaska da abokan aikinsa, suna binciken batutuwan da suka shafi maganin jaraba, sun bayyana tsarin canza hali na transtheoretical a matsayin tsari maimakon wani abu da ya faru. Sun ba da shawarar kimantawa da magani bisa ga matakin majiyyaci a cikin tsarin. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC |date=September 1992 |title=In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/amp/47/9/1102 |journal=Am Psychol |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=1102–14 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1102 |pmid=1329589}}</ref> Patricia Fennell, tana aiki a kan abubuwan da suka faru na canje-canje da aka sanya (kamar rashin lafiya, baƙin ciki, ko rauni), ta ƙirƙiro Tsarin Fennell na Mataki na Huɗu na rashin lafiya na yau da kullun. Fennell ya ce mutane galibi suna fuskantar matakai huɗu yayin da suke koyon haɗa canjin iyawar jiki ko hangen nesa na tunani a cikin halayensu da salon rayuwarsu: Rikici, Daidaito, Haɗaka, da Solution. Sashen Binciken Halayyar Dan Adam da Lafiya na Flinders (wanda ke Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya) ya ƙirƙiro [https://www.flinders.edu.au/medicine/sites/fhbhru/self-management.cfm Shirin FlindersTM], wani tsari na kayan aiki da hanyoyin da ke ba da damar tantance halayen kula da cututtuka na yau da kullun, gano matsaloli tare da tsara manufofi wanda ke haifar da haɓaka tsare-tsaren kulawa na musamman tare da burin ɗaga rayuwar mutanen da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun. An daidaita [https://www.flinders.edu.au/medicine/sites/fhbhru/self-management.cfm Shirin FlindersTM] zuwa takamaiman yanayi don biyan buƙatun 'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya da tsoffin sojoji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www1d.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/Outreach/NPC/Downloads/2015-02-18-Chronic-Care-Presentation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620001401/http://www1d.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/Outreach/NPC/Downloads/2015-02-18-Chronic-Care-Presentation.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-20 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref> Tsarin kulawa na dogon lokaci kamar isar da shirye-shiryen kula da cututtuka na dogon lokaci na iya zama mai tasiri ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na dogon lokaci. Ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da asma, samun shirin da ya dace wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da yawa na iya kawo ci gaba a fannoni kamar ingancin rayuwa da marasa lafiya ke gani, aikin huhu da kuma tsananin asma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peytremann-Bridevaux |first=I |last2=Arditi |first2=C |last3=Gex |first3=G |last4=Bridevaux |first4=PO |last5=Burnand |first5=B |date=2015 |title=Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007988.pub2 |pmc=10640711 |pmid=26014500}}</ref> Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa maganin ciwon da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar tunani (MBPM) yana da amfani ga waɗanda ke fama da ciwon da ke daɗaɗawa da sauran cututtuka na dogon lokaci. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Mehan |first=Suraj |last2=Morris |first2=Julia |date=2018 |title=A literature review of Breathworks and mindfulness intervention |journal=British Journal of Healthcare Management |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=235–241 |doi=10.12968/bjhc.2018.24.5.235 |issn=1358-0574}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=J |first=Long |last2=M |first2=Briggs |last3=A |first3=Long |last4=F |first4=Astin |date=2016 |title=Starting Where I Am: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Mindfulness as a Facilitator of Transition in Living With a Long-Term Condition |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/111569/3/LongStarting%20where%20I%20am.pdf |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |language=en |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=2445–56 |doi=10.1111/jan.12998 |pmid=27174075 |s2cid=4917280}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=CA |last2=Jones |first2=AKP |date=2013 |title=Psychobiological Correlates of Improved Mental Health in Patients With Musculoskeletal Pain After a Mindfulness-Based Pain Management Program |journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=233–44 |doi=10.1097/AJP.0b013e31824c5d9f |pmid=22874090 |s2cid=33688569}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hutepxnctt88bus3hne0aoimn6es557 856907 856906 2026-06-14T11:32:16Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kula da kulawa ta dindindin''' ya ƙunshi ayyukan kulawa da ilimi da [[Mai ba da kiwon lafiya|mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya]] ke gudanarwa don taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci]] yayin da yake ƙarfafa marasa lafiya su fahimci yanayin su kuma su rayu cikin nasara tare da shi. Cututtuka na yau da kullun da suka shafi kulawa na iya haɗawa da [[ciwon suga]], [[hawan jini]], [[lupus]], [[sclerosis da yawa]], da kuma [[Bugawar bacci|rashin bacci]] . Kula da kulawa ta dindindin daidai yake da kula da cututtuka na dogon lokaci. Aikin ya ƙunshi ƙarfafa marasa lafiya su ci gaba da yin jiyya da shiga tsakani da ake buƙata da kuma taimaka musu su cimma rayuwa mai gamsarwa da kyau. == Kulawa ta yau da kullun da tsarin likita == A tarihi, babu daidaito sosai a wurare daban-daban, masu ba da sabis da kuma kula da marasa lafiya na dogon lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, magungunan cututtuka na dogon lokaci galibi suna da rikitarwa, wanda ke sa ya yi wa marasa lafiya wahala su bi ka'idojin magani. Ingancin kulawar lafiya yawanci yana buƙatar dogon ziyara zuwa ofishin likita fiye da yadda aka saba a cikin kulawa mai tsanani. Bugu da ƙari, wajen magance cututtuka na yau da kullun, magani ɗaya, ko na likita ko na hali, na iya bambanta a cikin inganci dangane da lokacin da ake cikin rashin lafiyar ana ba da shawarar shiga tsakani. Rarraba kulawa haɗari ne ga marasa lafiya da cututtuka na yau da kullun, saboda sau da yawa cututtuka na yau da kullun da yawa suna tare, wani lamari da aka sani da [[Rashin lafiya da yawa|multimorbidity]] . Dole ne a yi shiga tsakani na iya buƙatar taimako daga ƙwararru da yawa waɗanda ƙila ba za su yi aiki tare ba, kuma don su yi tasiri, suna buƙatar haɗin kai na kusa da hankali. Bincike ya nuna cewa kulawa mai rarrabuwar kawuna ga masu cin gajiyar Medicare tare da cututtuka na yau da kullun da yawa suna da yuwuwar kasancewa a ɗakunan gaggawa kuma a kwantar da su fiye da wasu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Alissa Marie |date=2018 |title=Creators of the Contemporary in Africa |journal=Anthropology News |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=e278–e284 |doi=10.1111/an.939 |issn=1541-6151 |s2cid=150968303}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun na iya fuskantar mummunan yanayi a cikin tsarin kulawa na gaggawa na yanzu. A tarihi, biyan kuɗi yana da ƙalubale ga ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na kulawa. Kwanan nan Medicare ta fara biyan kuɗin ayyukan da suka shafi kula da lafiya na dogon lokaci. Medicare tana biyan kuɗin wata-wata ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka amince da magani na aƙalla mintuna 20 na ayyukan kiwon lafiya ta hanyar sadarwa . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Chronic Care Management Services |url=https://www.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/Medicare-Learning-Network-MLN/MLNProducts/Downloads/ChronicCareManagement.pdf |website=}}</ref> == Gudanar da kulawa ta kai-tsaye == Marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da yanayinsu, domin galibi su ne ke ba da magunguna a rayuwar yau da kullun. Haka kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sa ido kan lafiyarsu da canje-canje a lafiyarsu ta hanyar Lura da Rayuwa ta Yau da Kullum (ODLs). Bayanan da suka biyo baya na iya taimaka wa [[Kula da kai|kula da kansu]] da kuma kula da lafiya. == Muhimmanci == Wasu matsalolin da suka shafi rashin lafiya na yau da kullun ba na likita ba ne musamman, amma sun haɗa da hulɗar marasa lafiya da iyalai da wuraren aiki. Sau da yawa shiga tsakani yana buƙatar marasa lafiya da iyalai su yi canje-canje masu wahala a salon rayuwa. Marasa lafiya suna buƙatar a ilmantar da su game da fa'idodin magani da haɗarin rashin bin tsarin maganinsu yadda ya kamata. Suna buƙatar a ƙarfafa su su bi umarnin likita domin magani yawanci yana samar da ingantaccen yanayi, maimakon sakamakon da yawancin marasa lafiya ke so - magani. Kula da kulawa na yau da kullun yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su sa ido kan ci gaban su cikin tsari da kuma haɗa kai da ƙwararru don gano da magance duk wata matsala da suka fuskanta a cikin maganinsu. Daga abin da ke sama, zai bayyana cewa likitocin kula da marasa lafiya na dogon lokaci suna kula da marasa lafiya na farko sosai. Idan aka yi la'akari da bambancin yanayin matsalolin lafiya na dogon lokaci da kuma rawar da muhallin [[Magana da Jiki|zamantakewa]] ke takawa a cikin aikinsu, tsarin kulawa na halitta kawai ba shi da isasshen isa. Wani bincike a cikin ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da yawa ya nuna sakamako mai kyau ta hanyar rungumar rawar da ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma ke takawa don taimakawa marasa lafiya wajen inganta kula da cututtuka na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kangovi |first=Shreya |last2=Mitra |first2=Nandita |author-link2=Nandita Mitra |last3=Norton |first3=Lindsey |last4=Harte |first4=Rory |last5=Zhao |first5=Xinyi |last6=Carter |first6=Tamala |last7=Grande |first7=David |last8=Long |first8=Judith A. |date=2018-12-01 |title=Effect of Community Health Worker Support on Clinical Outcomes of Low-Income Patients Across Primary Care Facilities: A Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |language=en |volume=178 |issue=12 |pages=1635–1643 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4630 |issn=2168-6106 |pmc=6469661 |pmid=30422224}}</ref> Wannan ƙarin ga ƙungiyar kulawa zai iya ƙara ƙarin tsarin kulawa [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|na biopsychosocial]] a matsayin madadin. == Tarihi == Duk da cewa kulawar gaggawa ta shahara a duk fannin kula da lafiya har zuwa kwanan nan, nau'ikan kulawar da aka kula da su sun bayyana a cikin shekarun da suka gabata a ƙoƙarin inganta kulawa, rage amfani da sabis marasa amfani da kuma sarrafa hauhawar farashin. Duk da alƙawarin farko da aka yi, kulawar da aka kula ba ta cimma daidaiton kulawa ba. A zahiri, da alama tana jaddada manufofinta na kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, kulawar da aka kula ba ta magance sarkakiyar yanayi na yau da kullun ba, kuma don amfanin rage farashi, tana rage lokaci tare da marasa lafiya maimakon ƙara shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ware NC, Lachicotte WS, Kirschner SR, Cortes DE, Good BJ |date=March 2000 |title=Clinician experiences of managed mental health care: a rereading of the threat |journal=Med Anthropol Q |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.1525/maq.2000.14.1.3 |pmid=10812561}}</ref> == Tsarin kulawa na yau da kullun == A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, masu bincike sun fara ƙirƙiro samfuran kulawa don tantancewa da kuma magance marasa lafiya masu fama da rashin lafiya na tsawon lokaci. Masu bincike na ma'aikatan jinya, kamar S. Wellard, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wellard S |year=1998 |title=Constructions of chronic illness |journal=International Journal of Nursing Studies |volume=35 |issue=1–2 |pages=49–55 |citeseerx=10.1.1.540.4210 |doi=10.1016/S0020-7489(98)00013-3 |pmid=9695010}}</ref> CS Burckhardt, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burckhardt CS |date=September 1987 |title=Coping strategies of the chronically ill |journal=Nurs. Clin. North Am. |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=543–50 |doi=10.1016/S0029-6465(22)01305-6 |pmid=3649790 |s2cid=31337575}}</ref> C. Baker da PN Stern, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baker C, Stern PN |year=1993 |title=Finding meaning in chronic illness as the key to self-care |journal=Can J Nurs Res |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=23–36 |pmid=8118760}}</ref> da IM Lubkin da PD Larson, galibi suna kan gaba wajen kula da marasa lafiya da ke ci gaba da jiyya don cututtuka kamar su ciwon suga ko gazawar koda . Sun bayyana cewa marasa lafiyarsu sun fuskanci jerin "matakai", kuma a wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan marasa lafiyar sun mayar da martani ga irin wannan aikin daban. Mutane da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun, kamar C. Register da S. Wells, sun ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka fuskanta kuma sun ba da shawarwari game da yadda za a magance cututtuka na yau da kullun. Ƙungiyoyi sun yaɗu ga waɗanda ke da takamaiman yanayi ( Sjögren's syndrome, [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis / ciwon gajiya mai tsanani|chronic fatigue syndrome]], peripheral neuropathy, da sauransu), kuma waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun shiga aikin ba da shawara, sun yi aiki a matsayin wuraren tattara bayanai, kuma sun fara ba da kuɗaɗen bincike. Edward H. Wagner, MD, MPH, Darakta Emeritus na Cibiyar MacColl don Kirkirar Lafiya, kuma tsohon Darakta na shirin ƙasa na Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson "Inganta Kula da Cututtuka na Tsawon Lokaci", da kuma Mai Binciken Emeritus a Cibiyar Bincike ta Lafiya ta Kaiser Permanente Washington da ke Seattle, WA (wanda a da Cibiyar Bincike ta Lafiya ta Rukuni ce) sun ƙirƙiro [http://www.improvingchroniccare.org Tsarin Kulawa na Tsawon Lokaci], ko CCM. CCM ta taƙaita muhimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don inganta kulawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya a matakai daban-daban. Waɗannan abubuwan sune al'umma, tsarin kiwon lafiya, tallafin kula da kai, ƙirar tsarin bayarwa, tallafin yanke shawara da tsarin bayanai na asibiti. Ra'ayoyin canji bisa ga shaidu a ƙarƙashin kowane abu, tare da haɗin gwiwa, suna haɓaka hulɗa mai amfani tsakanin marasa lafiya masu ilimi waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin kulawarsu da masu samar da albarkatu da ƙwarewa. Ana iya amfani da Tsarin Kulawa na Tsawon Lokaci ga cututtuka daban-daban, saitunan kiwon lafiya da yawan jama'a da aka yi niyya. Babban abin da ke gaba shine marasa lafiya masu lafiya, masu samar da kayayyaki masu gamsuwa, da kuma tanadin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagner EH |year=1998 |title=Chronic disease management: what will it take to improve care for chronic illness? |url=http://www.acponline.org/journals/ecp/augsep98/cdm.htm |journal=Eff Clin Pract |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=2–4 |pmid=10345255 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704085857/http://www.acponline.org/journals/ecp/augsep98/cdm.htm |archive-date=2008-07-04 |access-date=2013-01-02}}</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20110219155735/http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/programs/ Shirin Kula da Kai na Stanford] shiri ne na kula da kai wanda ya dogara da al'umma wanda ke taimaka wa mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani su sami kwarin gwiwa a kan ikonsu na sarrafa alamun cutar da kuma yadda matsalolin lafiyarsu za su shafi rayuwarsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Lorig KR, Sobel DS, Stewart AL |date=January 1999 |title=Evidence suggesting that a chronic disease self-management program can improve health status while reducing hospitalization: a randomized trial |journal=[[Medical Care (journal)|Medical Care]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |doi=10.1097/00005650-199901000-00003 |pmid=10413387}}</ref> [http://www.partnershipforsolutions.org Partnership for Solutions], wani haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Johns Hopkins da Robert Wood Johnson, yana gudanar da bincike don inganta kulawa da ingancin rayuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiya na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anderson G, Knickman JR |year=2001 |title=Changing the chronic care system to meet people's needs |journal=Health Aff (Millwood) |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=146–60 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.20.6.146 |pmid=11816653 |doi-access=free}}</ref> JO Prochaska da abokan aikinsa, suna binciken batutuwan da suka shafi maganin jaraba, sun bayyana tsarin canza hali na transtheoretical a matsayin tsari maimakon wani abu da ya faru. Sun ba da shawarar kimantawa da magani bisa ga matakin majiyyaci a cikin tsarin. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC |date=September 1992 |title=In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/amp/47/9/1102 |journal=Am Psychol |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=1102–14 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1102 |pmid=1329589}}</ref> Patricia Fennell, tana aiki a kan abubuwan da suka faru na canje-canje da aka sanya (kamar rashin lafiya, baƙin ciki, ko rauni), ta ƙirƙiro Tsarin Fennell na Mataki na Huɗu na rashin lafiya na yau da kullun. Fennell ya ce mutane galibi suna fuskantar matakai huɗu yayin da suke koyon haɗa canjin iyawar jiki ko hangen nesa na tunani a cikin halayensu da salon rayuwarsu: Rikici, Daidaito, Haɗaka, da Solution. Sashen Binciken Halayyar Dan Adam da Lafiya na Flinders (wanda ke Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya) ya ƙirƙiro [https://www.flinders.edu.au/medicine/sites/fhbhru/self-management.cfm Shirin FlindersTM], wani tsari na kayan aiki da hanyoyin da ke ba da damar tantance halayen kula da cututtuka na yau da kullun, gano matsaloli tare da tsara manufofi wanda ke haifar da haɓaka tsare-tsaren kulawa na musamman tare da burin ɗaga rayuwar mutanen da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun. An daidaita [https://www.flinders.edu.au/medicine/sites/fhbhru/self-management.cfm Shirin FlindersTM] zuwa takamaiman yanayi don biyan buƙatun 'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya da tsoffin sojoji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www1d.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/Outreach/NPC/Downloads/2015-02-18-Chronic-Care-Presentation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620001401/http://www1d.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/Outreach/NPC/Downloads/2015-02-18-Chronic-Care-Presentation.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-20 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref> Tsarin kulawa na dogon lokaci kamar isar da shirye-shiryen kula da cututtuka na dogon lokaci na iya zama mai tasiri ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na dogon lokaci. Ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da asma, samun shirin da ya dace wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da yawa na iya kawo ci gaba a fannoni kamar ingancin rayuwa da marasa lafiya ke gani, aikin huhu da kuma tsananin asma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peytremann-Bridevaux |first=I |last2=Arditi |first2=C |last3=Gex |first3=G |last4=Bridevaux |first4=PO |last5=Burnand |first5=B |date=2015 |title=Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007988.pub2 |pmc=10640711 |pmid=26014500}}</ref> Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa maganin ciwon da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar tunani (MBPM) yana da amfani ga waɗanda ke fama da ciwon da ke daɗaɗawa da sauran cututtuka na dogon lokaci. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Mehan |first=Suraj |last2=Morris |first2=Julia |date=2018 |title=A literature review of Breathworks and mindfulness intervention |journal=British Journal of Healthcare Management |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=235–241 |doi=10.12968/bjhc.2018.24.5.235 |issn=1358-0574}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=J |first=Long |last2=M |first2=Briggs |last3=A |first3=Long |last4=F |first4=Astin |date=2016 |title=Starting Where I Am: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Mindfulness as a Facilitator of Transition in Living With a Long-Term Condition |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/111569/3/LongStarting%20where%20I%20am.pdf |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |language=en |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=2445–56 |doi=10.1111/jan.12998 |pmid=27174075 |s2cid=4917280}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=CA |last2=Jones |first2=AKP |date=2013 |title=Psychobiological Correlates of Improved Mental Health in Patients With Musculoskeletal Pain After a Mindfulness-Based Pain Management Program |journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=233–44 |doi=10.1097/AJP.0b013e31824c5d9f |pmid=22874090 |s2cid=33688569}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s32f219quv91y83zh7q0tpqp4lurnci 0 157393 856909 2026-06-14T11:32:34Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi (Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi - RWESCK) cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwar... 856909 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi (Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi - RWESCK) cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwararru, da kuma binciken aikace-aikace a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows">{{cite web |title=Call for Applications; Centre Fellows |url=https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=WASCAL}}</ref> Cibiyar tana cikin shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka (Africa Centres of Excellence), wanda wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya ke daukar nauyinsa da nufin karfafa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, binciken aikace-aikace, da kuma karfafa gwiwar yanki a wasu zababbun fannonin ci gaba.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf |title=Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH governance).<ref name="WorldBankOverview">{{cite report |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf |title=Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == RWESCK ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan gina kwarewa na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da aka gudanar a baya a KNUST. Cibiyar ta samo tushe ne daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1996 tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Netherlands.<ref name="RWESCKHistory">{{cite web |title=Brief History of RWESCK |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> An sake fasalin aikin a shekarar 2004 tare da canza masa suna zuwa Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKHistory" /> A shekarar 2016, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa Bankin Duniya yana samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 8 domin tallafawa kafa Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki a Kumasi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa za a gina cibiyar ne a cikin harabar jami'ar KNUST kuma ana sa ran za ta habaka bincike, horarwa, da gina kwarewa ga dalibai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016">{{cite news |last=Kenu |first=Daniel |date=2 April 2016 |title=World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Wata sanarwar kudi da Bankin Duniya ya tantance ta nuna cewa RWESCK a matsayin aikin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka ne wanda KNUST ke aiwatarwa, tare da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa (International Development Association) a matsayin mai ba da kudi ga aikin.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020" /> Rahoton na ''Graphic Online'' na shekarar 2016 ya kuma bayyana cewa kafa cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin cibiyar kanta, Bankin Duniya, da Gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> == Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai == An kafa RWESCK ne domin tallafawa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ci gaban kwarewa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kwarewa ta yanki da ke Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama, Kwalejin Injiniya a KNUST, wadda ta kware a shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba a matakin MSc (Digiri na Biyu) da PhD (Digiri na Uku) da kuma kwasashen ci gaban kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> 3182podfbv5v68mlz1m311aawf5j64c 856912 856909 2026-06-14T11:33:11Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai */ 856912 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi (Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi - RWESCK) cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwararru, da kuma binciken aikace-aikace a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows">{{cite web |title=Call for Applications; Centre Fellows |url=https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=WASCAL}}</ref> Cibiyar tana cikin shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka (Africa Centres of Excellence), wanda wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya ke daukar nauyinsa da nufin karfafa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, binciken aikace-aikace, da kuma karfafa gwiwar yanki a wasu zababbun fannonin ci gaba.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf |title=Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH governance).<ref name="WorldBankOverview">{{cite report |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf |title=Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == RWESCK ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan gina kwarewa na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da aka gudanar a baya a KNUST. Cibiyar ta samo tushe ne daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1996 tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Netherlands.<ref name="RWESCKHistory">{{cite web |title=Brief History of RWESCK |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> An sake fasalin aikin a shekarar 2004 tare da canza masa suna zuwa Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKHistory" /> A shekarar 2016, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa Bankin Duniya yana samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 8 domin tallafawa kafa Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki a Kumasi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa za a gina cibiyar ne a cikin harabar jami'ar KNUST kuma ana sa ran za ta habaka bincike, horarwa, da gina kwarewa ga dalibai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016">{{cite news |last=Kenu |first=Daniel |date=2 April 2016 |title=World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Wata sanarwar kudi da Bankin Duniya ya tantance ta nuna cewa RWESCK a matsayin aikin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka ne wanda KNUST ke aiwatarwa, tare da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa (International Development Association) a matsayin mai ba da kudi ga aikin.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020" /> Rahoton na ''Graphic Online'' na shekarar 2016 ya kuma bayyana cewa kafa cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin cibiyar kanta, Bankin Duniya, da Gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> == Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai == An kafa RWESCK ne domin tallafawa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ci gaban kwarewa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kwarewa ta yanki da ke Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama, Kwalejin Injiniya a KNUST, wadda ta kware a shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba a matakin MSc (Digiri na Biyu) da PhD (Digiri na Uku) da kuma kwasashen ci gaban kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Fannonin da cibiyar ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="WorldBankOverview" /> WASCAL ta lissafta jigogin fannoninta kamar su fasahar tace ruwa ta zamani, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na zamani da fasaha mai kwakwalwa, fasahar tsaftace muhalli da sarrafa shara, juriya ga sauyin yanayi da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Bayanin manufa na hukuma na RWESCK ya bayyana hadafinta a matsayin samar da yanayi mai kyau don koyarwa, bincike, da horar da jagoranci a fannin kimiyya da fasahar ruwa da tsaftace muhalli domin ci gaban masana'antu da tattalin arziki.<ref name="RWESCKMission">{{cite web |title=Mission, Vision and Values |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == RWESCK tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba ta hanyar Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama na KNUST. Shirye-shiryen mazaunin MSc sun hada da Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara, Injiniyan Samar da Ruwa da Gudanarwa, Injiniyan Ruwa mai mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Rigakafin Bala'i da Gudanarwa.<ref name="RWESCKMSc">{{cite web |title=MSc Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar tana kuma ba da shirye-shiryen digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannonin Fasahar Samar da Ruwa da Tace Shi, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, da kuma Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara.<ref name="RWESCKPhD">{{cite web |title=Doctorate Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Tsarin karatun digirin digirgir din ya hada da daukar darussa, samar da shawarwarin bincike (proposal), aikin horon masana'antu (internship), bincike, da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin karatu (thesis).<ref name="RWESCKPhD" /> Ana karbar aikace-aikacen shiga daga hannun 'yan takara na kasar Ghana da sauran kasashen Afirka. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa 'yan takara daga kasashen da ba sa jin Turanci dole ne su samar da shaidar kwarewar sadarwa a harshen Turanci.<ref name="RWESCKApply">{{cite web |title=How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Horon kwararru da gajerun kwasashe == RWESCK tana gudanar da gajerun kwasashe na kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Cibiyar ta bayyana hanyoyin koyar da gajerun kwasashen nata da cewa sun hada da lakboci, darussan rukuni, nazarin matsalolin zahiri (case studies), zaman gwaji na aikace-aikace, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen aiki na fage.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses">{{cite web |title=Short Courses |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0 |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kwasashen da aka lissafta sun hada da dorewar tsaftar muhalli a cikin gida da sarrafa laka daga rami (faecal sludge), hadakar tsarin sarrafa shara na birni, tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni mai juriya ga sauyin yanayi, babban tsarin shirin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da gina su, aikace-aikacen GIS wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, shirin tsaron ruwan sha, fasahar membrane ta tace ruwa ta zamani, na'urorin ruwa da sarrafa su ta atomatik, aikace-aikacen koyon na'ura (machine learning) da basirar kirkira (artificial intelligence) wajen gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanar da abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /> A shekarar 2025, cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK ta karbi bakuncin tawaga daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya (National Water Resources Institute - NWRI) a matsayin bangare na hadin gwiwa da ke da alaka da horar da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tawagar ta ziyarci dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa na RWESCK.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025">{{cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=Kwame Nkrumah University for Sciences and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region |url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence}}</ref> == Bincike == RWESCK tana tsara bincikenta ne a kewayen tsarin ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da muhalli gaba daya. Kungiyoyin bincikenta sun hada da Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli, da kuma Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes">{{cite web |title=Research Groups & Themes |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> lmchdesea3jnrlyuarpu0i7p57wc6fp 856915 856912 2026-06-14T11:33:52Z Sirjat 20447 /* Bincike */ 856915 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi (Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi - RWESCK) cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwararru, da kuma binciken aikace-aikace a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows">{{cite web |title=Call for Applications; Centre Fellows |url=https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=WASCAL}}</ref> Cibiyar tana cikin shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka (Africa Centres of Excellence), wanda wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya ke daukar nauyinsa da nufin karfafa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, binciken aikace-aikace, da kuma karfafa gwiwar yanki a wasu zababbun fannonin ci gaba.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf |title=Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH governance).<ref name="WorldBankOverview">{{cite report |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf |title=Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == RWESCK ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan gina kwarewa na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da aka gudanar a baya a KNUST. Cibiyar ta samo tushe ne daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1996 tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Netherlands.<ref name="RWESCKHistory">{{cite web |title=Brief History of RWESCK |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> An sake fasalin aikin a shekarar 2004 tare da canza masa suna zuwa Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKHistory" /> A shekarar 2016, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa Bankin Duniya yana samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 8 domin tallafawa kafa Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki a Kumasi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa za a gina cibiyar ne a cikin harabar jami'ar KNUST kuma ana sa ran za ta habaka bincike, horarwa, da gina kwarewa ga dalibai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016">{{cite news |last=Kenu |first=Daniel |date=2 April 2016 |title=World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Wata sanarwar kudi da Bankin Duniya ya tantance ta nuna cewa RWESCK a matsayin aikin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka ne wanda KNUST ke aiwatarwa, tare da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa (International Development Association) a matsayin mai ba da kudi ga aikin.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020" /> Rahoton na ''Graphic Online'' na shekarar 2016 ya kuma bayyana cewa kafa cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin cibiyar kanta, Bankin Duniya, da Gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> == Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai == An kafa RWESCK ne domin tallafawa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ci gaban kwarewa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kwarewa ta yanki da ke Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama, Kwalejin Injiniya a KNUST, wadda ta kware a shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba a matakin MSc (Digiri na Biyu) da PhD (Digiri na Uku) da kuma kwasashen ci gaban kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Fannonin da cibiyar ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="WorldBankOverview" /> WASCAL ta lissafta jigogin fannoninta kamar su fasahar tace ruwa ta zamani, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na zamani da fasaha mai kwakwalwa, fasahar tsaftace muhalli da sarrafa shara, juriya ga sauyin yanayi da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Bayanin manufa na hukuma na RWESCK ya bayyana hadafinta a matsayin samar da yanayi mai kyau don koyarwa, bincike, da horar da jagoranci a fannin kimiyya da fasahar ruwa da tsaftace muhalli domin ci gaban masana'antu da tattalin arziki.<ref name="RWESCKMission">{{cite web |title=Mission, Vision and Values |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == RWESCK tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba ta hanyar Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama na KNUST. Shirye-shiryen mazaunin MSc sun hada da Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara, Injiniyan Samar da Ruwa da Gudanarwa, Injiniyan Ruwa mai mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Rigakafin Bala'i da Gudanarwa.<ref name="RWESCKMSc">{{cite web |title=MSc Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar tana kuma ba da shirye-shiryen digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannonin Fasahar Samar da Ruwa da Tace Shi, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, da kuma Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara.<ref name="RWESCKPhD">{{cite web |title=Doctorate Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Tsarin karatun digirin digirgir din ya hada da daukar darussa, samar da shawarwarin bincike (proposal), aikin horon masana'antu (internship), bincike, da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin karatu (thesis).<ref name="RWESCKPhD" /> Ana karbar aikace-aikacen shiga daga hannun 'yan takara na kasar Ghana da sauran kasashen Afirka. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa 'yan takara daga kasashen da ba sa jin Turanci dole ne su samar da shaidar kwarewar sadarwa a harshen Turanci.<ref name="RWESCKApply">{{cite web |title=How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Horon kwararru da gajerun kwasashe == RWESCK tana gudanar da gajerun kwasashe na kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Cibiyar ta bayyana hanyoyin koyar da gajerun kwasashen nata da cewa sun hada da lakboci, darussan rukuni, nazarin matsalolin zahiri (case studies), zaman gwaji na aikace-aikace, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen aiki na fage.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses">{{cite web |title=Short Courses |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0 |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kwasashen da aka lissafta sun hada da dorewar tsaftar muhalli a cikin gida da sarrafa laka daga rami (faecal sludge), hadakar tsarin sarrafa shara na birni, tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni mai juriya ga sauyin yanayi, babban tsarin shirin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da gina su, aikace-aikacen GIS wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, shirin tsaron ruwan sha, fasahar membrane ta tace ruwa ta zamani, na'urorin ruwa da sarrafa su ta atomatik, aikace-aikacen koyon na'ura (machine learning) da basirar kirkira (artificial intelligence) wajen gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanar da abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /> A shekarar 2025, cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK ta karbi bakuncin tawaga daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya (National Water Resources Institute - NWRI) a matsayin bangare na hadin gwiwa da ke da alaka da horar da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tawagar ta ziyarci dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa na RWESCK.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025">{{cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=Kwame Nkrumah University for Sciences and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region |url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence}}</ref> == Bincike == RWESCK tana tsara bincikenta ne a kewayen tsarin ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da muhalli gaba daya. Kungiyoyin bincikenta sun hada da Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli, da kuma Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes">{{cite web |title=Research Groups & Themes |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa tana mayar da hankali ne a kan fannonin da suka hada da sauyin yanayi, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, kofofin ruwa na kan iyaka, ci gaban ban-ruwa, lissafin kimiyya da tsara samfura (modelling).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa tana aiki ne a kan tace ruwa da isar da sabis na samar da ruwa dangane da Manufofin Ci Gaba Masu Dorewa (SDGs).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli ta shafi kariya ga muhalli, lafiyar muhalli, sarrafa shara, yin takin zamani, dawo da sinadirai masu amfani, samar da makamashi daga danyen kashin halittu (bio-waste-to-energy), da kuma tsara samfuran tasirin ci gaba.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH tana mayar da hankali ne kan gina abubuwan more rayuwa, samar da kudi, gudanarwa, inganta matsugunai, bawa mata iko, da kuma sadarwa don canjin dabi'u.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Cibiyar tana lissafta wallafe-wallafen da masu bincike masu alaka da ita suka yi a fannonin samar da ruwa, ingancin ruwan leda (sachet water), tara ruwan sama, ayyukan ruwa ga talakawan birni, isar da ayyukan ruwa na kananan garuruwa, amfani da lakar kashi da bandaki, ayyukan kwashe shara, ruwan karkashin kasa, ingancin ruwan ban-ruwa, da kuma tsara samfuran tsarin ruwa (hydrological modelling).<ref name="RWESCKPublications">{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/publications |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Binciken aikace-aikace da kirkire-kirkire == RWESCK ta kasance tana da hannu a cikin binciken aikace-aikace kan tsaftar muhalli, tace gurbataccen ruwa, da dawo da albarkatu masu amfani. A shekarar 2023, kafar labarai ta MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK da kamfanin Sewerage Systems Ghana Limited suna amfani da gawayi na musamman (activated charcoal) da aka samo daga lakar kashi (faecal sludge) domin tace gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=3 March 2023 |title=RWESCK-KNUST, Sewerage Systems Ghana are using faecal activated charcoal to purify wastewater |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/rwesck-knust-sewerage-systems-ghana-are-using-faecal-activated-charcoal-to-purify-wastewater/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana cewa aikin ya auna tasirin gawayin da aka samo daga lakar kashin wajen cire abubuwa masu gurbata ruwa, kuma an gano cewa an wallafa sakamakon a cikin mujallar ''Advances in Materials Science and Engineering''.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023" /> Shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa RWESCK ta gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa dabarun dijital a fannonin basirar kirkira (AI), koyon na'ura, fasahar intanet ta abubuwa (Internet of Things), binciken bayanai na GIS, da kuma ilimin dijital don fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="ACEDigital2024">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=RWESCK Pioneers Digital Transformation and Sustainable Solutions in Water and Environmental Sanitation |url=https://ace.aau.org/rwesck-pioneers-digital-transformation-and-sustainable-solutions-in-water-and-environmental-sanitation/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa cibiyar tana aiki tare da Hukumar Ma'audatan Ghana (Ghana Standards Authority) domin samun takardar shaidar ISO/IEC 17025:2017 don dakunan gwaje-gwajenta.<ref name="ACEDigital2024" /> Wani rahoton na Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya bayyana ayyukan RWESCK a fannin gano malalar ruwa ta hanyoyin zamani ba tare da barna ba, da kuma amfani da jirage marasa matuka (drones) wajen sanya idanu kan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="ACEInnovation2024">{{cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Pioneering Innovations in Water Management, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development (RWESCK, KNUST) |url=https://ace.aau.org/pioneering-innovations-in-water-management-environmental-protection-and-sustainable-development-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa aikin gano malalar ruwan ya kunshi amfani da fasahar saurarar sauti ta musamman (passive acoustic sensing), koyon na'ura, da sarrafa sigina, kuma ana bunkasa shi ne tare da Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma (Community Water and Sanitation Agency).<ref name="ACEInnovation2024" /> deccvohq1idh2kqpv2iu6nq8pxf2vc0 856920 856915 2026-06-14T11:34:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Binciken aikace-aikace da kirkire-kirkire */ 856920 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi (Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi - RWESCK) cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwararru, da kuma binciken aikace-aikace a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows">{{cite web |title=Call for Applications; Centre Fellows |url=https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=WASCAL}}</ref> Cibiyar tana cikin shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka (Africa Centres of Excellence), wanda wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya ke daukar nauyinsa da nufin karfafa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, binciken aikace-aikace, da kuma karfafa gwiwar yanki a wasu zababbun fannonin ci gaba.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf |title=Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH governance).<ref name="WorldBankOverview">{{cite report |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf |title=Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == RWESCK ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan gina kwarewa na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da aka gudanar a baya a KNUST. Cibiyar ta samo tushe ne daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1996 tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Netherlands.<ref name="RWESCKHistory">{{cite web |title=Brief History of RWESCK |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> An sake fasalin aikin a shekarar 2004 tare da canza masa suna zuwa Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKHistory" /> A shekarar 2016, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa Bankin Duniya yana samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 8 domin tallafawa kafa Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki a Kumasi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa za a gina cibiyar ne a cikin harabar jami'ar KNUST kuma ana sa ran za ta habaka bincike, horarwa, da gina kwarewa ga dalibai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016">{{cite news |last=Kenu |first=Daniel |date=2 April 2016 |title=World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Wata sanarwar kudi da Bankin Duniya ya tantance ta nuna cewa RWESCK a matsayin aikin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka ne wanda KNUST ke aiwatarwa, tare da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa (International Development Association) a matsayin mai ba da kudi ga aikin.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020" /> Rahoton na ''Graphic Online'' na shekarar 2016 ya kuma bayyana cewa kafa cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin cibiyar kanta, Bankin Duniya, da Gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> == Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai == An kafa RWESCK ne domin tallafawa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ci gaban kwarewa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kwarewa ta yanki da ke Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama, Kwalejin Injiniya a KNUST, wadda ta kware a shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba a matakin MSc (Digiri na Biyu) da PhD (Digiri na Uku) da kuma kwasashen ci gaban kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Fannonin da cibiyar ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="WorldBankOverview" /> WASCAL ta lissafta jigogin fannoninta kamar su fasahar tace ruwa ta zamani, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na zamani da fasaha mai kwakwalwa, fasahar tsaftace muhalli da sarrafa shara, juriya ga sauyin yanayi da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Bayanin manufa na hukuma na RWESCK ya bayyana hadafinta a matsayin samar da yanayi mai kyau don koyarwa, bincike, da horar da jagoranci a fannin kimiyya da fasahar ruwa da tsaftace muhalli domin ci gaban masana'antu da tattalin arziki.<ref name="RWESCKMission">{{cite web |title=Mission, Vision and Values |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == RWESCK tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba ta hanyar Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama na KNUST. Shirye-shiryen mazaunin MSc sun hada da Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara, Injiniyan Samar da Ruwa da Gudanarwa, Injiniyan Ruwa mai mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Rigakafin Bala'i da Gudanarwa.<ref name="RWESCKMSc">{{cite web |title=MSc Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar tana kuma ba da shirye-shiryen digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannonin Fasahar Samar da Ruwa da Tace Shi, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, da kuma Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara.<ref name="RWESCKPhD">{{cite web |title=Doctorate Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Tsarin karatun digirin digirgir din ya hada da daukar darussa, samar da shawarwarin bincike (proposal), aikin horon masana'antu (internship), bincike, da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin karatu (thesis).<ref name="RWESCKPhD" /> Ana karbar aikace-aikacen shiga daga hannun 'yan takara na kasar Ghana da sauran kasashen Afirka. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa 'yan takara daga kasashen da ba sa jin Turanci dole ne su samar da shaidar kwarewar sadarwa a harshen Turanci.<ref name="RWESCKApply">{{cite web |title=How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Horon kwararru da gajerun kwasashe == RWESCK tana gudanar da gajerun kwasashe na kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Cibiyar ta bayyana hanyoyin koyar da gajerun kwasashen nata da cewa sun hada da lakboci, darussan rukuni, nazarin matsalolin zahiri (case studies), zaman gwaji na aikace-aikace, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen aiki na fage.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses">{{cite web |title=Short Courses |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0 |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kwasashen da aka lissafta sun hada da dorewar tsaftar muhalli a cikin gida da sarrafa laka daga rami (faecal sludge), hadakar tsarin sarrafa shara na birni, tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni mai juriya ga sauyin yanayi, babban tsarin shirin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da gina su, aikace-aikacen GIS wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, shirin tsaron ruwan sha, fasahar membrane ta tace ruwa ta zamani, na'urorin ruwa da sarrafa su ta atomatik, aikace-aikacen koyon na'ura (machine learning) da basirar kirkira (artificial intelligence) wajen gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanar da abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /> A shekarar 2025, cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK ta karbi bakuncin tawaga daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya (National Water Resources Institute - NWRI) a matsayin bangare na hadin gwiwa da ke da alaka da horar da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tawagar ta ziyarci dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa na RWESCK.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025">{{cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=Kwame Nkrumah University for Sciences and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region |url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence}}</ref> == Bincike == RWESCK tana tsara bincikenta ne a kewayen tsarin ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da muhalli gaba daya. Kungiyoyin bincikenta sun hada da Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli, da kuma Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes">{{cite web |title=Research Groups & Themes |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa tana mayar da hankali ne a kan fannonin da suka hada da sauyin yanayi, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, kofofin ruwa na kan iyaka, ci gaban ban-ruwa, lissafin kimiyya da tsara samfura (modelling).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa tana aiki ne a kan tace ruwa da isar da sabis na samar da ruwa dangane da Manufofin Ci Gaba Masu Dorewa (SDGs).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli ta shafi kariya ga muhalli, lafiyar muhalli, sarrafa shara, yin takin zamani, dawo da sinadirai masu amfani, samar da makamashi daga danyen kashin halittu (bio-waste-to-energy), da kuma tsara samfuran tasirin ci gaba.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH tana mayar da hankali ne kan gina abubuwan more rayuwa, samar da kudi, gudanarwa, inganta matsugunai, bawa mata iko, da kuma sadarwa don canjin dabi'u.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Cibiyar tana lissafta wallafe-wallafen da masu bincike masu alaka da ita suka yi a fannonin samar da ruwa, ingancin ruwan leda (sachet water), tara ruwan sama, ayyukan ruwa ga talakawan birni, isar da ayyukan ruwa na kananan garuruwa, amfani da lakar kashi da bandaki, ayyukan kwashe shara, ruwan karkashin kasa, ingancin ruwan ban-ruwa, da kuma tsara samfuran tsarin ruwa (hydrological modelling).<ref name="RWESCKPublications">{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/publications |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Binciken aikace-aikace da kirkire-kirkire == RWESCK ta kasance tana da hannu a cikin binciken aikace-aikace kan tsaftar muhalli, tace gurbataccen ruwa, da dawo da albarkatu masu amfani. A shekarar 2023, kafar labarai ta MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK da kamfanin Sewerage Systems Ghana Limited suna amfani da gawayi na musamman (activated charcoal) da aka samo daga lakar kashi (faecal sludge) domin tace gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=3 March 2023 |title=RWESCK-KNUST, Sewerage Systems Ghana are using faecal activated charcoal to purify wastewater |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/rwesck-knust-sewerage-systems-ghana-are-using-faecal-activated-charcoal-to-purify-wastewater/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana cewa aikin ya auna tasirin gawayin da aka samo daga lakar kashin wajen cire abubuwa masu gurbata ruwa, kuma an gano cewa an wallafa sakamakon a cikin mujallar ''Advances in Materials Science and Engineering''.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023" /> Shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa RWESCK ta gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa dabarun dijital a fannonin basirar kirkira (AI), koyon na'ura, fasahar intanet ta abubuwa (Internet of Things), binciken bayanai na GIS, da kuma ilimin dijital don fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="ACEDigital2024">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=RWESCK Pioneers Digital Transformation and Sustainable Solutions in Water and Environmental Sanitation |url=https://ace.aau.org/rwesck-pioneers-digital-transformation-and-sustainable-solutions-in-water-and-environmental-sanitation/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa cibiyar tana aiki tare da Hukumar Ma'audatan Ghana (Ghana Standards Authority) domin samun takardar shaidar ISO/IEC 17025:2017 don dakunan gwaje-gwajenta.<ref name="ACEDigital2024" /> Wani rahoton na Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya bayyana ayyukan RWESCK a fannin gano malalar ruwa ta hanyoyin zamani ba tare da barna ba, da kuma amfani da jirage marasa matuka (drones) wajen sanya idanu kan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="ACEInnovation2024">{{cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Pioneering Innovations in Water Management, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development (RWESCK, KNUST) |url=https://ace.aau.org/pioneering-innovations-in-water-management-environmental-protection-and-sustainable-development-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa aikin gano malalar ruwan ya kunshi amfani da fasahar saurarar sauti ta musamman (passive acoustic sensing), koyon na'ura, da sarrafa sigina, kuma ana bunkasa shi ne tare da Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma (Community Water and Sanitation Agency).<ref name="ACEInnovation2024" /> == Horon dijital na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK ta yi aiki a kan sanya tsarin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK, tare da hadin gwiwar AgroParisTech, sun gano gibin dabarun dijital wajen amfani da sabbin dabarun sauyin dijital da tattalin arziki mai dorewa (smart circular economy) a fannin gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=26 January 2023 |title=Digitalisation of water and sanitation sector won’t make people jobless – Director, RWESCK-KNUST |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/digitalisation of-water-and-sanitation-sector-wont-make-people-jobless-director-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma ce RWESCK ta shirya taron bita na kasa kan bunkasa dabarun sauyin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birnin Accra. Ya kuma ruwaito cewa Tsarin Nyansapo (Nyansapo Project), wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a Ghana ke daukar nauyi, an yi shi ne domin shigar da dabarun sauyin dijital cikin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli don horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ayyukan horon ma'aikata.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023" /> == Taruka da hadin gwiwa da sassa == RWESCK ta halarci tarukan sassa daban-daban da ayyukan musayar ilimi kan sauyin yanayi, tsaron ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2017, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa masana sauyin yanayi da tsaftar muhalli, tare da matasa masana kimiyya da ke aiki a Afirka, sun gudanar da taro a Accra domin tattauna bincike kan karancin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, ambaliyar ruwa, da matsalolin tsaftar muhalli da ke shafar Ghana da sauran sassan nahiyar.<ref name="GraphicConference2017">{{cite news |last=Bokpe |first=Seth J. |date=29 August 2017 |title=Scientists confer on research works on climate change, water insecurity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/scientists-confer-on-research-works-on-climate-change-water-insecurity.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana taron a matsayin taron yanki na farko da makarantar horarwa a Afirka ta Yamma da aka sadakar domin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, da tsaftace muhalli. Ya bayyana cewa KNUST, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana (Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences), da Bankin Duniya ne suka hada gwiwa wajen shirya taron. Fannonin da aka tattauna sun hada da sauyin yanayi, tsarin yanayi, tsarin WASH mai juriya, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ilimin ruwa (hydrology), hydrogeology, tsaron ruwa, barazana, da kuma tsarin gargadi na da wuri.<ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> == Ayyukan kai dauki ga al'umma == RWESCK ta kuma tsunduma cikin harkokin ilimantarwa kan tsaftar jiki da kuma ayyukan kai dauki na WASH a makarantu. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito game da ayyukan ilimantar da wanke hannu na RWESCK a cikin al'ummomin karkara, wanda ya hada da ilimantar da dalibai kan wanke hannu yadda ya kamata da kuma ba da gudummawar takardar goge hannu (tissue), sabulun ruwa, da wuraren wanke hannu ga makarantu.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=11 January 2023 |title=Taking handwashing to rural communities - the RWESCK experience |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/taking-handwashing-to-rural-communities-the-rwesck-experience/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya ambaci makarantun firamare na Ampabame, Odaho, da Kwaso M/A a matsayin guda cikin makarantun da ayyukan suka isa gare su.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> 0c3jalzhfvq4rstst02xxqyqd8n9h7p 856922 856920 2026-06-14T11:34:49Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki */ 856922 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi (Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi - RWESCK) cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwararru, da kuma binciken aikace-aikace a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows">{{cite web |title=Call for Applications; Centre Fellows |url=https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=WASCAL}}</ref> Cibiyar tana cikin shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka (Africa Centres of Excellence), wanda wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya ke daukar nauyinsa da nufin karfafa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, binciken aikace-aikace, da kuma karfafa gwiwar yanki a wasu zababbun fannonin ci gaba.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf |title=Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH governance).<ref name="WorldBankOverview">{{cite report |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf |title=Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == RWESCK ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan gina kwarewa na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da aka gudanar a baya a KNUST. Cibiyar ta samo tushe ne daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1996 tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Netherlands.<ref name="RWESCKHistory">{{cite web |title=Brief History of RWESCK |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> An sake fasalin aikin a shekarar 2004 tare da canza masa suna zuwa Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKHistory" /> A shekarar 2016, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa Bankin Duniya yana samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 8 domin tallafawa kafa Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki a Kumasi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa za a gina cibiyar ne a cikin harabar jami'ar KNUST kuma ana sa ran za ta habaka bincike, horarwa, da gina kwarewa ga dalibai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016">{{cite news |last=Kenu |first=Daniel |date=2 April 2016 |title=World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Wata sanarwar kudi da Bankin Duniya ya tantance ta nuna cewa RWESCK a matsayin aikin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka ne wanda KNUST ke aiwatarwa, tare da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa (International Development Association) a matsayin mai ba da kudi ga aikin.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020" /> Rahoton na ''Graphic Online'' na shekarar 2016 ya kuma bayyana cewa kafa cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin cibiyar kanta, Bankin Duniya, da Gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> == Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai == An kafa RWESCK ne domin tallafawa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ci gaban kwarewa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kwarewa ta yanki da ke Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama, Kwalejin Injiniya a KNUST, wadda ta kware a shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba a matakin MSc (Digiri na Biyu) da PhD (Digiri na Uku) da kuma kwasashen ci gaban kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Fannonin da cibiyar ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="WorldBankOverview" /> WASCAL ta lissafta jigogin fannoninta kamar su fasahar tace ruwa ta zamani, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na zamani da fasaha mai kwakwalwa, fasahar tsaftace muhalli da sarrafa shara, juriya ga sauyin yanayi da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Bayanin manufa na hukuma na RWESCK ya bayyana hadafinta a matsayin samar da yanayi mai kyau don koyarwa, bincike, da horar da jagoranci a fannin kimiyya da fasahar ruwa da tsaftace muhalli domin ci gaban masana'antu da tattalin arziki.<ref name="RWESCKMission">{{cite web |title=Mission, Vision and Values |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == RWESCK tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba ta hanyar Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama na KNUST. Shirye-shiryen mazaunin MSc sun hada da Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara, Injiniyan Samar da Ruwa da Gudanarwa, Injiniyan Ruwa mai mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Rigakafin Bala'i da Gudanarwa.<ref name="RWESCKMSc">{{cite web |title=MSc Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar tana kuma ba da shirye-shiryen digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannonin Fasahar Samar da Ruwa da Tace Shi, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, da kuma Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara.<ref name="RWESCKPhD">{{cite web |title=Doctorate Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Tsarin karatun digirin digirgir din ya hada da daukar darussa, samar da shawarwarin bincike (proposal), aikin horon masana'antu (internship), bincike, da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin karatu (thesis).<ref name="RWESCKPhD" /> Ana karbar aikace-aikacen shiga daga hannun 'yan takara na kasar Ghana da sauran kasashen Afirka. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa 'yan takara daga kasashen da ba sa jin Turanci dole ne su samar da shaidar kwarewar sadarwa a harshen Turanci.<ref name="RWESCKApply">{{cite web |title=How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Horon kwararru da gajerun kwasashe == RWESCK tana gudanar da gajerun kwasashe na kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Cibiyar ta bayyana hanyoyin koyar da gajerun kwasashen nata da cewa sun hada da lakboci, darussan rukuni, nazarin matsalolin zahiri (case studies), zaman gwaji na aikace-aikace, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen aiki na fage.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses">{{cite web |title=Short Courses |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0 |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kwasashen da aka lissafta sun hada da dorewar tsaftar muhalli a cikin gida da sarrafa laka daga rami (faecal sludge), hadakar tsarin sarrafa shara na birni, tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni mai juriya ga sauyin yanayi, babban tsarin shirin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da gina su, aikace-aikacen GIS wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, shirin tsaron ruwan sha, fasahar membrane ta tace ruwa ta zamani, na'urorin ruwa da sarrafa su ta atomatik, aikace-aikacen koyon na'ura (machine learning) da basirar kirkira (artificial intelligence) wajen gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanar da abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /> A shekarar 2025, cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK ta karbi bakuncin tawaga daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya (National Water Resources Institute - NWRI) a matsayin bangare na hadin gwiwa da ke da alaka da horar da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tawagar ta ziyarci dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa na RWESCK.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025">{{cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=Kwame Nkrumah University for Sciences and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region |url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence}}</ref> == Bincike == RWESCK tana tsara bincikenta ne a kewayen tsarin ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da muhalli gaba daya. Kungiyoyin bincikenta sun hada da Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli, da kuma Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes">{{cite web |title=Research Groups & Themes |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa tana mayar da hankali ne a kan fannonin da suka hada da sauyin yanayi, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, kofofin ruwa na kan iyaka, ci gaban ban-ruwa, lissafin kimiyya da tsara samfura (modelling).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa tana aiki ne a kan tace ruwa da isar da sabis na samar da ruwa dangane da Manufofin Ci Gaba Masu Dorewa (SDGs).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli ta shafi kariya ga muhalli, lafiyar muhalli, sarrafa shara, yin takin zamani, dawo da sinadirai masu amfani, samar da makamashi daga danyen kashin halittu (bio-waste-to-energy), da kuma tsara samfuran tasirin ci gaba.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH tana mayar da hankali ne kan gina abubuwan more rayuwa, samar da kudi, gudanarwa, inganta matsugunai, bawa mata iko, da kuma sadarwa don canjin dabi'u.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Cibiyar tana lissafta wallafe-wallafen da masu bincike masu alaka da ita suka yi a fannonin samar da ruwa, ingancin ruwan leda (sachet water), tara ruwan sama, ayyukan ruwa ga talakawan birni, isar da ayyukan ruwa na kananan garuruwa, amfani da lakar kashi da bandaki, ayyukan kwashe shara, ruwan karkashin kasa, ingancin ruwan ban-ruwa, da kuma tsara samfuran tsarin ruwa (hydrological modelling).<ref name="RWESCKPublications">{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/publications |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Binciken aikace-aikace da kirkire-kirkire == RWESCK ta kasance tana da hannu a cikin binciken aikace-aikace kan tsaftar muhalli, tace gurbataccen ruwa, da dawo da albarkatu masu amfani. A shekarar 2023, kafar labarai ta MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK da kamfanin Sewerage Systems Ghana Limited suna amfani da gawayi na musamman (activated charcoal) da aka samo daga lakar kashi (faecal sludge) domin tace gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=3 March 2023 |title=RWESCK-KNUST, Sewerage Systems Ghana are using faecal activated charcoal to purify wastewater |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/rwesck-knust-sewerage-systems-ghana-are-using-faecal-activated-charcoal-to-purify-wastewater/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana cewa aikin ya auna tasirin gawayin da aka samo daga lakar kashin wajen cire abubuwa masu gurbata ruwa, kuma an gano cewa an wallafa sakamakon a cikin mujallar ''Advances in Materials Science and Engineering''.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023" /> Shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa RWESCK ta gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa dabarun dijital a fannonin basirar kirkira (AI), koyon na'ura, fasahar intanet ta abubuwa (Internet of Things), binciken bayanai na GIS, da kuma ilimin dijital don fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="ACEDigital2024">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=RWESCK Pioneers Digital Transformation and Sustainable Solutions in Water and Environmental Sanitation |url=https://ace.aau.org/rwesck-pioneers-digital-transformation-and-sustainable-solutions-in-water-and-environmental-sanitation/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa cibiyar tana aiki tare da Hukumar Ma'audatan Ghana (Ghana Standards Authority) domin samun takardar shaidar ISO/IEC 17025:2017 don dakunan gwaje-gwajenta.<ref name="ACEDigital2024" /> Wani rahoton na Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya bayyana ayyukan RWESCK a fannin gano malalar ruwa ta hanyoyin zamani ba tare da barna ba, da kuma amfani da jirage marasa matuka (drones) wajen sanya idanu kan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="ACEInnovation2024">{{cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Pioneering Innovations in Water Management, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development (RWESCK, KNUST) |url=https://ace.aau.org/pioneering-innovations-in-water-management-environmental-protection-and-sustainable-development-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa aikin gano malalar ruwan ya kunshi amfani da fasahar saurarar sauti ta musamman (passive acoustic sensing), koyon na'ura, da sarrafa sigina, kuma ana bunkasa shi ne tare da Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma (Community Water and Sanitation Agency).<ref name="ACEInnovation2024" /> == Horon dijital na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK ta yi aiki a kan sanya tsarin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK, tare da hadin gwiwar AgroParisTech, sun gano gibin dabarun dijital wajen amfani da sabbin dabarun sauyin dijital da tattalin arziki mai dorewa (smart circular economy) a fannin gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=26 January 2023 |title=Digitalisation of water and sanitation sector won’t make people jobless – Director, RWESCK-KNUST |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/digitalisation of-water-and-sanitation-sector-wont-make-people-jobless-director-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma ce RWESCK ta shirya taron bita na kasa kan bunkasa dabarun sauyin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birnin Accra. Ya kuma ruwaito cewa Tsarin Nyansapo (Nyansapo Project), wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a Ghana ke daukar nauyi, an yi shi ne domin shigar da dabarun sauyin dijital cikin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli don horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ayyukan horon ma'aikata.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023" /> == Taruka da hadin gwiwa da sassa == RWESCK ta halarci tarukan sassa daban-daban da ayyukan musayar ilimi kan sauyin yanayi, tsaron ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2017, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa masana sauyin yanayi da tsaftar muhalli, tare da matasa masana kimiyya da ke aiki a Afirka, sun gudanar da taro a Accra domin tattauna bincike kan karancin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, ambaliyar ruwa, da matsalolin tsaftar muhalli da ke shafar Ghana da sauran sassan nahiyar.<ref name="GraphicConference2017">{{cite news |last=Bokpe |first=Seth J. |date=29 August 2017 |title=Scientists confer on research works on climate change, water insecurity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/scientists-confer-on-research-works-on-climate-change-water-insecurity.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana taron a matsayin taron yanki na farko da makarantar horarwa a Afirka ta Yamma da aka sadakar domin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, da tsaftace muhalli. Ya bayyana cewa KNUST, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana (Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences), da Bankin Duniya ne suka hada gwiwa wajen shirya taron. Fannonin da aka tattauna sun hada da sauyin yanayi, tsarin yanayi, tsarin WASH mai juriya, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ilimin ruwa (hydrology), hydrogeology, tsaron ruwa, barazana, da kuma tsarin gargadi na da wuri.<ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> == Ayyukan kai dauki ga al'umma == RWESCK ta kuma tsunduma cikin harkokin ilimantarwa kan tsaftar jiki da kuma ayyukan kai dauki na WASH a makarantu. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito game da ayyukan ilimantar da wanke hannu na RWESCK a cikin al'ummomin karkara, wanda ya hada da ilimantar da dalibai kan wanke hannu yadda ya kamata da kuma ba da gudummawar takardar goge hannu (tissue), sabulun ruwa, da wuraren wanke hannu ga makarantu.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=11 January 2023 |title=Taking handwashing to rural communities - the RWESCK experience |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/taking-handwashing-to-rural-communities-the-rwesck-experience/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya ambaci makarantun firamare na Ampabame, Odaho, da Kwaso M/A a matsayin guda cikin makarantun da ayyukan suka isa gare su.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, cibiyar ta tallata ayyukan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda suka hada da binciken X-ray diffraction da na'urar scanning electron microscopy. Cibiyar ta bayyana na'urar X-ray diffraction a matsayin na'urar tebur mai saukin amfani don aikace-aikacen powder diffraction, sannan ta bayyana scanning electron microscope a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin fasali (morphology) da sinadirai a sassan bincike da aikace-aikacen kula da inganci.<ref name="RWESCKLab2024">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito a shekarar 2025 cewa wata tawaga da ta ziyarci cibiyar daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya ta zagaya wuraren aiki na RWESCK da suka hada da dakunan gwajin ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025" /> == Hadin gwiwa == RWESCK tana aiki tare da abokan hulda na ilimi, sassan gwamnati, da na masana'antu. Cibiyar ta lissafta abokan karatun yanki bisyf7h7104mg7ra243qu4xr5edejrh 856929 856922 2026-06-14T11:36:42Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hadin gwiwa */ 856929 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi (Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi - RWESCK) cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwararru, da kuma binciken aikace-aikace a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows">{{cite web |title=Call for Applications; Centre Fellows |url=https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=WASCAL}}</ref> Cibiyar tana cikin shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka (Africa Centres of Excellence), wanda wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya ke daukar nauyinsa da nufin karfafa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, binciken aikace-aikace, da kuma karfafa gwiwar yanki a wasu zababbun fannonin ci gaba.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf |title=Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH governance).<ref name="WorldBankOverview">{{cite report |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf |title=Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == RWESCK ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan gina kwarewa na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da aka gudanar a baya a KNUST. Cibiyar ta samo tushe ne daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1996 tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Netherlands.<ref name="RWESCKHistory">{{cite web |title=Brief History of RWESCK |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> An sake fasalin aikin a shekarar 2004 tare da canza masa suna zuwa Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKHistory" /> A shekarar 2016, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa Bankin Duniya yana samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 8 domin tallafawa kafa Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki a Kumasi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa za a gina cibiyar ne a cikin harabar jami'ar KNUST kuma ana sa ran za ta habaka bincike, horarwa, da gina kwarewa ga dalibai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016">{{cite news |last=Kenu |first=Daniel |date=2 April 2016 |title=World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Wata sanarwar kudi da Bankin Duniya ya tantance ta nuna cewa RWESCK a matsayin aikin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka ne wanda KNUST ke aiwatarwa, tare da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa (International Development Association) a matsayin mai ba da kudi ga aikin.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020" /> Rahoton na ''Graphic Online'' na shekarar 2016 ya kuma bayyana cewa kafa cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin cibiyar kanta, Bankin Duniya, da Gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> == Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai == An kafa RWESCK ne domin tallafawa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ci gaban kwarewa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kwarewa ta yanki da ke Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama, Kwalejin Injiniya a KNUST, wadda ta kware a shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba a matakin MSc (Digiri na Biyu) da PhD (Digiri na Uku) da kuma kwasashen ci gaban kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Fannonin da cibiyar ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="WorldBankOverview" /> WASCAL ta lissafta jigogin fannoninta kamar su fasahar tace ruwa ta zamani, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na zamani da fasaha mai kwakwalwa, fasahar tsaftace muhalli da sarrafa shara, juriya ga sauyin yanayi da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Bayanin manufa na hukuma na RWESCK ya bayyana hadafinta a matsayin samar da yanayi mai kyau don koyarwa, bincike, da horar da jagoranci a fannin kimiyya da fasahar ruwa da tsaftace muhalli domin ci gaban masana'antu da tattalin arziki.<ref name="RWESCKMission">{{cite web |title=Mission, Vision and Values |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == RWESCK tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba ta hanyar Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama na KNUST. Shirye-shiryen mazaunin MSc sun hada da Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara, Injiniyan Samar da Ruwa da Gudanarwa, Injiniyan Ruwa mai mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Rigakafin Bala'i da Gudanarwa.<ref name="RWESCKMSc">{{cite web |title=MSc Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar tana kuma ba da shirye-shiryen digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannonin Fasahar Samar da Ruwa da Tace Shi, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, da kuma Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara.<ref name="RWESCKPhD">{{cite web |title=Doctorate Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Tsarin karatun digirin digirgir din ya hada da daukar darussa, samar da shawarwarin bincike (proposal), aikin horon masana'antu (internship), bincike, da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin karatu (thesis).<ref name="RWESCKPhD" /> Ana karbar aikace-aikacen shiga daga hannun 'yan takara na kasar Ghana da sauran kasashen Afirka. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa 'yan takara daga kasashen da ba sa jin Turanci dole ne su samar da shaidar kwarewar sadarwa a harshen Turanci.<ref name="RWESCKApply">{{cite web |title=How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Horon kwararru da gajerun kwasashe == RWESCK tana gudanar da gajerun kwasashe na kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Cibiyar ta bayyana hanyoyin koyar da gajerun kwasashen nata da cewa sun hada da lakboci, darussan rukuni, nazarin matsalolin zahiri (case studies), zaman gwaji na aikace-aikace, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen aiki na fage.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses">{{cite web |title=Short Courses |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0 |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kwasashen da aka lissafta sun hada da dorewar tsaftar muhalli a cikin gida da sarrafa laka daga rami (faecal sludge), hadakar tsarin sarrafa shara na birni, tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni mai juriya ga sauyin yanayi, babban tsarin shirin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da gina su, aikace-aikacen GIS wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, shirin tsaron ruwan sha, fasahar membrane ta tace ruwa ta zamani, na'urorin ruwa da sarrafa su ta atomatik, aikace-aikacen koyon na'ura (machine learning) da basirar kirkira (artificial intelligence) wajen gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanar da abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /> A shekarar 2025, cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK ta karbi bakuncin tawaga daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya (National Water Resources Institute - NWRI) a matsayin bangare na hadin gwiwa da ke da alaka da horar da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tawagar ta ziyarci dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa na RWESCK.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025">{{cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=Kwame Nkrumah University for Sciences and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region |url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence}}</ref> == Bincike == RWESCK tana tsara bincikenta ne a kewayen tsarin ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da muhalli gaba daya. Kungiyoyin bincikenta sun hada da Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli, da kuma Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes">{{cite web |title=Research Groups & Themes |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa tana mayar da hankali ne a kan fannonin da suka hada da sauyin yanayi, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, kofofin ruwa na kan iyaka, ci gaban ban-ruwa, lissafin kimiyya da tsara samfura (modelling).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa tana aiki ne a kan tace ruwa da isar da sabis na samar da ruwa dangane da Manufofin Ci Gaba Masu Dorewa (SDGs).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli ta shafi kariya ga muhalli, lafiyar muhalli, sarrafa shara, yin takin zamani, dawo da sinadirai masu amfani, samar da makamashi daga danyen kashin halittu (bio-waste-to-energy), da kuma tsara samfuran tasirin ci gaba.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH tana mayar da hankali ne kan gina abubuwan more rayuwa, samar da kudi, gudanarwa, inganta matsugunai, bawa mata iko, da kuma sadarwa don canjin dabi'u.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Cibiyar tana lissafta wallafe-wallafen da masu bincike masu alaka da ita suka yi a fannonin samar da ruwa, ingancin ruwan leda (sachet water), tara ruwan sama, ayyukan ruwa ga talakawan birni, isar da ayyukan ruwa na kananan garuruwa, amfani da lakar kashi da bandaki, ayyukan kwashe shara, ruwan karkashin kasa, ingancin ruwan ban-ruwa, da kuma tsara samfuran tsarin ruwa (hydrological modelling).<ref name="RWESCKPublications">{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/publications |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Binciken aikace-aikace da kirkire-kirkire == RWESCK ta kasance tana da hannu a cikin binciken aikace-aikace kan tsaftar muhalli, tace gurbataccen ruwa, da dawo da albarkatu masu amfani. A shekarar 2023, kafar labarai ta MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK da kamfanin Sewerage Systems Ghana Limited suna amfani da gawayi na musamman (activated charcoal) da aka samo daga lakar kashi (faecal sludge) domin tace gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=3 March 2023 |title=RWESCK-KNUST, Sewerage Systems Ghana are using faecal activated charcoal to purify wastewater |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/rwesck-knust-sewerage-systems-ghana-are-using-faecal-activated-charcoal-to-purify-wastewater/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana cewa aikin ya auna tasirin gawayin da aka samo daga lakar kashin wajen cire abubuwa masu gurbata ruwa, kuma an gano cewa an wallafa sakamakon a cikin mujallar ''Advances in Materials Science and Engineering''.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023" /> Shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa RWESCK ta gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa dabarun dijital a fannonin basirar kirkira (AI), koyon na'ura, fasahar intanet ta abubuwa (Internet of Things), binciken bayanai na GIS, da kuma ilimin dijital don fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="ACEDigital2024">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=RWESCK Pioneers Digital Transformation and Sustainable Solutions in Water and Environmental Sanitation |url=https://ace.aau.org/rwesck-pioneers-digital-transformation-and-sustainable-solutions-in-water-and-environmental-sanitation/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa cibiyar tana aiki tare da Hukumar Ma'audatan Ghana (Ghana Standards Authority) domin samun takardar shaidar ISO/IEC 17025:2017 don dakunan gwaje-gwajenta.<ref name="ACEDigital2024" /> Wani rahoton na Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya bayyana ayyukan RWESCK a fannin gano malalar ruwa ta hanyoyin zamani ba tare da barna ba, da kuma amfani da jirage marasa matuka (drones) wajen sanya idanu kan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="ACEInnovation2024">{{cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Pioneering Innovations in Water Management, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development (RWESCK, KNUST) |url=https://ace.aau.org/pioneering-innovations-in-water-management-environmental-protection-and-sustainable-development-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa aikin gano malalar ruwan ya kunshi amfani da fasahar saurarar sauti ta musamman (passive acoustic sensing), koyon na'ura, da sarrafa sigina, kuma ana bunkasa shi ne tare da Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma (Community Water and Sanitation Agency).<ref name="ACEInnovation2024" /> == Horon dijital na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK ta yi aiki a kan sanya tsarin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK, tare da hadin gwiwar AgroParisTech, sun gano gibin dabarun dijital wajen amfani da sabbin dabarun sauyin dijital da tattalin arziki mai dorewa (smart circular economy) a fannin gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=26 January 2023 |title=Digitalisation of water and sanitation sector won’t make people jobless – Director, RWESCK-KNUST |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/digitalisation of-water-and-sanitation-sector-wont-make-people-jobless-director-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma ce RWESCK ta shirya taron bita na kasa kan bunkasa dabarun sauyin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birnin Accra. Ya kuma ruwaito cewa Tsarin Nyansapo (Nyansapo Project), wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a Ghana ke daukar nauyi, an yi shi ne domin shigar da dabarun sauyin dijital cikin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli don horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ayyukan horon ma'aikata.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023" /> == Taruka da hadin gwiwa da sassa == RWESCK ta halarci tarukan sassa daban-daban da ayyukan musayar ilimi kan sauyin yanayi, tsaron ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2017, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa masana sauyin yanayi da tsaftar muhalli, tare da matasa masana kimiyya da ke aiki a Afirka, sun gudanar da taro a Accra domin tattauna bincike kan karancin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, ambaliyar ruwa, da matsalolin tsaftar muhalli da ke shafar Ghana da sauran sassan nahiyar.<ref name="GraphicConference2017">{{cite news |last=Bokpe |first=Seth J. |date=29 August 2017 |title=Scientists confer on research works on climate change, water insecurity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/scientists-confer-on-research-works-on-climate-change-water-insecurity.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana taron a matsayin taron yanki na farko da makarantar horarwa a Afirka ta Yamma da aka sadakar domin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, da tsaftace muhalli. Ya bayyana cewa KNUST, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana (Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences), da Bankin Duniya ne suka hada gwiwa wajen shirya taron. Fannonin da aka tattauna sun hada da sauyin yanayi, tsarin yanayi, tsarin WASH mai juriya, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ilimin ruwa (hydrology), hydrogeology, tsaron ruwa, barazana, da kuma tsarin gargadi na da wuri.<ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> == Ayyukan kai dauki ga al'umma == RWESCK ta kuma tsunduma cikin harkokin ilimantarwa kan tsaftar jiki da kuma ayyukan kai dauki na WASH a makarantu. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito game da ayyukan ilimantar da wanke hannu na RWESCK a cikin al'ummomin karkara, wanda ya hada da ilimantar da dalibai kan wanke hannu yadda ya kamata da kuma ba da gudummawar takardar goge hannu (tissue), sabulun ruwa, da wuraren wanke hannu ga makarantu.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=11 January 2023 |title=Taking handwashing to rural communities - the RWESCK experience |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/taking-handwashing-to-rural-communities-the-rwesck-experience/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya ambaci makarantun firamare na Ampabame, Odaho, da Kwaso M/A a matsayin guda cikin makarantun da ayyukan suka isa gare su.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, cibiyar ta tallata ayyukan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda suka hada da binciken X-ray diffraction da na'urar scanning electron microscopy. Cibiyar ta bayyana na'urar X-ray diffraction a matsayin na'urar tebur mai saukin amfani don aikace-aikacen powder diffraction, sannan ta bayyana scanning electron microscope a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin fasali (morphology) da sinadirai a sassan bincike da aikace-aikacen kula da inganci.<ref name="RWESCKLab2024">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito a shekarar 2025 cewa wata tawaga da ta ziyarci cibiyar daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya ta zagaya wuraren aiki na RWESCK da suka hada da dakunan gwajin ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, cibiyar ta tallata ayyukan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda suka hada da binciken X-ray diffraction da na'urar scanning electron microscopy. Cibiyar ta bayyana na'urar X-ray diffraction a matsayin na'urar tebur mai saukin amfani don aikace-aikacen powder diffraction, sannan ta bayyana scanning electron microscope a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin fasali (morphology) da sinadirai a sassan bincike da aikace-aikacen kula da inganci.<ref name="RWESCKLab2024">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito a shekarar 2025 cewa wata tawaga da ta ziyarci cibiyar daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya ta zagaya wuraren aiki na RWESCK da suka hada da dakunan gwajin ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025" /> == Hadin gwiwa == RWESCK tana aiki tare da abokan hulda na ilimi, sassan gwamnati, da na masana'antu. Cibiyar ta lissafta abokan karatun yanki wadanda suka hada da Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa da Jami'ar Benin a Najeriya, da kuma Jami'ar Cheikh Anta Diop a Senegal.<ref name="RWESCKPartnership">{{cite web |title=Partnership |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/partnership |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Abokan hulɗarta na kasa sun hada da Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (Water Resources Commission), Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana (Ghana Water Company Limited), Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma, Hukumar Raya Ban-ruwa ta Ghana, Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta CSIR, da kuma Hukumar Kare Muhalli (Environmental Protection Agency).<ref name="RWESCKPartnership" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta kuma bayyana RWESCK da cewa tana da abokan hulda na ilimi da masana'antu na cikin gida gami da alakar kasa da kasa da jami'o'i a wajen Ghana.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> == Rawar da take takawa a ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK wani bangare ne na tsarin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da kayan aikin bincike na Ghana. Ayyukanta suna da alaka da tace ruwan sha, gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, sarrafa lakar kashi, shara ta gari, magudanar ruwa na birni, shirin tsaron ruwa, juriya ga sauyin yanayi, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /><ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Rawar da cibiyar ke takawa a yanki tana da alaka da bukatar injiniyoyi masu horo, masu bincike, da ma'aikata wadanda za su iya yin aiki a kan samar da ruwa, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, sarrafa shara, lafiyar muhalli, kasadar ruwa da ke da alaka da yanayi, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na abubuwan more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /><ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> hbgu5lzmd47j6pxzwlidak1l0mssj1b 856933 856929 2026-06-14T11:37:02Z Sirjat 20447 /* Rawar da take takawa a ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli */ 856933 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi (Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi - RWESCK) cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwararru, da kuma binciken aikace-aikace a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows">{{cite web |title=Call for Applications; Centre Fellows |url=https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=WASCAL}}</ref> Cibiyar tana cikin shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka (Africa Centres of Excellence), wanda wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya ke daukar nauyinsa da nufin karfafa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, binciken aikace-aikace, da kuma karfafa gwiwar yanki a wasu zababbun fannonin ci gaba.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf |title=Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH governance).<ref name="WorldBankOverview">{{cite report |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf |title=Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == RWESCK ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan gina kwarewa na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da aka gudanar a baya a KNUST. Cibiyar ta samo tushe ne daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1996 tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Netherlands.<ref name="RWESCKHistory">{{cite web |title=Brief History of RWESCK |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> An sake fasalin aikin a shekarar 2004 tare da canza masa suna zuwa Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKHistory" /> A shekarar 2016, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa Bankin Duniya yana samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 8 domin tallafawa kafa Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki a Kumasi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa za a gina cibiyar ne a cikin harabar jami'ar KNUST kuma ana sa ran za ta habaka bincike, horarwa, da gina kwarewa ga dalibai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016">{{cite news |last=Kenu |first=Daniel |date=2 April 2016 |title=World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Wata sanarwar kudi da Bankin Duniya ya tantance ta nuna cewa RWESCK a matsayin aikin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka ne wanda KNUST ke aiwatarwa, tare da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa (International Development Association) a matsayin mai ba da kudi ga aikin.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020" /> Rahoton na ''Graphic Online'' na shekarar 2016 ya kuma bayyana cewa kafa cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin cibiyar kanta, Bankin Duniya, da Gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> == Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai == An kafa RWESCK ne domin tallafawa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ci gaban kwarewa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kwarewa ta yanki da ke Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama, Kwalejin Injiniya a KNUST, wadda ta kware a shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba a matakin MSc (Digiri na Biyu) da PhD (Digiri na Uku) da kuma kwasashen ci gaban kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Fannonin da cibiyar ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="WorldBankOverview" /> WASCAL ta lissafta jigogin fannoninta kamar su fasahar tace ruwa ta zamani, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na zamani da fasaha mai kwakwalwa, fasahar tsaftace muhalli da sarrafa shara, juriya ga sauyin yanayi da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Bayanin manufa na hukuma na RWESCK ya bayyana hadafinta a matsayin samar da yanayi mai kyau don koyarwa, bincike, da horar da jagoranci a fannin kimiyya da fasahar ruwa da tsaftace muhalli domin ci gaban masana'antu da tattalin arziki.<ref name="RWESCKMission">{{cite web |title=Mission, Vision and Values |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == RWESCK tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba ta hanyar Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama na KNUST. Shirye-shiryen mazaunin MSc sun hada da Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara, Injiniyan Samar da Ruwa da Gudanarwa, Injiniyan Ruwa mai mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Rigakafin Bala'i da Gudanarwa.<ref name="RWESCKMSc">{{cite web |title=MSc Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar tana kuma ba da shirye-shiryen digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannonin Fasahar Samar da Ruwa da Tace Shi, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, da kuma Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara.<ref name="RWESCKPhD">{{cite web |title=Doctorate Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Tsarin karatun digirin digirgir din ya hada da daukar darussa, samar da shawarwarin bincike (proposal), aikin horon masana'antu (internship), bincike, da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin karatu (thesis).<ref name="RWESCKPhD" /> Ana karbar aikace-aikacen shiga daga hannun 'yan takara na kasar Ghana da sauran kasashen Afirka. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa 'yan takara daga kasashen da ba sa jin Turanci dole ne su samar da shaidar kwarewar sadarwa a harshen Turanci.<ref name="RWESCKApply">{{cite web |title=How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Horon kwararru da gajerun kwasashe == RWESCK tana gudanar da gajerun kwasashe na kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Cibiyar ta bayyana hanyoyin koyar da gajerun kwasashen nata da cewa sun hada da lakboci, darussan rukuni, nazarin matsalolin zahiri (case studies), zaman gwaji na aikace-aikace, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen aiki na fage.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses">{{cite web |title=Short Courses |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0 |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kwasashen da aka lissafta sun hada da dorewar tsaftar muhalli a cikin gida da sarrafa laka daga rami (faecal sludge), hadakar tsarin sarrafa shara na birni, tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni mai juriya ga sauyin yanayi, babban tsarin shirin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da gina su, aikace-aikacen GIS wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, shirin tsaron ruwan sha, fasahar membrane ta tace ruwa ta zamani, na'urorin ruwa da sarrafa su ta atomatik, aikace-aikacen koyon na'ura (machine learning) da basirar kirkira (artificial intelligence) wajen gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanar da abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /> A shekarar 2025, cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK ta karbi bakuncin tawaga daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya (National Water Resources Institute - NWRI) a matsayin bangare na hadin gwiwa da ke da alaka da horar da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tawagar ta ziyarci dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa na RWESCK.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025">{{cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=Kwame Nkrumah University for Sciences and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region |url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence}}</ref> == Bincike == RWESCK tana tsara bincikenta ne a kewayen tsarin ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da muhalli gaba daya. Kungiyoyin bincikenta sun hada da Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli, da kuma Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes">{{cite web |title=Research Groups & Themes |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa tana mayar da hankali ne a kan fannonin da suka hada da sauyin yanayi, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, kofofin ruwa na kan iyaka, ci gaban ban-ruwa, lissafin kimiyya da tsara samfura (modelling).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa tana aiki ne a kan tace ruwa da isar da sabis na samar da ruwa dangane da Manufofin Ci Gaba Masu Dorewa (SDGs).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli ta shafi kariya ga muhalli, lafiyar muhalli, sarrafa shara, yin takin zamani, dawo da sinadirai masu amfani, samar da makamashi daga danyen kashin halittu (bio-waste-to-energy), da kuma tsara samfuran tasirin ci gaba.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH tana mayar da hankali ne kan gina abubuwan more rayuwa, samar da kudi, gudanarwa, inganta matsugunai, bawa mata iko, da kuma sadarwa don canjin dabi'u.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Cibiyar tana lissafta wallafe-wallafen da masu bincike masu alaka da ita suka yi a fannonin samar da ruwa, ingancin ruwan leda (sachet water), tara ruwan sama, ayyukan ruwa ga talakawan birni, isar da ayyukan ruwa na kananan garuruwa, amfani da lakar kashi da bandaki, ayyukan kwashe shara, ruwan karkashin kasa, ingancin ruwan ban-ruwa, da kuma tsara samfuran tsarin ruwa (hydrological modelling).<ref name="RWESCKPublications">{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/publications |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Binciken aikace-aikace da kirkire-kirkire == RWESCK ta kasance tana da hannu a cikin binciken aikace-aikace kan tsaftar muhalli, tace gurbataccen ruwa, da dawo da albarkatu masu amfani. A shekarar 2023, kafar labarai ta MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK da kamfanin Sewerage Systems Ghana Limited suna amfani da gawayi na musamman (activated charcoal) da aka samo daga lakar kashi (faecal sludge) domin tace gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=3 March 2023 |title=RWESCK-KNUST, Sewerage Systems Ghana are using faecal activated charcoal to purify wastewater |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/rwesck-knust-sewerage-systems-ghana-are-using-faecal-activated-charcoal-to-purify-wastewater/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana cewa aikin ya auna tasirin gawayin da aka samo daga lakar kashin wajen cire abubuwa masu gurbata ruwa, kuma an gano cewa an wallafa sakamakon a cikin mujallar ''Advances in Materials Science and Engineering''.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023" /> Shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa RWESCK ta gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa dabarun dijital a fannonin basirar kirkira (AI), koyon na'ura, fasahar intanet ta abubuwa (Internet of Things), binciken bayanai na GIS, da kuma ilimin dijital don fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="ACEDigital2024">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=RWESCK Pioneers Digital Transformation and Sustainable Solutions in Water and Environmental Sanitation |url=https://ace.aau.org/rwesck-pioneers-digital-transformation-and-sustainable-solutions-in-water-and-environmental-sanitation/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa cibiyar tana aiki tare da Hukumar Ma'audatan Ghana (Ghana Standards Authority) domin samun takardar shaidar ISO/IEC 17025:2017 don dakunan gwaje-gwajenta.<ref name="ACEDigital2024" /> Wani rahoton na Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya bayyana ayyukan RWESCK a fannin gano malalar ruwa ta hanyoyin zamani ba tare da barna ba, da kuma amfani da jirage marasa matuka (drones) wajen sanya idanu kan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="ACEInnovation2024">{{cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Pioneering Innovations in Water Management, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development (RWESCK, KNUST) |url=https://ace.aau.org/pioneering-innovations-in-water-management-environmental-protection-and-sustainable-development-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa aikin gano malalar ruwan ya kunshi amfani da fasahar saurarar sauti ta musamman (passive acoustic sensing), koyon na'ura, da sarrafa sigina, kuma ana bunkasa shi ne tare da Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma (Community Water and Sanitation Agency).<ref name="ACEInnovation2024" /> == Horon dijital na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK ta yi aiki a kan sanya tsarin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK, tare da hadin gwiwar AgroParisTech, sun gano gibin dabarun dijital wajen amfani da sabbin dabarun sauyin dijital da tattalin arziki mai dorewa (smart circular economy) a fannin gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=26 January 2023 |title=Digitalisation of water and sanitation sector won’t make people jobless – Director, RWESCK-KNUST |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/digitalisation of-water-and-sanitation-sector-wont-make-people-jobless-director-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma ce RWESCK ta shirya taron bita na kasa kan bunkasa dabarun sauyin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birnin Accra. Ya kuma ruwaito cewa Tsarin Nyansapo (Nyansapo Project), wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a Ghana ke daukar nauyi, an yi shi ne domin shigar da dabarun sauyin dijital cikin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli don horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ayyukan horon ma'aikata.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023" /> == Taruka da hadin gwiwa da sassa == RWESCK ta halarci tarukan sassa daban-daban da ayyukan musayar ilimi kan sauyin yanayi, tsaron ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2017, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa masana sauyin yanayi da tsaftar muhalli, tare da matasa masana kimiyya da ke aiki a Afirka, sun gudanar da taro a Accra domin tattauna bincike kan karancin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, ambaliyar ruwa, da matsalolin tsaftar muhalli da ke shafar Ghana da sauran sassan nahiyar.<ref name="GraphicConference2017">{{cite news |last=Bokpe |first=Seth J. |date=29 August 2017 |title=Scientists confer on research works on climate change, water insecurity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/scientists-confer-on-research-works-on-climate-change-water-insecurity.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana taron a matsayin taron yanki na farko da makarantar horarwa a Afirka ta Yamma da aka sadakar domin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, da tsaftace muhalli. Ya bayyana cewa KNUST, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana (Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences), da Bankin Duniya ne suka hada gwiwa wajen shirya taron. Fannonin da aka tattauna sun hada da sauyin yanayi, tsarin yanayi, tsarin WASH mai juriya, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ilimin ruwa (hydrology), hydrogeology, tsaron ruwa, barazana, da kuma tsarin gargadi na da wuri.<ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> == Ayyukan kai dauki ga al'umma == RWESCK ta kuma tsunduma cikin harkokin ilimantarwa kan tsaftar jiki da kuma ayyukan kai dauki na WASH a makarantu. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito game da ayyukan ilimantar da wanke hannu na RWESCK a cikin al'ummomin karkara, wanda ya hada da ilimantar da dalibai kan wanke hannu yadda ya kamata da kuma ba da gudummawar takardar goge hannu (tissue), sabulun ruwa, da wuraren wanke hannu ga makarantu.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=11 January 2023 |title=Taking handwashing to rural communities - the RWESCK experience |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/taking-handwashing-to-rural-communities-the-rwesck-experience/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya ambaci makarantun firamare na Ampabame, Odaho, da Kwaso M/A a matsayin guda cikin makarantun da ayyukan suka isa gare su.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, cibiyar ta tallata ayyukan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda suka hada da binciken X-ray diffraction da na'urar scanning electron microscopy. Cibiyar ta bayyana na'urar X-ray diffraction a matsayin na'urar tebur mai saukin amfani don aikace-aikacen powder diffraction, sannan ta bayyana scanning electron microscope a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin fasali (morphology) da sinadirai a sassan bincike da aikace-aikacen kula da inganci.<ref name="RWESCKLab2024">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito a shekarar 2025 cewa wata tawaga da ta ziyarci cibiyar daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya ta zagaya wuraren aiki na RWESCK da suka hada da dakunan gwajin ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, cibiyar ta tallata ayyukan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda suka hada da binciken X-ray diffraction da na'urar scanning electron microscopy. Cibiyar ta bayyana na'urar X-ray diffraction a matsayin na'urar tebur mai saukin amfani don aikace-aikacen powder diffraction, sannan ta bayyana scanning electron microscope a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin fasali (morphology) da sinadirai a sassan bincike da aikace-aikacen kula da inganci.<ref name="RWESCKLab2024">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito a shekarar 2025 cewa wata tawaga da ta ziyarci cibiyar daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya ta zagaya wuraren aiki na RWESCK da suka hada da dakunan gwajin ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025" /> == Hadin gwiwa == RWESCK tana aiki tare da abokan hulda na ilimi, sassan gwamnati, da na masana'antu. Cibiyar ta lissafta abokan karatun yanki wadanda suka hada da Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa da Jami'ar Benin a Najeriya, da kuma Jami'ar Cheikh Anta Diop a Senegal.<ref name="RWESCKPartnership">{{cite web |title=Partnership |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/partnership |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Abokan hulɗarta na kasa sun hada da Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (Water Resources Commission), Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana (Ghana Water Company Limited), Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma, Hukumar Raya Ban-ruwa ta Ghana, Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta CSIR, da kuma Hukumar Kare Muhalli (Environmental Protection Agency).<ref name="RWESCKPartnership" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta kuma bayyana RWESCK da cewa tana da abokan hulda na ilimi da masana'antu na cikin gida gami da alakar kasa da kasa da jami'o'i a wajen Ghana.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> == Rawar da take takawa a ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK wani bangare ne na tsarin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da kayan aikin bincike na Ghana. Ayyukanta suna da alaka da tace ruwan sha, gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, sarrafa lakar kashi, shara ta gari, magudanar ruwa na birni, shirin tsaron ruwa, juriya ga sauyin yanayi, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /><ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Rawar da cibiyar ke takawa a yanki tana da alaka da bukatar injiniyoyi masu horo, masu bincike, da ma'aikata wadanda za su iya yin aiki a kan samar da ruwa, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, sarrafa shara, lafiyar muhalli, kasadar ruwa da ke da alaka da yanayi, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na abubuwan more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /><ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} nh4mao3r8j2vyuususuqn180q6c2oea 856937 856933 2026-06-14T11:38:17Z Sirjat 20447 856937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi''' (Turanci: '''''Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi''''' - '''RWESCK''') cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwararru, da kuma binciken aikace-aikace a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows">{{cite web |title=Call for Applications; Centre Fellows |url=https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=WASCAL}}</ref> Cibiyar tana cikin shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka (Africa Centres of Excellence), wanda wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya ke daukar nauyinsa da nufin karfafa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, binciken aikace-aikace, da kuma karfafa gwiwar yanki a wasu zababbun fannonin ci gaba.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf |title=Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH governance).<ref name="WorldBankOverview">{{cite report |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf |title=Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == RWESCK ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan gina kwarewa na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da aka gudanar a baya a KNUST. Cibiyar ta samo tushe ne daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1996 tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Netherlands.<ref name="RWESCKHistory">{{cite web |title=Brief History of RWESCK |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> An sake fasalin aikin a shekarar 2004 tare da canza masa suna zuwa Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKHistory" /> A shekarar 2016, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa Bankin Duniya yana samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 8 domin tallafawa kafa Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki a Kumasi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa za a gina cibiyar ne a cikin harabar jami'ar KNUST kuma ana sa ran za ta habaka bincike, horarwa, da gina kwarewa ga dalibai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016">{{cite news |last=Kenu |first=Daniel |date=2 April 2016 |title=World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Wata sanarwar kudi da Bankin Duniya ya tantance ta nuna cewa RWESCK a matsayin aikin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka ne wanda KNUST ke aiwatarwa, tare da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa (International Development Association) a matsayin mai ba da kudi ga aikin.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020" /> Rahoton na ''Graphic Online'' na shekarar 2016 ya kuma bayyana cewa kafa cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin cibiyar kanta, Bankin Duniya, da Gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> == Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai == An kafa RWESCK ne domin tallafawa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ci gaban kwarewa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kwarewa ta yanki da ke Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama, Kwalejin Injiniya a KNUST, wadda ta kware a shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba a matakin MSc (Digiri na Biyu) da PhD (Digiri na Uku) da kuma kwasashen ci gaban kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Fannonin da cibiyar ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="WorldBankOverview" /> WASCAL ta lissafta jigogin fannoninta kamar su fasahar tace ruwa ta zamani, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na zamani da fasaha mai kwakwalwa, fasahar tsaftace muhalli da sarrafa shara, juriya ga sauyin yanayi da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Bayanin manufa na hukuma na RWESCK ya bayyana hadafinta a matsayin samar da yanayi mai kyau don koyarwa, bincike, da horar da jagoranci a fannin kimiyya da fasahar ruwa da tsaftace muhalli domin ci gaban masana'antu da tattalin arziki.<ref name="RWESCKMission">{{cite web |title=Mission, Vision and Values |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == RWESCK tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba ta hanyar Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama na KNUST. Shirye-shiryen mazaunin MSc sun hada da Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara, Injiniyan Samar da Ruwa da Gudanarwa, Injiniyan Ruwa mai mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Rigakafin Bala'i da Gudanarwa.<ref name="RWESCKMSc">{{cite web |title=MSc Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar tana kuma ba da shirye-shiryen digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannonin Fasahar Samar da Ruwa da Tace Shi, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, da kuma Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara.<ref name="RWESCKPhD">{{cite web |title=Doctorate Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Tsarin karatun digirin digirgir din ya hada da daukar darussa, samar da shawarwarin bincike (proposal), aikin horon masana'antu (internship), bincike, da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin karatu (thesis).<ref name="RWESCKPhD" /> Ana karbar aikace-aikacen shiga daga hannun 'yan takara na kasar Ghana da sauran kasashen Afirka. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa 'yan takara daga kasashen da ba sa jin Turanci dole ne su samar da shaidar kwarewar sadarwa a harshen Turanci.<ref name="RWESCKApply">{{cite web |title=How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Horon kwararru da gajerun kwasashe == RWESCK tana gudanar da gajerun kwasashe na kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Cibiyar ta bayyana hanyoyin koyar da gajerun kwasashen nata da cewa sun hada da lakboci, darussan rukuni, nazarin matsalolin zahiri (case studies), zaman gwaji na aikace-aikace, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen aiki na fage.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses">{{cite web |title=Short Courses |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0 |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kwasashen da aka lissafta sun hada da dorewar tsaftar muhalli a cikin gida da sarrafa laka daga rami (faecal sludge), hadakar tsarin sarrafa shara na birni, tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni mai juriya ga sauyin yanayi, babban tsarin shirin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da gina su, aikace-aikacen GIS wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, shirin tsaron ruwan sha, fasahar membrane ta tace ruwa ta zamani, na'urorin ruwa da sarrafa su ta atomatik, aikace-aikacen koyon na'ura (machine learning) da basirar kirkira (artificial intelligence) wajen gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanar da abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /> A shekarar 2025, cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK ta karbi bakuncin tawaga daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya (National Water Resources Institute - NWRI) a matsayin bangare na hadin gwiwa da ke da alaka da horar da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tawagar ta ziyarci dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa na RWESCK.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025">{{cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=Kwame Nkrumah University for Sciences and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region |url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence}}</ref> == Bincike == RWESCK tana tsara bincikenta ne a kewayen tsarin ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da muhalli gaba daya. Kungiyoyin bincikenta sun hada da Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli, da kuma Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes">{{cite web |title=Research Groups & Themes |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa tana mayar da hankali ne a kan fannonin da suka hada da sauyin yanayi, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, kofofin ruwa na kan iyaka, ci gaban ban-ruwa, lissafin kimiyya da tsara samfura (modelling).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa tana aiki ne a kan tace ruwa da isar da sabis na samar da ruwa dangane da Manufofin Ci Gaba Masu Dorewa (SDGs).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli ta shafi kariya ga muhalli, lafiyar muhalli, sarrafa shara, yin takin zamani, dawo da sinadirai masu amfani, samar da makamashi daga danyen kashin halittu (bio-waste-to-energy), da kuma tsara samfuran tasirin ci gaba.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH tana mayar da hankali ne kan gina abubuwan more rayuwa, samar da kudi, gudanarwa, inganta matsugunai, bawa mata iko, da kuma sadarwa don canjin dabi'u.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Cibiyar tana lissafta wallafe-wallafen da masu bincike masu alaka da ita suka yi a fannonin samar da ruwa, ingancin ruwan leda (sachet water), tara ruwan sama, ayyukan ruwa ga talakawan birni, isar da ayyukan ruwa na kananan garuruwa, amfani da lakar kashi da bandaki, ayyukan kwashe shara, ruwan karkashin kasa, ingancin ruwan ban-ruwa, da kuma tsara samfuran tsarin ruwa (hydrological modelling).<ref name="RWESCKPublications">{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/publications |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Binciken aikace-aikace da kirkire-kirkire == RWESCK ta kasance tana da hannu a cikin binciken aikace-aikace kan tsaftar muhalli, tace gurbataccen ruwa, da dawo da albarkatu masu amfani. A shekarar 2023, kafar labarai ta MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK da kamfanin Sewerage Systems Ghana Limited suna amfani da gawayi na musamman (activated charcoal) da aka samo daga lakar kashi (faecal sludge) domin tace gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=3 March 2023 |title=RWESCK-KNUST, Sewerage Systems Ghana are using faecal activated charcoal to purify wastewater |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/rwesck-knust-sewerage-systems-ghana-are-using-faecal-activated-charcoal-to-purify-wastewater/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana cewa aikin ya auna tasirin gawayin da aka samo daga lakar kashin wajen cire abubuwa masu gurbata ruwa, kuma an gano cewa an wallafa sakamakon a cikin mujallar ''Advances in Materials Science and Engineering''.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023" /> Shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa RWESCK ta gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa dabarun dijital a fannonin basirar kirkira (AI), koyon na'ura, fasahar intanet ta abubuwa (Internet of Things), binciken bayanai na GIS, da kuma ilimin dijital don fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="ACEDigital2024">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=RWESCK Pioneers Digital Transformation and Sustainable Solutions in Water and Environmental Sanitation |url=https://ace.aau.org/rwesck-pioneers-digital-transformation-and-sustainable-solutions-in-water-and-environmental-sanitation/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa cibiyar tana aiki tare da Hukumar Ma'audatan Ghana (Ghana Standards Authority) domin samun takardar shaidar ISO/IEC 17025:2017 don dakunan gwaje-gwajenta.<ref name="ACEDigital2024" /> Wani rahoton na Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya bayyana ayyukan RWESCK a fannin gano malalar ruwa ta hanyoyin zamani ba tare da barna ba, da kuma amfani da jirage marasa matuka (drones) wajen sanya idanu kan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="ACEInnovation2024">{{cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Pioneering Innovations in Water Management, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development (RWESCK, KNUST) |url=https://ace.aau.org/pioneering-innovations-in-water-management-environmental-protection-and-sustainable-development-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa aikin gano malalar ruwan ya kunshi amfani da fasahar saurarar sauti ta musamman (passive acoustic sensing), koyon na'ura, da sarrafa sigina, kuma ana bunkasa shi ne tare da Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma (Community Water and Sanitation Agency).<ref name="ACEInnovation2024" /> == Horon dijital na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK ta yi aiki a kan sanya tsarin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK, tare da hadin gwiwar AgroParisTech, sun gano gibin dabarun dijital wajen amfani da sabbin dabarun sauyin dijital da tattalin arziki mai dorewa (smart circular economy) a fannin gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=26 January 2023 |title=Digitalisation of water and sanitation sector won’t make people jobless – Director, RWESCK-KNUST |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/digitalisation of-water-and-sanitation-sector-wont-make-people-jobless-director-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma ce RWESCK ta shirya taron bita na kasa kan bunkasa dabarun sauyin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birnin Accra. Ya kuma ruwaito cewa Tsarin Nyansapo (Nyansapo Project), wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a Ghana ke daukar nauyi, an yi shi ne domin shigar da dabarun sauyin dijital cikin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli don horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ayyukan horon ma'aikata.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023" /> == Taruka da hadin gwiwa da sassa == RWESCK ta halarci tarukan sassa daban-daban da ayyukan musayar ilimi kan sauyin yanayi, tsaron ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2017, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa masana sauyin yanayi da tsaftar muhalli, tare da matasa masana kimiyya da ke aiki a Afirka, sun gudanar da taro a Accra domin tattauna bincike kan karancin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, ambaliyar ruwa, da matsalolin tsaftar muhalli da ke shafar Ghana da sauran sassan nahiyar.<ref name="GraphicConference2017">{{cite news |last=Bokpe |first=Seth J. |date=29 August 2017 |title=Scientists confer on research works on climate change, water insecurity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/scientists-confer-on-research-works-on-climate-change-water-insecurity.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana taron a matsayin taron yanki na farko da makarantar horarwa a Afirka ta Yamma da aka sadakar domin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, da tsaftace muhalli. Ya bayyana cewa KNUST, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana (Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences), da Bankin Duniya ne suka hada gwiwa wajen shirya taron. Fannonin da aka tattauna sun hada da sauyin yanayi, tsarin yanayi, tsarin WASH mai juriya, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ilimin ruwa (hydrology), hydrogeology, tsaron ruwa, barazana, da kuma tsarin gargadi na da wuri.<ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> == Ayyukan kai dauki ga al'umma == RWESCK ta kuma tsunduma cikin harkokin ilimantarwa kan tsaftar jiki da kuma ayyukan kai dauki na WASH a makarantu. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito game da ayyukan ilimantar da wanke hannu na RWESCK a cikin al'ummomin karkara, wanda ya hada da ilimantar da dalibai kan wanke hannu yadda ya kamata da kuma ba da gudummawar takardar goge hannu (tissue), sabulun ruwa, da wuraren wanke hannu ga makarantu.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=11 January 2023 |title=Taking handwashing to rural communities - the RWESCK experience |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/taking-handwashing-to-rural-communities-the-rwesck-experience/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya ambaci makarantun firamare na Ampabame, Odaho, da Kwaso M/A a matsayin guda cikin makarantun da ayyukan suka isa gare su.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, cibiyar ta tallata ayyukan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda suka hada da binciken X-ray diffraction da na'urar scanning electron microscopy. Cibiyar ta bayyana na'urar X-ray diffraction a matsayin na'urar tebur mai saukin amfani don aikace-aikacen powder diffraction, sannan ta bayyana scanning electron microscope a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin fasali (morphology) da sinadirai a sassan bincike da aikace-aikacen kula da inganci.<ref name="RWESCKLab2024">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito a shekarar 2025 cewa wata tawaga da ta ziyarci cibiyar daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya ta zagaya wuraren aiki na RWESCK da suka hada da dakunan gwajin ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, cibiyar ta tallata ayyukan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda suka hada da binciken X-ray diffraction da na'urar scanning electron microscopy. Cibiyar ta bayyana na'urar X-ray diffraction a matsayin na'urar tebur mai saukin amfani don aikace-aikacen powder diffraction, sannan ta bayyana scanning electron microscope a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin fasali (morphology) da sinadirai a sassan bincike da aikace-aikacen kula da inganci.<ref name="RWESCKLab2024">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito a shekarar 2025 cewa wata tawaga da ta ziyarci cibiyar daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya ta zagaya wuraren aiki na RWESCK da suka hada da dakunan gwajin ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025" /> == Hadin gwiwa == RWESCK tana aiki tare da abokan hulda na ilimi, sassan gwamnati, da na masana'antu. Cibiyar ta lissafta abokan karatun yanki wadanda suka hada da Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa da Jami'ar Benin a Najeriya, da kuma Jami'ar Cheikh Anta Diop a Senegal.<ref name="RWESCKPartnership">{{cite web |title=Partnership |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/partnership |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Abokan hulɗarta na kasa sun hada da Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (Water Resources Commission), Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana (Ghana Water Company Limited), Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma, Hukumar Raya Ban-ruwa ta Ghana, Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta CSIR, da kuma Hukumar Kare Muhalli (Environmental Protection Agency).<ref name="RWESCKPartnership" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta kuma bayyana RWESCK da cewa tana da abokan hulda na ilimi da masana'antu na cikin gida gami da alakar kasa da kasa da jami'o'i a wajen Ghana.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> == Rawar da take takawa a ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK wani bangare ne na tsarin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da kayan aikin bincike na Ghana. Ayyukanta suna da alaka da tace ruwan sha, gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, sarrafa lakar kashi, shara ta gari, magudanar ruwa na birni, shirin tsaron ruwa, juriya ga sauyin yanayi, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /><ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Rawar da cibiyar ke takawa a yanki tana da alaka da bukatar injiniyoyi masu horo, masu bincike, da ma'aikata wadanda za su iya yin aiki a kan samar da ruwa, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, sarrafa shara, lafiyar muhalli, kasadar ruwa da ke da alaka da yanayi, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na abubuwan more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /><ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 5dj7kob8v0ce5p97qvpq4xj1owlopa6 856938 856937 2026-06-14T11:38:32Z Sirjat 20447 856938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki ta Kumasi''' (Turanci: '''''Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi''''' - '''RWESCK''') cibiyar bincike ce da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na biyu da na uku da ke Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Kumasi, Ghana. Tana karkashin Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama (Department of Civil Engineering) a Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ta kware wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba da digiri na farko, kwasashen ci gaban kwarewa na kwararru, da kuma binciken aikace-aikace a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows">{{cite web |title=Call for Applications; Centre Fellows |url=https://wascal.org/call-for-applications-centre-fellows/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=WASCAL}}</ref> Cibiyar tana cikin shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka (Africa Centres of Excellence), wanda wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya ke daukar nauyinsa da nufin karfafa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, binciken aikace-aikace, da kuma karfafa gwiwar yanki a wasu zababbun fannonin ci gaba.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/550231634567043229/pdf/Ghana-AFRICA-WEST-P126974-Africa-Higher-Education-Centers-of-Excellence-Project-Audited-Financial-Statement.pdf |title=Africa Centres of Excellence Project on Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi (RWESCK, KNUST): Audited Financial Statement |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH governance).<ref name="WorldBankOverview">{{cite report |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/515221567581272314-0090022019/render/0903194KofiAkodwaaBoadiRWESCK.pdf |title=Overview of RWESCK KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 June 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == RWESCK ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan gina kwarewa na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da aka gudanar a baya a KNUST. Cibiyar ta samo tushe ne daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1996 tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Netherlands.<ref name="RWESCKHistory">{{cite web |title=Brief History of RWESCK |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/brief-history-rwesck |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> An sake fasalin aikin a shekarar 2004 tare da canza masa suna zuwa Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKHistory" /> A shekarar 2016, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa Bankin Duniya yana samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 8 domin tallafawa kafa Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Yanki a Kumasi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa za a gina cibiyar ne a cikin harabar jami'ar KNUST kuma ana sa ran za ta habaka bincike, horarwa, da gina kwarewa ga dalibai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016">{{cite news |last=Kenu |first=Daniel |date=2 April 2016 |title=World Bank supports establishment of water, sanitation centre in Kumasi |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/world-bank-supports-establishment-of-water-sanitation-centre-in-kumasi.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Wata sanarwar kudi da Bankin Duniya ya tantance ta nuna cewa RWESCK a matsayin aikin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Afirka ne wanda KNUST ke aiwatarwa, tare da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa (International Development Association) a matsayin mai ba da kudi ga aikin.<ref name="WorldBankAudit2020" /> Rahoton na ''Graphic Online'' na shekarar 2016 ya kuma bayyana cewa kafa cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce tsakanin cibiyar kanta, Bankin Duniya, da Gwamnatin Ghana.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> == Manufofi da fannonin da aka mayar da hankali a kai == An kafa RWESCK ne domin tallafawa horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ci gaban kwarewa a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="Graphic2016" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kwarewa ta yanki da ke Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama, Kwalejin Injiniya a KNUST, wadda ta kware a shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba a matakin MSc (Digiri na Biyu) da PhD (Digiri na Uku) da kuma kwasashen ci gaban kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Fannonin da cibiyar ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da albarkatun ruwa, sauyin yanayi, tace ruwa da samar da shi, sarrafa shara, tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="WorldBankOverview" /> WASCAL ta lissafta jigogin fannoninta kamar su fasahar tace ruwa ta zamani, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na zamani da fasaha mai kwakwalwa, fasahar tsaftace muhalli da sarrafa shara, juriya ga sauyin yanayi da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> Bayanin manufa na hukuma na RWESCK ya bayyana hadafinta a matsayin samar da yanayi mai kyau don koyarwa, bincike, da horar da jagoranci a fannin kimiyya da fasahar ruwa da tsaftace muhalli domin ci gaban masana'antu da tattalin arziki.<ref name="RWESCKMission">{{cite web |title=Mission, Vision and Values |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/mission-vision-and-values |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == RWESCK tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba ta hanyar Sashen Injiniyan Bil'adama na KNUST. Shirye-shiryen mazaunin MSc sun hada da Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara, Injiniyan Samar da Ruwa da Gudanarwa, Injiniyan Ruwa mai mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwa, da kuma Rigakafin Bala'i da Gudanarwa.<ref name="RWESCKMSc">{{cite web |title=MSc Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/msc-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar tana kuma ba da shirye-shiryen digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannonin Fasahar Samar da Ruwa da Tace Shi, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa, da kuma Tsaftace Muhalli da Sarrafa Shara.<ref name="RWESCKPhD">{{cite web |title=Doctorate Programme |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/doctorate-programme |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Tsarin karatun digirin digirgir din ya hada da daukar darussa, samar da shawarwarin bincike (proposal), aikin horon masana'antu (internship), bincike, da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin karatu (thesis).<ref name="RWESCKPhD" /> Ana karbar aikace-aikacen shiga daga hannun 'yan takara na kasar Ghana da sauran kasashen Afirka. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa 'yan takara daga kasashen da ba sa jin Turanci dole ne su samar da shaidar kwarewar sadarwa a harshen Turanci.<ref name="RWESCKApply">{{cite web |title=How To Apply For MSc/MPhil/PhD/Short Course |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/education/how-apply-mscmphilphdshort-course |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Horon kwararru da gajerun kwasashe == RWESCK tana gudanar da gajerun kwasashe na kwararru a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Cibiyar ta bayyana hanyoyin koyar da gajerun kwasashen nata da cewa sun hada da lakboci, darussan rukuni, nazarin matsalolin zahiri (case studies), zaman gwaji na aikace-aikace, da kuma tafiye-tafiyen aiki na fage.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses">{{cite web |title=Short Courses |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/short-courses-0 |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kwasashen da aka lissafta sun hada da dorewar tsaftar muhalli a cikin gida da sarrafa laka daga rami (faecal sludge), hadakar tsarin sarrafa shara na birni, tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni mai juriya ga sauyin yanayi, babban tsarin shirin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da gina su, aikace-aikacen GIS wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, shirin tsaron ruwan sha, fasahar membrane ta tace ruwa ta zamani, na'urorin ruwa da sarrafa su ta atomatik, aikace-aikacen koyon na'ura (machine learning) da basirar kirkira (artificial intelligence) wajen gudanar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, da kuma tsarin gudanar da abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /> A shekarar 2025, cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK ta karbi bakuncin tawaga daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya (National Water Resources Institute - NWRI) a matsayin bangare na hadin gwiwa da ke da alaka da horar da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tawagar ta ziyarci dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa na RWESCK.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025">{{cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=Kwame Nkrumah University for Sciences and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, partners with the Nigeria National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), to strengthen water resource management in the region |url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/24/kwame-nkrumah-university-for-sciences-and-technology-ghana-partners-with-the-nigeria-national-water-resources-institute-nwri-kaduna-to-strengthen-water-resource-management-in-the-region/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence}}</ref> == Bincike == RWESCK tana tsara bincikenta ne a kewayen tsarin ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, da muhalli gaba daya. Kungiyoyin bincikenta sun hada da Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa, Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli, da kuma Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes">{{cite web |title=Research Groups & Themes |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/research-groups-themes |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Kungiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa tana mayar da hankali ne a kan fannonin da suka hada da sauyin yanayi, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, kofofin ruwa na kan iyaka, ci gaban ban-ruwa, lissafin kimiyya da tsara samfura (modelling).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Samar da Ruwa tana aiki ne a kan tace ruwa da isar da sabis na samar da ruwa dangane da Manufofin Ci Gaba Masu Dorewa (SDGs).<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Tsaftace Muhalli ta shafi kariya ga muhalli, lafiyar muhalli, sarrafa shara, yin takin zamani, dawo da sinadirai masu amfani, samar da makamashi daga danyen kashin halittu (bio-waste-to-energy), da kuma tsara samfuran tasirin ci gaba.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Kungiyar Binciken Manufofi da Tsarin Gudanarwa na WASH tana mayar da hankali ne kan gina abubuwan more rayuwa, samar da kudi, gudanarwa, inganta matsugunai, bawa mata iko, da kuma sadarwa don canjin dabi'u.<ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Cibiyar tana lissafta wallafe-wallafen da masu bincike masu alaka da ita suka yi a fannonin samar da ruwa, ingancin ruwan leda (sachet water), tara ruwan sama, ayyukan ruwa ga talakawan birni, isar da ayyukan ruwa na kananan garuruwa, amfani da lakar kashi da bandaki, ayyukan kwashe shara, ruwan karkashin kasa, ingancin ruwan ban-ruwa, da kuma tsara samfuran tsarin ruwa (hydrological modelling).<ref name="RWESCKPublications">{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/research/publications |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> == Binciken aikace-aikace da kirkire-kirkire == RWESCK ta kasance tana da hannu a cikin binciken aikace-aikace kan tsaftar muhalli, tace gurbataccen ruwa, da dawo da albarkatu masu amfani. A shekarar 2023, kafar labarai ta MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK da kamfanin Sewerage Systems Ghana Limited suna amfani da gawayi na musamman (activated charcoal) da aka samo daga lakar kashi (faecal sludge) domin tace gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=3 March 2023 |title=RWESCK-KNUST, Sewerage Systems Ghana are using faecal activated charcoal to purify wastewater |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/rwesck-knust-sewerage-systems-ghana-are-using-faecal-activated-charcoal-to-purify-wastewater/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana cewa aikin ya auna tasirin gawayin da aka samo daga lakar kashin wajen cire abubuwa masu gurbata ruwa, kuma an gano cewa an wallafa sakamakon a cikin mujallar ''Advances in Materials Science and Engineering''.<ref name="MyJoyWastewater2023" /> Shirin Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa RWESCK ta gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa dabarun dijital a fannonin basirar kirkira (AI), koyon na'ura, fasahar intanet ta abubuwa (Internet of Things), binciken bayanai na GIS, da kuma ilimin dijital don fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="ACEDigital2024">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=RWESCK Pioneers Digital Transformation and Sustainable Solutions in Water and Environmental Sanitation |url=https://ace.aau.org/rwesck-pioneers-digital-transformation-and-sustainable-solutions-in-water-and-environmental-sanitation/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa cibiyar tana aiki tare da Hukumar Ma'audatan Ghana (Ghana Standards Authority) domin samun takardar shaidar ISO/IEC 17025:2017 don dakunan gwaje-gwajenta.<ref name="ACEDigital2024" /> Wani rahoton na Cibiyoyin Kwarewa na Ilimi na Gaba na Afirka ya bayyana ayyukan RWESCK a fannin gano malalar ruwa ta hanyoyin zamani ba tare da barna ba, da kuma amfani da jirage marasa matuka (drones) wajen sanya idanu kan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="ACEInnovation2024">{{cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Pioneering Innovations in Water Management, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development (RWESCK, KNUST) |url=https://ace.aau.org/pioneering-innovations-in-water-management-environmental-protection-and-sustainable-development-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Africa Higher Education Centres of Excellence}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa aikin gano malalar ruwan ya kunshi amfani da fasahar saurarar sauti ta musamman (passive acoustic sensing), koyon na'ura, da sarrafa sigina, kuma ana bunkasa shi ne tare da Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma (Community Water and Sanitation Agency).<ref name="ACEInnovation2024" /> == Horon dijital na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK ta yi aiki a kan sanya tsarin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito cewa RWESCK, tare da hadin gwiwar AgroParisTech, sun gano gibin dabarun dijital wajen amfani da sabbin dabarun sauyin dijital da tattalin arziki mai dorewa (smart circular economy) a fannin gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=26 January 2023 |title=Digitalisation of water and sanitation sector won’t make people jobless – Director, RWESCK-KNUST |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/digitalisation of-water-and-sanitation-sector-wont-make-people-jobless-director-rwesck-knust/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Wannan rahoton ya kuma ce RWESCK ta shirya taron bita na kasa kan bunkasa dabarun sauyin dijital a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a birnin Accra. Ya kuma ruwaito cewa Tsarin Nyansapo (Nyansapo Project), wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a Ghana ke daukar nauyi, an yi shi ne domin shigar da dabarun sauyin dijital cikin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli don horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba, bincike, da ayyukan horon ma'aikata.<ref name="MyJoyDigital2023" /> == Taruka da hadin gwiwa da sassa == RWESCK ta halarci tarukan sassa daban-daban da ayyukan musayar ilimi kan sauyin yanayi, tsaron ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. A shekarar 2017, jaridar ''Graphic Online'' ta ruwaito cewa masana sauyin yanayi da tsaftar muhalli, tare da matasa masana kimiyya da ke aiki a Afirka, sun gudanar da taro a Accra domin tattauna bincike kan karancin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, ambaliyar ruwa, da matsalolin tsaftar muhalli da ke shafar Ghana da sauran sassan nahiyar.<ref name="GraphicConference2017">{{cite news |last=Bokpe |first=Seth J. |date=29 August 2017 |title=Scientists confer on research works on climate change, water insecurity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/scientists-confer-on-research-works-on-climate-change-water-insecurity.html |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=Graphic Online}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana taron a matsayin taron yanki na farko da makarantar horarwa a Afirka ta Yamma da aka sadakar domin ruwa, sauyin yanayi, da tsaftace muhalli. Ya bayyana cewa KNUST, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana (Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences), da Bankin Duniya ne suka hada gwiwa wajen shirya taron. Fannonin da aka tattauna sun hada da sauyin yanayi, tsarin yanayi, tsarin WASH mai juriya, hadakar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, ilimin ruwa (hydrology), hydrogeology, tsaron ruwa, barazana, da kuma tsarin gargadi na da wuri.<ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> == Ayyukan kai dauki ga al'umma == RWESCK ta kuma tsunduma cikin harkokin ilimantarwa kan tsaftar jiki da kuma ayyukan kai dauki na WASH a makarantu. A shekarar 2023, MyJoyOnline ta ruwaito game da ayyukan ilimantar da wanke hannu na RWESCK a cikin al'ummomin karkara, wanda ya hada da ilimantar da dalibai kan wanke hannu yadda ya kamata da kuma ba da gudummawar takardar goge hannu (tissue), sabulun ruwa, da wuraren wanke hannu ga makarantu.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Barkisu |date=11 January 2023 |title=Taking handwashing to rural communities - the RWESCK experience |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/taking-handwashing-to-rural-communities-the-rwesck-experience/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |work=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Rahoton ya ambaci makarantun firamare na Ampabame, Odaho, da Kwaso M/A a matsayin guda cikin makarantun da ayyukan suka isa gare su.<ref name="MyJoyHandwashing2023" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, cibiyar ta tallata ayyukan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda suka hada da binciken X-ray diffraction da na'urar scanning electron microscopy. Cibiyar ta bayyana na'urar X-ray diffraction a matsayin na'urar tebur mai saukin amfani don aikace-aikacen powder diffraction, sannan ta bayyana scanning electron microscope a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin fasali (morphology) da sinadirai a sassan bincike da aikace-aikacen kula da inganci.<ref name="RWESCKLab2024">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito a shekarar 2025 cewa wata tawaga da ta ziyarci cibiyar daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya ta zagaya wuraren aiki na RWESCK da suka hada da dakunan gwajin ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025" /> == Dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren aiki == RWESCK ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren koyarwa domin tallafawa bincike da horar da dalibai masu neman digiri na gaba. Cibiyar ta bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinta shi ne gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dakunan kwas na ilimin digiri na gaba a fannonin ruwa, muhalli, da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="RWESCKCentre">{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/about/centre-excellence |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, cibiyar ta tallata ayyukan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda suka hada da binciken X-ray diffraction da na'urar scanning electron microscopy. Cibiyar ta bayyana na'urar X-ray diffraction a matsayin na'urar tebur mai saukin amfani don aikace-aikacen powder diffraction, sannan ta bayyana scanning electron microscope a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin fasali (morphology) da sinadirai a sassan bincike da aikace-aikacen kula da inganci.<ref name="RWESCKLab2024">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Explore RWESCK Laboratories Advanced Characterization Services |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/news/general/explore-rwesck-laboratories-advanced-characterization-services |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta NEPAD Water Centres of Excellence ta ruwaito a shekarar 2025 cewa wata tawaga da ta ziyarci cibiyar daga Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa ta Najeriya ta zagaya wuraren aiki na RWESCK da suka hada da dakunan gwajin ingancin ruwa, dakunan gwajin hydraulic, da dakunan gwajin injiniyan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NEPADNWRI2025" /> == Hadin gwiwa == RWESCK tana aiki tare da abokan hulda na ilimi, sassan gwamnati, da na masana'antu. Cibiyar ta lissafta abokan karatun yanki wadanda suka hada da Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa da Jami'ar Benin a Najeriya, da kuma Jami'ar Cheikh Anta Diop a Senegal.<ref name="RWESCKPartnership">{{cite web |title=Partnership |url=https://rwesck.knust.edu.gh/partnership |access-date=10 June 2026 |publisher=Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre Kumasi, KNUST}}</ref> Abokan hulɗarta na kasa sun hada da Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (Water Resources Commission), Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana (Ghana Water Company Limited), Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta Al'umma, Hukumar Raya Ban-ruwa ta Ghana, Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta CSIR, da kuma Hukumar Kare Muhalli (Environmental Protection Agency).<ref name="RWESCKPartnership" /> Hukumar WASCAL ta kuma bayyana RWESCK da cewa tana da abokan hulda na ilimi da masana'antu na cikin gida gami da alakar kasa da kasa da jami'o'i a wajen Ghana.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /> == Rawar da take takawa a ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == RWESCK wani bangare ne na tsarin ilimin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli da kayan aikin bincike na Ghana. Ayyukanta suna da alaka da tace ruwan sha, gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, sarrafa lakar kashi, shara ta gari, magudanar ruwa na birni, shirin tsaron ruwa, juriya ga sauyin yanayi, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na WASH.<ref name="RWESCKShortCourses" /><ref name="RWESCKResearchThemes" /> Rawar da cibiyar ke takawa a yanki tana da alaka da bukatar injiniyoyi masu horo, masu bincike, da ma'aikata wadanda za su iya yin aiki a kan samar da ruwa, ayyukan tsaftace muhalli, sarrafa shara, lafiyar muhalli, kasadar ruwa da ke da alaka da yanayi, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa na abubuwan more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name="WASCALFellows" /><ref name="GraphicConference2017" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 5wv71l3x2csp6ccbdtqtazmkxjwzdsu 0 157394 856911 2026-06-14T11:33:10Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359161203|Orlando Gill]]" 856911 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Orlando Daniel Gill Noldin''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2000) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Paraguay wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Argentina ta San Lorenzo da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Paraguay . == Aikin kulob == Gill samfurin matasa ne na kulob din Paraguay Club 13 de Junio da CS San Lorenzo, kuma ya fara babban aikinsa tare da CS San Lawrence . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2025 |title=La dura historia de Orlando Gill, el arquero que "vendió todo" para mantener a su familia - TyC Sports |url=https://www.tycsports.com/san-lorenzo/dura-historia-orlando-gill-vendio-todo-mantener-familia-id685567.html |website=www.tycsports.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Gill ya shiga kungiyarCS San Lorenzo de Almagro ta Argentina a kan aro tare da zaɓi don saya, kuma an sanya shi ne a cikin ajiyar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2025 |title=¿Quién es Orlando Gill, nuevo arquero de San Lorenzo? |url=https://onefootball.com/es/noticias/quien-es-orlando-gill-nuevo-arquero-de-san-lorenzo-38800400 |website=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2025, San Lorenzo na Almagro ne ya sayi shi kai tsaye ya ci gaba zuwa babbar kungiyar su a kwangila har zuwa 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=Ni Keylor ni el holandés, San Lorenzo apuesta por Orlando Gill &#124; Compró la mitad del pase del arquero paraguayo |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/798419-ni-keylor-ni-el-holandes-san-lorenzo-apuesta-por-orlando-gil |website=PAGINA12}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Gill zuwa Paraguay U20s don Gasar Kudancin Amurka ta 2019 U-20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Los 23 albirrojos elegidos para el Sudamericano &#124; Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol |url=https://www.apf.org.py/espanol/los-23-albirrojos-elegidos-para-el-sudamericano-4?nid=3013 |website=Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol}}</ref> Ya fara wasa tare da babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Paraguay don cin nasarar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 1-0 2026 a kan tawagar kwallon kafa ta Peru a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olé |first=Diario Deportivo |date=10 September 2025 |title=La transformación de Gill: de la apuesta de San Lorenzo al debut soñado en Paraguay |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/san-lorenzo/san-lorenzo-gill-paraguay_0_joES8MvWPD.html |website=Olé}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2026, an sanar da Gill a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar Paraguay don [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Albirroja|date=1 June 2026|title=¡Todo un país con ustedes! Esta es la lista final del profe Gustavo Alfaro para representar a Paraguay en la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2026. ¡La Albirroja está de vuelta!}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2026 |title=Paraguay Announces Squad for 2026 FIFA World Cup |url=https://heavy.com/sports/soccer/world-cup/paraguay-announces-squad-fifa-world-cup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260601154805/https://heavy.com/sports/soccer/world-cup/paraguay-announces-squad-fifa-world-cup/ |archive-date=1 June 2026 |access-date=1 June 2026 |publisher=Heavy.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] p8nk7k1o3ucix40uv5j714gx0sol37u 856914 856911 2026-06-14T11:33:37Z Dev ammar 21046 856914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Orlando Daniel Gill Noldin''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2000) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Paraguay wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Argentina ta San Lorenzo da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Paraguay . == Aikin kulob == Gill samfurin matasa ne na kulob din Paraguay Club 13 de Junio da CS San Lorenzo, kuma ya fara babban aikinsa tare da CS San Lawrence . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2025 |title=La dura historia de Orlando Gill, el arquero que "vendió todo" para mantener a su familia - TyC Sports |url=https://www.tycsports.com/san-lorenzo/dura-historia-orlando-gill-vendio-todo-mantener-familia-id685567.html |website=www.tycsports.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Gill ya shiga kungiyarCS San Lorenzo de Almagro ta Argentina a kan aro tare da zaɓi don saya, kuma an sanya shi ne a cikin ajiyar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2025 |title=¿Quién es Orlando Gill, nuevo arquero de San Lorenzo? |url=https://onefootball.com/es/noticias/quien-es-orlando-gill-nuevo-arquero-de-san-lorenzo-38800400 |website=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2025, San Lorenzo na Almagro ne ya sayi shi kai tsaye ya ci gaba zuwa babbar kungiyar su a kwangila har zuwa 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=Ni Keylor ni el holandés, San Lorenzo apuesta por Orlando Gill &#124; Compró la mitad del pase del arquero paraguayo |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/798419-ni-keylor-ni-el-holandes-san-lorenzo-apuesta-por-orlando-gil |website=PAGINA12}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Gill zuwa Paraguay U20s don Gasar Kudancin Amurka ta 2019 U-20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Los 23 albirrojos elegidos para el Sudamericano &#124; Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol |url=https://www.apf.org.py/espanol/los-23-albirrojos-elegidos-para-el-sudamericano-4?nid=3013 |website=Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol}}</ref> Ya fara wasa tare da babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Paraguay don cin nasarar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 1-0 2026 a kan tawagar kwallon kafa ta Peru a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olé |first=Diario Deportivo |date=10 September 2025 |title=La transformación de Gill: de la apuesta de San Lorenzo al debut soñado en Paraguay |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/san-lorenzo/san-lorenzo-gill-paraguay_0_joES8MvWPD.html |website=Olé}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2026, an sanar da Gill a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar Paraguay don [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Albirroja|date=1 June 2026|title=¡Todo un país con ustedes! Esta es la lista final del profe Gustavo Alfaro para representar a Paraguay en la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2026. ¡La Albirroja está de vuelta!}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2026 |title=Paraguay Announces Squad for 2026 FIFA World Cup |url=https://heavy.com/sports/soccer/world-cup/paraguay-announces-squad-fifa-world-cup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260601154805/https://heavy.com/sports/soccer/world-cup/paraguay-announces-squad-fifa-world-cup/ |archive-date=1 June 2026 |access-date=1 June 2026 |publisher=Heavy.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] lsj8t1ghd4by4hvmlmoq6ocj6sh206x 856916 856914 2026-06-14T11:34:11Z Dev ammar 21046 856916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Orlando Daniel Gill Noldin''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2000) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Paraguay wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Argentina]] ta San Lorenzo da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Paraguay]]. == Aikin kulob == Gill samfurin matasa ne na kulob din Paraguay Club 13 de Junio da CS San Lorenzo, kuma ya fara babban aikinsa tare da CS San Lawrence . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2025 |title=La dura historia de Orlando Gill, el arquero que "vendió todo" para mantener a su familia - TyC Sports |url=https://www.tycsports.com/san-lorenzo/dura-historia-orlando-gill-vendio-todo-mantener-familia-id685567.html |website=www.tycsports.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Gill ya shiga kungiyarCS San Lorenzo de Almagro ta Argentina a kan aro tare da zaɓi don saya, kuma an sanya shi ne a cikin ajiyar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2025 |title=¿Quién es Orlando Gill, nuevo arquero de San Lorenzo? |url=https://onefootball.com/es/noticias/quien-es-orlando-gill-nuevo-arquero-de-san-lorenzo-38800400 |website=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2025, San Lorenzo na Almagro ne ya sayi shi kai tsaye ya ci gaba zuwa babbar kungiyar su a kwangila har zuwa 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=Ni Keylor ni el holandés, San Lorenzo apuesta por Orlando Gill &#124; Compró la mitad del pase del arquero paraguayo |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/798419-ni-keylor-ni-el-holandes-san-lorenzo-apuesta-por-orlando-gil |website=PAGINA12}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Gill zuwa Paraguay U20s don Gasar Kudancin Amurka ta 2019 U-20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Los 23 albirrojos elegidos para el Sudamericano &#124; Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol |url=https://www.apf.org.py/espanol/los-23-albirrojos-elegidos-para-el-sudamericano-4?nid=3013 |website=Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol}}</ref> Ya fara wasa tare da babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Paraguay don cin nasarar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 1-0 2026 a kan tawagar kwallon kafa ta Peru a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olé |first=Diario Deportivo |date=10 September 2025 |title=La transformación de Gill: de la apuesta de San Lorenzo al debut soñado en Paraguay |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/san-lorenzo/san-lorenzo-gill-paraguay_0_joES8MvWPD.html |website=Olé}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2026, an sanar da Gill a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar Paraguay don [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Albirroja|date=1 June 2026|title=¡Todo un país con ustedes! Esta es la lista final del profe Gustavo Alfaro para representar a Paraguay en la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2026. ¡La Albirroja está de vuelta!}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2026 |title=Paraguay Announces Squad for 2026 FIFA World Cup |url=https://heavy.com/sports/soccer/world-cup/paraguay-announces-squad-fifa-world-cup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260601154805/https://heavy.com/sports/soccer/world-cup/paraguay-announces-squad-fifa-world-cup/ |archive-date=1 June 2026 |access-date=1 June 2026 |publisher=Heavy.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] r7387czs0faqa06snw8vz4aqtawm7hk 856919 856916 2026-06-14T11:34:27Z Dev ammar 21046 856919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Orlando Daniel Gill Noldin''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2000) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Paraguay wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Argentina]] ta San Lorenzo da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Paraguay]]. == Aikin kulob == Gill samfurin matasa ne na kulob din [[Paraguay]] Club 13 de Junio da CS San Lorenzo, kuma ya fara babban aikinsa tare da CS San Lawrence . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2025 |title=La dura historia de Orlando Gill, el arquero que "vendió todo" para mantener a su familia - TyC Sports |url=https://www.tycsports.com/san-lorenzo/dura-historia-orlando-gill-vendio-todo-mantener-familia-id685567.html |website=www.tycsports.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Gill ya shiga kungiyarCS San Lorenzo de Almagro ta Argentina a kan aro tare da zaɓi don saya, kuma an sanya shi ne a cikin ajiyar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2025 |title=¿Quién es Orlando Gill, nuevo arquero de San Lorenzo? |url=https://onefootball.com/es/noticias/quien-es-orlando-gill-nuevo-arquero-de-san-lorenzo-38800400 |website=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2025, San Lorenzo na Almagro ne ya sayi shi kai tsaye ya ci gaba zuwa babbar kungiyar su a kwangila har zuwa 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=Ni Keylor ni el holandés, San Lorenzo apuesta por Orlando Gill &#124; Compró la mitad del pase del arquero paraguayo |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/798419-ni-keylor-ni-el-holandes-san-lorenzo-apuesta-por-orlando-gil |website=PAGINA12}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Gill zuwa Paraguay U20s don Gasar Kudancin Amurka ta 2019 U-20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Los 23 albirrojos elegidos para el Sudamericano &#124; Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol |url=https://www.apf.org.py/espanol/los-23-albirrojos-elegidos-para-el-sudamericano-4?nid=3013 |website=Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol}}</ref> Ya fara wasa tare da babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Paraguay don cin nasarar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 1-0 2026 a kan tawagar kwallon kafa ta Peru a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olé |first=Diario Deportivo |date=10 September 2025 |title=La transformación de Gill: de la apuesta de San Lorenzo al debut soñado en Paraguay |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/san-lorenzo/san-lorenzo-gill-paraguay_0_joES8MvWPD.html |website=Olé}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2026, an sanar da Gill a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar Paraguay don [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Albirroja|date=1 June 2026|title=¡Todo un país con ustedes! Esta es la lista final del profe Gustavo Alfaro para representar a Paraguay en la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2026. ¡La Albirroja está de vuelta!}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2026 |title=Paraguay Announces Squad for 2026 FIFA World Cup |url=https://heavy.com/sports/soccer/world-cup/paraguay-announces-squad-fifa-world-cup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260601154805/https://heavy.com/sports/soccer/world-cup/paraguay-announces-squad-fifa-world-cup/ |archive-date=1 June 2026 |access-date=1 June 2026 |publisher=Heavy.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] tow7c3y2oz22ho7axpoa9wfm65tyti9 0 157395 856925 2026-06-14T11:35:33Z Najaatuhd 25547 Kirkira shafi 856925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Befriender''' 3mk7cvbc87hj50jy0lgn8r3a76n9nig 856934 856925 2026-06-14T11:37:06Z Najaatuhd 25547 856934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Befriender''' Abokan hulɗa an zaɓi masu sa kai a hankali[1], daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da masu ba da agaji na tabin hankali, waɗanda aka horar da su don ba da tallafi da abokantaka ga mutane kaɗai, ko kuma cikin damuwa[2]. Abokan abokantaka yawanci za su ziyarci na tsawon awa ɗaya ko makamancin haka a kowane mako.[3] Yawancin lokaci ana shirya taron ne don dacewa da bukatun mutum, ko dai a gida, ko kuma a wurin tsaka tsaki. Wasu tsare-tsaren abokantaka sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, azuzuwan ƙirƙira, ko ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai.[2] l026fkswtjjy8kcnorgepj3fk24yuww 856939 856934 2026-06-14T11:39:06Z Najaatuhd 25547 856939 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Befriender''' Abokan hulɗa an zaɓi masu sa kai a hankali[1], daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da masu ba da agaji na tabin hankali, waɗanda aka horar da su don ba da tallafi da abokantaka ga mutane kaɗai, ko kuma cikin damuwa[2]. Abokan abokantaka yawanci za su ziyarci na tsawon awa ɗaya ko makamancin haka a kowane mako.[3] Yawancin lokaci ana shirya taron ne don dacewa da bukatun mutum, ko dai a gida, ko kuma a wurin tsaka tsaki. Wasu tsare-tsaren abokantaka sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, azuzuwan ƙirƙira, ko ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai.[2] '''Zaba''' Horarwa na iya ɗaukar sama da makonni 10 kafin abokin tarayya ya ba da shari'a.[4] A lokacin tsarin abota, ana ba da tallafi mai dorewa, ta hanyar tarurrukan rukuni na yau da kullun da kuma tarurrukan ɗaiɗaikun tare da mai gudanarwa[3]. Ana zaɓar ayyukan abokantaka ne bisa kabilanci, jinsi (yawanci jinsi ɗaya da wanda ke buƙatar taimako[2]), shekaru da bukatun mutumin da ke buƙatar taimako[5]. by7x70n3k7k87yfne24uekx589z7m3l 856942 856939 2026-06-14T11:40:05Z Najaatuhd 25547 856942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Befriender''' Abokan hulɗa an zaɓi masu sa kai a hankali[1], daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da masu ba da agaji na tabin hankali, waɗanda aka horar da su don ba da tallafi da abokantaka ga mutane kaɗai, ko kuma cikin damuwa[2]. Abokan abokantaka yawanci za su ziyarci na tsawon awa ɗaya ko makamancin haka a kowane mako.[3] Yawancin lokaci ana shirya taron ne don dacewa da bukatun mutum, ko dai a gida, ko kuma a wurin tsaka tsaki. Wasu tsare-tsaren abokantaka sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, azuzuwan ƙirƙira, ko ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai.[2] '''Zaba''' Horarwa na iya ɗaukar sama da makonni 10 kafin abokin tarayya ya ba da shari'a.[4] A lokacin tsarin abota, ana ba da tallafi mai dorewa, ta hanyar tarurrukan rukuni na yau da kullun da kuma tarurrukan ɗaiɗaikun tare da mai gudanarwa[3]. Ana zaɓar ayyukan abokantaka ne bisa kabilanci, jinsi (yawanci jinsi ɗaya da wanda ke buƙatar taimako[2]), shekaru da bukatun mutumin da ke buƙatar taimako[5]. '''Tasiri''' g94mfoaauyhiu3bg2qk7j94bwa0pp94 856947 856942 2026-06-14T11:42:00Z Najaatuhd 25547 856947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Befriender''' Abokan hulɗa an zaɓi masu sa kai a hankali[1], daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da masu ba da agaji na tabin hankali, waɗanda aka horar da su don ba da tallafi da abokantaka ga mutane kaɗai, ko kuma cikin damuwa[2]. Abokan abokantaka yawanci za su ziyarci na tsawon awa ɗaya ko makamancin haka a kowane mako.[3] Yawancin lokaci ana shirya taron ne don dacewa da bukatun mutum, ko dai a gida, ko kuma a wurin tsaka tsaki. Wasu tsare-tsaren abokantaka sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, azuzuwan ƙirƙira, ko ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai.[2] '''Zaba''' Horarwa na iya ɗaukar sama da makonni 10 kafin abokin tarayya ya ba da shari'a.[4] A lokacin tsarin abota, ana ba da tallafi mai dorewa, ta hanyar tarurrukan rukuni na yau da kullun da kuma tarurrukan ɗaiɗaikun tare da mai gudanarwa[3]. Ana zaɓar ayyukan abokantaka ne bisa kabilanci, jinsi (yawanci jinsi ɗaya da wanda ke buƙatar taimako[2]), shekaru da bukatun mutumin da ke buƙatar taimako[5]. '''Tasiri''' Ba kamar ƙwararrun sana'a ba, irin su ma'aikatan zamantakewa, abokan hulɗa za su iya shiga cikin motsin rai game da lamarinsu, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da sakamako mai kyau yayin da suke iya shiga cikin matsayi mai zurfi.[6]. 686r5vn1mol5i96i8xrscba4gm3a93e 856954 856947 2026-06-14T11:43:38Z Najaatuhd 25547 856954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Befriender''' Abokan hulɗa an zaɓi masu sa kai a hankali[1], daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da masu ba da agaji na tabin hankali, waɗanda aka horar da su don ba da tallafi da abokantaka ga mutane kaɗai, ko kuma cikin damuwa[2]. Abokan abokantaka yawanci za su ziyarci na tsawon awa ɗaya ko makamancin haka a kowane mako.[3] Yawancin lokaci ana shirya taron ne don dacewa da bukatun mutum, ko dai a gida, ko kuma a wurin tsaka tsaki. Wasu tsare-tsaren abokantaka sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, azuzuwan ƙirƙira, ko ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai.[2] == '''Zaba''' == Horarwa na iya ɗaukar sama da makonni 10 kafin abokin tarayya ya ba da shari'a.[4] A lokacin tsarin abota, ana ba da tallafi mai dorewa, ta hanyar tarurrukan rukuni na yau da kullun da kuma tarurrukan ɗaiɗaikun tare da mai gudanarwa[3]. Ana zaɓar ayyukan abokantaka ne bisa kabilanci, jinsi (yawanci jinsi ɗaya da wanda ke buƙatar taimako[2]), shekaru da bukatun mutumin da ke buƙatar taimako[5]. '''Tasiri''' Ba kamar ƙwararrun sana'a ba, irin su ma'aikatan zamantakewa, abokan hulɗa za su iya shiga cikin motsin rai game da lamarinsu, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da sakamako mai kyau yayin da suke iya shiga cikin matsayi mai zurfi.[6]. a99qul8mzj3fgr43aaus86uvaph8zkk 0 157396 856951 2026-06-14T11:43:04Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1269925791|Statue of David Livingstone, Victoria Falls]]" 856951 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  An gina mutum-mutumi na David Livingstone a gefen [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabue]] na [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] zuwa Devil's Cataract a yammacin kogin. Hoton yana da rubutun da ya bayyana cewa David Livingstone ya ziyarci faduwar a shekara ta 1855 lokacin da ya rubuta ra'ayinsa na farko game da kyawawan magudanan ruwa a lokacin da ya haɗu da su na farko lokacin da ya ba da sunan faduwar bayan [[Sarauniya Victoria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Falls - Livingstones Statue at Vic Falls, David Livingstone |url=https://www.siyabona.com/explore-victoria-falls-livingstones-statue.html |website=www.siyabona.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Justnje |date=30 December 2019 |title=DJ Maphorisa poses with statue of David Livingstone during trip to Zimbabwe |url=https://justnje.com/dj-maphorisa-poses-with-statue-of-david-livingstone-during-trip-to-zimbabwe/ |website=JustNje}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari biyu da suka gaza don cire mutum-mutumi, ƙoƙari na farko ya kasance a cikin 2001 ta tsoffin mayakan yaƙin 'yanci na Zimbabwe waɗanda suka ɗauki zane-zane a matsayin tunatarwa mai raɗaɗi na zamanin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, kuma ƙoƙari na biyu ya kasance daga gwamnatin Zambiya a cikin 2004, gwamnati tana son mutum-mutuni ya koma gefen Zambiya na faduwar yayin bikin cika shekaru 150 na ganowar David Livingstone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2004 |title=Dr Livingstone's statue is ours, we presume, Zambia informs Mugabe |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/1468390/Dr-Livingstones-statue-is-ours-we-presume-Zambia-informs-Mugabe.html |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} b9ctxtsil3zg9ftuv8p3d7bhbeli0gm 0 157397 856955 2026-06-14T11:43:41Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351385310|Emergency medical services in the United States]]" 856955 wikitext text/x-wiki A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ayyukan gaggawa na kiwon lafiya (EMS) suna ba da kulawar lafiya mai tsanani da/ko jigilar marasa lafiya zuwa asibiti ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. Hukumar Kula da Tsaron Ababen Hawa ta Ƙasa (NHTSA) ce ke tsara su a matakin farko, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EMS.gov &#124; What is EMS? |url=https://www.ems.gov/whatisems.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405192040/https://www.ems.gov/whatisems.html |archive-date=2019-04-05 |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.ems.gov}}</ref> wanda ke saita mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi da dole ne duk masu samar da EMS na jihohi su cika, kuma gwamnatocin [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihohi]] da ƙabilu daban-daban ke tsara su sosai, waɗanda galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙa'idodi daga ayyukan da suke kulawa. A wasu jihohi, gwamnatocin gundumomi da ƙananan hukumomi kuma suna tsara ayyuka a yankunansu. Mutane a Amurka sun fi neman taimakon gaggawa ta hanyar tuntuɓar 911, lambar wayar gaggawa ta Arewacin Amurka. A cikin 2018, EMS ta amsa buƙatun gaggawa sama da miliyan 28 911, waɗanda suka ƙunshi fiye da rabin duk kiran gaggawa na EMS don taimako. Har da wasu ayyuka kamar jiran aiki, jigilar likitoci ta sama, da kuma taimakon gaggawa na al'umma, EMS ta amsa buƙatun sabis sama da miliyan 42. Bambance-bambance masu yawa a yawan jama'a, [[Yanayin ƙasar Amurka|yanayin ƙasa]], yanayi da sauran yanayi na iya buƙatar nau'ikan tsarin EMS daban-daban; saboda haka, sau da yawa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin Ayyukan Gaggawa na Lafiya da ake bayarwa a wata jiha da waɗanda ake bayarwa a wata jiha. == Ƙungiya da kuɗaɗen tallafi == === Tsarin bayar da kuɗi === Duk da cewa yawancin ayyuka, a wani mataki, ana ba da kuɗaɗen gwamnati, abin da ke bambanta ayyuka sau da yawa shine yadda ake gudanar da su. Tsarin EMS na iya zama kai tsaye ta al'umma, ko kuma suna iya faɗawa hannun wani mai samar da sabis na ɓangare na uku, kamar kamfani mai zaman kansa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=EMS System &#124; NHTSA EMS |url=http://www.ems.gov/whatisems.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308110607/http://www.ems.gov/whatisems.htm |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2016-02-29}}</ref> Wani rahoto na shekarar 2018 da Kwalejin Haverford ta fitar ya gano cewa yawancin hukumomin EMS (41%) ana kula da su ne ta hannun sassan kashe gobara, sai kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (25%), ayyukan gwamnati marasa kashe gobara (21%), sannan kuma asibitoci (6%). Sauran nau'ikan mallakar sun kai kashi 6% na hukumomin. ==== EMS da ake amfani da shi a bainar jama'a ==== A cikin ɗaya daga cikin tsarin da gwamnati ke amfani da shi, tsarin EMS yana gudanar da shi kai tsaye ta hannun karamar hukuma da take bayarwa. Hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi na iya samar da ayyukan, ko kuma alhakin gwamnatin yanki (ko jiha) ne. Ayyukan da ƙananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa na iya samun kuɗaɗen sabis kuma ana ƙara musu harajin kadarori . A lokuta da yawa, ana ɗaukar tsarin EMS a matsayin ƙarami don yin aiki da kansa, kuma an tsara shi azaman reshe na wani sashen ƙananan hukumomi, kamar sashen [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monterey County EMS |url=http://www.mtyhd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=20&Itemid=209&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001045749/http://www.mtyhd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=20&Itemid=209&lang=en |archive-date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> A cikin ƙananan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su da yawan jama'a ko tushen haraji, irin wannan sabis ɗin ba zai iya aiki ba sai dai idan masu sa kai na al'umma ne ke aiki da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monroe Volunteer EMS website |url=http://www.monroeems.org/ |access-date=2008-10-08}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ƙungiyar masu sa kai na iya samun wasu kuɗaɗe daga harajin ƙananan hukumomi, amma gabaɗaya sun dogara sosai kan gudummawar son rai don biyan kuɗaɗen aiki. Wannan yana ba da babban ƙalubale ga ƙungiyoyin masu sa kai, tunda dole ne a cika ƙa'idodin horo ga ma'aikata, kuma ana bin ƙa'idodin abin hawa da kayan aiki, yayin da ƙungiyar ke yin duk ko mafi yawan kuɗin tara kuɗi nata. Duk da haka, ba tare da kasancewar masu sa kai na musamman ba, ƙananan al'ummomi da yawa a Amurka ba za su iya zama ba tare da tsarin EMS na gida ba kuma ko dai ba za su sami sabis ba ko kuma a tilasta musu su dogara da sabis daga al'ummomi masu nisa. Wani tsarin aiki na EMS da ake gudanarwa a bainar jama'a shine abin da ake kira a masana'antar a matsayin zaɓin "sabis na uku". A cikin wannan zaɓin, maimakon zama wani ɓangare na (ko a wasu lokuta, "ƙari" ga) ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan "gaggawa" na gargajiya (gobara da 'yan sanda), ana tsara sabis ɗin a matsayin wani sashe na [[Ƙaramar hukuma|birni]] daban, mai zaman kansa, tare da ƙungiya wanda zai iya kama da, amma ana gudanar da shi daban-daban daga, ko dai sassan kashe gobara ko na 'yan sanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Orleans EMS |url=http://www.nola.gov/government/ems/ |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> A cikin wani nau'in wannan samfurin, ana iya gane tsarin EMS a matsayin sabis na gaggawa na uku na halal, amma ana bayar da shi ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar kwangila da wata ƙungiya, kamar kamfani mai zaman kansa ko asibiti, maimakon aiki kai tsaye. Wannan samfurin wani lokaci ana kiransa samfurin "ayyukan jama'a". Wannan na iya zama ma'auni mai ceton kuɗi, ko kuma yana iya zama saboda al'umma suna jin cewa ba su da ƙwarewar mazauna don magance matsalolin kulawa da kulawa na likita, da kuma buƙatun doka waɗanda galibi ke kewaye da Sabis na Gaggawa na Lafiya. A wani tsari na EMS da ake gudanarwa a bainar jama'a, ana iya haɗa tsarin cikin ayyukan wani sabis na gaggawa na birni, kamar sashen kashe gobara na gida ko [[Ɗan sanda|sashen 'yan sanda]] . Wannan haɗin gwiwa na iya zama ɓangare ko cikakke. Idan aka haɗa ɓangare, ma'aikatan EMS na iya raba kwata, ayyukan gudanarwa, har ma da umarni da iko tare da ɗayan sabis ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FDNYEMS website |url=http://fdnyems.com/ |access-date=2008-10-08}}</ref> Idan aka haɗa gaba ɗaya, ma'aikatan EMS na iya samun cikakken horo don yin aikin matakin shiga na ɗayan sabis na gaggawa, ko dai aikin kashe gobara ko [[Ɗan sanda|aikin 'yan sanda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland State Police Aviation Command website |url=http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004094925/http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |archive-date=2008-10-04 |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Al'ummomi da yawa suna ganin wannan a matsayin samar da "ƙarin ƙima" ga al'umma, tunda ma'aikatan birni suna cika ayyuka fiye da ɗaya, kuma ba sa yin aiki yadda ya kamata. ==== EMS na sirri/don riba ==== Ayyukan motar asibiti da ke aiki a matsayin masu zaman kansu/don neman riba suna da dogon tarihi a Amurka Sau da yawa, musamman a ƙananan al'ummomi, al'umma suna ganin hidimar motar asibiti a matsayin mafi ƙarancin fifiko fiye da 'yan sanda ko ayyukan kashe gobara, kuma babu abin da ya kamata ya buƙaci tallafin jama'a. Har zuwa lokacin da aka fara aikin likitocin gaggawa a farkon shekarun 1970, ɗaya daga cikin masu samar da sabis na motar asibiti da aka fi sani a Amurka gidan jana'izar al'umma ne. Wannan ya faru ne ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, domin motocin jigila ne kawai ke iya ɗaukar mutum a kwance a lokacin. Ayyukan motar asibiti a lokacin jana'iza wani lokacin ana ƙara musu ayyukan "uwa da amarya", waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da gidajen jana'iza amma suna aiki iri ɗaya da sabis na taksi. Babu ƙa'idodin ƙasa don ayyukan motar asibiti kuma ma'aikata gabaɗaya ba su da horo ko kayan aiki, wanda ke haifar da yawan mace-mace kafin asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kossoff |first=Jackie |date=5 May 2021 |title=Private/For Profit EMS |url=https://www.iamed.com/private-for-profit-ems/ |access-date=29 October 2022 |publisher=IA MED}}</ref> Irin waɗannan kamfanoni suna ci gaba da aiki ta wannan hanyar a wasu wurare, suna ba da ayyukan sufuri na gaggawa, sabis na gaggawa na kuɗi don sabis, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guardian Ambulance Ltd. website |url=http://www.guardianambulance.org/ver_1.html |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> ko kwangilar sabis na motar asibiti na gaggawa ga ƙananan hukumomi, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin kayan aikin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Ambulance Service Ltd website |url=http://www.emergencyambulance.com/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027035037/http://www.emergencyambulance.com/main.html |archive-date=2008-10-27 |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980, an haɗa kamfanonin motar asibiti masu zaman kansu sama da 200 a Amurka a hankali zuwa manyan kamfanonin yanki, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ke ci gaba da aiki a yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acadian Ambulance Company website |url=http://www.acadian.com/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Yayin da wannan yanayin ya ci gaba, sakamakon ya kasance wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da suka rage, wasu ƙananan kamfanonin yanki, da manyan kamfanoni biyu na ƙasashen duniya waɗanda a halin yanzu ke mamaye dukkan masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=American Medical Response website |url=http://www.amr.net/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rural Metro Corporation website |url=http://www.ruralmetro.com/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Waɗannan ayyukan suna ci gaba da aiki a wasu sassan Amurka, ko dai akan kuɗin sabis ga majiyyaci, ko kuma ta hanyar kwangiloli da ƙananan hukumomi. Irin waɗannan kwangiloli galibi suna haifar da aikin kuɗi-don-sabis wanda ƙaramar hukuma ke ba da kuɗaɗen sa, a musanya don garantin aiki mai kyau akan batutuwa kamar ma'aikata, ƙwarewar aiki, albarkatun da ake da su, da lokutan amsawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambulance Service Performance Standards, Kern County, California |url=http://www.co.kern.ca.us/ems/AmbPerfStds_Appvd_Ver2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701204914/http://www.co.kern.ca.us/ems/AmbPerfStds_Appvd_Ver2.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-01 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> ==== Tsarin kulawa ==== Tsarin Kula da Lafiya na Gaggawa a Amurka yawanci yana bin tsarin isar da sabis na Anglo-American (kawo mara lafiya asibiti), sabanin tsarin Franco-Jamusanci (kawo asibiti ga majiyyaci). Baya ga wasu likitoci kaɗan da ke aiki a cikin jirgin Medevac ko kuma suna yin horo ko tabbatar da ingancin lafiya, ba kasafai ake ganin likita yana amsawa da gangan ga wurin gaggawa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dick WF |year=2003 |title=Anglo-American vs. Franco-German emergency medical services system |journal=Prehosp Disaster Med |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=29–35; discussion 35–37 |doi=10.1017/s1049023x00000650 |pmid=14694898 |s2cid=31020961}}</ref> ==== Motar asibiti ta jirgin sama ==== Ana iya gudanar da ayyukan motar asibiti ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta asibiti, <ref>{{Cite web |title=AirLifeDenver website |url=http://www.airlifedenver.com/ |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> yayin da wasu kuma [[Ƙaramar hukuma|gwamnatin]] tarayya, [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jiha]] ko ta ƙananan hukumomi ne ke gudanar da su; ko kuma ta hanyar sassa daban-daban, ciki har da 'yan sandan gida ko na jiha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland State Police Aviation Command website |url=http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004094925/http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |archive-date=2008-10-04 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Parks Police website |url=http://www.nps.gov/uspp/avipag.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041016010137/http://www.nps.gov/uspp/avipag.htm |archive-date=October 16, 2004 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> ko sassan kashe gobara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Los Angeles County Fire Department website |url=http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/EMS/EMS.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924022238/http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/EMS/EMS.asp |archive-date=2008-09-24 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> Irin waɗannan ayyuka ana iya gudanar da su kai tsaye ta kowace daga cikin waɗannan tsarin EMS, ko kuma ana iya ba su kwangila ga wani mai samar da sabis na ɓangare na uku, kamar kamfanin haya jirgin sama. Bugu da ƙari, ba sabon abu ba ne a tilasta wa jiragen sama na sojojin Amurka su yi aiki don samar da tallafin motar asibiti ta iska. Nisa mai faɗi da Amurka ta rufe yana nufin cewa yayin da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na iya zama nau'in isar da sabis ga gaggawa "a wurin", jiragen sama masu fikafikai, gami da ƙananan jiragen sama, galibi ana amfani da su don canja wurin daga asibitocin karkara zuwa wuraren [[Kula da lafiya|kulawa na gaba]] . Waɗannan jiragen galibi suna da ma'aikata iri-iri ciki har da likitoci, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], da ma'aikatan jinya, kuma a wasu lokuta, duka ukun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rasmussen K |date=November 2017 |title=Does Medical Staffing Influence Perceived Safety? An International Survey on Medical Crew Models in Helicopter Emergency Medical Services |url=https://www.airmedicaljournal.com/article/S1067-991X(16)30280-2/fulltext |journal=Air Medical Journal |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.1016/j.amj.2017.09.008 |pmid=29332773 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana ƙara wa sabis na jigilar jiragen sama na gaggawa da na gaggawa, wanda kamfanonin jigilar jiragen sama na musamman za su iya bayarwa, ko kuma kamfanonin haya jiragen sama a matsayin wani aiki na biyu na kasuwanci. 3<gallery widths="250px" heights="180px" perrow="3" caption="Jirgin Sama na Ambulance a Amurka"> Fayil:MCI_Drill_2008_003.jpg|alt=Training with LifeEvac II| Horarwa tare da LifeEvac II Fayil:Tn_DSC01826.JPG| STAT MedEvac Fayil:Aircare.JPG| PHI AirMedical AirCare 2 </gallery> == Tarihi == === Na zamani === An fara aikin motar [[Ambulance|asibiti]] ta Grady a Amurka a [[Atlanta]], Georgia a shekarar 1869. Ma'aikatan Asibitin Grady Memorial sun hau kekunan dawaki da aka tsara musamman don jigilar marasa lafiya da waɗanda suka ji rauni. Rukunin farko na masu aikin sa kai na ceto sun shirya a kusan shekarar 1920 a Roanoke, Virginia, Palmyra, New Jersey, da kuma bakin tekun [[New Jersey]] . A hankali, musamman a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, asibitoci da likitoci sun ɓace daga aikin kafin a kai asibiti, suna bin diddigin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara a tsakiyar birane. Sau da yawa asibitoci ko sashen kashe gobara na birni ne ke kula da waɗannan. Lokaci-lokaci, ana maye gurbin wuraren jana'iza, waɗanda suka kasance hanyar sufuri ta yau da kullun, da sashen kashe gobara, ƙungiyar ceto, da motocin asibiti masu zaman kansu. Kafin shekarun 1970, ba a cika yin aikin motar asibiti ba. Duk da cewa a wasu yankuna, motocin daukar marasa lafiya na daukar marasa lafiya na matakin farko suna aiki, a wasu yankuna, abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mai kula da kayan daki na yankin, wanda ke da motoci daya tilo da mutum zai iya kwanciya a ciki, yana gudanar da shagon kayan daki na yankin (inda yake yin akwatin gawa a gefe) da kuma na'urar daukar marasa lafiya ta yankin. === Ci gaban ayyukan zamani === Fitowar binciken Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1966, "Mutuwa da Nakasa a Haɗari: Cutar da Aka Saka a Hannun Jama'ar Zamani", (wanda aka sani a fannin EMS a matsayin Farin Takarda ) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaston SR |date=March 1971 |title=Accidental death and disability: the neglected disease of modern society. A progress report |journal=J Trauma |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1097/00005373-197103000-00001 |pmid=5545943}}</ref> ya haifar da haɗakar ƙoƙari don inganta kulawar gaggawa ta likita a wuraren da ba a kai asibiti ba. Binciken ya gano cewa za a iya hana mace-mace da yawa marasa amfani ta hanyar haɗakar ilimin al'umma, tsauraran ƙa'idojin tsaro, da kuma ingantattun jiyya kafin a kai asibiti. Peter Safar, wanda aka haifa a Austria, ƙwararren likitan sa barci ne a Jami'ar Pittsburgh, ya kasance majagaba a fannin CPR wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar Sashen Kula da Lafiya Mai Tsanani na Asibiti na zamani (ICU). 'Yarsa ta mutu a shekarar 1966 sakamakon kamuwa da cutar asma yayin jigilar ta daga gidanta zuwa asibiti. A martanin da ya bayar, ya tsara motar asibiti mai ɗauke da kayan aikin likita da kuma tsarin fenti. Ya kuma tsara tsarin farko mai cikakken tsari don horar da ma'aikatan jinya. <ref name="MEN">{{Cite web |last=Waxman |first=Olivia B. |title=The Little-Known History of the Black Men Who Became America's First Paramedics |url=https://time.com/6215072/first-paramedics-black-men-history/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=time.com |publisher=Time, USA}}</ref> Sabis na Ambulance na Safar na Freedom House shine sabis na gaggawa na farko a Amurka da ma'aikatan jinya ke ɗaukar ma'aikata tare da horon likita fiye da taimakon farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corry |first=Megan |last2=Keyes |first2=Casey |last3=Page |first3=David |date=March 2013 |title=Reviving Freedom House. How the storied ambulance company has been reborn |journal=JEMS: A Journal of Emergency Medical Services |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=70–75 |issn=0197-2510 |pmid=23717921}}</ref> Daraktan lafiya na Freedom House Nancy Caroline ta rubuta littafin horo na EMS wanda aka karɓa a matsayin ma'aunin ƙasa. <ref name="MEN" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Dr. R Adams Cowley ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar shirin EMS na farko a duk faɗin ƙasar, a Maryland. Ana kiran tsarin da Sashen Ayyukan Lafiya na Gaggawa (wanda yanzu aka sani da ''[http://www.miemss.org/ Cibiyar Ayyukan Lafiya na Gaggawa ta Maryland]'' ). Haka kuma a shekarar 1969, Cowley ya sami jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na soja don taimakawa wajen jigilar marasa lafiya cikin sauri zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Rauni (wanda yanzu aka sani da Cibiyar R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center ), wani asibiti na musamman da ya fara don magance girgiza . Wannan sabis ɗin ba wai kawai shine shirin EMS na farko a duk faɗin jihar ba, har ma shine farkon jigilar helikwafta na gaggawa na likita a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224082924/http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html |archive-date=December 24, 2005}}</ref> Shirin farko na helikwafta na likitanci na farar hula da ke aiki a asibiti a Amurka, Flight For Life Colorado, ya fara ne a shekarar 1972 da jirgin helikwafta guda ɗaya na Alouette III, wanda ke aiki a Asibitin St. Anthony Central da ke Denver, Colorado. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight for Life Colorado website |url=http://www.flightforlifecolorado.org/index.php?s=5 |access-date=2008-10-01}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka ce ke tantance ƙa'idodin EMS na ƙasa don Amurka kuma Ma'aikatar EMS ta kowace jiha (yawanci a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ), kuma Kwamitocin Ba da Shawara kan Lafiya na Yanki (yawanci a yankunan karkara) ko wasu kwamitoci, ko ma masu samar da EMS daban-daban suna canza su. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri Rijistar Ƙasa ta Masu Fasaha na Gaggawa ta Lafiya, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, a cikin 1970 bisa shawarar Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson a ƙoƙarin samar da takardar shaida da aka amince da ita a ƙasa ga masu samar da kayayyaki da kuma yarjejeniya a duk faɗin ƙasar kan yarjejeniyoyi. A halin yanzu, ana karɓar takardar shaidar Rijistar Ƙasa a wasu sassan Amurka, yayin da wasu yankuna har yanzu suna da nasu yarjejeniyoyi da manhajojin horo daban-daban. Musamman ma, a jihar [[California]] ta Amurka, a [[Seattle]], jihar [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] ( Medic One ), da kuma a [[Miami]], ayyukan sun fara haɗawa da ma'aikatan jinya a cikin martanin EMS a farkon shekarun 1970. Ƙungiyoyi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Charlottesville, Virginia da Portland, Oregon suma sun kasance farkon waɗanda suka fara horon gaggawa na likitanci kafin asibiti. Duk da adawa daga masu kashe gobara da likitoci, shirin ya sami karɓuwa yayin da ingancinsa ya bayyana a fili. Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun shahara sosai a Arewacin Amurka a shekarun 1970 tare da shirin talabijin [[NBC|na NBC]], ''Emergency!'' wanda, a wani ɓangare, ya biyo bayan balaguron ma'aikatan jinya biyu na Sashen Kashe Gobara na Gundumar Los Angeles yayin da suke mayar da martani ga nau'ikan [[Maganin gaggawa|gaggawa na likita]] daban-daban. James O. Page ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha na jerin kuma ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na haɓaka EMS a Amurka. Shahararren wannan jerin ya ƙarfafa sauran al'ummomi su kafa nasu ayyukan. === Karanci === A ƙarni na 21, al'ummomin karkara waɗanda ke da raguwar yawan jama'a sun fuskanci ƙarin matsaloli wajen neman masu sa kai na EMS, yayin da yawan jama'ar yankin ke tsufa kuma suna da ƙarin matsalolin lafiya. Daga 2005 zuwa tsakiyar 2019, asibitoci 160 na karkara sun rufe, da yawa a jihohin da ba su faɗaɗa Medicare a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ba, wanda ya haifar da tsawaita lokacin tuƙi ga EMS. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=What if you call 911 and no one comes? Inside the collapse of America's EMS services. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/there-s-shortage-volunteer-ems-workers-ambulances-rural-america-n1068556 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Annobar COVID-19 a Amurka ta haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin aiki, matsin lamba a wurin aiki, da kuma yawan ma'aikata, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin ma'aikatan EMS a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="crippling">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2021 |title=EMS services warn of 'crippling labor shortage' undermining 911 system |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ems-services-warn-crippling-labor-shortage-undermining-911-system-rcna2677 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Abin da ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar shi ne dakatar da horo na ɗan lokaci, ɗaukar ma'aikatan jinya da asibitoci ke yi, da kuma ƙarin albashi a wasu fannoni da ke fuskantar ƙarancin ma'aikata kuma ba bisa ƙa'idar gwamnati ba. <ref name="crippling" /> == Haɗarin lafiyar sana'a == === Hadarin da aka saba === Ma'aikatan Sabis na Gaggawa na Lafiya suna fuskantar [[Hadarin aiki|haɗarin aiki]] da yawa saboda yawan aiki da kuma canje-canje a duk tsawon ranar aikinsu. Waɗannan haɗarin galibi suna kama da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . EMS yawanci yana zuwa kafin a kawar da muhalli daga sinadarai, halittu, da [[Hadarin jiki|haɗarin jiki]] . Wannan yana sanya ma'aikata cikin haɗari fiye da idan suna cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi kamar [[asibiti]] . Raunin da ma'aikatan EMS suka fi samu shine rauni da rauni. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-23 |title=Emergency Medical Services Clinician Injury Data |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ems/data/index.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Emergency Medical Services |language=en-us}}</ref> Masu ba da sabis suna ɗaga abubuwa masu nauyi da yawa, gami da mutane da kayan aiki. Yanayin damuwa mai yawa na iya haifar da rauni daga tashin hankali ga ma'aikatan EMS. <ref name=":02" /> A cikin binciken haɗarin aiki ga ma'aikatan EMS, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikatan EMS sun fuskanci wani nau'in tashin hankali a wurin aiki cikin watanni 12. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Jonathan R. |last2=Cash |first2=Rebecca E. |last3=Kurth |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Gage |first4=Christopher B. |last5=Mercer |first5=Christopher B. |last6=Panchal |first6=Ashish R. |date=2023-11-01 |title=National examination of occupational hazards in emergency medical services |url=https://oem.bmj.com/content/80/11/644 |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=644–649 |doi=10.1136/oemed-2023-109053 |issn=1351-0711 |pmc=10646910 |pmid=37833069}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da zagi, naushi, da tofa. Duk da cewa duk waɗannan [[Hadarin jiki|haɗarin lafiyar jiki]] ne, tofa kuma yana iya zama haɗarin halitta, yaɗa cututtuka masu yaɗuwa. Hulɗa da jinin majiyyaci kuma na iya zama babban haɗari ga ma'aikatan lafiya na gaggawa. <ref name=":12" /> <ref name=":2" /> Jini na iya ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke yaɗa cututtuka kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] da [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Why is Blood Biohazardous {{!}} Eco Medical |url=https://www.ecomedicalwaste.com/blog-posts/why-blood-biohazardous#:~:text=%E2%80%8DWhy%20is%20Blood%20a%20Biohazard?&text=Blood%20is%20a%20biohazard%20due,bacteria,%20viruses,%20and%20parasites.&text=Activities%20that%20involve%20the%20exchange,fluids%20can%20transmit%20bloodborne%20pathogens. |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.ecomedicalwaste.com}}</ref> Waɗannan haɗarin na iya kamawa daga [[Dafi|abubuwa masu guba]] daga zubewa ko fashewar gilashi da ƙarfe mai kaifi daga fashewa ko haɗarin ababen hawa. Ma'aikata suna amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta kamar bleach ko kayayyakin da aka yi da barasa lokacin da suke tsaftacewa da amfani da ingantattun ka'idojin tsaro, waɗanda za su iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiya. === Sakamako === Saboda kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin EMS, masu samar da sabis suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Wasu daga cikinsu sune [[Hepatitis C]] da [[Hepatitis B|B]], HIV, [[Agana|Smallpox]], da [[Influenza]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bitely |first=Colton |date=Oct 11, 2019 |title=EMS Disease Exposure, Transmission, and Prevention: a Review Article |journal=Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=135–140 |doi=10.1007/s40138-019-00200-6 |pmc=7100409 |pmid=32226658}}</ref> Ba wai kawai suna cikin haɗarin rashin lafiya ba, har ma da raunuka na jiki, ko dai daga rikici da marasa lafiya ko kuma daga ɗaga nauyi, na iya haifar da hutun da ake buƙata daga aiki. Wannan yana sanya ma'aikata cikin haɗarin matsalar kuɗi ko kuma a kore su. Damuwa da ma'aikatan gaggawa ke fuskanta, kamar kallon wahalar ɗan adam/mutuwa da yanayin aikin da ba a iya faɗi ba, na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci ga lafiyar kwakwalwarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NRP |first=Taylor Shearer BS |date=2022-05-05 |title=A Frontline Battle: The Mental Health Crisis in Emergency Medical Services |url=https://www.jems.com/mental-health-wellness/a-frontline-battle-the-mental-health-crisis-in-emergency-medical-services/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=JEMS: EMS, Emergency Medical Services - Training, Paramedic, EMT News |language=en-US}}</ref> Damuwa a kan aiki na iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa na tunani, matsalolin zuciya, da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=jli0814 |date=2023-02-08 |title=EMS Burnout and Mental Health |url=https://naemsp.org/2023-2-1-ems-burnout-and-mental-health/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=NAEMSP |language=en-US}}</ref> Damuwa kuma na iya haifar da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]], wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga yawan kashe kansa. <ref name=":0" /> Cutar COVID-19 ta ƙara ta'azzara waɗannan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin ma'aikatan EMS saboda ƙaruwar damuwa a fagen aiki da ƙarancin albarkatu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awais |first=Shehar Bano |last2=Martins |first2=Russell Seth |last3=Khan |first3=Muhammad Shameel |date=February 2021 |title=Paramedics in pandemics: protecting the mental wellness of those behind enemy lines |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/paramedics-in-pandemics-protecting-the-mental-wellness-of-those-behind-enemy-lines/C0B1C08CF27CF1AD95EAC18B43D35E21 |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=75–76 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2020.193 |issn=0007-1250 |pmid=33092658}}</ref> === Dabaru na rage radadi === Abin farin ciki, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da aka tabbatar don taimakawa wajen rage raunin ma'aikatan EMS da kuma fallasa haɗarin aiki. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ce ke tsara rage haɗari ga EMS a Amurka. Dokokin OSHA galibi suna dogara ne akan binciken da NIOSH ta samar ko ta amince da shi, wata hukuma ce da ke cikin CDC . Jihohi ashirin da ɗaya na Amurka suna da jagororin musamman na jihohi waɗanda suka fi takamaiman kuma cikakke fiye da buƙatun tarayya kuma saboda haka OSHA ta amince da su. Wani sashe na Hukumar Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA), Hukumar Kashe Gobara ta Amurka, ya buga jagororin da aka yi niyya don rage haɗarin aiki a cikin EMS. Hukumar NHTSA, wani ɓangare na hukumar DOT ta tarayya, ta kuma buga sakamakon bincike da yawa na musamman na EMS, bayanai, da jagorori ta hanyar Ofishin EMS ɗinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.ems.gov/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=EMS.gov |language=en}}</ref> Hukumomin ba da shawara sun amince kan dabarun rage tasirin cutar. * Samar wa ma'aikata ayyuka da nauyin da ke kansu na iya rage yiwuwar ma'aikata su shiga cikin halayen da ke haifar da babban haɗari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zara |first=Jamil |last2=Nordin |first2=Shahrina Md |last3=Isha |first3=Ahmad Shahrul Nizam |date=2023-08-08 |title=Influence of communication determinants on safety commitment in a high-risk workplace: a systematic literature review of four communication dimensions |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1125995Z |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1225995 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=10442955 |pmid=37614453 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Tsarin ɗagawa lafiya, amfani da fasaha/ [[Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics|kayan aikin ergonomic]], da ƙarin ma'aikata na iya rage katsewa da gajiya daga ɗagawa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Jonathan R. |last2=Cash |first2=Rebecca E. |last3=Kurth |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Gage |first4=Christopher B. |last5=Mercer |first5=Christopher B. |last6=Panchal |first6=Ashish R. |date=2023-11-01 |title=National examination of occupational hazards in emergency medical services |url=https://oem.bmj.com/content/80/11/644 |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=644–649 |doi=10.1136/oemed-2023-109053 |issn=1351-0711 |pmc=10646910 |pmid=37833069}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPowellCashKurthGage2023">Powell, Jonathan R.; Cash, Rebecca E.; Kurth, Jordan D.; Gage, Christopher B.; Mercer, Christopher B.; Panchal, Ashish R. (2023-11-01). [https://oem.bmj.com/content/80/11/644 "National examination of occupational hazards in emergency medical services"]. ''Occupational and Environmental Medicine''. '''80''' (11): <span class="nowrap">644–</span>649. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/oemed-2023-109053|10.1136/oemed-2023-109053]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0711 1351-0711]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10646910 10646910]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37833069 37833069].</cite></ref> * Kariya daga cututtuka masu haɗari (PPE), na'urorin kariya na musamman, da kuma ayyukan kawar da gurɓataccen iska na iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-23 |title=About EMS Clinician Safety |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ems/about/index.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Emergency Medical Services |language=en-us}}</ref> * Dabaru na rage radadi, hana marasa lafiya, da kuma barin jami'an tsaro su tsare wuraren tashin hankali na iya rage haɗarin cin zarafi ta jiki ga EMS. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maguire |first=Brian J. |last2=O’Neill |first2=Barbara J. |last3=O’Meara |first3=Peter |last4=Browne |first4=Matthew |last5=Dealy |first5=Michael T. |date=July 2018 |title=Preventing EMS workplace violence: A mixed-methods analysis of insights from assaulted medics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2018.05.007 |journal=Injury |volume=49 |issue=7 |pages=1258–1265 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2018.05.007 |issn=0020-1383 |pmid=29861309 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Samun salon rayuwa mai kyau, tsarin tallafawa zamantakewa, da kuma neman tallafin takwarorinsu na iya rage damuwa mai tsanani daga gaggawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Disaster Responder Stress Management |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/dtac/disaster-response-template-toolkit/disaster-responder-stress-management |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.samhsa.gov |language=en}}</ref> * Horarwa sosai, rage amfani da fitilu da siren da ba dole ba, da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da abubuwan da ke hana mutum yin abin da ya dace na iya rage haɗarin rauni daga karo ko haɗari a cikin abin hawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 02k6csf0sdcfusczdx7hqul6tjr8ink 856960 856955 2026-06-14T11:44:56Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 856960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ayyukan gaggawa na kiwon lafiya (EMS) suna ba da kulawar lafiya mai tsanani da/ko jigilar marasa lafiya zuwa asibiti ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. Hukumar Kula da Tsaron Ababen Hawa ta Ƙasa (NHTSA) ce ke tsara su a matakin farko, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EMS.gov &#124; What is EMS? |url=https://www.ems.gov/whatisems.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405192040/https://www.ems.gov/whatisems.html |archive-date=2019-04-05 |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.ems.gov}}</ref> wanda ke saita mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi da dole ne duk masu samar da EMS na jihohi su cika, kuma gwamnatocin [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihohi]] da ƙabilu daban-daban ke tsara su sosai, waɗanda galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙa'idodi daga ayyukan da suke kulawa. A wasu jihohi, gwamnatocin gundumomi da ƙananan hukumomi kuma suna tsara ayyuka a yankunansu. Mutane a Amurka sun fi neman taimakon gaggawa ta hanyar tuntuɓar 911, lambar wayar gaggawa ta Arewacin Amurka. A cikin 2018, EMS ta amsa buƙatun gaggawa sama da miliyan 28 911, waɗanda suka ƙunshi fiye da rabin duk kiran gaggawa na EMS don taimako. Har da wasu ayyuka kamar jiran aiki, jigilar likitoci ta sama, da kuma taimakon gaggawa na al'umma, EMS ta amsa buƙatun sabis sama da miliyan 42. Bambance-bambance masu yawa a yawan jama'a, [[Yanayin ƙasar Amurka|yanayin ƙasa]], yanayi da sauran yanayi na iya buƙatar nau'ikan tsarin EMS daban-daban; saboda haka, sau da yawa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin Ayyukan Gaggawa na Lafiya da ake bayarwa a wata jiha da waɗanda ake bayarwa a wata jiha. == Ƙungiya da kuɗaɗen tallafi == === Tsarin bayar da kuɗi === Duk da cewa yawancin ayyuka, a wani mataki, ana ba da kuɗaɗen gwamnati, abin da ke bambanta ayyuka sau da yawa shine yadda ake gudanar da su. Tsarin EMS na iya zama kai tsaye ta al'umma, ko kuma suna iya faɗawa hannun wani mai samar da sabis na ɓangare na uku, kamar kamfani mai zaman kansa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=EMS System &#124; NHTSA EMS |url=http://www.ems.gov/whatisems.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308110607/http://www.ems.gov/whatisems.htm |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2016-02-29}}</ref> Wani rahoto na shekarar 2018 da Kwalejin Haverford ta fitar ya gano cewa yawancin hukumomin EMS (41%) ana kula da su ne ta hannun sassan kashe gobara, sai kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (25%), ayyukan gwamnati marasa kashe gobara (21%), sannan kuma asibitoci (6%). Sauran nau'ikan mallakar sun kai kashi 6% na hukumomin. ==== EMS da ake amfani da shi a bainar jama'a ==== A cikin ɗaya daga cikin tsarin da gwamnati ke amfani da shi, tsarin EMS yana gudanar da shi kai tsaye ta hannun karamar hukuma da take bayarwa. Hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi na iya samar da ayyukan, ko kuma alhakin gwamnatin yanki (ko jiha) ne. Ayyukan da ƙananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa na iya samun kuɗaɗen sabis kuma ana ƙara musu harajin kadarori . A lokuta da yawa, ana ɗaukar tsarin EMS a matsayin ƙarami don yin aiki da kansa, kuma an tsara shi azaman reshe na wani sashen ƙananan hukumomi, kamar sashen [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monterey County EMS |url=http://www.mtyhd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=20&Itemid=209&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001045749/http://www.mtyhd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=20&Itemid=209&lang=en |archive-date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> A cikin ƙananan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su da yawan jama'a ko tushen haraji, irin wannan sabis ɗin ba zai iya aiki ba sai dai idan masu sa kai na al'umma ne ke aiki da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monroe Volunteer EMS website |url=http://www.monroeems.org/ |access-date=2008-10-08}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ƙungiyar masu sa kai na iya samun wasu kuɗaɗe daga harajin ƙananan hukumomi, amma gabaɗaya sun dogara sosai kan gudummawar son rai don biyan kuɗaɗen aiki. Wannan yana ba da babban ƙalubale ga ƙungiyoyin masu sa kai, tunda dole ne a cika ƙa'idodin horo ga ma'aikata, kuma ana bin ƙa'idodin abin hawa da kayan aiki, yayin da ƙungiyar ke yin duk ko mafi yawan kuɗin tara kuɗi nata. Duk da haka, ba tare da kasancewar masu sa kai na musamman ba, ƙananan al'ummomi da yawa a Amurka ba za su iya zama ba tare da tsarin EMS na gida ba kuma ko dai ba za su sami sabis ba ko kuma a tilasta musu su dogara da sabis daga al'ummomi masu nisa. Wani tsarin aiki na EMS da ake gudanarwa a bainar jama'a shine abin da ake kira a masana'antar a matsayin zaɓin "sabis na uku". A cikin wannan zaɓin, maimakon zama wani ɓangare na (ko a wasu lokuta, "ƙari" ga) ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan "gaggawa" na gargajiya (gobara da 'yan sanda), ana tsara sabis ɗin a matsayin wani sashe na [[Ƙaramar hukuma|birni]] daban, mai zaman kansa, tare da ƙungiya wanda zai iya kama da, amma ana gudanar da shi daban-daban daga, ko dai sassan kashe gobara ko na 'yan sanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Orleans EMS |url=http://www.nola.gov/government/ems/ |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> A cikin wani nau'in wannan samfurin, ana iya gane tsarin EMS a matsayin sabis na gaggawa na uku na halal, amma ana bayar da shi ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar kwangila da wata ƙungiya, kamar kamfani mai zaman kansa ko asibiti, maimakon aiki kai tsaye. Wannan samfurin wani lokaci ana kiransa samfurin "ayyukan jama'a". Wannan na iya zama ma'auni mai ceton kuɗi, ko kuma yana iya zama saboda al'umma suna jin cewa ba su da ƙwarewar mazauna don magance matsalolin kulawa da kulawa na likita, da kuma buƙatun doka waɗanda galibi ke kewaye da Sabis na Gaggawa na Lafiya. A wani tsari na EMS da ake gudanarwa a bainar jama'a, ana iya haɗa tsarin cikin ayyukan wani sabis na gaggawa na birni, kamar sashen kashe gobara na gida ko [[Ɗan sanda|sashen 'yan sanda]] . Wannan haɗin gwiwa na iya zama ɓangare ko cikakke. Idan aka haɗa ɓangare, ma'aikatan EMS na iya raba kwata, ayyukan gudanarwa, har ma da umarni da iko tare da ɗayan sabis ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FDNYEMS website |url=http://fdnyems.com/ |access-date=2008-10-08}}</ref> Idan aka haɗa gaba ɗaya, ma'aikatan EMS na iya samun cikakken horo don yin aikin matakin shiga na ɗayan sabis na gaggawa, ko dai aikin kashe gobara ko [[Ɗan sanda|aikin 'yan sanda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland State Police Aviation Command website |url=http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004094925/http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |archive-date=2008-10-04 |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Al'ummomi da yawa suna ganin wannan a matsayin samar da "ƙarin ƙima" ga al'umma, tunda ma'aikatan birni suna cika ayyuka fiye da ɗaya, kuma ba sa yin aiki yadda ya kamata. ==== EMS na sirri/don riba ==== Ayyukan motar asibiti da ke aiki a matsayin masu zaman kansu/don neman riba suna da dogon tarihi a Amurka Sau da yawa, musamman a ƙananan al'ummomi, al'umma suna ganin hidimar motar asibiti a matsayin mafi ƙarancin fifiko fiye da 'yan sanda ko ayyukan kashe gobara, kuma babu abin da ya kamata ya buƙaci tallafin jama'a. Har zuwa lokacin da aka fara aikin likitocin gaggawa a farkon shekarun 1970, ɗaya daga cikin masu samar da sabis na motar asibiti da aka fi sani a Amurka gidan jana'izar al'umma ne. Wannan ya faru ne ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, domin motocin jigila ne kawai ke iya ɗaukar mutum a kwance a lokacin. Ayyukan motar asibiti a lokacin jana'iza wani lokacin ana ƙara musu ayyukan "uwa da amarya", waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da gidajen jana'iza amma suna aiki iri ɗaya da sabis na taksi. Babu ƙa'idodin ƙasa don ayyukan motar asibiti kuma ma'aikata gabaɗaya ba su da horo ko kayan aiki, wanda ke haifar da yawan mace-mace kafin asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kossoff |first=Jackie |date=5 May 2021 |title=Private/For Profit EMS |url=https://www.iamed.com/private-for-profit-ems/ |access-date=29 October 2022 |publisher=IA MED}}</ref> Irin waɗannan kamfanoni suna ci gaba da aiki ta wannan hanyar a wasu wurare, suna ba da ayyukan sufuri na gaggawa, sabis na gaggawa na kuɗi don sabis, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guardian Ambulance Ltd. website |url=http://www.guardianambulance.org/ver_1.html |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> ko kwangilar sabis na motar asibiti na gaggawa ga ƙananan hukumomi, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin kayan aikin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Ambulance Service Ltd website |url=http://www.emergencyambulance.com/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027035037/http://www.emergencyambulance.com/main.html |archive-date=2008-10-27 |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980, an haɗa kamfanonin motar asibiti masu zaman kansu sama da 200 a Amurka a hankali zuwa manyan kamfanonin yanki, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ke ci gaba da aiki a yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acadian Ambulance Company website |url=http://www.acadian.com/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Yayin da wannan yanayin ya ci gaba, sakamakon ya kasance wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da suka rage, wasu ƙananan kamfanonin yanki, da manyan kamfanoni biyu na ƙasashen duniya waɗanda a halin yanzu ke mamaye dukkan masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=American Medical Response website |url=http://www.amr.net/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rural Metro Corporation website |url=http://www.ruralmetro.com/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Waɗannan ayyukan suna ci gaba da aiki a wasu sassan Amurka, ko dai akan kuɗin sabis ga majiyyaci, ko kuma ta hanyar kwangiloli da ƙananan hukumomi. Irin waɗannan kwangiloli galibi suna haifar da aikin kuɗi-don-sabis wanda ƙaramar hukuma ke ba da kuɗaɗen sa, a musanya don garantin aiki mai kyau akan batutuwa kamar ma'aikata, ƙwarewar aiki, albarkatun da ake da su, da lokutan amsawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambulance Service Performance Standards, Kern County, California |url=http://www.co.kern.ca.us/ems/AmbPerfStds_Appvd_Ver2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701204914/http://www.co.kern.ca.us/ems/AmbPerfStds_Appvd_Ver2.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-01 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> ==== Tsarin kulawa ==== Tsarin Kula da Lafiya na Gaggawa a Amurka yawanci yana bin tsarin isar da sabis na Anglo-American (kawo mara lafiya asibiti), sabanin tsarin Franco-Jamusanci (kawo asibiti ga majiyyaci). Baya ga wasu likitoci kaɗan da ke aiki a cikin jirgin Medevac ko kuma suna yin horo ko tabbatar da ingancin lafiya, ba kasafai ake ganin likita yana amsawa da gangan ga wurin gaggawa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dick WF |year=2003 |title=Anglo-American vs. Franco-German emergency medical services system |journal=Prehosp Disaster Med |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=29–35; discussion 35–37 |doi=10.1017/s1049023x00000650 |pmid=14694898 |s2cid=31020961}}</ref> ==== Motar asibiti ta jirgin sama ==== Ana iya gudanar da ayyukan motar asibiti ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta asibiti, <ref>{{Cite web |title=AirLifeDenver website |url=http://www.airlifedenver.com/ |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> yayin da wasu kuma [[Ƙaramar hukuma|gwamnatin]] tarayya, [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jiha]] ko ta ƙananan hukumomi ne ke gudanar da su; ko kuma ta hanyar sassa daban-daban, ciki har da 'yan sandan gida ko na jiha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland State Police Aviation Command website |url=http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004094925/http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |archive-date=2008-10-04 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Parks Police website |url=http://www.nps.gov/uspp/avipag.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041016010137/http://www.nps.gov/uspp/avipag.htm |archive-date=October 16, 2004 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> ko sassan kashe gobara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Los Angeles County Fire Department website |url=http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/EMS/EMS.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924022238/http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/EMS/EMS.asp |archive-date=2008-09-24 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> Irin waɗannan ayyuka ana iya gudanar da su kai tsaye ta kowace daga cikin waɗannan tsarin EMS, ko kuma ana iya ba su kwangila ga wani mai samar da sabis na ɓangare na uku, kamar kamfanin haya jirgin sama. Bugu da ƙari, ba sabon abu ba ne a tilasta wa jiragen sama na sojojin Amurka su yi aiki don samar da tallafin motar asibiti ta iska. Nisa mai faɗi da Amurka ta rufe yana nufin cewa yayin da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na iya zama nau'in isar da sabis ga gaggawa "a wurin", jiragen sama masu fikafikai, gami da ƙananan jiragen sama, galibi ana amfani da su don canja wurin daga asibitocin karkara zuwa wuraren [[Kula da lafiya|kulawa na gaba]] . Waɗannan jiragen galibi suna da ma'aikata iri-iri ciki har da likitoci, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], da ma'aikatan jinya, kuma a wasu lokuta, duka ukun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rasmussen K |date=November 2017 |title=Does Medical Staffing Influence Perceived Safety? An International Survey on Medical Crew Models in Helicopter Emergency Medical Services |url=https://www.airmedicaljournal.com/article/S1067-991X(16)30280-2/fulltext |journal=Air Medical Journal |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.1016/j.amj.2017.09.008 |pmid=29332773 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana ƙara wa sabis na jigilar jiragen sama na gaggawa da na gaggawa, wanda kamfanonin jigilar jiragen sama na musamman za su iya bayarwa, ko kuma kamfanonin haya jiragen sama a matsayin wani aiki na biyu na kasuwanci. 3<gallery widths="250px" heights="180px" perrow="3" caption="Jirgin Sama na Ambulance a Amurka"> Fayil:MCI_Drill_2008_003.jpg|alt=Training with LifeEvac II| Horarwa tare da LifeEvac II Fayil:Tn_DSC01826.JPG| STAT MedEvac Fayil:Aircare.JPG| PHI AirMedical AirCare 2 </gallery> == Tarihi == === Na zamani === An fara aikin motar [[Ambulance|asibiti]] ta Grady a Amurka a [[Atlanta]], Georgia a shekarar 1869. Ma'aikatan Asibitin Grady Memorial sun hau kekunan dawaki da aka tsara musamman don jigilar marasa lafiya da waɗanda suka ji rauni. Rukunin farko na masu aikin sa kai na ceto sun shirya a kusan shekarar 1920 a Roanoke, Virginia, Palmyra, New Jersey, da kuma bakin tekun [[New Jersey]] . A hankali, musamman a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, asibitoci da likitoci sun ɓace daga aikin kafin a kai asibiti, suna bin diddigin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara a tsakiyar birane. Sau da yawa asibitoci ko sashen kashe gobara na birni ne ke kula da waɗannan. Lokaci-lokaci, ana maye gurbin wuraren jana'iza, waɗanda suka kasance hanyar sufuri ta yau da kullun, da sashen kashe gobara, ƙungiyar ceto, da motocin asibiti masu zaman kansu. Kafin shekarun 1970, ba a cika yin aikin motar asibiti ba. Duk da cewa a wasu yankuna, motocin daukar marasa lafiya na daukar marasa lafiya na matakin farko suna aiki, a wasu yankuna, abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mai kula da kayan daki na yankin, wanda ke da motoci daya tilo da mutum zai iya kwanciya a ciki, yana gudanar da shagon kayan daki na yankin (inda yake yin akwatin gawa a gefe) da kuma na'urar daukar marasa lafiya ta yankin. === Ci gaban ayyukan zamani === Fitowar binciken Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1966, "Mutuwa da Nakasa a Haɗari: Cutar da Aka Saka a Hannun Jama'ar Zamani", (wanda aka sani a fannin EMS a matsayin Farin Takarda ) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaston SR |date=March 1971 |title=Accidental death and disability: the neglected disease of modern society. A progress report |journal=J Trauma |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1097/00005373-197103000-00001 |pmid=5545943}}</ref> ya haifar da haɗakar ƙoƙari don inganta kulawar gaggawa ta likita a wuraren da ba a kai asibiti ba. Binciken ya gano cewa za a iya hana mace-mace da yawa marasa amfani ta hanyar haɗakar ilimin al'umma, tsauraran ƙa'idojin tsaro, da kuma ingantattun jiyya kafin a kai asibiti. Peter Safar, wanda aka haifa a Austria, ƙwararren likitan sa barci ne a Jami'ar Pittsburgh, ya kasance majagaba a fannin CPR wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar Sashen Kula da Lafiya Mai Tsanani na Asibiti na zamani (ICU). 'Yarsa ta mutu a shekarar 1966 sakamakon kamuwa da cutar asma yayin jigilar ta daga gidanta zuwa asibiti. A martanin da ya bayar, ya tsara motar asibiti mai ɗauke da kayan aikin likita da kuma tsarin fenti. Ya kuma tsara tsarin farko mai cikakken tsari don horar da ma'aikatan jinya. <ref name="MEN">{{Cite web |last=Waxman |first=Olivia B. |title=The Little-Known History of the Black Men Who Became America's First Paramedics |url=https://time.com/6215072/first-paramedics-black-men-history/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=time.com |publisher=Time, USA}}</ref> Sabis na Ambulance na Safar na Freedom House shine sabis na gaggawa na farko a Amurka da ma'aikatan jinya ke ɗaukar ma'aikata tare da horon likita fiye da taimakon farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corry |first=Megan |last2=Keyes |first2=Casey |last3=Page |first3=David |date=March 2013 |title=Reviving Freedom House. How the storied ambulance company has been reborn |journal=JEMS: A Journal of Emergency Medical Services |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=70–75 |issn=0197-2510 |pmid=23717921}}</ref> Daraktan lafiya na Freedom House Nancy Caroline ta rubuta littafin horo na EMS wanda aka karɓa a matsayin ma'aunin ƙasa. <ref name="MEN" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Dr. R Adams Cowley ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar shirin EMS na farko a duk faɗin ƙasar, a Maryland. Ana kiran tsarin da Sashen Ayyukan Lafiya na Gaggawa (wanda yanzu aka sani da ''[http://www.miemss.org/ Cibiyar Ayyukan Lafiya na Gaggawa ta Maryland]'' ). Haka kuma a shekarar 1969, Cowley ya sami jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na soja don taimakawa wajen jigilar marasa lafiya cikin sauri zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Rauni (wanda yanzu aka sani da Cibiyar R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center ), wani asibiti na musamman da ya fara don magance girgiza . Wannan sabis ɗin ba wai kawai shine shirin EMS na farko a duk faɗin jihar ba, har ma shine farkon jigilar helikwafta na gaggawa na likita a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224082924/http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html |archive-date=December 24, 2005}}</ref> Shirin farko na helikwafta na likitanci na farar hula da ke aiki a asibiti a Amurka, Flight For Life Colorado, ya fara ne a shekarar 1972 da jirgin helikwafta guda ɗaya na Alouette III, wanda ke aiki a Asibitin St. Anthony Central da ke Denver, Colorado. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight for Life Colorado website |url=http://www.flightforlifecolorado.org/index.php?s=5 |access-date=2008-10-01}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka ce ke tantance ƙa'idodin EMS na ƙasa don Amurka kuma Ma'aikatar EMS ta kowace jiha (yawanci a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ), kuma Kwamitocin Ba da Shawara kan Lafiya na Yanki (yawanci a yankunan karkara) ko wasu kwamitoci, ko ma masu samar da EMS daban-daban suna canza su. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri Rijistar Ƙasa ta Masu Fasaha na Gaggawa ta Lafiya, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, a cikin 1970 bisa shawarar Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson a ƙoƙarin samar da takardar shaida da aka amince da ita a ƙasa ga masu samar da kayayyaki da kuma yarjejeniya a duk faɗin ƙasar kan yarjejeniyoyi. A halin yanzu, ana karɓar takardar shaidar Rijistar Ƙasa a wasu sassan Amurka, yayin da wasu yankuna har yanzu suna da nasu yarjejeniyoyi da manhajojin horo daban-daban. Musamman ma, a jihar [[California]] ta Amurka, a [[Seattle]], jihar [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] ( Medic One ), da kuma a [[Miami]], ayyukan sun fara haɗawa da ma'aikatan jinya a cikin martanin EMS a farkon shekarun 1970. Ƙungiyoyi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Charlottesville, Virginia da Portland, Oregon suma sun kasance farkon waɗanda suka fara horon gaggawa na likitanci kafin asibiti. Duk da adawa daga masu kashe gobara da likitoci, shirin ya sami karɓuwa yayin da ingancinsa ya bayyana a fili. Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun shahara sosai a Arewacin Amurka a shekarun 1970 tare da shirin talabijin [[NBC|na NBC]], ''Emergency!'' wanda, a wani ɓangare, ya biyo bayan balaguron ma'aikatan jinya biyu na Sashen Kashe Gobara na Gundumar Los Angeles yayin da suke mayar da martani ga nau'ikan [[Maganin gaggawa|gaggawa na likita]] daban-daban. James O. Page ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha na jerin kuma ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na haɓaka EMS a Amurka. Shahararren wannan jerin ya ƙarfafa sauran al'ummomi su kafa nasu ayyukan. === Karanci === A ƙarni na 21, al'ummomin karkara waɗanda ke da raguwar yawan jama'a sun fuskanci ƙarin matsaloli wajen neman masu sa kai na EMS, yayin da yawan jama'ar yankin ke tsufa kuma suna da ƙarin matsalolin lafiya. Daga 2005 zuwa tsakiyar 2019, asibitoci 160 na karkara sun rufe, da yawa a jihohin da ba su faɗaɗa Medicare a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ba, wanda ya haifar da tsawaita lokacin tuƙi ga EMS. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=What if you call 911 and no one comes? Inside the collapse of America's EMS services. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/there-s-shortage-volunteer-ems-workers-ambulances-rural-america-n1068556 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Annobar COVID-19 a Amurka ta haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin aiki, matsin lamba a wurin aiki, da kuma yawan ma'aikata, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin ma'aikatan EMS a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="crippling">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2021 |title=EMS services warn of 'crippling labor shortage' undermining 911 system |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ems-services-warn-crippling-labor-shortage-undermining-911-system-rcna2677 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Abin da ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar shi ne dakatar da horo na ɗan lokaci, ɗaukar ma'aikatan jinya da asibitoci ke yi, da kuma ƙarin albashi a wasu fannoni da ke fuskantar ƙarancin ma'aikata kuma ba bisa ƙa'idar gwamnati ba. <ref name="crippling" /> == Haɗarin lafiyar sana'a == === Hadarin da aka saba === Ma'aikatan Sabis na Gaggawa na Lafiya suna fuskantar [[Hadarin aiki|haɗarin aiki]] da yawa saboda yawan aiki da kuma canje-canje a duk tsawon ranar aikinsu. Waɗannan haɗarin galibi suna kama da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . EMS yawanci yana zuwa kafin a kawar da muhalli daga sinadarai, halittu, da [[Hadarin jiki|haɗarin jiki]] . Wannan yana sanya ma'aikata cikin haɗari fiye da idan suna cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi kamar [[asibiti]] . Raunin da ma'aikatan EMS suka fi samu shine rauni da rauni. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-23 |title=Emergency Medical Services Clinician Injury Data |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ems/data/index.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Emergency Medical Services |language=en-us}}</ref> Masu ba da sabis suna ɗaga abubuwa masu nauyi da yawa, gami da mutane da kayan aiki. Yanayin damuwa mai yawa na iya haifar da rauni daga tashin hankali ga ma'aikatan EMS. <ref name=":02" /> A cikin binciken haɗarin aiki ga ma'aikatan EMS, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikatan EMS sun fuskanci wani nau'in tashin hankali a wurin aiki cikin watanni 12. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Jonathan R. |last2=Cash |first2=Rebecca E. |last3=Kurth |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Gage |first4=Christopher B. |last5=Mercer |first5=Christopher B. |last6=Panchal |first6=Ashish R. |date=2023-11-01 |title=National examination of occupational hazards in emergency medical services |url=https://oem.bmj.com/content/80/11/644 |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=644–649 |doi=10.1136/oemed-2023-109053 |issn=1351-0711 |pmc=10646910 |pmid=37833069}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da zagi, naushi, da tofa. Duk da cewa duk waɗannan [[Hadarin jiki|haɗarin lafiyar jiki]] ne, tofa kuma yana iya zama haɗarin halitta, yaɗa cututtuka masu yaɗuwa. Hulɗa da jinin majiyyaci kuma na iya zama babban haɗari ga ma'aikatan lafiya na gaggawa. <ref name=":12" /> <ref name=":2" /> Jini na iya ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke yaɗa cututtuka kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] da [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Why is Blood Biohazardous {{!}} Eco Medical |url=https://www.ecomedicalwaste.com/blog-posts/why-blood-biohazardous#:~:text=%E2%80%8DWhy%20is%20Blood%20a%20Biohazard?&text=Blood%20is%20a%20biohazard%20due,bacteria,%20viruses,%20and%20parasites.&text=Activities%20that%20involve%20the%20exchange,fluids%20can%20transmit%20bloodborne%20pathogens. |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.ecomedicalwaste.com}}</ref> Waɗannan haɗarin na iya kamawa daga [[Dafi|abubuwa masu guba]] daga zubewa ko fashewar gilashi da ƙarfe mai kaifi daga fashewa ko haɗarin ababen hawa. Ma'aikata suna amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta kamar bleach ko kayayyakin da aka yi da barasa lokacin da suke tsaftacewa da amfani da ingantattun ka'idojin tsaro, waɗanda za su iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiya. === Sakamako === Saboda kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin EMS, masu samar da sabis suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Wasu daga cikinsu sune [[Hepatitis C]] da [[Hepatitis B|B]], HIV, [[Agana|Smallpox]], da [[Influenza]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bitely |first=Colton |date=Oct 11, 2019 |title=EMS Disease Exposure, Transmission, and Prevention: a Review Article |journal=Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=135–140 |doi=10.1007/s40138-019-00200-6 |pmc=7100409 |pmid=32226658}}</ref> Ba wai kawai suna cikin haɗarin rashin lafiya ba, har ma da raunuka na jiki, ko dai daga rikici da marasa lafiya ko kuma daga ɗaga nauyi, na iya haifar da hutun da ake buƙata daga aiki. Wannan yana sanya ma'aikata cikin haɗarin matsalar kuɗi ko kuma a kore su. Damuwa da ma'aikatan gaggawa ke fuskanta, kamar kallon wahalar ɗan adam/mutuwa da yanayin aikin da ba a iya faɗi ba, na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci ga lafiyar kwakwalwarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NRP |first=Taylor Shearer BS |date=2022-05-05 |title=A Frontline Battle: The Mental Health Crisis in Emergency Medical Services |url=https://www.jems.com/mental-health-wellness/a-frontline-battle-the-mental-health-crisis-in-emergency-medical-services/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=JEMS: EMS, Emergency Medical Services - Training, Paramedic, EMT News |language=en-US}}</ref> Damuwa a kan aiki na iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa na tunani, matsalolin zuciya, da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=jli0814 |date=2023-02-08 |title=EMS Burnout and Mental Health |url=https://naemsp.org/2023-2-1-ems-burnout-and-mental-health/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=NAEMSP |language=en-US}}</ref> Damuwa kuma na iya haifar da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]], wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga yawan kashe kansa. <ref name=":0" /> Cutar COVID-19 ta ƙara ta'azzara waɗannan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin ma'aikatan EMS saboda ƙaruwar damuwa a fagen aiki da ƙarancin albarkatu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awais |first=Shehar Bano |last2=Martins |first2=Russell Seth |last3=Khan |first3=Muhammad Shameel |date=February 2021 |title=Paramedics in pandemics: protecting the mental wellness of those behind enemy lines |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/paramedics-in-pandemics-protecting-the-mental-wellness-of-those-behind-enemy-lines/C0B1C08CF27CF1AD95EAC18B43D35E21 |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=75–76 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2020.193 |issn=0007-1250 |pmid=33092658}}</ref> === Dabaru na rage radadi === Abin farin ciki, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da aka tabbatar don taimakawa wajen rage raunin ma'aikatan EMS da kuma fallasa haɗarin aiki. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ce ke tsara rage haɗari ga EMS a Amurka. Dokokin OSHA galibi suna dogara ne akan binciken da NIOSH ta samar ko ta amince da shi, wata hukuma ce da ke cikin CDC . Jihohi ashirin da ɗaya na Amurka suna da jagororin musamman na jihohi waɗanda suka fi takamaiman kuma cikakke fiye da buƙatun tarayya kuma saboda haka OSHA ta amince da su. Wani sashe na Hukumar Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA), Hukumar Kashe Gobara ta Amurka, ya buga jagororin da aka yi niyya don rage haɗarin aiki a cikin EMS. Hukumar NHTSA, wani ɓangare na hukumar DOT ta tarayya, ta kuma buga sakamakon bincike da yawa na musamman na EMS, bayanai, da jagorori ta hanyar Ofishin EMS ɗinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.ems.gov/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=EMS.gov |language=en}}</ref> Hukumomin ba da shawara sun amince kan dabarun rage tasirin cutar. * Samar wa ma'aikata ayyuka da nauyin da ke kansu na iya rage yiwuwar ma'aikata su shiga cikin halayen da ke haifar da babban haɗari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zara |first=Jamil |last2=Nordin |first2=Shahrina Md |last3=Isha |first3=Ahmad Shahrul Nizam |date=2023-08-08 |title=Influence of communication determinants on safety commitment in a high-risk workplace: a systematic literature review of four communication dimensions |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1125995Z |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1225995 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=10442955 |pmid=37614453 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Tsarin ɗagawa lafiya, amfani da fasaha/ [[Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics|kayan aikin ergonomic]], da ƙarin ma'aikata na iya rage katsewa da gajiya daga ɗagawa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Jonathan R. |last2=Cash |first2=Rebecca E. |last3=Kurth |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Gage |first4=Christopher B. |last5=Mercer |first5=Christopher B. |last6=Panchal |first6=Ashish R. |date=2023-11-01 |title=National examination of occupational hazards in emergency medical services |url=https://oem.bmj.com/content/80/11/644 |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=644–649 |doi=10.1136/oemed-2023-109053 |issn=1351-0711 |pmc=10646910 |pmid=37833069}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPowellCashKurthGage2023">Powell, Jonathan R.; Cash, Rebecca E.; Kurth, Jordan D.; Gage, Christopher B.; Mercer, Christopher B.; Panchal, Ashish R. (2023-11-01). [https://oem.bmj.com/content/80/11/644 "National examination of occupational hazards in emergency medical services"]. ''Occupational and Environmental Medicine''. '''80''' (11): <span class="nowrap">644–</span>649. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/oemed-2023-109053|10.1136/oemed-2023-109053]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0711 1351-0711]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10646910 10646910]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37833069 37833069].</cite></ref> * Kariya daga cututtuka masu haɗari (PPE), na'urorin kariya na musamman, da kuma ayyukan kawar da gurɓataccen iska na iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-23 |title=About EMS Clinician Safety |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ems/about/index.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Emergency Medical Services |language=en-us}}</ref> * Dabaru na rage radadi, hana marasa lafiya, da kuma barin jami'an tsaro su tsare wuraren tashin hankali na iya rage haɗarin cin zarafi ta jiki ga EMS. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maguire |first=Brian J. |last2=O’Neill |first2=Barbara J. |last3=O’Meara |first3=Peter |last4=Browne |first4=Matthew |last5=Dealy |first5=Michael T. |date=July 2018 |title=Preventing EMS workplace violence: A mixed-methods analysis of insights from assaulted medics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2018.05.007 |journal=Injury |volume=49 |issue=7 |pages=1258–1265 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2018.05.007 |issn=0020-1383 |pmid=29861309 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Samun salon rayuwa mai kyau, tsarin tallafawa zamantakewa, da kuma neman tallafin takwarorinsu na iya rage damuwa mai tsanani daga gaggawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Disaster Responder Stress Management |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/dtac/disaster-response-template-toolkit/disaster-responder-stress-management |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.samhsa.gov |language=en}}</ref> * Horarwa sosai, rage amfani da fitilu da siren da ba dole ba, da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da abubuwan da ke hana mutum yin abin da ya dace na iya rage haɗarin rauni daga karo ko haɗari a cikin abin hawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rwym5xnkimlvde07hxl8m2omjdet9sq 0 157398 856956 2026-06-14T11:43:57Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1080642871|Victoria Falls Power Station]]" 856956 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]]''' tashar wutar lantarki ce a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] a Livingstone, Zambia . Tana cikin gorge na uku a ƙasa da Victoria Falls kuma ta ƙunshi tashoshin wutar lantarki guda uku tare da jimlar ƙarfin {{Convert|108|MW}} : * Tashar A, wacce aka ba da izini a 1936, tana da ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|8|MW}} : 2 x {{Convert|1|MW}} da 2 x {{Convert|3|MW}} injuna. * Tashar B, wacce aka ba da izini a shekarar 1968, tana da ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|60|MW}} : 6 x {{Convert|10|MW}} injuna. * Tashar C, kuma an ba da izini a 1968, tana da ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|40|MW}} : 4 x {{Convert|10|MW}} injuna). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-17 |title=ZESCO website: Generation&Transmission |url=http://www.zesco.co.zm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024132219/http://www.zesco.co.zm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid= |archive-date=October 24, 2010 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=www.zesco.co.zm}}</ref> Tashar mallakar Zesco ce kuma tana sarrafa ta, kamfanin wutar lantarki na jihar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1tr1pg6gw2ja1bcc9b2hlrr4dsjca9c 0 157399 856957 2026-06-14T11:44:46Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: [[Tunisia]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan bi... 856957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisia]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> sdwte19qxszufnfrs5a209wn0l1uf4n 856961 856957 2026-06-14T11:44:57Z Sirjat 20447 856961 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> 311vx5cvm9s0bsnrlw59yzkjf6z29gk 856962 856961 2026-06-14T11:45:42Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dorewar samar da ruwa */ 856962 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} dktelomzaytgmtz2jbyndnwkmo0r7km 856966 856962 2026-06-14T11:46:20Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ruwa mai dadi */ 856966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 5r26w99erflvjgokdkrgcckcmbvyjcc 856970 856966 2026-06-14T11:46:54Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia */ 856970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 |- | Ruwan karkashin kasa | 2140 | 2140 | 1576 | 1818 | 1860 | 1900 | 1940 |- | Jimilla | 4840 | 4640 | 2755 | 3694 | 4060 | 4300 | 4440 |- | Adadin sarrafawa (%) | | | 59 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 96 |} === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === A shekarar 2003, Ma'aikatar Noma ta fitar da Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plan) don fannin ruwa.<ref name="PSP"/> An gano tare da aiwatar da manyan hanyoyin dabaru guda biyu: shirin shekaru 10 na tattara albarkatun ruwa (2001-2011) wanda aka fara shi a karon farko a shekarar 1990, da kuma shirin na dogon lokaci (2030). A shekarar 2023, yayin da kasar ke cikin shekara ta hudu na fari, Sonede wato kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati ya fara rarraba ruwa ta hanyar kayade lokaci, inda yake yanke manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa tsakanin karfe 9 na dare zuwa karfe 4 na safe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Speakman Cordall |title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en-GB |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> == Nauyi a kan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ke tsara manufofi game da albarkatun ruwa na asali a Tunisia, yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai Dorewa ke kula da tsaftace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa, da tsara ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="governance"/> Sashen ayyukan injiniyan ruwa na ma'aikatar, wato ''Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques'' (DGBGTH), shi ne ke da alhakin gina manyan ayyukan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="treated"/> === Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa === Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Arewacin Afirka, Tunisia ta dade da kirkiro tare da amfani da dokoki da tsare-tsare masu yawa game da albarkatun ruwanta. Babban Tsarin Ruwa (WMP) ya kasance tun kafin shekarar 1970, lokacin da aka fara tsara WMP na farko don sassan Arewacin Tunisia, kasancewar wannan shi ne yankin da ya kunshi mafi yawan albarkatu da ayyukan da suka dangance su. Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar sun biyo baya a shekarun 1977 da 1983. Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ta kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da rarraba albarkatun ruwa. [[Image:Oued Mliz.jpg|250px|thumb|Wani kogi a kasar Tunisia]] Kasancewar albarkatun ruwan Tunisia na da rauni sosai ya haifar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka da dama da ke da nufin inganta amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, manyan matsaloli da mahimman dabarun aiki an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin rahoton kasar Tunisia kan fannin ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen da suka dace, za a iya fitar da wadannan manufofi na kasa:<ref name="etat">Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006</ref> a) Ci gaba da bunkasawa da tattara albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai domin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. b) Hadaddiyar gudanarwa na albarkatun ruwa, musamman inganta tura yawan ruwan da ya wuce kima daga lokutan damina zuwa lokutan [[drought|fari]]. c) Tsimon ruwa da sarrafa bukatarsa a dukkan fanni. d) Kara bunkasa albarkatun ruwa wadanda ba na asali ba ta hanyar fadada amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta a fannin noma da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan tekun don amfani a dukkan fannoni. e) Kare albarkatun ruwa daga [[pollution|gurbacewa]] da kuma [[over-exploitation|yin amfani da su fiye da kima]]. Domin cika wadannan manufofi, an sanya manyan dabaru guda uku: 1. Shirin Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa na Shekaru Goma (1990–2000): Babban fifiko na wannan dabarar shi ne kara yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa. Gina sama da 200 na kanana da manyan madatsun ruwa gami da haka rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi sama da 1000 sun haifar da ingantuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwan Tunisia daga 60% a shekarar 1990 zuwa 87.5% a shekarar 2004. Jimillar kudaden da aka ware wa wannan tsarin ya kai 2000 MTD (Miliyan Dinarin Tunisia) = dalar Amurka miliyan 1678<ref>http://www.waehrungsrechner.de (6 January 2004 or 1 June 2004){{vague|date=January 2010}}<!--06.01.2004 is ambiguous--> 1 Tunisian dinar&nbsp;= $0.83879</ref>). 2. Tsarin cikon aiki (2001–2011): Wannan dabarar tana kokarin tabbatar da manufofin dogon lokaci, musamman dorewar daidaito tsakanin bukata da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Kusan yana kunshe da matakai iri daya idan aka kwatanta da dabarar tattara ruwa ta farko, da nufin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. bqmkn494rog4k8itn89ly9d1f5g859j 856973 856970 2026-06-14T11:47:19Z Sirjat 20447 /* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa */ 856973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 |- | Ruwan karkashin kasa | 2140 | 2140 | 1576 | 1818 | 1860 | 1900 | 1940 |- | Jimilla | 4840 | 4640 | 2755 | 3694 | 4060 | 4300 | 4440 |- | Adadin sarrafawa (%) | | | 59 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 96 |} === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === A shekarar 2003, Ma'aikatar Noma ta fitar da Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plan) don fannin ruwa.<ref name="PSP"/> An gano tare da aiwatar da manyan hanyoyin dabaru guda biyu: shirin shekaru 10 na tattara albarkatun ruwa (2001-2011) wanda aka fara shi a karon farko a shekarar 1990, da kuma shirin na dogon lokaci (2030). A shekarar 2023, yayin da kasar ke cikin shekara ta hudu na fari, Sonede wato kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati ya fara rarraba ruwa ta hanyar kayade lokaci, inda yake yanke manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa tsakanin karfe 9 na dare zuwa karfe 4 na safe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Speakman Cordall |title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en-GB |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> == Nauyi a kan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ke tsara manufofi game da albarkatun ruwa na asali a Tunisia, yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai Dorewa ke kula da tsaftace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa, da tsara ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="governance"/> Sashen ayyukan injiniyan ruwa na ma'aikatar, wato ''Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques'' (DGBGTH), shi ne ke da alhakin gina manyan ayyukan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="treated"/> === Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa === Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Arewacin Afirka, Tunisia ta dade da kirkiro tare da amfani da dokoki da tsare-tsare masu yawa game da albarkatun ruwanta. Babban Tsarin Ruwa (WMP) ya kasance tun kafin shekarar 1970, lokacin da aka fara tsara WMP na farko don sassan Arewacin Tunisia, kasancewar wannan shi ne yankin da ya kunshi mafi yawan albarkatu da ayyukan da suka dangance su. Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar sun biyo baya a shekarun 1977 da 1983. Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ta kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da rarraba albarkatun ruwa. [[Image:Oued Mliz.jpg|250px|thumb|Wani kogi a kasar Tunisia]] Kasancewar albarkatun ruwan Tunisia na da rauni sosai ya haifar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka da dama da ke da nufin inganta amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, manyan matsaloli da mahimman dabarun aiki an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin rahoton kasar Tunisia kan fannin ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen da suka dace, za a iya fitar da wadannan manufofi na kasa:<ref name="etat">Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006</ref> a) Ci gaba da bunkasawa da tattara albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai domin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. b) Hadaddiyar gudanarwa na albarkatun ruwa, musamman inganta tura yawan ruwan da ya wuce kima daga lokutan damina zuwa lokutan [[drought|fari]]. c) Tsimon ruwa da sarrafa bukatarsa a dukkan fanni. d) Kara bunkasa albarkatun ruwa wadanda ba na asali ba ta hanyar fadada amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta a fannin noma da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan tekun don amfani a dukkan fannoni. e) Kare albarkatun ruwa daga [[pollution|gurbacewa]] da kuma [[over-exploitation|yin amfani da su fiye da kima]]. Domin cika wadannan manufofi, an sanya manyan dabaru guda uku: 1. Shirin Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa na Shekaru Goma (1990–2000): Babban fifiko na wannan dabarar shi ne kara yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa. Gina sama da 200 na kanana da manyan madatsun ruwa gami da haka rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi sama da 1000 sun haifar da ingantuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwan Tunisia daga 60% a shekarar 1990 zuwa 87.5% a shekarar 2004. Jimillar kudaden da aka ware wa wannan tsarin ya kai 2000 MTD (Miliyan Dinarin Tunisia) = dalar Amurka miliyan 1678<ref>http://www.waehrungsrechner.de (6 January 2004 or 1 June 2004){{vague|date=January 2010}}<!--06.01.2004 is ambiguous--> 1 Tunisian dinar&nbsp;= $0.83879</ref>). 2. Tsarin cikon aiki (2001–2011): Wannan dabarar tana kokarin tabbatar da manufofin dogon lokaci, musamman dorewar daidaito tsakanin bukata da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Kusan yana kunshe da matakai iri daya idan aka kwatanta da dabarar tattara ruwa ta farko, da nufin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. Bugu da kari, dabarar tana ba da fifiko kan matakan daidaitawa tsakanin shekarun damina da na fari, matakan kiyaye ruwa da kasa, da kuma sake cika rumbunan [[aquifer|ruwan karkashin kasa]]. Wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kasu kashi biyu na tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar-biyar, wato tsarin ci gaba na X (2002-2006) da kuma tsarin ci gaba na XI (2007-2011). 3. Shirin dogon lokaci (har zuwa 2030): Shirin na dogon lokaci ya ginu ne a kan Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plans) na arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Tunisia da aka bayyana a sashi na 2. Dabarar ta kunshi bincike mai yawa da shirye-shiryen nazari da nufin tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata zuwa dogon lokaci. === Samar da ayyuka === ====Samar da ruwa= tnbwycpno54s20hhx7qm1ssbedfxdoz 856980 856973 2026-06-14T11:49:46Z Sirjat 20447 /* Samar da ayyuka */ 856980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 |- | Ruwan karkashin kasa | 2140 | 2140 | 1576 | 1818 | 1860 | 1900 | 1940 |- | Jimilla | 4840 | 4640 | 2755 | 3694 | 4060 | 4300 | 4440 |- | Adadin sarrafawa (%) | | | 59 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 96 |} === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === A shekarar 2003, Ma'aikatar Noma ta fitar da Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plan) don fannin ruwa.<ref name="PSP"/> An gano tare da aiwatar da manyan hanyoyin dabaru guda biyu: shirin shekaru 10 na tattara albarkatun ruwa (2001-2011) wanda aka fara shi a karon farko a shekarar 1990, da kuma shirin na dogon lokaci (2030). A shekarar 2023, yayin da kasar ke cikin shekara ta hudu na fari, Sonede wato kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati ya fara rarraba ruwa ta hanyar kayade lokaci, inda yake yanke manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa tsakanin karfe 9 na dare zuwa karfe 4 na safe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Speakman Cordall |title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en-GB |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> == Nauyi a kan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ke tsara manufofi game da albarkatun ruwa na asali a Tunisia, yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai Dorewa ke kula da tsaftace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa, da tsara ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="governance"/> Sashen ayyukan injiniyan ruwa na ma'aikatar, wato ''Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques'' (DGBGTH), shi ne ke da alhakin gina manyan ayyukan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="treated"/> === Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa === Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Arewacin Afirka, Tunisia ta dade da kirkiro tare da amfani da dokoki da tsare-tsare masu yawa game da albarkatun ruwanta. Babban Tsarin Ruwa (WMP) ya kasance tun kafin shekarar 1970, lokacin da aka fara tsara WMP na farko don sassan Arewacin Tunisia, kasancewar wannan shi ne yankin da ya kunshi mafi yawan albarkatu da ayyukan da suka dangance su. Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar sun biyo baya a shekarun 1977 da 1983. Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ta kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da rarraba albarkatun ruwa. [[Image:Oued Mliz.jpg|250px|thumb|Wani kogi a kasar Tunisia]] Kasancewar albarkatun ruwan Tunisia na da rauni sosai ya haifar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka da dama da ke da nufin inganta amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, manyan matsaloli da mahimman dabarun aiki an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin rahoton kasar Tunisia kan fannin ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen da suka dace, za a iya fitar da wadannan manufofi na kasa:<ref name="etat">Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006</ref> a) Ci gaba da bunkasawa da tattara albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai domin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. b) Hadaddiyar gudanarwa na albarkatun ruwa, musamman inganta tura yawan ruwan da ya wuce kima daga lokutan damina zuwa lokutan [[drought|fari]]. c) Tsimon ruwa da sarrafa bukatarsa a dukkan fanni. d) Kara bunkasa albarkatun ruwa wadanda ba na asali ba ta hanyar fadada amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta a fannin noma da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan tekun don amfani a dukkan fannoni. e) Kare albarkatun ruwa daga [[pollution|gurbacewa]] da kuma [[over-exploitation|yin amfani da su fiye da kima]]. Domin cika wadannan manufofi, an sanya manyan dabaru guda uku: 1. Shirin Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa na Shekaru Goma (1990–2000): Babban fifiko na wannan dabarar shi ne kara yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa. Gina sama da 200 na kanana da manyan madatsun ruwa gami da haka rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi sama da 1000 sun haifar da ingantuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwan Tunisia daga 60% a shekarar 1990 zuwa 87.5% a shekarar 2004. Jimillar kudaden da aka ware wa wannan tsarin ya kai 2000 MTD (Miliyan Dinarin Tunisia) = dalar Amurka miliyan 1678<ref>http://www.waehrungsrechner.de (6 January 2004 or 1 June 2004){{vague|date=January 2010}}<!--06.01.2004 is ambiguous--> 1 Tunisian dinar&nbsp;= $0.83879</ref>). 2. Tsarin cikon aiki (2001–2011): Wannan dabarar tana kokarin tabbatar da manufofin dogon lokaci, musamman dorewar daidaito tsakanin bukata da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Kusan yana kunshe da matakai iri daya idan aka kwatanta da dabarar tattara ruwa ta farko, da nufin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. Bugu da kari, dabarar tana ba da fifiko kan matakan daidaitawa tsakanin shekarun damina da na fari, matakan kiyaye ruwa da kasa, da kuma sake cika rumbunan [[aquifer|ruwan karkashin kasa]]. Wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kasu kashi biyu na tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar-biyar, wato tsarin ci gaba na X (2002-2006) da kuma tsarin ci gaba na XI (2007-2011). 3. Shirin dogon lokaci (har zuwa 2030): Shirin na dogon lokaci ya ginu ne a kan Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plans) na arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Tunisia da aka bayyana a sashi na 2. Dabarar ta kunshi bincike mai yawa da shirye-shiryen nazari da nufin tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata zuwa dogon lokaci. ===Samar da Ayyuka=== ====Ruwan sha==== Hukumar SONEDE ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a Tunisiya. Wannan hukuma ce ta jama’a mai zaman kanta wacce ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma’aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa.<ref name="mapping">Mapping the Accountability Framework of a Utility to Actors in the Environment, Capacity Building Module, attributes of well-performing water utilities, case study Tunisia</ref> Shirye-shirye da saka jari don rarraba ruwan sha a yankunan karkara ana gudanar da su ta hannun *Direction Générale du Genie Rurale* (DGGR), tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (*Groupements d’intérêt collectif – GIC*).<ref name="PSP"/> Sashen ruwan sha a Tunisiya bai samu shiga daga kamfanonin masu zaman kansu sosai ba. Har zuwa yanzu, shiga masu zaman kansu ya takaitu ne ga shirye-shiryen kwangila kaɗan, kamar tsaro da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP"/> ====Tsaftar Muhalli==== Hukumar ONAS ce ke da alhakin tsaftar muhalli a birane, yankunan masana’antu da wuraren yawon buɗe ido. An kafa ta a shekarar 1974 domin gudanar da sashen tsafta, kuma tun daga 1993 ta zama babban mai kula da kariyar muhalli da yaki da gurbatar ruwa. Ayyukan ONAS sun haɗa da:<ref name="contribution"/> * Yaki da gurbatar ruwa * Tsarawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tsafta da aikin tace ruwan sharar gida da magudanar ruwan sama * Gina, gudanar da aiki da kuma kula da wuraren tsafta da aka ɗora mata ta hanyar doka * Sayarwa da rarraba kayayyakin da suka fito daga tace ruwan sharar gida da laka Sashen Injiniyan Karkara ne ke da alhakin tsafta a yankunan karkara da ONAS ba ta rufe, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke da alhakin tattara da zubar da shara da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.<ref name="PSP"/> ====Samar da ruwa= h3v78kl3bwbznceu7podubjjl802sts 856983 856980 2026-06-14T11:52:51Z Sirjat 20447 /* ===Samar da ruwa */ 856983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 |- | Ruwan karkashin kasa | 2140 | 2140 | 1576 | 1818 | 1860 | 1900 | 1940 |- | Jimilla | 4840 | 4640 | 2755 | 3694 | 4060 | 4300 | 4440 |- | Adadin sarrafawa (%) | | | 59 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 96 |} === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === A shekarar 2003, Ma'aikatar Noma ta fitar da Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plan) don fannin ruwa.<ref name="PSP"/> An gano tare da aiwatar da manyan hanyoyin dabaru guda biyu: shirin shekaru 10 na tattara albarkatun ruwa (2001-2011) wanda aka fara shi a karon farko a shekarar 1990, da kuma shirin na dogon lokaci (2030). A shekarar 2023, yayin da kasar ke cikin shekara ta hudu na fari, Sonede wato kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati ya fara rarraba ruwa ta hanyar kayade lokaci, inda yake yanke manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa tsakanin karfe 9 na dare zuwa karfe 4 na safe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Speakman Cordall |title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en-GB |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> == Nauyi a kan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ke tsara manufofi game da albarkatun ruwa na asali a Tunisia, yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai Dorewa ke kula da tsaftace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa, da tsara ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="governance"/> Sashen ayyukan injiniyan ruwa na ma'aikatar, wato ''Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques'' (DGBGTH), shi ne ke da alhakin gina manyan ayyukan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="treated"/> === Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa === Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Arewacin Afirka, Tunisia ta dade da kirkiro tare da amfani da dokoki da tsare-tsare masu yawa game da albarkatun ruwanta. Babban Tsarin Ruwa (WMP) ya kasance tun kafin shekarar 1970, lokacin da aka fara tsara WMP na farko don sassan Arewacin Tunisia, kasancewar wannan shi ne yankin da ya kunshi mafi yawan albarkatu da ayyukan da suka dangance su. Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar sun biyo baya a shekarun 1977 da 1983. Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ta kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da rarraba albarkatun ruwa. [[Image:Oued Mliz.jpg|250px|thumb|Wani kogi a kasar Tunisia]] Kasancewar albarkatun ruwan Tunisia na da rauni sosai ya haifar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka da dama da ke da nufin inganta amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, manyan matsaloli da mahimman dabarun aiki an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin rahoton kasar Tunisia kan fannin ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen da suka dace, za a iya fitar da wadannan manufofi na kasa:<ref name="etat">Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006</ref> a) Ci gaba da bunkasawa da tattara albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai domin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. b) Hadaddiyar gudanarwa na albarkatun ruwa, musamman inganta tura yawan ruwan da ya wuce kima daga lokutan damina zuwa lokutan [[drought|fari]]. c) Tsimon ruwa da sarrafa bukatarsa a dukkan fanni. d) Kara bunkasa albarkatun ruwa wadanda ba na asali ba ta hanyar fadada amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta a fannin noma da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan tekun don amfani a dukkan fannoni. e) Kare albarkatun ruwa daga [[pollution|gurbacewa]] da kuma [[over-exploitation|yin amfani da su fiye da kima]]. Domin cika wadannan manufofi, an sanya manyan dabaru guda uku: 1. Shirin Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa na Shekaru Goma (1990–2000): Babban fifiko na wannan dabarar shi ne kara yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa. Gina sama da 200 na kanana da manyan madatsun ruwa gami da haka rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi sama da 1000 sun haifar da ingantuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwan Tunisia daga 60% a shekarar 1990 zuwa 87.5% a shekarar 2004. Jimillar kudaden da aka ware wa wannan tsarin ya kai 2000 MTD (Miliyan Dinarin Tunisia) = dalar Amurka miliyan 1678<ref>http://www.waehrungsrechner.de (6 January 2004 or 1 June 2004){{vague|date=January 2010}}<!--06.01.2004 is ambiguous--> 1 Tunisian dinar&nbsp;= $0.83879</ref>). 2. Tsarin cikon aiki (2001–2011): Wannan dabarar tana kokarin tabbatar da manufofin dogon lokaci, musamman dorewar daidaito tsakanin bukata da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Kusan yana kunshe da matakai iri daya idan aka kwatanta da dabarar tattara ruwa ta farko, da nufin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. Bugu da kari, dabarar tana ba da fifiko kan matakan daidaitawa tsakanin shekarun damina da na fari, matakan kiyaye ruwa da kasa, da kuma sake cika rumbunan [[aquifer|ruwan karkashin kasa]]. Wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kasu kashi biyu na tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar-biyar, wato tsarin ci gaba na X (2002-2006) da kuma tsarin ci gaba na XI (2007-2011). 3. Shirin dogon lokaci (har zuwa 2030): Shirin na dogon lokaci ya ginu ne a kan Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plans) na arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Tunisia da aka bayyana a sashi na 2. Dabarar ta kunshi bincike mai yawa da shirye-shiryen nazari da nufin tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata zuwa dogon lokaci. ===Samar da Ayyuka=== ====Ruwan sha==== Hukumar SONEDE ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a Tunisiya. Wannan hukuma ce ta jama’a mai zaman kanta wacce ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma’aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa.<ref name="mapping">Mapping the Accountability Framework of a Utility to Actors in the Environment, Capacity Building Module, attributes of well-performing water utilities, case study Tunisia</ref> Shirye-shirye da saka jari don rarraba ruwan sha a yankunan karkara ana gudanar da su ta hannun *Direction Générale du Genie Rurale* (DGGR), tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (*Groupements d’intérêt collectif – GIC*).<ref name="PSP"/> Sashen ruwan sha a Tunisiya bai samu shiga daga kamfanonin masu zaman kansu sosai ba. Har zuwa yanzu, shiga masu zaman kansu ya takaitu ne ga shirye-shiryen kwangila kaɗan, kamar tsaro da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP"/> ====Tsaftar Muhalli==== Hukumar ONAS ce ke da alhakin tsaftar muhalli a birane, yankunan masana’antu da wuraren yawon buɗe ido. An kafa ta a shekarar 1974 domin gudanar da sashen tsafta, kuma tun daga 1993 ta zama babban mai kula da kariyar muhalli da yaki da gurbatar ruwa. Ayyukan ONAS sun haɗa da:<ref name="contribution"/> * Yaki da gurbatar ruwa * Tsarawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tsafta da aikin tace ruwan sharar gida da magudanar ruwan sama * Gina, gudanar da aiki da kuma kula da wuraren tsafta da aka ɗora mata ta hanyar doka * Sayarwa da rarraba kayayyakin da suka fito daga tace ruwan sharar gida da laka Sashen Injiniyan Karkara ne ke da alhakin tsafta a yankunan karkara da ONAS ba ta rufe, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke da alhakin tattara da zubar da shara da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.<ref name="PSP"/> == Ingancin tattalin arziki == '''Yawan aikin ma'aikata'''. A shekarar 2012, SONEDE tana da kusan ma'aikata 7016. Hukumar ONAS kuma tana da ma'aikata 5500 ya zuwa shekarar 2002. Adadin ma'aikata ga kowane haɗin famfo 1000 na ruwa kawai ya kasance 2.9, wanda ya ragu daga 4.1 a shekarar 2002. Adadin ya yi girma sosai idan aka haɗa da ma'aikatan ONAS, wanda hakan ya sa ya wuce matakan ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/>{{cite web|title=Chiffres clés|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=43|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}<ref name="PSP"/> '''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga'''. Adadin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (Non-revenue water) na hukumar SONEDE ya kai 20.7% a shekarar 2012, wanda ya ƙaru daga kashi 14% kawai a shekarar 2000.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Sassan kuɗi == === Kuɗin fito (Tariffs) === Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha iri ɗaya ne a fadin ƙasar baki ɗaya. Sun haɗa da tsayayyen sashi da kuma sashi mai canzawa wanda ya dogara da yawan amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, canjin sashin kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia ya kasance kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarification de l'eau potable|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=111|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=2|Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia<ref name="PSP"/> |- ! Amfani cikin m³/na tsawon watanni 3<br> ! Kuɗin fito na DT '''ga kowane m³'''<br> |- | 0-20 | 0.200 |- | 21-40 | 0.325 |- | 41-70 | 0.450 |- | 71-100 | 0.770 |- | 101-150 | 0.940 |- | 151-500 | 1.260 |- |ya wuce 500 | 1.315 |} Adadin musayar kuɗi na dinarin Tunisia zuwa dalar Amurka shi ne 1.00 TND = $0.604 US.<ref>http://www.oanda.com 27.12.2013</ref> Duk masu amfani da ruwa, in ban da fannin yawon buɗe ido, dole ne su biya waɗannan kuɗaɗen fito masu canzawa da aka ambata a sama. Farashin ruwan sha ga fannin yawon buɗe ido shi ne 1.315 DT/m³ ba tare da la'akari da yawan amfani ba. Tsayayyen sashin kuɗin fito ya dogara ne da girman faɗin mita mai auna ruwa. Duk kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan sha ana cajin su harajin harhada daraja (VAT) na kashi 18%. Ana daidaita kuɗaɗen fito ne bisa shawarwarin da SONEDE da ONAS suka gabatar ga kwamitocin gudanarwarsu da kuma gwamnati (Ma'aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa, da Ma'aikatar Kuɗi). Wani lokaci ana yin watsi da waɗannan buƙatun.<ref name="mapping" /> Hukumar SONEDE ce ke fitar da takardar kuɗi tare da karɓar kuɗaɗen tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP" /> An ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da na ruwan kazanta da kashi 7 cikin ɗari a watan Yulin shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka samu ƙari sau biyu kacal a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.<ref name="GWI June 2013">{{cite web|title=Tunisia spring-cleans its water finances|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/6/general/tunisia-spring-cleans-its-water-finances.html#sthash.PfnpOD4v.dpuf|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, June 2013|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> An sake ƙara kuɗaɗen fito a watan Satumba na shekarar 2016 da kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari a matsakaici. === Maido da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe === SONEDE tana biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare (da kashi kaɗan na kuɗaɗen hannun jari) ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga da take samu.<ref name="WIT"/> Kafin juyin juya halin ƙasashen Larabawa (Arab Spring), rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa ya kasance kusan kashi 4-5% ne kawai, amma ya faɗi zuwa kashi 30% bayan juyin juya halin. A shekarar 2012, ya koma ƙasa da kashi 10%. Kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na bashin da ake bin hukumomin yana wuyan cibiyoyin gwamnati ne. SONEDE tana fuskantar gibin kuɗi na shekara-shekara da ya kai TND82 miliyan ($50 miliyan). Matsakaicin kuɗin mita cubic ɗaya shi ne TND0.716 ($0.44) kuma ana sayar da shi a kan TND0.570 ($0.35). ONAS ta fi dogara ga tallafin gwamnati. Misali, jihar tana biya mata ainihin babban bashin da aka ci mata yayin da ONAS kawai za ta biya kuɗin ruwa na bashin.<ref name="GWI June 2013"/> === Hannun jari === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=4|Hannun jarin gwamnati daga kasafin kuɗin Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa sun kasance kamar haka<ref name="etat"/> |- | ! Hannun Jarin Gwamnati [MTD] ! Sashin fannin ruwa [MTD] ! Adadin Kashi [%] |- | Tsari na 10 (2002–2006) | 1975.4 | 1252.1 | 63 |- | Tsari na 11 (2007–2011) | 2887.9 | 1580.1 | 55 |} i5snp0ig8crrficfuslfgtnhzjni1q1 856985 856983 2026-06-14T11:53:32Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hannun jari */ 856985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 |- | Ruwan karkashin kasa | 2140 | 2140 | 1576 | 1818 | 1860 | 1900 | 1940 |- | Jimilla | 4840 | 4640 | 2755 | 3694 | 4060 | 4300 | 4440 |- | Adadin sarrafawa (%) | | | 59 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 96 |} === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === A shekarar 2003, Ma'aikatar Noma ta fitar da Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plan) don fannin ruwa.<ref name="PSP"/> An gano tare da aiwatar da manyan hanyoyin dabaru guda biyu: shirin shekaru 10 na tattara albarkatun ruwa (2001-2011) wanda aka fara shi a karon farko a shekarar 1990, da kuma shirin na dogon lokaci (2030). A shekarar 2023, yayin da kasar ke cikin shekara ta hudu na fari, Sonede wato kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati ya fara rarraba ruwa ta hanyar kayade lokaci, inda yake yanke manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa tsakanin karfe 9 na dare zuwa karfe 4 na safe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Speakman Cordall |title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en-GB |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> == Nauyi a kan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ke tsara manufofi game da albarkatun ruwa na asali a Tunisia, yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai Dorewa ke kula da tsaftace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa, da tsara ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="governance"/> Sashen ayyukan injiniyan ruwa na ma'aikatar, wato ''Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques'' (DGBGTH), shi ne ke da alhakin gina manyan ayyukan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="treated"/> === Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa === Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Arewacin Afirka, Tunisia ta dade da kirkiro tare da amfani da dokoki da tsare-tsare masu yawa game da albarkatun ruwanta. Babban Tsarin Ruwa (WMP) ya kasance tun kafin shekarar 1970, lokacin da aka fara tsara WMP na farko don sassan Arewacin Tunisia, kasancewar wannan shi ne yankin da ya kunshi mafi yawan albarkatu da ayyukan da suka dangance su. Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar sun biyo baya a shekarun 1977 da 1983. Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ta kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da rarraba albarkatun ruwa. [[Image:Oued Mliz.jpg|250px|thumb|Wani kogi a kasar Tunisia]] Kasancewar albarkatun ruwan Tunisia na da rauni sosai ya haifar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka da dama da ke da nufin inganta amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, manyan matsaloli da mahimman dabarun aiki an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin rahoton kasar Tunisia kan fannin ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen da suka dace, za a iya fitar da wadannan manufofi na kasa:<ref name="etat">Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006</ref> a) Ci gaba da bunkasawa da tattara albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai domin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. b) Hadaddiyar gudanarwa na albarkatun ruwa, musamman inganta tura yawan ruwan da ya wuce kima daga lokutan damina zuwa lokutan [[drought|fari]]. c) Tsimon ruwa da sarrafa bukatarsa a dukkan fanni. d) Kara bunkasa albarkatun ruwa wadanda ba na asali ba ta hanyar fadada amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta a fannin noma da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan tekun don amfani a dukkan fannoni. e) Kare albarkatun ruwa daga [[pollution|gurbacewa]] da kuma [[over-exploitation|yin amfani da su fiye da kima]]. Domin cika wadannan manufofi, an sanya manyan dabaru guda uku: 1. Shirin Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa na Shekaru Goma (1990–2000): Babban fifiko na wannan dabarar shi ne kara yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa. Gina sama da 200 na kanana da manyan madatsun ruwa gami da haka rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi sama da 1000 sun haifar da ingantuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwan Tunisia daga 60% a shekarar 1990 zuwa 87.5% a shekarar 2004. Jimillar kudaden da aka ware wa wannan tsarin ya kai 2000 MTD (Miliyan Dinarin Tunisia) = dalar Amurka miliyan 1678<ref>http://www.waehrungsrechner.de (6 January 2004 or 1 June 2004){{vague|date=January 2010}}<!--06.01.2004 is ambiguous--> 1 Tunisian dinar&nbsp;= $0.83879</ref>). 2. Tsarin cikon aiki (2001–2011): Wannan dabarar tana kokarin tabbatar da manufofin dogon lokaci, musamman dorewar daidaito tsakanin bukata da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Kusan yana kunshe da matakai iri daya idan aka kwatanta da dabarar tattara ruwa ta farko, da nufin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. Bugu da kari, dabarar tana ba da fifiko kan matakan daidaitawa tsakanin shekarun damina da na fari, matakan kiyaye ruwa da kasa, da kuma sake cika rumbunan [[aquifer|ruwan karkashin kasa]]. Wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kasu kashi biyu na tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar-biyar, wato tsarin ci gaba na X (2002-2006) da kuma tsarin ci gaba na XI (2007-2011). 3. Shirin dogon lokaci (har zuwa 2030): Shirin na dogon lokaci ya ginu ne a kan Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plans) na arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Tunisia da aka bayyana a sashi na 2. Dabarar ta kunshi bincike mai yawa da shirye-shiryen nazari da nufin tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata zuwa dogon lokaci. ===Samar da Ayyuka=== ====Ruwan sha==== Hukumar SONEDE ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a Tunisiya. Wannan hukuma ce ta jama’a mai zaman kanta wacce ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma’aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa.<ref name="mapping">Mapping the Accountability Framework of a Utility to Actors in the Environment, Capacity Building Module, attributes of well-performing water utilities, case study Tunisia</ref> Shirye-shirye da saka jari don rarraba ruwan sha a yankunan karkara ana gudanar da su ta hannun *Direction Générale du Genie Rurale* (DGGR), tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (*Groupements d’intérêt collectif – GIC*).<ref name="PSP"/> Sashen ruwan sha a Tunisiya bai samu shiga daga kamfanonin masu zaman kansu sosai ba. Har zuwa yanzu, shiga masu zaman kansu ya takaitu ne ga shirye-shiryen kwangila kaɗan, kamar tsaro da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP"/> ====Tsaftar Muhalli==== Hukumar ONAS ce ke da alhakin tsaftar muhalli a birane, yankunan masana’antu da wuraren yawon buɗe ido. An kafa ta a shekarar 1974 domin gudanar da sashen tsafta, kuma tun daga 1993 ta zama babban mai kula da kariyar muhalli da yaki da gurbatar ruwa. Ayyukan ONAS sun haɗa da:<ref name="contribution"/> * Yaki da gurbatar ruwa * Tsarawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tsafta da aikin tace ruwan sharar gida da magudanar ruwan sama * Gina, gudanar da aiki da kuma kula da wuraren tsafta da aka ɗora mata ta hanyar doka * Sayarwa da rarraba kayayyakin da suka fito daga tace ruwan sharar gida da laka Sashen Injiniyan Karkara ne ke da alhakin tsafta a yankunan karkara da ONAS ba ta rufe, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke da alhakin tattara da zubar da shara da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.<ref name="PSP"/> == Ingancin tattalin arziki == '''Yawan aikin ma'aikata'''. A shekarar 2012, SONEDE tana da kusan ma'aikata 7016. Hukumar ONAS kuma tana da ma'aikata 5500 ya zuwa shekarar 2002. Adadin ma'aikata ga kowane haɗin famfo 1000 na ruwa kawai ya kasance 2.9, wanda ya ragu daga 4.1 a shekarar 2002. Adadin ya yi girma sosai idan aka haɗa da ma'aikatan ONAS, wanda hakan ya sa ya wuce matakan ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/>{{cite web|title=Chiffres clés|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=43|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}<ref name="PSP"/> '''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga'''. Adadin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (Non-revenue water) na hukumar SONEDE ya kai 20.7% a shekarar 2012, wanda ya ƙaru daga kashi 14% kawai a shekarar 2000.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Sassan kuɗi == === Kuɗin fito (Tariffs) === Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha iri ɗaya ne a fadin ƙasar baki ɗaya. Sun haɗa da tsayayyen sashi da kuma sashi mai canzawa wanda ya dogara da yawan amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, canjin sashin kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia ya kasance kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarification de l'eau potable|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=111|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=2|Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia<ref name="PSP"/> |- ! Amfani cikin m³/na tsawon watanni 3<br> ! Kuɗin fito na DT '''ga kowane m³'''<br> |- | 0-20 | 0.200 |- | 21-40 | 0.325 |- | 41-70 | 0.450 |- | 71-100 | 0.770 |- | 101-150 | 0.940 |- | 151-500 | 1.260 |- |ya wuce 500 | 1.315 |} Adadin musayar kuɗi na dinarin Tunisia zuwa dalar Amurka shi ne 1.00 TND = $0.604 US.<ref>http://www.oanda.com 27.12.2013</ref> Duk masu amfani da ruwa, in ban da fannin yawon buɗe ido, dole ne su biya waɗannan kuɗaɗen fito masu canzawa da aka ambata a sama. Farashin ruwan sha ga fannin yawon buɗe ido shi ne 1.315 DT/m³ ba tare da la'akari da yawan amfani ba. Tsayayyen sashin kuɗin fito ya dogara ne da girman faɗin mita mai auna ruwa. Duk kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan sha ana cajin su harajin harhada daraja (VAT) na kashi 18%. Ana daidaita kuɗaɗen fito ne bisa shawarwarin da SONEDE da ONAS suka gabatar ga kwamitocin gudanarwarsu da kuma gwamnati (Ma'aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa, da Ma'aikatar Kuɗi). Wani lokaci ana yin watsi da waɗannan buƙatun.<ref name="mapping" /> Hukumar SONEDE ce ke fitar da takardar kuɗi tare da karɓar kuɗaɗen tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP" /> An ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da na ruwan kazanta da kashi 7 cikin ɗari a watan Yulin shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka samu ƙari sau biyu kacal a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.<ref name="GWI June 2013">{{cite web|title=Tunisia spring-cleans its water finances|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/6/general/tunisia-spring-cleans-its-water-finances.html#sthash.PfnpOD4v.dpuf|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, June 2013|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> An sake ƙara kuɗaɗen fito a watan Satumba na shekarar 2016 da kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari a matsakaici. === Maido da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe === SONEDE tana biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare (da kashi kaɗan na kuɗaɗen hannun jari) ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga da take samu.<ref name="WIT"/> Kafin juyin juya halin ƙasashen Larabawa (Arab Spring), rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa ya kasance kusan kashi 4-5% ne kawai, amma ya faɗi zuwa kashi 30% bayan juyin juya halin. A shekarar 2012, ya koma ƙasa da kashi 10%. Kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na bashin da ake bin hukumomin yana wuyan cibiyoyin gwamnati ne. SONEDE tana fuskantar gibin kuɗi na shekara-shekara da ya kai TND82 miliyan ($50 miliyan). Matsakaicin kuɗin mita cubic ɗaya shi ne TND0.716 ($0.44) kuma ana sayar da shi a kan TND0.570 ($0.35). ONAS ta fi dogara ga tallafin gwamnati. Misali, jihar tana biya mata ainihin babban bashin da aka ci mata yayin da ONAS kawai za ta biya kuɗin ruwa na bashin.<ref name="GWI June 2013"/> === Hannun jari === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=4|Hannun jarin gwamnati daga kasafin kuɗin Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa sun kasance kamar haka<ref name="etat"/> |- | ! Hannun Jarin Gwamnati [MTD] ! Sashin fannin ruwa [MTD] ! Adadin Kashi [%] |- | Tsari na 10 (2002–2006) | 1975.4 | 1252.1 | 63 |- | Tsari na 11 (2007–2011) | 2887.9 | 1580.1 | 55 |} Hannun jarin ONAS ya kamata ya tashi daga miliyan 390 TD a cikin Tsari na 9 zuwa miliyan 525 TD a cikin Tsari na 10, wato ƙari na kashi 32%. Idan aka kwatanta da hannun jarin SONEDE a fannin ruwa, hannun jari a fannin tsaftace muhalli ya kasance mafi girma. Wannan wata muhimmiyar gaba ce domin a yawancin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa ana yin watsi da fannin tsaftace muhalli idan aka kwatanta da na samar da ruwa. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa farashin tsaftace muhalli ya yi girma idan aka kwatanta da matakan yankin, wanda ke nuna nuna ƙoƙari mai dorewa wajen karɓar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe, abin da babu shi a kusan dukkanin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="PSP"/> === Samar da kuɗi === Game da samar da kuɗi na sashen, yanayin a Tunisia an nuna shi a cikin tebur na ƙasa<ref name="etat"/> cikin MTD. {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Samar da Kuɗi na Fannin Ruwa a Tunisia|<ref name="etat"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Tushen Kuɗi<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 10 (2002-2006)<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 11 (2007-2011) |- ! Hannun Jari ! % ! Hannun Jari ! % |- | Kasafin Kuɗin Ƙasa | 947 | 48 | 1300 | 45 |- | Basussukan Waje | 808 | 41 | 1300 | 45 |- | Tallafi (Grants) | 150 | 8 | 200 | 7 |- | Kuɗin Kai (Self-financing) | 70 | 3 | 28 | 3 |- | Jimilla | 1975 | 100 | 2888 | 100 |} == Haɗin gwiwar waje == Abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje suna takawa rawar gani sosai wajen haɓaka fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tunisia. Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Faransa (AFD), Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, bankin ci gaba na Jamus (KfW), hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta Jamus (GIZ), da Bankin Duniya suna cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje na Tunisia a fannin ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2000, masu ba da tallafi sun ƙara ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka cikin haɗin gwiwa maimakon kowane mai ba da tallafi ya rinka ɗaukar nauyin ayyuka daban kamar yadda ake yi a baya. === Ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa === '''Aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa (PISEAU)'''. A shekarar 2000, Bankin Duniya ya amince da aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa na farko (PISEAU) wanda Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ta aiwatar tare da jimillar kuɗi dalar Amurka miliyan 258. An ba da kuɗin tare da bankin ci gaba na KfW, wanda ya ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 17.5, yayin da Bankin Duniya ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 103. Ba a bayyana sarai yadda aka samar da sauran kuɗaɗen ba. Babban makasudin aikin shi ne inganta haɗaddiyar gudanarwa ta albarkatun ruwa, tare da ingantacciyar manufar kiyaye albarkatun ruwa. Aikin ya ƙunshi sassa biyar: Gudanar da ban-ruwa, gudanar da ruwan karkashin kasa, kiyaye ruwa da kare muhalli, samar da ruwan sha na karkara, da ƙarfafa cibiyoyi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. Matakan da aka ɗauka an sa ran za su inganta yawan amfanin gona da kuma ƙara samun ruwan sha ga al'ummar karkara. A shekarar 2007 aka kammala aikin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Water Sector Investment Loan Project | date = 2000-06-18 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P035707&theSitePK=40941&piPK=64290415&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&Type=Overview | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> Aikin biyo baya (PISEAU II) ya sami tallafi daga Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka da kuɗi dalar Turai miliyan 22.91 ($31.3 miliyan), haka kuma daga AFD ($61 miliyan) da Bankin Duniya ($31 miliyan). Aikin ya haɗa da inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa na asali da na zamani (ruwan da aka tace da ruwan gishiri) a yankunan karkara. Manoma suna shiga cikin yanke shawara ta hanyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Aikin Gona (ADGs) don ban-ruwa da ruwan sha. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2015. Jimillar kuɗin aikin dalar Turai miliyan 122 ($167.56 miliyan).<ref>Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka:[http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=news230 Projects - Tunisia : sector investment project (PISEAU II)], 16 December 2008, accessed on June 20, 2010</ref><ref>The African Development Bank, Tunis 11 December 2008 [http://www.afdb.org/portal/page?_pageid=293,174339&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&press_item=30771097&press_lang=us €23 Million Loan to Finance Water Sector project in Tunisia]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobilisation des ressources hydrauliques : Le "PISEAU 2" entre en action…|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|access-date=2020-12-23|language=en|archive-date=2010-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508211635/http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Second water sector investment loan | date = 2009-09-01 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P095847 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> KfW ta ba da gudummawa a shekarar 2009 da adadin dalar Turai Miliyan 1 don nazarin kuɗin fito da matakan ƙarfafa shiga tsakani na ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = KfW | title = PISEAU II | date = 2010-08-04}}</ref> j04yfxw91l6sexss2kqnoq7h0rx1zx8 856986 856985 2026-06-14T11:53:58Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa */ 856986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 |- | Ruwan karkashin kasa | 2140 | 2140 | 1576 | 1818 | 1860 | 1900 | 1940 |- | Jimilla | 4840 | 4640 | 2755 | 3694 | 4060 | 4300 | 4440 |- | Adadin sarrafawa (%) | | | 59 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 96 |} === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === A shekarar 2003, Ma'aikatar Noma ta fitar da Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plan) don fannin ruwa.<ref name="PSP"/> An gano tare da aiwatar da manyan hanyoyin dabaru guda biyu: shirin shekaru 10 na tattara albarkatun ruwa (2001-2011) wanda aka fara shi a karon farko a shekarar 1990, da kuma shirin na dogon lokaci (2030). A shekarar 2023, yayin da kasar ke cikin shekara ta hudu na fari, Sonede wato kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati ya fara rarraba ruwa ta hanyar kayade lokaci, inda yake yanke manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa tsakanin karfe 9 na dare zuwa karfe 4 na safe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Speakman Cordall |title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en-GB |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> == Nauyi a kan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ke tsara manufofi game da albarkatun ruwa na asali a Tunisia, yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai Dorewa ke kula da tsaftace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa, da tsara ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="governance"/> Sashen ayyukan injiniyan ruwa na ma'aikatar, wato ''Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques'' (DGBGTH), shi ne ke da alhakin gina manyan ayyukan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="treated"/> === Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa === Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Arewacin Afirka, Tunisia ta dade da kirkiro tare da amfani da dokoki da tsare-tsare masu yawa game da albarkatun ruwanta. Babban Tsarin Ruwa (WMP) ya kasance tun kafin shekarar 1970, lokacin da aka fara tsara WMP na farko don sassan Arewacin Tunisia, kasancewar wannan shi ne yankin da ya kunshi mafi yawan albarkatu da ayyukan da suka dangance su. Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar sun biyo baya a shekarun 1977 da 1983. Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ta kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da rarraba albarkatun ruwa. [[Image:Oued Mliz.jpg|250px|thumb|Wani kogi a kasar Tunisia]] Kasancewar albarkatun ruwan Tunisia na da rauni sosai ya haifar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka da dama da ke da nufin inganta amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, manyan matsaloli da mahimman dabarun aiki an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin rahoton kasar Tunisia kan fannin ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen da suka dace, za a iya fitar da wadannan manufofi na kasa:<ref name="etat">Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006</ref> a) Ci gaba da bunkasawa da tattara albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai domin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. b) Hadaddiyar gudanarwa na albarkatun ruwa, musamman inganta tura yawan ruwan da ya wuce kima daga lokutan damina zuwa lokutan [[drought|fari]]. c) Tsimon ruwa da sarrafa bukatarsa a dukkan fanni. d) Kara bunkasa albarkatun ruwa wadanda ba na asali ba ta hanyar fadada amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta a fannin noma da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan tekun don amfani a dukkan fannoni. e) Kare albarkatun ruwa daga [[pollution|gurbacewa]] da kuma [[over-exploitation|yin amfani da su fiye da kima]]. Domin cika wadannan manufofi, an sanya manyan dabaru guda uku: 1. Shirin Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa na Shekaru Goma (1990–2000): Babban fifiko na wannan dabarar shi ne kara yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa. Gina sama da 200 na kanana da manyan madatsun ruwa gami da haka rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi sama da 1000 sun haifar da ingantuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwan Tunisia daga 60% a shekarar 1990 zuwa 87.5% a shekarar 2004. Jimillar kudaden da aka ware wa wannan tsarin ya kai 2000 MTD (Miliyan Dinarin Tunisia) = dalar Amurka miliyan 1678<ref>http://www.waehrungsrechner.de (6 January 2004 or 1 June 2004){{vague|date=January 2010}}<!--06.01.2004 is ambiguous--> 1 Tunisian dinar&nbsp;= $0.83879</ref>). 2. Tsarin cikon aiki (2001–2011): Wannan dabarar tana kokarin tabbatar da manufofin dogon lokaci, musamman dorewar daidaito tsakanin bukata da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Kusan yana kunshe da matakai iri daya idan aka kwatanta da dabarar tattara ruwa ta farko, da nufin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. Bugu da kari, dabarar tana ba da fifiko kan matakan daidaitawa tsakanin shekarun damina da na fari, matakan kiyaye ruwa da kasa, da kuma sake cika rumbunan [[aquifer|ruwan karkashin kasa]]. Wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kasu kashi biyu na tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar-biyar, wato tsarin ci gaba na X (2002-2006) da kuma tsarin ci gaba na XI (2007-2011). 3. Shirin dogon lokaci (har zuwa 2030): Shirin na dogon lokaci ya ginu ne a kan Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plans) na arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Tunisia da aka bayyana a sashi na 2. Dabarar ta kunshi bincike mai yawa da shirye-shiryen nazari da nufin tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata zuwa dogon lokaci. ===Samar da Ayyuka=== ====Ruwan sha==== Hukumar SONEDE ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a Tunisiya. Wannan hukuma ce ta jama’a mai zaman kanta wacce ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma’aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa.<ref name="mapping">Mapping the Accountability Framework of a Utility to Actors in the Environment, Capacity Building Module, attributes of well-performing water utilities, case study Tunisia</ref> Shirye-shirye da saka jari don rarraba ruwan sha a yankunan karkara ana gudanar da su ta hannun *Direction Générale du Genie Rurale* (DGGR), tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (*Groupements d’intérêt collectif – GIC*).<ref name="PSP"/> Sashen ruwan sha a Tunisiya bai samu shiga daga kamfanonin masu zaman kansu sosai ba. Har zuwa yanzu, shiga masu zaman kansu ya takaitu ne ga shirye-shiryen kwangila kaɗan, kamar tsaro da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP"/> ====Tsaftar Muhalli==== Hukumar ONAS ce ke da alhakin tsaftar muhalli a birane, yankunan masana’antu da wuraren yawon buɗe ido. An kafa ta a shekarar 1974 domin gudanar da sashen tsafta, kuma tun daga 1993 ta zama babban mai kula da kariyar muhalli da yaki da gurbatar ruwa. Ayyukan ONAS sun haɗa da:<ref name="contribution"/> * Yaki da gurbatar ruwa * Tsarawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tsafta da aikin tace ruwan sharar gida da magudanar ruwan sama * Gina, gudanar da aiki da kuma kula da wuraren tsafta da aka ɗora mata ta hanyar doka * Sayarwa da rarraba kayayyakin da suka fito daga tace ruwan sharar gida da laka Sashen Injiniyan Karkara ne ke da alhakin tsafta a yankunan karkara da ONAS ba ta rufe, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke da alhakin tattara da zubar da shara da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.<ref name="PSP"/> == Ingancin tattalin arziki == '''Yawan aikin ma'aikata'''. A shekarar 2012, SONEDE tana da kusan ma'aikata 7016. Hukumar ONAS kuma tana da ma'aikata 5500 ya zuwa shekarar 2002. Adadin ma'aikata ga kowane haɗin famfo 1000 na ruwa kawai ya kasance 2.9, wanda ya ragu daga 4.1 a shekarar 2002. Adadin ya yi girma sosai idan aka haɗa da ma'aikatan ONAS, wanda hakan ya sa ya wuce matakan ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/>{{cite web|title=Chiffres clés|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=43|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}<ref name="PSP"/> '''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga'''. Adadin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (Non-revenue water) na hukumar SONEDE ya kai 20.7% a shekarar 2012, wanda ya ƙaru daga kashi 14% kawai a shekarar 2000.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Sassan kuɗi == === Kuɗin fito (Tariffs) === Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha iri ɗaya ne a fadin ƙasar baki ɗaya. Sun haɗa da tsayayyen sashi da kuma sashi mai canzawa wanda ya dogara da yawan amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, canjin sashin kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia ya kasance kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarification de l'eau potable|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=111|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=2|Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia<ref name="PSP"/> |- ! Amfani cikin m³/na tsawon watanni 3<br> ! Kuɗin fito na DT '''ga kowane m³'''<br> |- | 0-20 | 0.200 |- | 21-40 | 0.325 |- | 41-70 | 0.450 |- | 71-100 | 0.770 |- | 101-150 | 0.940 |- | 151-500 | 1.260 |- |ya wuce 500 | 1.315 |} Adadin musayar kuɗi na dinarin Tunisia zuwa dalar Amurka shi ne 1.00 TND = $0.604 US.<ref>http://www.oanda.com 27.12.2013</ref> Duk masu amfani da ruwa, in ban da fannin yawon buɗe ido, dole ne su biya waɗannan kuɗaɗen fito masu canzawa da aka ambata a sama. Farashin ruwan sha ga fannin yawon buɗe ido shi ne 1.315 DT/m³ ba tare da la'akari da yawan amfani ba. Tsayayyen sashin kuɗin fito ya dogara ne da girman faɗin mita mai auna ruwa. Duk kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan sha ana cajin su harajin harhada daraja (VAT) na kashi 18%. Ana daidaita kuɗaɗen fito ne bisa shawarwarin da SONEDE da ONAS suka gabatar ga kwamitocin gudanarwarsu da kuma gwamnati (Ma'aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa, da Ma'aikatar Kuɗi). Wani lokaci ana yin watsi da waɗannan buƙatun.<ref name="mapping" /> Hukumar SONEDE ce ke fitar da takardar kuɗi tare da karɓar kuɗaɗen tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP" /> An ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da na ruwan kazanta da kashi 7 cikin ɗari a watan Yulin shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka samu ƙari sau biyu kacal a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.<ref name="GWI June 2013">{{cite web|title=Tunisia spring-cleans its water finances|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/6/general/tunisia-spring-cleans-its-water-finances.html#sthash.PfnpOD4v.dpuf|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, June 2013|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> An sake ƙara kuɗaɗen fito a watan Satumba na shekarar 2016 da kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari a matsakaici. === Maido da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe === SONEDE tana biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare (da kashi kaɗan na kuɗaɗen hannun jari) ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga da take samu.<ref name="WIT"/> Kafin juyin juya halin ƙasashen Larabawa (Arab Spring), rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa ya kasance kusan kashi 4-5% ne kawai, amma ya faɗi zuwa kashi 30% bayan juyin juya halin. A shekarar 2012, ya koma ƙasa da kashi 10%. Kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na bashin da ake bin hukumomin yana wuyan cibiyoyin gwamnati ne. SONEDE tana fuskantar gibin kuɗi na shekara-shekara da ya kai TND82 miliyan ($50 miliyan). Matsakaicin kuɗin mita cubic ɗaya shi ne TND0.716 ($0.44) kuma ana sayar da shi a kan TND0.570 ($0.35). ONAS ta fi dogara ga tallafin gwamnati. Misali, jihar tana biya mata ainihin babban bashin da aka ci mata yayin da ONAS kawai za ta biya kuɗin ruwa na bashin.<ref name="GWI June 2013"/> === Hannun jari === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=4|Hannun jarin gwamnati daga kasafin kuɗin Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa sun kasance kamar haka<ref name="etat"/> |- | ! Hannun Jarin Gwamnati [MTD] ! Sashin fannin ruwa [MTD] ! Adadin Kashi [%] |- | Tsari na 10 (2002–2006) | 1975.4 | 1252.1 | 63 |- | Tsari na 11 (2007–2011) | 2887.9 | 1580.1 | 55 |} Hannun jarin ONAS ya kamata ya tashi daga miliyan 390 TD a cikin Tsari na 9 zuwa miliyan 525 TD a cikin Tsari na 10, wato ƙari na kashi 32%. Idan aka kwatanta da hannun jarin SONEDE a fannin ruwa, hannun jari a fannin tsaftace muhalli ya kasance mafi girma. Wannan wata muhimmiyar gaba ce domin a yawancin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa ana yin watsi da fannin tsaftace muhalli idan aka kwatanta da na samar da ruwa. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa farashin tsaftace muhalli ya yi girma idan aka kwatanta da matakan yankin, wanda ke nuna nuna ƙoƙari mai dorewa wajen karɓar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe, abin da babu shi a kusan dukkanin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="PSP"/> === Samar da kuɗi === Game da samar da kuɗi na sashen, yanayin a Tunisia an nuna shi a cikin tebur na ƙasa<ref name="etat"/> cikin MTD. {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Samar da Kuɗi na Fannin Ruwa a Tunisia|<ref name="etat"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Tushen Kuɗi<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 10 (2002-2006)<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 11 (2007-2011) |- ! Hannun Jari ! % ! Hannun Jari ! % |- | Kasafin Kuɗin Ƙasa | 947 | 48 | 1300 | 45 |- | Basussukan Waje | 808 | 41 | 1300 | 45 |- | Tallafi (Grants) | 150 | 8 | 200 | 7 |- | Kuɗin Kai (Self-financing) | 70 | 3 | 28 | 3 |- | Jimilla | 1975 | 100 | 2888 | 100 |} == Haɗin gwiwar waje == Abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje suna takawa rawar gani sosai wajen haɓaka fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tunisia. Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Faransa (AFD), Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, bankin ci gaba na Jamus (KfW), hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta Jamus (GIZ), da Bankin Duniya suna cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje na Tunisia a fannin ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2000, masu ba da tallafi sun ƙara ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka cikin haɗin gwiwa maimakon kowane mai ba da tallafi ya rinka ɗaukar nauyin ayyuka daban kamar yadda ake yi a baya. === Ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa === '''Aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa (PISEAU)'''. A shekarar 2000, Bankin Duniya ya amince da aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa na farko (PISEAU) wanda Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ta aiwatar tare da jimillar kuɗi dalar Amurka miliyan 258. An ba da kuɗin tare da bankin ci gaba na KfW, wanda ya ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 17.5, yayin da Bankin Duniya ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 103. Ba a bayyana sarai yadda aka samar da sauran kuɗaɗen ba. Babban makasudin aikin shi ne inganta haɗaddiyar gudanarwa ta albarkatun ruwa, tare da ingantacciyar manufar kiyaye albarkatun ruwa. Aikin ya ƙunshi sassa biyar: Gudanar da ban-ruwa, gudanar da ruwan karkashin kasa, kiyaye ruwa da kare muhalli, samar da ruwan sha na karkara, da ƙarfafa cibiyoyi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. Matakan da aka ɗauka an sa ran za su inganta yawan amfanin gona da kuma ƙara samun ruwan sha ga al'ummar karkara. A shekarar 2007 aka kammala aikin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Water Sector Investment Loan Project | date = 2000-06-18 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P035707&theSitePK=40941&piPK=64290415&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&Type=Overview | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> Aikin biyo baya (PISEAU II) ya sami tallafi daga Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka da kuɗi dalar Turai miliyan 22.91 ($31.3 miliyan), haka kuma daga AFD ($61 miliyan) da Bankin Duniya ($31 miliyan). Aikin ya haɗa da inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa na asali da na zamani (ruwan da aka tace da ruwan gishiri) a yankunan karkara. Manoma suna shiga cikin yanke shawara ta hanyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Aikin Gona (ADGs) don ban-ruwa da ruwan sha. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2015. Jimillar kuɗin aikin dalar Turai miliyan 122 ($167.56 miliyan).<ref>Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka:[http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=news230 Projects - Tunisia : sector investment project (PISEAU II)], 16 December 2008, accessed on June 20, 2010</ref><ref>The African Development Bank, Tunis 11 December 2008 [http://www.afdb.org/portal/page?_pageid=293,174339&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&press_item=30771097&press_lang=us €23 Million Loan to Finance Water Sector project in Tunisia]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobilisation des ressources hydrauliques : Le "PISEAU 2" entre en action…|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|access-date=2020-12-23|language=en|archive-date=2010-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508211635/http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Second water sector investment loan | date = 2009-09-01 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P095847 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> KfW ta ba da gudummawa a shekarar 2009 da adadin dalar Turai Miliyan 1 don nazarin kuɗin fito da matakan ƙarfafa shiga tsakani na ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = KfW | title = PISEAU II | date = 2010-08-04}}</ref> '''Shirin sake gina gidajen famfo na kwashe ruwan kazanta da masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa'''. KfW, AFD, da Hukumar Turai tare sun ba da kuɗin wannan shirin tsaftace muhalli a kan jimillar kuɗi dalar Turai miliyan 81.5 don masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa 19 da gidajen famfo na kwashe ruwan kazanta 130 a cikin larduna 11. KfW ta ba da rancen dalar Turai miliyan 55, AFD ta ba da rancen dalar Turai miliyan 18.5, kuma Hukumar EU ta ba da tallafin kyauta na dalar Turai miliyan 8. Za a sake amfani da taccen ruwa daga wasu masana'antu don noman ban-ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = ONAS | title = Network rehabilitation and extension and capacity building of ONAS | date = 2009-06-15 | url = http://www.onas.nat.tn/en/projet_en_cours_par_region.php?code=12 | access-date = 2010-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Agence Française de Développement | author-link = French Development Agency | title = Projects - Tunisia : Rehabilitation and extension of 19 WWTPs | year = 2010 | url = http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/fr/pid/11115 | access-date = 2010-06-20}}</ref> === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka yana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai === '''Aikin sake gina ONAS 4'''. A shekarar 2006, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya sanya hannu kan aikin sake gina ONAS 4. Jimillar kuɗinsa dalar Turai miliyan 90. Aikin yana da nufin ba da kuɗi don tattarawa da sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa daban-daban. Za a sake amfani da taccen gurbataccen ruwan don ayyukan noma. Yana tallafawa haɓaka manyan layukan magudanar ruwa a Greater Tunis; faɗaɗawa da sake gina tsarin tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan Monastir, Mahdia, Gabès, Medenine, Tataouine, da Gafsa; faɗaɗa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta Kudancin Hammamet; gina masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa guda uku a garuruwan Enfidha/Hergla, Menzel Temime, da Tazarka/Somâa/Mâamoura.<ref>{{cite journal | last = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : ONAS 4 rehabilitation project | date = June 2006 | url = http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2004/20040151.htm?lang=-en | access-date = 2010-06-10}}</ref> === Faransa === Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Faransa tana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Jamus === Jamus tana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa ta hanyar ayyukan haɗin gwiwar kuɗi da KfW ke aiwatarwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Bankin Dunia === '''Aikin magudanar ruwa na kazanta da sake amfani da shi na Greater Tunis'''. A shekarar 1997, Bankin Dunia ya amince da aikin magudanar ruwa na kazanta da sake amfani da shi na Greater Tunis. Jimillar jura ta kai dalar Amurka miliyan 107. Hukumomin da ke aiwatar da aikin su ne ONAS da Ma'aikatar Noma. Aikin zai ba da kuɗi don inganta ayyukan magudanar ruwa na birni da ayyukan samar da ruwan sha. Aikin yana haɓaka sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don amfanin ban-ruwa. Haka kuma, aikin yana haɓaka rage gurbatar birane da lalacewar gabar teku ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin fasahohi da taimakon fasaha. An kammala aikin a shekarar 2005.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Greater tunis sewerage and reuse project | date = 2005-11-02 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&contentFed=yes&Projectid=P005731 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> '''Aikin samar da ruwa na birni'''. A shekarar 2005, Bankin Dunia ya amince da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 38 ga SONEDE don aikin samar da ruwa na birni a Tunisia. Makasudin aikin ya ƙunshi inganta ingancin ruwa a Greater Tunis da sauran zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin birane. Domin cimma burinsa, aikin yana da niyyar zamanantarwa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da kuma haɓaka dorewar ayyukan SONEDE. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Urban water supply project | date = 2005-11-17 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20727560~menuPK:3325337~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK=4607,00.html | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Urban water supply project | date = 2005-11-01 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P064836&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 | access-date = 2010-06-14}}</ref> '''Magudanar ruwa ta kazanta ta Tunis West'''. A shekarar 2006, Bankin Dunia ya amince da aikin magudanar ruwa ta kazanta ta Tunis West. Jimillar zuba jarin ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 72, inda Bankin Dunia ya ba da kuɗi miliyan 67 daga ciki. Aikin yana da nufin inganta ingancin ayyukan tsaftace muhalli a Greater Tunis da na fannin magudanar ruwa na kazanta, sannan yana haɓaka sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don ban-ruwa da kuma inganta ayyukan ONAS ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Tunis west sewerage | date = 2006-06-11 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P099811 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> khm3csw5ub7k5x200jo53j119py4i6r 856987 856986 2026-06-14T11:54:47Z Sirjat 20447 /* Bankin Dunia */ 856987 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 |- | Ruwan karkashin kasa | 2140 | 2140 | 1576 | 1818 | 1860 | 1900 | 1940 |- | Jimilla | 4840 | 4640 | 2755 | 3694 | 4060 | 4300 | 4440 |- | Adadin sarrafawa (%) | | | 59 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 96 |} === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === A shekarar 2003, Ma'aikatar Noma ta fitar da Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plan) don fannin ruwa.<ref name="PSP"/> An gano tare da aiwatar da manyan hanyoyin dabaru guda biyu: shirin shekaru 10 na tattara albarkatun ruwa (2001-2011) wanda aka fara shi a karon farko a shekarar 1990, da kuma shirin na dogon lokaci (2030). A shekarar 2023, yayin da kasar ke cikin shekara ta hudu na fari, Sonede wato kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati ya fara rarraba ruwa ta hanyar kayade lokaci, inda yake yanke manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa tsakanin karfe 9 na dare zuwa karfe 4 na safe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Speakman Cordall |title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en-GB |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> == Nauyi a kan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ke tsara manufofi game da albarkatun ruwa na asali a Tunisia, yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai Dorewa ke kula da tsaftace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa, da tsara ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="governance"/> Sashen ayyukan injiniyan ruwa na ma'aikatar, wato ''Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques'' (DGBGTH), shi ne ke da alhakin gina manyan ayyukan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="treated"/> === Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa === Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Arewacin Afirka, Tunisia ta dade da kirkiro tare da amfani da dokoki da tsare-tsare masu yawa game da albarkatun ruwanta. Babban Tsarin Ruwa (WMP) ya kasance tun kafin shekarar 1970, lokacin da aka fara tsara WMP na farko don sassan Arewacin Tunisia, kasancewar wannan shi ne yankin da ya kunshi mafi yawan albarkatu da ayyukan da suka dangance su. Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar sun biyo baya a shekarun 1977 da 1983. Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ta kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da rarraba albarkatun ruwa. [[Image:Oued Mliz.jpg|250px|thumb|Wani kogi a kasar Tunisia]] Kasancewar albarkatun ruwan Tunisia na da rauni sosai ya haifar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka da dama da ke da nufin inganta amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, manyan matsaloli da mahimman dabarun aiki an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin rahoton kasar Tunisia kan fannin ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen da suka dace, za a iya fitar da wadannan manufofi na kasa:<ref name="etat">Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006</ref> a) Ci gaba da bunkasawa da tattara albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai domin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. b) Hadaddiyar gudanarwa na albarkatun ruwa, musamman inganta tura yawan ruwan da ya wuce kima daga lokutan damina zuwa lokutan [[drought|fari]]. c) Tsimon ruwa da sarrafa bukatarsa a dukkan fanni. d) Kara bunkasa albarkatun ruwa wadanda ba na asali ba ta hanyar fadada amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta a fannin noma da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan tekun don amfani a dukkan fannoni. e) Kare albarkatun ruwa daga [[pollution|gurbacewa]] da kuma [[over-exploitation|yin amfani da su fiye da kima]]. Domin cika wadannan manufofi, an sanya manyan dabaru guda uku: 1. Shirin Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa na Shekaru Goma (1990–2000): Babban fifiko na wannan dabarar shi ne kara yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa. Gina sama da 200 na kanana da manyan madatsun ruwa gami da haka rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi sama da 1000 sun haifar da ingantuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwan Tunisia daga 60% a shekarar 1990 zuwa 87.5% a shekarar 2004. Jimillar kudaden da aka ware wa wannan tsarin ya kai 2000 MTD (Miliyan Dinarin Tunisia) = dalar Amurka miliyan 1678<ref>http://www.waehrungsrechner.de (6 January 2004 or 1 June 2004){{vague|date=January 2010}}<!--06.01.2004 is ambiguous--> 1 Tunisian dinar&nbsp;= $0.83879</ref>). 2. Tsarin cikon aiki (2001–2011): Wannan dabarar tana kokarin tabbatar da manufofin dogon lokaci, musamman dorewar daidaito tsakanin bukata da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Kusan yana kunshe da matakai iri daya idan aka kwatanta da dabarar tattara ruwa ta farko, da nufin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. Bugu da kari, dabarar tana ba da fifiko kan matakan daidaitawa tsakanin shekarun damina da na fari, matakan kiyaye ruwa da kasa, da kuma sake cika rumbunan [[aquifer|ruwan karkashin kasa]]. Wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kasu kashi biyu na tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar-biyar, wato tsarin ci gaba na X (2002-2006) da kuma tsarin ci gaba na XI (2007-2011). 3. Shirin dogon lokaci (har zuwa 2030): Shirin na dogon lokaci ya ginu ne a kan Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plans) na arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Tunisia da aka bayyana a sashi na 2. Dabarar ta kunshi bincike mai yawa da shirye-shiryen nazari da nufin tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata zuwa dogon lokaci. ===Samar da Ayyuka=== ====Ruwan sha==== Hukumar SONEDE ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a Tunisiya. Wannan hukuma ce ta jama’a mai zaman kanta wacce ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma’aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa.<ref name="mapping">Mapping the Accountability Framework of a Utility to Actors in the Environment, Capacity Building Module, attributes of well-performing water utilities, case study Tunisia</ref> Shirye-shirye da saka jari don rarraba ruwan sha a yankunan karkara ana gudanar da su ta hannun *Direction Générale du Genie Rurale* (DGGR), tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (*Groupements d’intérêt collectif – GIC*).<ref name="PSP"/> Sashen ruwan sha a Tunisiya bai samu shiga daga kamfanonin masu zaman kansu sosai ba. Har zuwa yanzu, shiga masu zaman kansu ya takaitu ne ga shirye-shiryen kwangila kaɗan, kamar tsaro da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP"/> ====Tsaftar Muhalli==== Hukumar ONAS ce ke da alhakin tsaftar muhalli a birane, yankunan masana’antu da wuraren yawon buɗe ido. An kafa ta a shekarar 1974 domin gudanar da sashen tsafta, kuma tun daga 1993 ta zama babban mai kula da kariyar muhalli da yaki da gurbatar ruwa. Ayyukan ONAS sun haɗa da:<ref name="contribution"/> * Yaki da gurbatar ruwa * Tsarawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tsafta da aikin tace ruwan sharar gida da magudanar ruwan sama * Gina, gudanar da aiki da kuma kula da wuraren tsafta da aka ɗora mata ta hanyar doka * Sayarwa da rarraba kayayyakin da suka fito daga tace ruwan sharar gida da laka Sashen Injiniyan Karkara ne ke da alhakin tsafta a yankunan karkara da ONAS ba ta rufe, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke da alhakin tattara da zubar da shara da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.<ref name="PSP"/> == Ingancin tattalin arziki == '''Yawan aikin ma'aikata'''. A shekarar 2012, SONEDE tana da kusan ma'aikata 7016. Hukumar ONAS kuma tana da ma'aikata 5500 ya zuwa shekarar 2002. Adadin ma'aikata ga kowane haɗin famfo 1000 na ruwa kawai ya kasance 2.9, wanda ya ragu daga 4.1 a shekarar 2002. Adadin ya yi girma sosai idan aka haɗa da ma'aikatan ONAS, wanda hakan ya sa ya wuce matakan ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/>{{cite web|title=Chiffres clés|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=43|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}<ref name="PSP"/> '''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga'''. Adadin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (Non-revenue water) na hukumar SONEDE ya kai 20.7% a shekarar 2012, wanda ya ƙaru daga kashi 14% kawai a shekarar 2000.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Sassan kuɗi == === Kuɗin fito (Tariffs) === Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha iri ɗaya ne a fadin ƙasar baki ɗaya. Sun haɗa da tsayayyen sashi da kuma sashi mai canzawa wanda ya dogara da yawan amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, canjin sashin kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia ya kasance kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarification de l'eau potable|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=111|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=2|Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia<ref name="PSP"/> |- ! Amfani cikin m³/na tsawon watanni 3<br> ! Kuɗin fito na DT '''ga kowane m³'''<br> |- | 0-20 | 0.200 |- | 21-40 | 0.325 |- | 41-70 | 0.450 |- | 71-100 | 0.770 |- | 101-150 | 0.940 |- | 151-500 | 1.260 |- |ya wuce 500 | 1.315 |} Adadin musayar kuɗi na dinarin Tunisia zuwa dalar Amurka shi ne 1.00 TND = $0.604 US.<ref>http://www.oanda.com 27.12.2013</ref> Duk masu amfani da ruwa, in ban da fannin yawon buɗe ido, dole ne su biya waɗannan kuɗaɗen fito masu canzawa da aka ambata a sama. Farashin ruwan sha ga fannin yawon buɗe ido shi ne 1.315 DT/m³ ba tare da la'akari da yawan amfani ba. Tsayayyen sashin kuɗin fito ya dogara ne da girman faɗin mita mai auna ruwa. Duk kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan sha ana cajin su harajin harhada daraja (VAT) na kashi 18%. Ana daidaita kuɗaɗen fito ne bisa shawarwarin da SONEDE da ONAS suka gabatar ga kwamitocin gudanarwarsu da kuma gwamnati (Ma'aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa, da Ma'aikatar Kuɗi). Wani lokaci ana yin watsi da waɗannan buƙatun.<ref name="mapping" /> Hukumar SONEDE ce ke fitar da takardar kuɗi tare da karɓar kuɗaɗen tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP" /> An ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da na ruwan kazanta da kashi 7 cikin ɗari a watan Yulin shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka samu ƙari sau biyu kacal a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.<ref name="GWI June 2013">{{cite web|title=Tunisia spring-cleans its water finances|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/6/general/tunisia-spring-cleans-its-water-finances.html#sthash.PfnpOD4v.dpuf|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, June 2013|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> An sake ƙara kuɗaɗen fito a watan Satumba na shekarar 2016 da kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari a matsakaici. === Maido da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe === SONEDE tana biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare (da kashi kaɗan na kuɗaɗen hannun jari) ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga da take samu.<ref name="WIT"/> Kafin juyin juya halin ƙasashen Larabawa (Arab Spring), rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa ya kasance kusan kashi 4-5% ne kawai, amma ya faɗi zuwa kashi 30% bayan juyin juya halin. A shekarar 2012, ya koma ƙasa da kashi 10%. Kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na bashin da ake bin hukumomin yana wuyan cibiyoyin gwamnati ne. SONEDE tana fuskantar gibin kuɗi na shekara-shekara da ya kai TND82 miliyan ($50 miliyan). Matsakaicin kuɗin mita cubic ɗaya shi ne TND0.716 ($0.44) kuma ana sayar da shi a kan TND0.570 ($0.35). ONAS ta fi dogara ga tallafin gwamnati. Misali, jihar tana biya mata ainihin babban bashin da aka ci mata yayin da ONAS kawai za ta biya kuɗin ruwa na bashin.<ref name="GWI June 2013"/> === Hannun jari === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=4|Hannun jarin gwamnati daga kasafin kuɗin Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa sun kasance kamar haka<ref name="etat"/> |- | ! Hannun Jarin Gwamnati [MTD] ! Sashin fannin ruwa [MTD] ! Adadin Kashi [%] |- | Tsari na 10 (2002–2006) | 1975.4 | 1252.1 | 63 |- | Tsari na 11 (2007–2011) | 2887.9 | 1580.1 | 55 |} Hannun jarin ONAS ya kamata ya tashi daga miliyan 390 TD a cikin Tsari na 9 zuwa miliyan 525 TD a cikin Tsari na 10, wato ƙari na kashi 32%. Idan aka kwatanta da hannun jarin SONEDE a fannin ruwa, hannun jari a fannin tsaftace muhalli ya kasance mafi girma. Wannan wata muhimmiyar gaba ce domin a yawancin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa ana yin watsi da fannin tsaftace muhalli idan aka kwatanta da na samar da ruwa. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa farashin tsaftace muhalli ya yi girma idan aka kwatanta da matakan yankin, wanda ke nuna nuna ƙoƙari mai dorewa wajen karɓar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe, abin da babu shi a kusan dukkanin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="PSP"/> === Samar da kuɗi === Game da samar da kuɗi na sashen, yanayin a Tunisia an nuna shi a cikin tebur na ƙasa<ref name="etat"/> cikin MTD. {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Samar da Kuɗi na Fannin Ruwa a Tunisia|<ref name="etat"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Tushen Kuɗi<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 10 (2002-2006)<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 11 (2007-2011) |- ! Hannun Jari ! % ! Hannun Jari ! % |- | Kasafin Kuɗin Ƙasa | 947 | 48 | 1300 | 45 |- | Basussukan Waje | 808 | 41 | 1300 | 45 |- | Tallafi (Grants) | 150 | 8 | 200 | 7 |- | Kuɗin Kai (Self-financing) | 70 | 3 | 28 | 3 |- | Jimilla | 1975 | 100 | 2888 | 100 |} == Haɗin gwiwar waje == Abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje suna takawa rawar gani sosai wajen haɓaka fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tunisia. Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Faransa (AFD), Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, bankin ci gaba na Jamus (KfW), hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta Jamus (GIZ), da Bankin Duniya suna cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje na Tunisia a fannin ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2000, masu ba da tallafi sun ƙara ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka cikin haɗin gwiwa maimakon kowane mai ba da tallafi ya rinka ɗaukar nauyin ayyuka daban kamar yadda ake yi a baya. === Ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa === '''Aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa (PISEAU)'''. A shekarar 2000, Bankin Duniya ya amince da aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa na farko (PISEAU) wanda Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ta aiwatar tare da jimillar kuɗi dalar Amurka miliyan 258. An ba da kuɗin tare da bankin ci gaba na KfW, wanda ya ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 17.5, yayin da Bankin Duniya ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 103. Ba a bayyana sarai yadda aka samar da sauran kuɗaɗen ba. Babban makasudin aikin shi ne inganta haɗaddiyar gudanarwa ta albarkatun ruwa, tare da ingantacciyar manufar kiyaye albarkatun ruwa. Aikin ya ƙunshi sassa biyar: Gudanar da ban-ruwa, gudanar da ruwan karkashin kasa, kiyaye ruwa da kare muhalli, samar da ruwan sha na karkara, da ƙarfafa cibiyoyi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. Matakan da aka ɗauka an sa ran za su inganta yawan amfanin gona da kuma ƙara samun ruwan sha ga al'ummar karkara. A shekarar 2007 aka kammala aikin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Water Sector Investment Loan Project | date = 2000-06-18 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P035707&theSitePK=40941&piPK=64290415&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&Type=Overview | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> Aikin biyo baya (PISEAU II) ya sami tallafi daga Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka da kuɗi dalar Turai miliyan 22.91 ($31.3 miliyan), haka kuma daga AFD ($61 miliyan) da Bankin Duniya ($31 miliyan). Aikin ya haɗa da inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa na asali da na zamani (ruwan da aka tace da ruwan gishiri) a yankunan karkara. Manoma suna shiga cikin yanke shawara ta hanyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Aikin Gona (ADGs) don ban-ruwa da ruwan sha. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2015. Jimillar kuɗin aikin dalar Turai miliyan 122 ($167.56 miliyan).<ref>Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka:[http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=news230 Projects - Tunisia : sector investment project (PISEAU II)], 16 December 2008, accessed on June 20, 2010</ref><ref>The African Development Bank, Tunis 11 December 2008 [http://www.afdb.org/portal/page?_pageid=293,174339&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&press_item=30771097&press_lang=us €23 Million Loan to Finance Water Sector project in Tunisia]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobilisation des ressources hydrauliques : Le "PISEAU 2" entre en action…|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|access-date=2020-12-23|language=en|archive-date=2010-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508211635/http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Second water sector investment loan | date = 2009-09-01 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P095847 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> KfW ta ba da gudummawa a shekarar 2009 da adadin dalar Turai Miliyan 1 don nazarin kuɗin fito da matakan ƙarfafa shiga tsakani na ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = KfW | title = PISEAU II | date = 2010-08-04}}</ref> '''Shirin sake gina gidajen famfo na kwashe ruwan kazanta da masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa'''. KfW, AFD, da Hukumar Turai tare sun ba da kuɗin wannan shirin tsaftace muhalli a kan jimillar kuɗi dalar Turai miliyan 81.5 don masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa 19 da gidajen famfo na kwashe ruwan kazanta 130 a cikin larduna 11. KfW ta ba da rancen dalar Turai miliyan 55, AFD ta ba da rancen dalar Turai miliyan 18.5, kuma Hukumar EU ta ba da tallafin kyauta na dalar Turai miliyan 8. Za a sake amfani da taccen ruwa daga wasu masana'antu don noman ban-ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = ONAS | title = Network rehabilitation and extension and capacity building of ONAS | date = 2009-06-15 | url = http://www.onas.nat.tn/en/projet_en_cours_par_region.php?code=12 | access-date = 2010-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Agence Française de Développement | author-link = French Development Agency | title = Projects - Tunisia : Rehabilitation and extension of 19 WWTPs | year = 2010 | url = http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/fr/pid/11115 | access-date = 2010-06-20}}</ref> === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka yana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai === '''Aikin sake gina ONAS 4'''. A shekarar 2006, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya sanya hannu kan aikin sake gina ONAS 4. Jimillar kuɗinsa dalar Turai miliyan 90. Aikin yana da nufin ba da kuɗi don tattarawa da sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa daban-daban. Za a sake amfani da taccen gurbataccen ruwan don ayyukan noma. Yana tallafawa haɓaka manyan layukan magudanar ruwa a Greater Tunis; faɗaɗawa da sake gina tsarin tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan Monastir, Mahdia, Gabès, Medenine, Tataouine, da Gafsa; faɗaɗa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta Kudancin Hammamet; gina masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa guda uku a garuruwan Enfidha/Hergla, Menzel Temime, da Tazarka/Somâa/Mâamoura.<ref>{{cite journal | last = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : ONAS 4 rehabilitation project | date = June 2006 | url = http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2004/20040151.htm?lang=-en | access-date = 2010-06-10}}</ref> === Faransa === Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Faransa tana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Jamus === Jamus tana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa ta hanyar ayyukan haɗin gwiwar kuɗi da KfW ke aiwatarwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Bankin Dunia === '''Aikin magudanar ruwa na kazanta da sake amfani da shi na Greater Tunis'''. A shekarar 1997, Bankin Dunia ya amince da aikin magudanar ruwa na kazanta da sake amfani da shi na Greater Tunis. Jimillar jura ta kai dalar Amurka miliyan 107. Hukumomin da ke aiwatar da aikin su ne ONAS da Ma'aikatar Noma. Aikin zai ba da kuɗi don inganta ayyukan magudanar ruwa na birni da ayyukan samar da ruwan sha. Aikin yana haɓaka sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don amfanin ban-ruwa. Haka kuma, aikin yana haɓaka rage gurbatar birane da lalacewar gabar teku ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin fasahohi da taimakon fasaha. An kammala aikin a shekarar 2005.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Greater tunis sewerage and reuse project | date = 2005-11-02 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&contentFed=yes&Projectid=P005731 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> '''Aikin samar da ruwa na birni'''. A shekarar 2005, Bankin Dunia ya amince da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 38 ga SONEDE don aikin samar da ruwa na birni a Tunisia. Makasudin aikin ya ƙunshi inganta ingancin ruwa a Greater Tunis da sauran zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin birane. Domin cimma burinsa, aikin yana da niyyar zamanantarwa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da kuma haɓaka dorewar ayyukan SONEDE. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Urban water supply project | date = 2005-11-17 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20727560~menuPK:3325337~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK=4607,00.html | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Urban water supply project | date = 2005-11-01 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P064836&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 | access-date = 2010-06-14}}</ref> '''Magudanar ruwa ta kazanta ta Tunis West'''. A shekarar 2006, Bankin Dunia ya amince da aikin magudanar ruwa ta kazanta ta Tunis West. Jimillar zuba jarin ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 72, inda Bankin Dunia ya ba da kuɗi miliyan 67 daga ciki. Aikin yana da nufin inganta ingancin ayyukan tsaftace muhalli a Greater Tunis da na fannin magudanar ruwa na kazanta, sannan yana haɓaka sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don ban-ruwa da kuma inganta ayyukan ONAS ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Tunis west sewerage | date = 2006-06-11 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P099811 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} b2m6ggppuhn1j43qmjvactimk2q7p08 856988 856987 2026-06-14T11:55:07Z Sirjat 20447 856988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 |- | Ruwan karkashin kasa | 2140 | 2140 | 1576 | 1818 | 1860 | 1900 | 1940 |- | Jimilla | 4840 | 4640 | 2755 | 3694 | 4060 | 4300 | 4440 |- | Adadin sarrafawa (%) | | | 59 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 96 |} === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === A shekarar 2003, Ma'aikatar Noma ta fitar da Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plan) don fannin ruwa.<ref name="PSP"/> An gano tare da aiwatar da manyan hanyoyin dabaru guda biyu: shirin shekaru 10 na tattara albarkatun ruwa (2001-2011) wanda aka fara shi a karon farko a shekarar 1990, da kuma shirin na dogon lokaci (2030). A shekarar 2023, yayin da kasar ke cikin shekara ta hudu na fari, Sonede wato kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati ya fara rarraba ruwa ta hanyar kayade lokaci, inda yake yanke manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa tsakanin karfe 9 na dare zuwa karfe 4 na safe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Speakman Cordall |title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en-GB |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> == Nauyi a kan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ke tsara manufofi game da albarkatun ruwa na asali a Tunisia, yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai Dorewa ke kula da tsaftace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa, da tsara ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="governance"/> Sashen ayyukan injiniyan ruwa na ma'aikatar, wato ''Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques'' (DGBGTH), shi ne ke da alhakin gina manyan ayyukan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="treated"/> === Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa === Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Arewacin Afirka, Tunisia ta dade da kirkiro tare da amfani da dokoki da tsare-tsare masu yawa game da albarkatun ruwanta. Babban Tsarin Ruwa (WMP) ya kasance tun kafin shekarar 1970, lokacin da aka fara tsara WMP na farko don sassan Arewacin Tunisia, kasancewar wannan shi ne yankin da ya kunshi mafi yawan albarkatu da ayyukan da suka dangance su. Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar sun biyo baya a shekarun 1977 da 1983. Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ta kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da rarraba albarkatun ruwa. [[Image:Oued Mliz.jpg|250px|thumb|Wani kogi a kasar Tunisia]] Kasancewar albarkatun ruwan Tunisia na da rauni sosai ya haifar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka da dama da ke da nufin inganta amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, manyan matsaloli da mahimman dabarun aiki an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin rahoton kasar Tunisia kan fannin ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen da suka dace, za a iya fitar da wadannan manufofi na kasa:<ref name="etat">Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006</ref> a) Ci gaba da bunkasawa da tattara albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai domin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. b) Hadaddiyar gudanarwa na albarkatun ruwa, musamman inganta tura yawan ruwan da ya wuce kima daga lokutan damina zuwa lokutan [[drought|fari]]. c) Tsimon ruwa da sarrafa bukatarsa a dukkan fanni. d) Kara bunkasa albarkatun ruwa wadanda ba na asali ba ta hanyar fadada amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta a fannin noma da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan tekun don amfani a dukkan fannoni. e) Kare albarkatun ruwa daga [[pollution|gurbacewa]] da kuma [[over-exploitation|yin amfani da su fiye da kima]]. Domin cika wadannan manufofi, an sanya manyan dabaru guda uku: 1. Shirin Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa na Shekaru Goma (1990–2000): Babban fifiko na wannan dabarar shi ne kara yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa. Gina sama da 200 na kanana da manyan madatsun ruwa gami da haka rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi sama da 1000 sun haifar da ingantuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwan Tunisia daga 60% a shekarar 1990 zuwa 87.5% a shekarar 2004. Jimillar kudaden da aka ware wa wannan tsarin ya kai 2000 MTD (Miliyan Dinarin Tunisia) = dalar Amurka miliyan 1678<ref>http://www.waehrungsrechner.de (6 January 2004 or 1 June 2004){{vague|date=January 2010}}<!--06.01.2004 is ambiguous--> 1 Tunisian dinar&nbsp;= $0.83879</ref>). 2. Tsarin cikon aiki (2001–2011): Wannan dabarar tana kokarin tabbatar da manufofin dogon lokaci, musamman dorewar daidaito tsakanin bukata da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Kusan yana kunshe da matakai iri daya idan aka kwatanta da dabarar tattara ruwa ta farko, da nufin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. Bugu da kari, dabarar tana ba da fifiko kan matakan daidaitawa tsakanin shekarun damina da na fari, matakan kiyaye ruwa da kasa, da kuma sake cika rumbunan [[aquifer|ruwan karkashin kasa]]. Wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kasu kashi biyu na tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar-biyar, wato tsarin ci gaba na X (2002-2006) da kuma tsarin ci gaba na XI (2007-2011). 3. Shirin dogon lokaci (har zuwa 2030): Shirin na dogon lokaci ya ginu ne a kan Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plans) na arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Tunisia da aka bayyana a sashi na 2. Dabarar ta kunshi bincike mai yawa da shirye-shiryen nazari da nufin tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata zuwa dogon lokaci. ===Samar da Ayyuka=== ====Ruwan sha==== Hukumar SONEDE ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a Tunisiya. Wannan hukuma ce ta jama’a mai zaman kanta wacce ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma’aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa.<ref name="mapping">Mapping the Accountability Framework of a Utility to Actors in the Environment, Capacity Building Module, attributes of well-performing water utilities, case study Tunisia</ref> Shirye-shirye da saka jari don rarraba ruwan sha a yankunan karkara ana gudanar da su ta hannun *Direction Générale du Genie Rurale* (DGGR), tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (*Groupements d’intérêt collectif – GIC*).<ref name="PSP"/> Sashen ruwan sha a Tunisiya bai samu shiga daga kamfanonin masu zaman kansu sosai ba. Har zuwa yanzu, shiga masu zaman kansu ya takaitu ne ga shirye-shiryen kwangila kaɗan, kamar tsaro da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP"/> ====Tsaftar Muhalli==== Hukumar ONAS ce ke da alhakin tsaftar muhalli a birane, yankunan masana’antu da wuraren yawon buɗe ido. An kafa ta a shekarar 1974 domin gudanar da sashen tsafta, kuma tun daga 1993 ta zama babban mai kula da kariyar muhalli da yaki da gurbatar ruwa. Ayyukan ONAS sun haɗa da:<ref name="contribution"/> * Yaki da gurbatar ruwa * Tsarawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tsafta da aikin tace ruwan sharar gida da magudanar ruwan sama * Gina, gudanar da aiki da kuma kula da wuraren tsafta da aka ɗora mata ta hanyar doka * Sayarwa da rarraba kayayyakin da suka fito daga tace ruwan sharar gida da laka Sashen Injiniyan Karkara ne ke da alhakin tsafta a yankunan karkara da ONAS ba ta rufe, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke da alhakin tattara da zubar da shara da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.<ref name="PSP"/> == Ingancin tattalin arziki == '''Yawan aikin ma'aikata'''. A shekarar 2012, SONEDE tana da kusan ma'aikata 7016. Hukumar ONAS kuma tana da ma'aikata 5500 ya zuwa shekarar 2002. Adadin ma'aikata ga kowane haɗin famfo 1000 na ruwa kawai ya kasance 2.9, wanda ya ragu daga 4.1 a shekarar 2002. Adadin ya yi girma sosai idan aka haɗa da ma'aikatan ONAS, wanda hakan ya sa ya wuce matakan ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/>{{cite web|title=Chiffres clés|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=43|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}<ref name="PSP"/> '''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga'''. Adadin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (Non-revenue water) na hukumar SONEDE ya kai 20.7% a shekarar 2012, wanda ya ƙaru daga kashi 14% kawai a shekarar 2000.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Sassan kuɗi == === Kuɗin fito (Tariffs) === Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha iri ɗaya ne a fadin ƙasar baki ɗaya. Sun haɗa da tsayayyen sashi da kuma sashi mai canzawa wanda ya dogara da yawan amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, canjin sashin kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia ya kasance kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarification de l'eau potable|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=111|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=2|Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia<ref name="PSP"/> |- ! Amfani cikin m³/na tsawon watanni 3<br> ! Kuɗin fito na DT '''ga kowane m³'''<br> |- | 0-20 | 0.200 |- | 21-40 | 0.325 |- | 41-70 | 0.450 |- | 71-100 | 0.770 |- | 101-150 | 0.940 |- | 151-500 | 1.260 |- |ya wuce 500 | 1.315 |} Adadin musayar kuɗi na dinarin Tunisia zuwa dalar Amurka shi ne 1.00 TND = $0.604 US.<ref>http://www.oanda.com 27.12.2013</ref> Duk masu amfani da ruwa, in ban da fannin yawon buɗe ido, dole ne su biya waɗannan kuɗaɗen fito masu canzawa da aka ambata a sama. Farashin ruwan sha ga fannin yawon buɗe ido shi ne 1.315 DT/m³ ba tare da la'akari da yawan amfani ba. Tsayayyen sashin kuɗin fito ya dogara ne da girman faɗin mita mai auna ruwa. Duk kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan sha ana cajin su harajin harhada daraja (VAT) na kashi 18%. Ana daidaita kuɗaɗen fito ne bisa shawarwarin da SONEDE da ONAS suka gabatar ga kwamitocin gudanarwarsu da kuma gwamnati (Ma'aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa, da Ma'aikatar Kuɗi). Wani lokaci ana yin watsi da waɗannan buƙatun.<ref name="mapping" /> Hukumar SONEDE ce ke fitar da takardar kuɗi tare da karɓar kuɗaɗen tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP" /> An ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da na ruwan kazanta da kashi 7 cikin ɗari a watan Yulin shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka samu ƙari sau biyu kacal a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.<ref name="GWI June 2013">{{cite web|title=Tunisia spring-cleans its water finances|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/6/general/tunisia-spring-cleans-its-water-finances.html#sthash.PfnpOD4v.dpuf|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, June 2013|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> An sake ƙara kuɗaɗen fito a watan Satumba na shekarar 2016 da kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari a matsakaici. === Maido da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe === SONEDE tana biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare (da kashi kaɗan na kuɗaɗen hannun jari) ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga da take samu.<ref name="WIT"/> Kafin juyin juya halin ƙasashen Larabawa (Arab Spring), rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa ya kasance kusan kashi 4-5% ne kawai, amma ya faɗi zuwa kashi 30% bayan juyin juya halin. A shekarar 2012, ya koma ƙasa da kashi 10%. Kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na bashin da ake bin hukumomin yana wuyan cibiyoyin gwamnati ne. SONEDE tana fuskantar gibin kuɗi na shekara-shekara da ya kai TND82 miliyan ($50 miliyan). Matsakaicin kuɗin mita cubic ɗaya shi ne TND0.716 ($0.44) kuma ana sayar da shi a kan TND0.570 ($0.35). ONAS ta fi dogara ga tallafin gwamnati. Misali, jihar tana biya mata ainihin babban bashin da aka ci mata yayin da ONAS kawai za ta biya kuɗin ruwa na bashin.<ref name="GWI June 2013"/> === Hannun jari === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=4|Hannun jarin gwamnati daga kasafin kuɗin Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa sun kasance kamar haka<ref name="etat"/> |- | ! Hannun Jarin Gwamnati [MTD] ! Sashin fannin ruwa [MTD] ! Adadin Kashi [%] |- | Tsari na 10 (2002–2006) | 1975.4 | 1252.1 | 63 |- | Tsari na 11 (2007–2011) | 2887.9 | 1580.1 | 55 |} Hannun jarin ONAS ya kamata ya tashi daga miliyan 390 TD a cikin Tsari na 9 zuwa miliyan 525 TD a cikin Tsari na 10, wato ƙari na kashi 32%. Idan aka kwatanta da hannun jarin SONEDE a fannin ruwa, hannun jari a fannin tsaftace muhalli ya kasance mafi girma. Wannan wata muhimmiyar gaba ce domin a yawancin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa ana yin watsi da fannin tsaftace muhalli idan aka kwatanta da na samar da ruwa. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa farashin tsaftace muhalli ya yi girma idan aka kwatanta da matakan yankin, wanda ke nuna nuna ƙoƙari mai dorewa wajen karɓar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe, abin da babu shi a kusan dukkanin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="PSP"/> === Samar da kuɗi === Game da samar da kuɗi na sashen, yanayin a Tunisia an nuna shi a cikin tebur na ƙasa<ref name="etat"/> cikin MTD. {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Samar da Kuɗi na Fannin Ruwa a Tunisia|<ref name="etat"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Tushen Kuɗi<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 10 (2002-2006)<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 11 (2007-2011) |- ! Hannun Jari ! % ! Hannun Jari ! % |- | Kasafin Kuɗin Ƙasa | 947 | 48 | 1300 | 45 |- | Basussukan Waje | 808 | 41 | 1300 | 45 |- | Tallafi (Grants) | 150 | 8 | 200 | 7 |- | Kuɗin Kai (Self-financing) | 70 | 3 | 28 | 3 |- | Jimilla | 1975 | 100 | 2888 | 100 |} == Haɗin gwiwar waje == Abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje suna takawa rawar gani sosai wajen haɓaka fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tunisia. Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Faransa (AFD), Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, bankin ci gaba na Jamus (KfW), hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta Jamus (GIZ), da Bankin Duniya suna cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje na Tunisia a fannin ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2000, masu ba da tallafi sun ƙara ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka cikin haɗin gwiwa maimakon kowane mai ba da tallafi ya rinka ɗaukar nauyin ayyuka daban kamar yadda ake yi a baya. === Ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa === '''Aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa (PISEAU)'''. A shekarar 2000, Bankin Duniya ya amince da aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa na farko (PISEAU) wanda Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ta aiwatar tare da jimillar kuɗi dalar Amurka miliyan 258. An ba da kuɗin tare da bankin ci gaba na KfW, wanda ya ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 17.5, yayin da Bankin Duniya ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 103. Ba a bayyana sarai yadda aka samar da sauran kuɗaɗen ba. Babban makasudin aikin shi ne inganta haɗaddiyar gudanarwa ta albarkatun ruwa, tare da ingantacciyar manufar kiyaye albarkatun ruwa. Aikin ya ƙunshi sassa biyar: Gudanar da ban-ruwa, gudanar da ruwan karkashin kasa, kiyaye ruwa da kare muhalli, samar da ruwan sha na karkara, da ƙarfafa cibiyoyi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. Matakan da aka ɗauka an sa ran za su inganta yawan amfanin gona da kuma ƙara samun ruwan sha ga al'ummar karkara. A shekarar 2007 aka kammala aikin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Water Sector Investment Loan Project | date = 2000-06-18 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P035707&theSitePK=40941&piPK=64290415&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&Type=Overview | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> Aikin biyo baya (PISEAU II) ya sami tallafi daga Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka da kuɗi dalar Turai miliyan 22.91 ($31.3 miliyan), haka kuma daga AFD ($61 miliyan) da Bankin Duniya ($31 miliyan). Aikin ya haɗa da inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa na asali da na zamani (ruwan da aka tace da ruwan gishiri) a yankunan karkara. Manoma suna shiga cikin yanke shawara ta hanyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Aikin Gona (ADGs) don ban-ruwa da ruwan sha. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2015. Jimillar kuɗin aikin dalar Turai miliyan 122 ($167.56 miliyan).<ref>Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka:[http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=news230 Projects - Tunisia : sector investment project (PISEAU II)], 16 December 2008, accessed on June 20, 2010</ref><ref>The African Development Bank, Tunis 11 December 2008 [http://www.afdb.org/portal/page?_pageid=293,174339&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&press_item=30771097&press_lang=us €23 Million Loan to Finance Water Sector project in Tunisia]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobilisation des ressources hydrauliques : Le "PISEAU 2" entre en action…|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|access-date=2020-12-23|language=en|archive-date=2010-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508211635/http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Second water sector investment loan | date = 2009-09-01 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P095847 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> KfW ta ba da gudummawa a shekarar 2009 da adadin dalar Turai Miliyan 1 don nazarin kuɗin fito da matakan ƙarfafa shiga tsakani na ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = KfW | title = PISEAU II | date = 2010-08-04}}</ref> '''Shirin sake gina gidajen famfo na kwashe ruwan kazanta da masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa'''. KfW, AFD, da Hukumar Turai tare sun ba da kuɗin wannan shirin tsaftace muhalli a kan jimillar kuɗi dalar Turai miliyan 81.5 don masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa 19 da gidajen famfo na kwashe ruwan kazanta 130 a cikin larduna 11. KfW ta ba da rancen dalar Turai miliyan 55, AFD ta ba da rancen dalar Turai miliyan 18.5, kuma Hukumar EU ta ba da tallafin kyauta na dalar Turai miliyan 8. Za a sake amfani da taccen ruwa daga wasu masana'antu don noman ban-ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = ONAS | title = Network rehabilitation and extension and capacity building of ONAS | date = 2009-06-15 | url = http://www.onas.nat.tn/en/projet_en_cours_par_region.php?code=12 | access-date = 2010-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Agence Française de Développement | author-link = French Development Agency | title = Projects - Tunisia : Rehabilitation and extension of 19 WWTPs | year = 2010 | url = http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/fr/pid/11115 | access-date = 2010-06-20}}</ref> === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka yana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai === '''Aikin sake gina ONAS 4'''. A shekarar 2006, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya sanya hannu kan aikin sake gina ONAS 4. Jimillar kuɗinsa dalar Turai miliyan 90. Aikin yana da nufin ba da kuɗi don tattarawa da sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa daban-daban. Za a sake amfani da taccen gurbataccen ruwan don ayyukan noma. Yana tallafawa haɓaka manyan layukan magudanar ruwa a Greater Tunis; faɗaɗawa da sake gina tsarin tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan Monastir, Mahdia, Gabès, Medenine, Tataouine, da Gafsa; faɗaɗa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta Kudancin Hammamet; gina masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa guda uku a garuruwan Enfidha/Hergla, Menzel Temime, da Tazarka/Somâa/Mâamoura.<ref>{{cite journal | last = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : ONAS 4 rehabilitation project | date = June 2006 | url = http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2004/20040151.htm?lang=-en | access-date = 2010-06-10}}</ref> === Faransa === Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Faransa tana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Jamus === Jamus tana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa ta hanyar ayyukan haɗin gwiwar kuɗi da KfW ke aiwatarwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Bankin Dunia === '''Aikin magudanar ruwa na kazanta da sake amfani da shi na Greater Tunis'''. A shekarar 1997, Bankin Dunia ya amince da aikin magudanar ruwa na kazanta da sake amfani da shi na Greater Tunis. Jimillar jura ta kai dalar Amurka miliyan 107. Hukumomin da ke aiwatar da aikin su ne ONAS da Ma'aikatar Noma. Aikin zai ba da kuɗi don inganta ayyukan magudanar ruwa na birni da ayyukan samar da ruwan sha. Aikin yana haɓaka sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don amfanin ban-ruwa. Haka kuma, aikin yana haɓaka rage gurbatar birane da lalacewar gabar teku ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin fasahohi da taimakon fasaha. An kammala aikin a shekarar 2005.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Greater tunis sewerage and reuse project | date = 2005-11-02 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&contentFed=yes&Projectid=P005731 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> '''Aikin samar da ruwa na birni'''. A shekarar 2005, Bankin Dunia ya amince da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 38 ga SONEDE don aikin samar da ruwa na birni a Tunisia. Makasudin aikin ya ƙunshi inganta ingancin ruwa a Greater Tunis da sauran zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin birane. Domin cimma burinsa, aikin yana da niyyar zamanantarwa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da kuma haɓaka dorewar ayyukan SONEDE. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Urban water supply project | date = 2005-11-17 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20727560~menuPK:3325337~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK=4607,00.html | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Urban water supply project | date = 2005-11-01 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P064836&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 | access-date = 2010-06-14}}</ref> '''Magudanar ruwa ta kazanta ta Tunis West'''. A shekarar 2006, Bankin Dunia ya amince da aikin magudanar ruwa ta kazanta ta Tunis West. Jimillar zuba jarin ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 72, inda Bankin Dunia ya ba da kuɗi miliyan 67 daga ciki. Aikin yana da nufin inganta ingancin ayyukan tsaftace muhalli a Greater Tunis da na fannin magudanar ruwa na kazanta, sannan yana haɓaka sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don ban-ruwa da kuma inganta ayyukan ONAS ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Tunis west sewerage | date = 2006-06-11 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P099811 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ko4c91dal7us5rontxlyo1ue90syzdc 0 157400 856958 2026-06-14T11:44:52Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345520159|Victoria Falls Hotel]]" 856958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=The Victoria Falls Hotel|image=Victoria Falls Hotel from behind.jpg|website={{URL|http://www.victoriafallshotel.com/}}}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Otal din Victoria Falls''' otal ne mai tarihi a [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe]], wanda ke da kyau sosai tare da ra'ayi na biyu da [[Victoria Falls Bridge]] daga tashinsa. Yana cikin ƙungiyar The Leading Hotels of the World marketing kuma African Sun Limited da Meikles ne ke sarrafawa. == Tarihi == An buɗe otal ɗin a cikin 1904 don saukar da fasinjoji a kan sabuwar hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Rhodesia Railways Ltd, wani ɓangare na shirin Cape zuwa Cairo Railway. Daga baya ya kasance wurin tsayawa don sabis na jirgin ruwa na BOAC tsakanin [[Southampton]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. A watan Satumbar 1904, Gimbiya Kirista ta Schleswig-Holstein da 'yarta, Gimbiya Helena Victoria sun zama baƙi na farko na sarauta na sabon otal ɗin da aka buɗe. Otal din ya karbi baƙi na sarauta a lokuta da yawa, gami da Sarki George VI da iyalinsa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1947. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Peter |title=To the Victoria Falls - Royal Visit 1947 |url=http://www.tothevictoriafalls.com/vfpages/tourism/royalvisit.html |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=www.tothevictoriafalls.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Otal din ya kasance wurin da aka gudanar da manyan tarurruka na siyasa. A cikin 1949 [[Roy Welensky]] ya shirya wani taro a can don tattauna yadda aka kirkiro [[Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland]], kuma a cikin 1963, Taron Victoria Falls a otal ɗin ya haifar da rushewar tarayyar. Ya dauki bakuncin Taron Victoria Falls na 1975 don kokarin warware [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Kai ta Rhodesia]] wanda ya biyo bayan rushewar Tarayyar. A cikin 2022, Ikilisiyar Anglican na Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya ta gabatar da lambar yabo ga otal ɗin don kula da ɗakin sujada na cikin gida, inda ake gudanar da taro na mako-mako ban da ayyuka na musamman kamar bukukuwan aure. [[Fayil:The_Victoria_Falls_Hotel.jpg|thumb|Otal din Victoria Falls]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{The Leading Hotels of the World|Africa}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.victoriafallshotel.com/}} {{Authority control}} 43ad9boxm93xbk6agtkbgpq855340zm 0 157401 856963 2026-06-14T11:45:52Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356957269|Victoria Falls Field Museum]]" 856963 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Gidan kayan tarihi na filin Victoria Falls gidan kayan gargajiya ne da ke gefen Kogin Zambezi[1] a Victoria Falls, Zambia. Yana da nuni da suka shafi tarihin yankin, da kuma samuwar faɗuwar ruwa. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/museums.htm Gidajen tarihi a Zambia] * [http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-17.92594&lon=25.86391&zoom=17&layers=B000FTF Wurin gidan kayan gargajiya na Victoria Falls a kan Openstreetmap] i4ish5i1martyfcf9qsbgcs8ht3bwls 0 157402 856967 2026-06-14T11:46:34Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 856967 wikitext text/x-wiki na'ura ce da aka tsara don inganta ji ta hanyar yin sauti ga mutumin da ke fama da asarar ji. Ana rarraba kayan aikin ji a matsayin na'urorin kiwon lafiya a yawancin ƙasashe, kuma ana tsara su ta ƙa'idodin da suka dace. Ƙananan amplifiers na sauti kamar samfuran amplification na mutum (PSAPs) ko wasu tsarin ƙarfafa sauti ba za a iya siyar da su a matsayin "abubuwan jin sauti ba. Na'urorin farko, irin su ƙaho na kunne ko ƙaho na kunnuwa, [1] sun kasance ƙwayoyin ƙaruwa waɗanda aka tsara don tattara ƙarfin sauti da kuma jagorantar shi cikin tashar kunne. Na'urorin zamani sune tsarin lantarki na kwamfuta wanda ke canza sautin muhalli don yin sautin sauti, bisa ga ka'idojin sauti da fahimta. Na'urorin zamani kuma suna amfani da sarrafa sigina dijital mai mahimmanci, da nufin inganta fahimtar magana da ta'aziyya ga mai amfani. Irin wannan sarrafa siginar ya haɗa da gudanar da ra'ayoyi, matsawa mai ƙarfi, jagorancin, rage mitar, da rage hayaniya ==Amfani== Ana amfani da kayan jin magana don cututtuka daban-daban ciki har da asarar ji na sensorineural, asarar ji mai kaiwa, da kurma ɗaya. Dokta na Audiology, ko ƙwararren ƙwararren mai ji, wanda zai dace da na'urar bisa ga yanayin da kuma matakin asarar ji da ake kula da shi, ya ƙayyade takarar taimakon ji. Adadin fa'idodin da mai amfani da taimakon ji ke samu yana da dalilai da yawa, dangane da nau'in, tsananin, da kuma asalin asarar ji, fasaha da dacewa da na'urar, da kuma motsawa, mutuntaka, salon rayuwa, da kuma lafiyar mai amfani gaba ɗaya.[1] Kayan jin na kan kantin, wanda ke magance asarar ji mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici, an tsara su ne don mai amfani ya daidaita su.[2] ft0l8qn1e09cpehyi5foeveqqg8d8aq 856977 856967 2026-06-14T11:48:53Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 856977 wikitext text/x-wiki na'ura ce da aka tsara don inganta ji ta hanyar yin sauti ga mutumin da ke fama da asarar ji. Ana rarraba kayan aikin ji a matsayin na'urorin kiwon lafiya a yawancin ƙasashe, kuma ana tsara su ta ƙa'idodin da suka dace. Ƙananan amplifiers na sauti kamar samfuran amplification na mutum (PSAPs) ko wasu tsarin ƙarfafa sauti ba za a iya siyar da su a matsayin "abubuwan jin sauti ba. Na'urorin farko, irin su ƙaho na kunne ko ƙaho na kunnuwa,<ref>https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46218426</ref> sun kasance ƙwayoyin ƙaruwa waɗanda aka tsara don tattara ƙarfin sauti da kuma jagorantar shi cikin tashar kunne. Na'urorin zamani sune tsarin lantarki na kwamfuta wanda ke canza sautin muhalli don yin sautin sauti, bisa ga ka'idojin sauti da fahimta. Na'urorin zamani kuma suna amfani da sarrafa sigina dijital mai mahimmanci, da nufin inganta fahimtar magana da ta'aziyya ga mai amfani. Irin wannan sarrafa siginar ya haɗa da gudanar da ra'ayoyi, matsawa mai ƙarfi, jagorancin, rage mitar, da rage hayaniya ==Amfani== Ana amfani da kayan jin magana don cututtuka daban-daban ciki har da asarar ji na sensorineural, asarar ji mai kaiwa, da kurma ɗaya. Dokta na Audiology, ko ƙwararren ƙwararren mai ji, wanda zai dace da na'urar bisa ga yanayin da kuma matakin asarar ji da ake kula da shi, ya ƙayyade takarar taimakon ji. Adadin fa'idodin da mai amfani da taimakon ji ke samu yana da dalilai da yawa, dangane da nau'in, tsananin, da kuma asalin asarar ji, fasaha da dacewa da na'urar, da kuma motsawa, mutuntaka, salon rayuwa, da kuma lafiyar mai amfani gaba ɗaya.<ref>http://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/self-report-assessment-hearing-aid-931</ref> Kayan jin na kan kantin, wanda ke magance asarar ji mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici, an tsara su ne don mai amfani ya daidaita su. ==Manazarta== hs04njzbxv8ocdz2kr0mxhdtrqb8ad9 856982 856977 2026-06-14T11:50:32Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 856982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} na'ura ce da aka tsara don inganta ji ta hanyar yin sauti ga mutumin da ke fama da asarar ji. Ana rarraba kayan aikin ji a matsayin na'urorin kiwon lafiya a yawancin ƙasashe, kuma ana tsara su ta ƙa'idodin da suka dace. Ƙananan amplifiers na sauti kamar samfuran amplification na mutum (PSAPs) ko wasu tsarin ƙarfafa sauti ba za a iya siyar da su a matsayin "abubuwan jin sauti ba. Na'urorin farko, irin su ƙaho na kunne ko ƙaho na kunnuwa,<ref>https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46218426</ref> sun kasance ƙwayoyin ƙaruwa waɗanda aka tsara don tattara ƙarfin sauti da kuma jagorantar shi cikin tashar kunne. Na'urorin zamani sune tsarin lantarki na kwamfuta wanda ke canza sautin muhalli don yin sautin sauti, bisa ga ka'idojin sauti da fahimta. Na'urorin zamani kuma suna amfani da sarrafa sigina dijital mai mahimmanci, da nufin inganta fahimtar magana da ta'aziyya ga mai amfani. Irin wannan sarrafa siginar ya haɗa da gudanar da ra'ayoyi, matsawa mai ƙarfi, jagorancin, rage mitar, da rage hayaniya ==Amfani== Ana amfani da kayan jin magana don cututtuka daban-daban ciki har da asarar ji na sensorineural, asarar ji mai kaiwa, da kurma ɗaya. Dokta na Audiology, ko ƙwararren ƙwararren mai ji, wanda zai dace da na'urar bisa ga yanayin da kuma matakin asarar ji da ake kula da shi, ya ƙayyade takarar taimakon ji. Adadin fa'idodin da mai amfani da taimakon ji ke samu yana da dalilai da yawa, dangane da nau'in, tsananin, da kuma asalin asarar ji, fasaha da dacewa da na'urar, da kuma motsawa, mutuntaka, salon rayuwa, da kuma lafiyar mai amfani gaba ɗaya.<ref>http://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/self-report-assessment-hearing-aid-931</ref> Kayan jin na kan kantin, wanda ke magance asarar ji mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici, an tsara su ne don mai amfani ya daidaita su. ==Manazarta== nvhy59er9i4f8qxz52waa4mlf6b0aes 856984 856982 2026-06-14T11:53:11Z Mustysummy 21281 naurar ji 856984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Oticon hearing aid top view.jpg|thumb|naurar sawa a kunne mai taimakawa wurin ji]] na'ura ce da aka tsara don inganta ji ta hanyar yin sauti ga mutumin da ke fama da asarar ji. Ana rarraba kayan aikin ji a matsayin na'urorin kiwon lafiya a yawancin ƙasashe, kuma ana tsara su ta ƙa'idodin da suka dace. Ƙananan amplifiers na sauti kamar samfuran amplification na mutum (PSAPs) ko wasu tsarin ƙarfafa sauti ba za a iya siyar da su a matsayin "abubuwan jin sauti ba. Na'urorin farko, irin su ƙaho na kunne ko ƙaho na kunnuwa,<ref>https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46218426</ref> sun kasance ƙwayoyin ƙaruwa waɗanda aka tsara don tattara ƙarfin sauti da kuma jagorantar shi cikin tashar kunne. Na'urorin zamani sune tsarin lantarki na kwamfuta wanda ke canza sautin muhalli don yin sautin sauti, bisa ga ka'idojin sauti da fahimta. Na'urorin zamani kuma suna amfani da sarrafa sigina dijital mai mahimmanci, da nufin inganta fahimtar magana da ta'aziyya ga mai amfani. Irin wannan sarrafa siginar ya haɗa da gudanar da ra'ayoyi, matsawa mai ƙarfi, jagorancin, rage mitar, da rage hayaniya ==Amfani== Ana amfani da kayan jin magana don cututtuka daban-daban ciki har da asarar ji na sensorineural, asarar ji mai kaiwa, da kurma ɗaya. Dokta na Audiology, ko ƙwararren ƙwararren mai ji, wanda zai dace da na'urar bisa ga yanayin da kuma matakin asarar ji da ake kula da shi, ya ƙayyade takarar taimakon ji. Adadin fa'idodin da mai amfani da taimakon ji ke samu yana da dalilai da yawa, dangane da nau'in, tsananin, da kuma asalin asarar ji, fasaha da dacewa da na'urar, da kuma motsawa, mutuntaka, salon rayuwa, da kuma lafiyar mai amfani gaba ɗaya.<ref>http://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/self-report-assessment-hearing-aid-931</ref> Kayan jin na kan kantin, wanda ke magance asarar ji mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici, an tsara su ne don mai amfani ya daidaita su. ==Manazarta== ihppw2oc4k3cc90mleqx4e6kvoc1a6m 0 157403 856968 2026-06-14T11:46:41Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323567579|Buddhism in England]]" 856968 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Addinin Buddha a Ingila''' yana samun karuwar goyon baya. Mutane 238,626 a Ingila sun ayyana kansu a matsayin mabiya addinin Buddha a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011 kuma kashi 34% daga cikinsu suna zaune ne a Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |access-date=15 December 2012 |publisher=ons.gov.uk}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ga farkon kasancewar Buddha a shekarun 1810. [[Adam Sri Munni Ratna]], wani malamin addinin Buddha daga Ceylon (Sri Lanka), ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila tare da ɗan uwansa (wanda shi ma malamin addinin Buddha ne) yayin da yake rakiyar Sir Alexander Johnston a shekarar 1818. Suna da sha'awar koyon addinin Kirista yayin da suke tafiya zuwa Ingila. A lokacin ɗan gajeren zamansu, an yi wa sufaye biyu baftisma aka mayar da su Ceylon inda suka shiga aikin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Munni Ratna, a Buddhist monk in England in 1818 |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2018/04/adam-munni-ratna-a-buddhist-monk-in-england-in-1818.html}}</ref> Tasirin [[Theravada]] ya bunƙasa a Ingila a farkon ƙarni na 20. Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da kafuwar ƙungiyar Buddha ta [[Landan|London]] a shekarar 1924 da kuma ƙungiyar Buddha ta Theravada ta London Vihara a Chiswick a shekarar 1926. Anagarika Dharmapala (1864-1933), wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Mahā Bodhi a shekarar 1891, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da addinin Buddha a matsayin al'adar sufaye ga Burtaniya. Dawowar Ananda Metteyya zuwa Ingila a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1908 bayan tafiye-tafiye a Ceylon da naɗin sufaye a Burma wani muhimmin ci gaba ne a cikin gadon addinin Buddha na Burtaniya. Wani ƙaramin gudu daga Burtaniya ya yi tafiya a hankali zuwa Asiya don zurfafa sadaukarwar ruhaniya ta hanyar naɗin malaman addinin Kirista, galibi a matsayin malaman addinin Kirista na Theravadin, kamar Ñāṇavīra Thera da Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu waɗanda suka je Tsibirin Hermitage a Sri Lanka don naɗin Sāmaṇera a 1949. Kapilavatdho Bhikkhu ya gabatar da al'adar Dhammakaya ga Burtaniya a 1954 ta wannan hanyar kuma ya kafa Amintacciyar Sangha ta Ingila a 1955. Wasu fitattun malaman addinin Asiya kamar Hammalawa Saddhatissa sun zo zaune a Ingila. An kafa Cibiyar Manjushri, babbar kwalejin addinin Buddha a Conishead Priory da ke Cumbria, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin malamin addinin Tibet mai suna Thubten Yeshe a shekarar 1976. A shekarar 1991, an maye gurbinta da Sabuwar Al'adar Kadampa, sabuwar ƙungiyar addini da wani malamin addinin Kirista, Kelsang Gyatso, ya kafa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=David N. |year=1997 |title=The New Kadampa Tradition and the Continuity of Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |url=http://www.nktworld.org/The%20New%20Kadampa%20Tradition%20and%20the%20Continuity%20of%20Tibetan%20Buddhism%20in%20Transition%20-%20compressed.pdf |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |publisher=Routledge |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=277–293 |doi=10.1080/13537909708580806}}</ref> An kafa wata ƙungiyar malaman addinin Buddha ta Theravada wadda ta bi al'adar dazuzzukan Thai ta Ajahn Chah a gidan ibada na Chithurst da ke Yammacin Sussex a shekarar 1979, wadda ta haifar da gidajen ibada na reshe a wasu wurare a ƙasar, ciki har da gidan ibada na Amaravati Buddhist da ke Chiltern Hills da Aruna Ratanagiri a Northumberland . Mutane da yawa daga cikin mazauna ƙasar kamar Ajahn Khemadhmo, Ajahn Sucitto, Ajahn Amaro, Ajahn Brahm da Ajahn Jayasaro an naɗa su cikin wannan tsarin malaman addinin Buddha, sun zama masu aikin ibada na gaske da kuma malamai masu himma na Dhamma. Ajahn Khemadhmo ya kuma fara aikin limamin gidan yarin Buddha a shekarar 1977 kuma ya kafa "Angulimala, wato limamin gidan yarin Buddha" a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhist Prison Chaplaincy |url=http://www.dancingmountains.org.uk/newsletter/email_newsletter/Issue-13/Page-2.html |access-date=2020-11-24 |publisher=dancingmountains.org.uk}}</ref> Samatha Trust ta wakilci al'adar tunani ta addini ta asali daga Thailand, tare da hedikwatarta a Wales. Sōtō Zen tana da wani gidan ibada a Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey da ke Northumberland. == Alƙaluma == A shekarar 2001, addinin Buddha ya ƙunshi kashi 0.3% na yawan jama'ar Ingila, <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2010 |title=Religion (2001 Census) |url=http://data.gov.uk/dataset/religion_2001_census}}</ref> wanda ya karu zuwa kashi 0.5% a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=Release Edition Reference Tables |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262}}</ref> Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011, akwai mabiya addinin Buddha 238,626 a Ingila. Gundumar da ta fi yawan mabiya addinin Buddha a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011 ita ce Rushmoor da ke Hampshire, inda kashi 3.3% na waɗanda suka amsa suka bayyana a matsayin mabiya addinin Buddha: wannan ya faru ne saboda alaƙar tarihi da yankin (musamman ta Aldershot) ke da shi da rundunar Gurkha . == Nassoshi == ck4sxkeuvtfgtkjlgl2mzch161yb1dm 856972 856968 2026-06-14T11:47:11Z Dev ammar 21046 856972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Addinin Buddha a Ingila''' yana samun karuwar goyon baya. Mutane 238,626 a Ingila sun ayyana kansu a matsayin mabiya addinin Buddha a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011 kuma kashi 34% daga cikinsu suna zaune ne a Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |access-date=15 December 2012 |publisher=ons.gov.uk}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ga farkon kasancewar Buddha a shekarun 1810. [[Adam Sri Munni Ratna]], wani malamin addinin Buddha daga Ceylon (Sri Lanka), ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila tare da ɗan uwansa (wanda shi ma malamin addinin Buddha ne) yayin da yake rakiyar Sir Alexander Johnston a shekarar 1818. Suna da sha'awar koyon addinin Kirista yayin da suke tafiya zuwa Ingila. A lokacin ɗan gajeren zamansu, an yi wa sufaye biyu baftisma aka mayar da su Ceylon inda suka shiga aikin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Munni Ratna, a Buddhist monk in England in 1818 |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2018/04/adam-munni-ratna-a-buddhist-monk-in-england-in-1818.html}}</ref> Tasirin [[Theravada]] ya bunƙasa a Ingila a farkon ƙarni na 20. Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da kafuwar ƙungiyar Buddha ta [[Landan|London]] a shekarar 1924 da kuma ƙungiyar Buddha ta Theravada ta London Vihara a Chiswick a shekarar 1926. Anagarika Dharmapala (1864-1933), wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Mahā Bodhi a shekarar 1891, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da addinin Buddha a matsayin al'adar sufaye ga Burtaniya. Dawowar Ananda Metteyya zuwa Ingila a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1908 bayan tafiye-tafiye a Ceylon da naɗin sufaye a Burma wani muhimmin ci gaba ne a cikin gadon addinin Buddha na Burtaniya. Wani ƙaramin gudu daga Burtaniya ya yi tafiya a hankali zuwa Asiya don zurfafa sadaukarwar ruhaniya ta hanyar naɗin malaman addinin Kirista, galibi a matsayin malaman addinin Kirista na Theravadin, kamar Ñāṇavīra Thera da Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu waɗanda suka je Tsibirin Hermitage a Sri Lanka don naɗin Sāmaṇera a 1949. Kapilavatdho Bhikkhu ya gabatar da al'adar Dhammakaya ga Burtaniya a 1954 ta wannan hanyar kuma ya kafa Amintacciyar Sangha ta Ingila a 1955. Wasu fitattun malaman addinin Asiya kamar Hammalawa Saddhatissa sun zo zaune a Ingila. An kafa Cibiyar Manjushri, babbar kwalejin addinin Buddha a Conishead Priory da ke Cumbria, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin malamin addinin Tibet mai suna Thubten Yeshe a shekarar 1976. A shekarar 1991, an maye gurbinta da Sabuwar Al'adar Kadampa, sabuwar ƙungiyar addini da wani malamin addinin Kirista, Kelsang Gyatso, ya kafa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=David N. |year=1997 |title=The New Kadampa Tradition and the Continuity of Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |url=http://www.nktworld.org/The%20New%20Kadampa%20Tradition%20and%20the%20Continuity%20of%20Tibetan%20Buddhism%20in%20Transition%20-%20compressed.pdf |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |publisher=Routledge |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=277–293 |doi=10.1080/13537909708580806}}</ref> An kafa wata ƙungiyar malaman addinin Buddha ta Theravada wadda ta bi al'adar dazuzzukan Thai ta Ajahn Chah a gidan ibada na Chithurst da ke Yammacin Sussex a shekarar 1979, wadda ta haifar da gidajen ibada na reshe a wasu wurare a ƙasar, ciki har da gidan ibada na Amaravati Buddhist da ke Chiltern Hills da Aruna Ratanagiri a Northumberland . Mutane da yawa daga cikin mazauna ƙasar kamar Ajahn Khemadhmo, Ajahn Sucitto, Ajahn Amaro, Ajahn Brahm da Ajahn Jayasaro an naɗa su cikin wannan tsarin malaman addinin Buddha, sun zama masu aikin ibada na gaske da kuma malamai masu himma na Dhamma. Ajahn Khemadhmo ya kuma fara aikin limamin gidan yarin Buddha a shekarar 1977 kuma ya kafa "Angulimala, wato limamin gidan yarin Buddha" a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhist Prison Chaplaincy |url=http://www.dancingmountains.org.uk/newsletter/email_newsletter/Issue-13/Page-2.html |access-date=2020-11-24 |publisher=dancingmountains.org.uk}}</ref> Samatha Trust ta wakilci al'adar tunani ta addini ta asali daga Thailand, tare da hedikwatarta a Wales. Sōtō Zen tana da wani gidan ibada a Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey da ke Northumberland. == Alƙaluma == A shekarar 2001, addinin Buddha ya ƙunshi kashi 0.3% na yawan jama'ar Ingila, <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2010 |title=Religion (2001 Census) |url=http://data.gov.uk/dataset/religion_2001_census}}</ref> wanda ya karu zuwa kashi 0.5% a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=Release Edition Reference Tables |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262}}</ref> Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011, akwai mabiya addinin Buddha 238,626 a Ingila. Gundumar da ta fi yawan mabiya addinin Buddha a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011 ita ce Rushmoor da ke Hampshire, inda kashi 3.3% na waɗanda suka amsa suka bayyana a matsayin mabiya addinin Buddha: wannan ya faru ne saboda alaƙar tarihi da yankin (musamman ta Aldershot) ke da shi da rundunar Gurkha . == Nassoshi == au6otnzkefmeztyyfpb50l0xh5506je 856979 856972 2026-06-14T11:49:04Z Dev ammar 21046 856979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Addinin Buddha a Ingila''' yana samun karuwar goyon baya. Mutane 238,626 a Ingila sun ayyana kansu a matsayin mabiya addinin Buddha a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011 kuma kashi 34% daga cikinsu suna zaune ne a Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |access-date=15 December 2012 |publisher=ons.gov.uk}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ga farkon kasancewar Buddha a shekarun 1810. [[Adam Sri Munni Ratna]], wani malamin addinin Buddha daga Ceylon (Sri Lanka), ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila tare da ɗan uwansa (wanda shi ma malamin addinin Buddha ne) yayin da yake rakiyar Sir Alexander Johnston a shekarar 1818. Suna da sha'awar koyon addinin Kirista yayin da suke tafiya zuwa [[Ingila]]. A lokacin ɗan gajeren zamansu, an yi wa sufaye biyu baftisma aka mayar da su Ceylon inda suka shiga aikin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Munni Ratna, a Buddhist monk in England in 1818 |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2018/04/adam-munni-ratna-a-buddhist-monk-in-england-in-1818.html}}</ref> Tasirin [[Theravada]] ya bunƙasa a Ingila a farkon ƙarni na 20. Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da kafuwar ƙungiyar Buddha ta [[Landan|London]] a shekarar 1924 da kuma ƙungiyar Buddha ta Theravada ta London Vihara a Chiswick a shekarar 1926. Anagarika Dharmapala (1864-1933), wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Mahā Bodhi a shekarar 1891, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da addinin Buddha a matsayin al'adar sufaye ga Burtaniya. Dawowar Ananda Metteyya zuwa Ingila a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1908 bayan tafiye-tafiye a Ceylon da naɗin sufaye a Burma wani muhimmin ci gaba ne a cikin gadon addinin Buddha na Burtaniya. Wani ƙaramin gudu daga Burtaniya ya yi tafiya a hankali zuwa Asiya don zurfafa sadaukarwar ruhaniya ta hanyar naɗin malaman addinin Kirista, galibi a matsayin malaman addinin Kirista na Theravadin, kamar Ñāṇavīra Thera da Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu waɗanda suka je Tsibirin Hermitage a Sri Lanka don naɗin Sāmaṇera a 1949. Kapilavatdho Bhikkhu ya gabatar da al'adar Dhammakaya ga Burtaniya a 1954 ta wannan hanyar kuma ya kafa Amintacciyar Sangha ta Ingila a 1955. Wasu fitattun malaman addinin Asiya kamar Hammalawa Saddhatissa sun zo zaune a Ingila. An kafa Cibiyar Manjushri, babbar kwalejin addinin Buddha a Conishead Priory da ke Cumbria, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin malamin addinin Tibet mai suna Thubten Yeshe a shekarar 1976. A shekarar 1991, an maye gurbinta da Sabuwar Al'adar Kadampa, sabuwar ƙungiyar addini da wani malamin addinin Kirista, Kelsang Gyatso, ya kafa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=David N. |year=1997 |title=The New Kadampa Tradition and the Continuity of Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |url=http://www.nktworld.org/The%20New%20Kadampa%20Tradition%20and%20the%20Continuity%20of%20Tibetan%20Buddhism%20in%20Transition%20-%20compressed.pdf |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |publisher=Routledge |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=277–293 |doi=10.1080/13537909708580806}}</ref> An kafa wata ƙungiyar malaman addinin Buddha ta Theravada wadda ta bi al'adar dazuzzukan Thai ta Ajahn Chah a gidan ibada na Chithurst da ke Yammacin Sussex a shekarar 1979, wadda ta haifar da gidajen ibada na reshe a wasu wurare a ƙasar, ciki har da gidan ibada na Amaravati Buddhist da ke Chiltern Hills da Aruna Ratanagiri a Northumberland . Mutane da yawa daga cikin mazauna ƙasar kamar Ajahn Khemadhmo, Ajahn Sucitto, Ajahn Amaro, Ajahn Brahm da Ajahn Jayasaro an naɗa su cikin wannan tsarin malaman addinin Buddha, sun zama masu aikin ibada na gaske da kuma malamai masu himma na Dhamma. Ajahn Khemadhmo ya kuma fara aikin limamin gidan yarin Buddha a shekarar 1977 kuma ya kafa "Angulimala, wato limamin gidan yarin Buddha" a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhist Prison Chaplaincy |url=http://www.dancingmountains.org.uk/newsletter/email_newsletter/Issue-13/Page-2.html |access-date=2020-11-24 |publisher=dancingmountains.org.uk}}</ref> Samatha Trust ta wakilci al'adar tunani ta addini ta asali daga Thailand, tare da hedikwatarta a Wales. Sōtō Zen tana da wani gidan ibada a Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey da ke Northumberland. == Alƙaluma == A shekarar 2001, addinin Buddha ya ƙunshi kashi 0.3% na yawan jama'ar Ingila, <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2010 |title=Religion (2001 Census) |url=http://data.gov.uk/dataset/religion_2001_census}}</ref> wanda ya karu zuwa kashi 0.5% a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=Release Edition Reference Tables |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262}}</ref> Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011, akwai mabiya addinin Buddha 238,626 a Ingila. Gundumar da ta fi yawan mabiya addinin Buddha a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2011 ita ce Rushmoor da ke Hampshire, inda kashi 3.3% na waɗanda suka amsa suka bayyana a matsayin mabiya addinin Buddha: wannan ya faru ne saboda alaƙar tarihi da yankin (musamman ta Aldershot) ke da shi da rundunar Gurkha . == Nassoshi == 72wrj5i1gv4bytqu92c5zc86d19zmr4 0 157404 856971 2026-06-14T11:46:54Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333421861|Victoria Falls Airport]]" 856971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport|name=Victoria Falls Airport|nativename=|nativename-a=|nativename-r=|image=VictoriaFallsAirport arrivals.jpg|image-width=250|IATA=VFA|ICAO=FVFA|type=Civil|owner=|operator=[[Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe]]|city-served=[[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]]|location=[[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]], Zimbabwe|elevation-f=3490|elevation-m=|coordinates={{coord|18|05|45|S|25|50|20|E|display=inline,title}}|website=https://www.acz.co.zw/airports/tour/victoria-falls-international-airport|image_map=|image_mapsize=|image_map_alt=|image_map_caption=|pushpin_map=Zimbabwe|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_label='''VFA'''|pushpin_map_alt=|pushpin_mapsize=|pushpin_image=|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Zimbabwe|metric-rwy=y|r1-number=12/30|r1-length-f=|r1-length-m=4000|r1-surface=Asphalt|stat-year=|stat1-header=|stat1-data=|stat2-header=|stat2-data=|footnotes=Sources: GCM,<ref>{{GCM|VFA}}</ref> WAD,<ref>{{cite web|url-status=usurped|url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=FVFA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305143444/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=FVFA|archive-date=2019-03-05|title=Airport information for FVFA|website=World Aero Data}} Data current as of October 2006.</ref>}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox airport/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-airport vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Filin jirgin saman Victoria Falls</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:VictoriaFallsAirport_arrivals.jpg|250x250px]] |- class="ib-airport-codes" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * <span class="nowrap">IATA: <span class="nickname">VFA</span></span> * <span class="nowrap">ICAO: <span class="nickname">FVFA</span></span> </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Takaitaccen Bayani |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nau'in filin jirgin sama | class="infobox-data category" |Jama'a |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mai aiki | class="infobox-data" |Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Zimbabwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ya yi hidima | class="infobox-data" |[[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data label" |[[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]], Zimbabwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan AMSL&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |3,490 ft / 1,064 m&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa|Ma'auni]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victoria_Falls_Airport&params=18_05_45_S_25_50_20_E_type:airport <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°05′45′′S</span> <span class="longitude">25°50′20′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.09583°S 25.83889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-18.09583; 25.83889</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victoria_Falls_Airport&params=18_05_45_S_25_50_20_E_type:airport <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°05′45″S</span> <span class="longitude">25°50′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.09583°S 25.83889°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-18.09583; 25.83889</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data plainlinksneverexpand" |[https://www.acz.co.zw/airports/tour/victoria-falls-international-airport https://www.acz.co.zw/ Filin jirgin sama/tafiya/victoria-faduwa-tafiye-tafiyen jirgin sama na kasa da kasa] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Taswirar |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zimbabwe_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|'''VFA''' is located in Zimbabwe]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:38.103%;left:11.806%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px">[[Fayil:Airplane_silhouette.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|10x10px|'''VFA''']]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>'''VFA'''</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zimbabwe</div></div></div></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Hanyar gudu |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | {| class="ib-airport-datatable" ! rowspan="2" class="ib-airport-datatable-w15" scope="col" |Jagora ! colspan="2" class="ib-airport-datatable-w50" scope="colgroup" |Tsawon ! rowspan="2" class="ib-airport-datatable-w35" scope="col" |Yankin da ke sama |- ! class="ib-airport-datatable-w20" scope="col" |m ! class="ib-airport-datatable-w20" scope="col" |ft |- |12/30 |4,000 |13,123 |Asphalt |} |- class="ib-airport-footnotes" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Tushen: GCM, WAD, |} '''Filin jirgin saman [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]]''' (: , : ) filin jirgin sama ne na kasa da kasa wanda ke ba da sabis ga masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Victoria Falls, kuma yana da kilomita 18 (11 kudu da garin [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe]] . == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Bankin Exim na kasar Sin ya ba da rancen dala miliyan 150 don gina sabon titin filin jirgin sama, hanyoyin taksi da sabon tashar don kara karfin filin jirgin sama daga 500,000 zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 1.7 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No airlines for new Vic Falls airport |url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-22080-No+airlines+for+new+Vic+Falls+airport/business.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601110328/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-22080-No+airlines+for+new+Vic+Falls+airport/business.aspx |archive-date=1 June 2016 |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=www.newzimbabwe.com}}</ref> Filin jirgin saman yana aiki na awanni 12 a kowace rana, tare da shige da fice da sabis na kwastam. Yana ba da kayan aiki da ayyuka ciki har da filin ajiye jirgin sama, kaya da fasinja, man fetur, bayanan yanayi, gidajen cin abinci, shagunan da ba su da haraji, da wuraren banki. Filin jirgin saman yana da sabis na shuttle zuwa otal-otal da sauran wurare a cikin gari. Akwai masu gudanar da yawon shakatawa da kuma hayar mota iri-iri. Hukumar Kula da Yawon Bude Ido ta Zimbabwe tana da ofishin da aka kafa a wurin don taimakawa matafiya. == Jiragen sama da wuraren da ake nufi == Kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa suna gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yau da kullun a Filin jirgin saman Victoria Falls:{{airport destination list <!-- -->|[[Air Tanzania]]|[[Julius Nyerere International Airport|Dar es Salaam]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=AirTanzania|number=1992089108068667805 |title=Get ready for your next breathtaking adventure!}}</ref> <!-- -->|[[Air Zimbabwe]]|[[Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo International Airport|Bulawayo]], [[Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport|Harare]] <!-- -->|[[Airlink]]|[[Cape Town International Airport|Cape Town]],<ref name="Airlineroute">{{cite web |url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/271762/sa-airlink-adds-victoria-falls-service-from-july-2017/ |title=SA Airlink adds Victoria Falls service from July 2017 |publisher=Routesonline |access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]], [[Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport|Mbombela]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Airlink 2H23 Malawi / Zimbabwe Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230620-4z2h23 |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> <!-- -->|[[CemAir]]|[[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Cemair Adds Johannesburg – Victoria Falls From August 2023 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230626-5zaug23vfa |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref> <!-- -->|[[Discover Airlines]]|'''Seasonal:''' [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel-dealz.de/news/eurowings-discover-victoriafaelle/ |title=Victoriafälle: Eurowings Discover plant neue Langstrecke ab Frankfurt|website=www.travel-dealz.de}}</ref> [[Hosea Kutako International Airport|Windhoek–Hosea Kutako]]{{cn|date=June 2025}} <!-- -->|[[Ethiopian Airlines]]|[[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADD|pages=17-19}}</ref> <!-- -->|[[Fastjet Zimbabwe]]|[[Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo International Airport|Bulawayo]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Fastjet Adds Victoria Falls – Bulawayo Service From August 2025 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250722-fnaug25vfabuq |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> [[Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport|Harare]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=FastJet outlines Sep/Oct 2020 operations |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/293902/fastjet-outlines-sepoct-2020-operations/ |website=Routesonline |access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> [[Hwange National Park Airport|Hwange]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastjet.com/destination/flights-to-hwange/|title = About Hwange|access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=FastJet to resume Victoria Falls – Johannesburg service from Dec 2020 |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/294529/fastjet-to-resume-victoria-falls-johannesburg-service-from-dec-2020/ |website=Routesonline |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> [[Kariba Airport|Kariba]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastjet.com/destination/flights-to-kariba/|title = About Kariba|access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> [[Maun Airport|Maun]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastjet.com/en/fastjet-blog/feature-articles/fastjet-introduces-victoria-falls-maun-flights|title = Cheap flights to Zimbabwe, South Africa and Botswana}}</ref> [[Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport|Mbombela]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=FastJet plans new routes from July 2020 |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/290778/fastjet-plans-new-routes-from-july-2020/ |website=Routesonline |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> <!-- -->|[[Westair Aviation (Namibia)|FlyNamibia]]|[[Hosea Kutako International Airport|Windhoek–Hosea Kutako]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.observer24.com.na/fly-namibia-to-start-operating-the-windhoek-victoria-falls-route-next-year/ | title=Fly Namibia to start operating the Windhoek – Victoria Falls route next year – Windhoek Observer | date=22 November 2023 }}</ref> <!-- -->|[[FlySafair]]|[[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/flysafair-offer-mozambique-zambia-zimbabwe-routes |title=FlySafair To Offer Mozambique, Zambia And Zimbabwe Routes}}</ref> <!-- -->|[[Kenya Airways]]|[[Cape Town International Airport|Cape Town]], [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport|Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Nairobi, Kenya NBO|pages=776-778}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-36798-Kenya+Airways+moves+Vic+Fals+launch/business.aspx |title=Kenya Airways moves Vic Fals launch |website=www.newzimbabwe.com |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=26 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526034341/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-36798-Kenya+Airways+moves+Vic+Fals+launch/business.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- -->|{{nowrap|[[South African Airways]]}}|[[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SAA Adding New Routes Ahead Of Holidays |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/299042/saa-adding-new-routes-ahead-of-holidays/ |website=Routes Online |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> <!-- -->}} == Dubi kuma == * Sufuri a Zimbabwe * Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Zimbabwe == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/icao/FVFA.html Filin jirgin saman Victoria Falls] * [http://ourairports.com/airports/FVFA/pilot-info.html#general Filin jirgin samanmu - Victoria Falls] An adana shi a ranar <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Airports in Zimbabwe}}{{Authority control}} 2y9pm5rjznd95j7dc7l9a22rgki915f 0 157405 856975 2026-06-14T11:48:02Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1087633453|Breeze FM 91.2]]" 856975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox radio station|country=ZW|name=Breeze FM 91.2|logo=|logo_size=<!-- optional when used with image parameter, specifies image size -->|logo_alt=<!-- optional when used with image parameter, specifies image alternate (alt) text -->|caption=<!-- optional when used with image parameter, specifies image caption -->|city=[[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]]|area=[[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]] and [[Hwange]]|branding=|frequency=[[FM broadcasting|FM]] {{Frequency|91.2|MHz}}|translator=|repeater=|founded=|airdate=11 Sep 2016|last_airdate=<!-- for defunct stations -->|format=[[Music]], [[News]], [[Current affairs (news format)|Current Affairs]]|language={{plainlist| *[[English language|English]] *[[Northern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] *[[Nambya language|Nambya]] *[[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] *[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] *[[Shona language|Shona]]}}|licensing_authority=[https://baz.co.zw/ BAZ]|coordinates=<!-- {{coord|}} -->|affiliations=|operator=|owner=Fairtalk Communications|licensee=|sister_stations=[[Skyz Metro FM]]|webcast=[https://breeze.radiostream123.com/ Listen Live]|website={{URL|http://breezefm.co.zw/}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox radio station/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard ib-radio-station" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="6" |Iska FM 91.2 |- class="infobox-location-header" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]] * Zimbabwe </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Yankin watsa shirye-shirye</div> | class="infobox-data label" |[[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]] da Hwange |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matsakaicin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |FM <span class="hMeasure frequency"><span class="num">91.2</span> <span class="unit">MHz</span></span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Harsuna | class="infobox-data category" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Turanci]] * [[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Ndebele]] * [[Yaren Nambya|Nambya]] * [[Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] * [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] * [[Yaren Shona|Shona]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data category" |Kiɗa, [[Labarai]], Harkokin Yanzu |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Mallaka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mai shi | class="infobox-data" |Sadarwar Fairtalk |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Tashoshin 'yan uwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |Skyz Metro FM |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Tarihi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ranar iska ta farko</div> | class="infobox-data" |11 ga Satumba 2016 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Bayani na fasaha |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ikon lasisi</div> | class="infobox-data" |[https://baz.co.zw/ BAZ] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Haɗin kai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |[https://breeze.radiostream123.com/ Sauraro Rayuwa] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://breezefm.co.zw/ breezefm.co.zw]</span> |} Breeze FM ita ce tashar rediyo ta kasuwanci ta farko a [[Zimbabwe]]" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe">Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2015 |title=8 Community Radio Stations issued licenses by BAZ |url=http://www.creativeloop.co.zw/2015/03/8-community-radio-stations-issued-licenses-baz/ |website=Creative Loop}}</ref> Tashar rediyo tana watsa shirye-shirye ga masu sauraro masu yawa a cikin radius na kilomita 60-80 daga Victoria Falls. Rediyon watsa shirye-shirye ya rufe birane da yankunan karkara da ke kewaye da birnin Victoria Falls. Tashar rediyo tana watsa shirye-shirye a [[Turanci]] da kuma harsuna daban-daban na gida waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Ndebele]], Nambya, [[Tonga]], [[Yaren Shona|Shona]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] da sauransu. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://tunein.com/radio/Breeze-FM-Victoria-Falls-s289231/ watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo] a65i39fk10insitoc1nqfhxs9errxpy 0 157406 856978 2026-06-14T11:48:55Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348594398|Kariba Ferries]]" 856978 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox company/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Fayil:Kariba_Ferry_Route.png|thumb|259x259px|Hanyar jirgin ruwa ta Kariba]] [[Fayil:Kariba_Ferry_Loading_at_Mlibizi.JPG|thumb|259x259px|Kariba Ferry MV ''Sealion'']] Kariba Ferries ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa ne na [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabue]] wanda ke aiki a [[Tafkin Kariba]] tsakanin sansanin kamun kifi na Mlibizi (tare da samun damar zuwa [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]]) a kudu da garin Kariba a arewa. Yana ba da madadin tafiya ta ƙasa ta kilomita 1,250 (mil 780) da ke ɗaukar awanni 8. Tafiyar shakatawa ta jirgin ruwa tana ɗaukar kusan awanni 22. == Abinci == Ana ba da Abinci a cikin jirgin: ana ba da abinci uku a cikin tafiyar tare da shayi na safe da na rana tare da samun damar shiga mashaya a cikin jirgin. == Jirgin Ruwa == {| class="wikitable" !Jirgin ruwa !Alamar kira !An gina shi !Shigar da sabis !Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita !Lokacin tafiya |- |MV ''Sealion'' | align="Center" |KF003 | align="Center" |1974 | align="Center" |1974 |Garin Kariba - sansanin kamun kifi na Mlibizi | align="Center" |Sa'o'i 22 |} == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.karibaferries.com/booking/ Gidan yanar gizon Kariba Ferries] 35nyrlge3mwoknpz0lwcyh0vo43x8va